Periodic Tables

Periodic Table
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1 2

H
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

He
10

Li Be
11 12

B
13

C
14

N
15

O
16

F
17

Ne
18

Na Mg
19 20 21 22 23 24 37 38 39 40 41 42 25 26 43 44 75 76 27 45 77 28 46 78 29 47 79 30 48 80

Al
31 49 81

Si
32 50 82

P
33 51 83

S
34 52 84

Cl
35 53

Ar
36

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
55 56 71 72 73 74

Kr
54

I
85

Xe
86

Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

Pt Au Hg Tl Pb

Bi Po At Rn
118

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117

Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
62

Uu Uu Uu Uu Uu Uu Uu Uu Uuo n u b t q p h s
64 65 66 67 68 69 70

57 58 59 60

61

La Ce Pr Nd Pm
89 90 91 92

S Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb m
95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

63

93 94

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

Periodic Tables

Group # 1 Period 1 1 H 3 2 Li 11 3 Na 19 4 K 37 5 Rb 55 6 Cs 87 7 Fr

10 11 12 13 14

15

16

17

18

4 Be 12 Mg 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra

21 Sc 39 Y *

22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf ** 104 Rf 58 Ce 90 Th

23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 105 Db 59 Pr 91 Pa

24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 106 Sg 60 Nd 92 U

25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 107 Bh 61 Pm 93 Np

26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 108 Hs 62 Sm 94 Pu

27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 109 Mt 63 Eu 95 Am

28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 110 Ds 64 Gd 96 Cm

29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 111 Rg 65 Tb 97 Bk

30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 112 Uub 66 Dy 98 Cf

5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 In 81 Tl 113 Uut 67 Ho 99 Es

6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 114 Uuq 68 Er 100 Fm

7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 115 Uup 69 Tm 101 Md

2 He 8 9 10 O F Ne 16 17 18 S Cl Ar 34 35 36 Se Br Kr 52 53 54 Te I Xe 84 85 86 Po At Rn 116 (117) 118 Uuh (Uus) Uuo 70 71 Yb Lu 102 103 No Lr

* Lanthanoids

57 La 89 ** Actinoids Ac

This common arrangement of the periodic table separates the lanthanoids and actinoids from other elements. The wide periodic table incorporates the f-block. The extended periodic table adds the 8th and 9th periods, incorporating the f-block and adding the theoretical g-block.

Element categories in the periodic table

Inner transition Alkaline Transition Other Metalloids Other Noble Unknown elements earth Halogens elements metals nonmetals gases metals Lanthanoids Actinoids

Atomic number colors show state at standard temperature and pressure (0 C and 1 atm) Solids Liquids Gases Unknown

Borders show natural occurrence From Primordial Synthetic (Undiscovered) decay

Element categories in the periodic table

Periodic Tables

Metals

Nonmetals Unkno wn

Alkali Inner transition Alkal Transiti Othe Metalloi Nob ne elements Other i on r Haloge le ds earth nonmet meta elemen meta ns gas metal Lanthano Actinoi als ls ts ls es ids ds s

Periodic Tables Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Name Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Sym Period Group H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 18 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chemical series Nonmetal Noble gas Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Metalloid Nonmetal Nonmetal Nonmetal Halogen Noble gas Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Poor metal Metalloid Nonmetal Nonmetal Halogen Noble gas Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Poor metal Metalloid Metalloid Nonmetal Halogen Noble gas Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Mass (g/mol) 1.00794(7)[1][2][3] 4.002602(2) [1][3] 6.941(2)[1][2][3][4] 9.012182(3) 10.811(7) [1][2][3] 12.0107(8)[1][3] 14.0067(2)[1][3] 15.9994(3)[1][3] 18.9984032(5) 20.1797(6)[1][2] 22.98976928(2) 24.3050(6) 26.9815386(8) 28.0855(3)[3] 30.973762(2) 32.065(5) [1][3] 35.453(2) [1][2][3] 39.948(1) [1][3] 39.0983(1) 40.078(4)[1] 44.955912(6) 47.867(1) 50.9415(1) 51.9961(6) 54.938045(5) 55.845(2) 58.933195(5) 58.6934(4) 63.546(3)[3] 65.38(2) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 74.92160(2) 78.96(3)[3] 79.904(1) 83.798(2)[1][2] 85.4678(3)[1] 87.62(1)[1][3] 88.90585(2) 91.224(2) [1] 92.90638(2) 95.96(2)[1] [98.9063] [5] 101.07(2) [1] 102.90550(2) 106.42(1)[1]

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium

Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2

Periodic Tables Transition metal Transition metal Poor metal Poor metal Metalloid Metalloid Halogen Noble gas Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Lanthanoid Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Poor metal Poor metal Poor metal Metalloid Halogen Noble gas Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid

5 107.8682(2) [1] 112.411(8)[1] 114.818(3) 118.710(7)[1] 121.760(1)[1] 127.60(3) [1] 126.90447(3) 131.293(6)[1][2] 132.9054519(2) 137.327(7) 138.90547(7)[1] 140.116(1)[1] 140.90765(2) 144.242(3)[1] [146.9151][5] 150.36(2) [1] 151.964(1)[1] 157.25(3) [1] 158.92535(2) 162.500(1)[1] 164.93032(2) 167.259(3)[1] 168.93421(2) 173.054(5)[1] 174.9668(1)[1] 178.49(2) 180.9479(1) 183.84(1) 186.207(1) 190.23(3) [1] 192.217(3) 195.084(9) 196.966569(4) 200.59(2) 204.3833(2) 207.2(1)[1][3] 208.98040(1) [208.9824][5] [209.9871][5] [222.0176][5] [223.0197][5] [226.0254][5] [227.0278][5] 232.03806(2)[1][5] 231.03588(2)[5]

Praseodymium Pr

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2

92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium

U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Periodic Tables Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Actinoid Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Transition metal Poor metal Poor metal Poor metal Poor metal Halogen Noble gas

6 238.02891(3) [237.0482][5] [244.0642][5] [243.0614][5] [247.0704][5] [247.0703][5] [251.0796][5] [252.0829][5] [257.0951][5] [258.0986][5] [259.1009][5] [264][5] [265][5] [268][5] [272] [5] [273] [5] [276][5] [279] [5] [278][5] [283][5] [285][5] [287][5] [289][5] [291] [5] [293] [5] [295] [6] [294][5]
[1][2][5]

100 Fermium 101 Mendelevium 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium

Periodic Tables

hydrogen Name hydrogen Symbol H Atomic 1.00794 Weight Atomic 1 Number CAS ID 1333-74-0 Group 1 Number Group Name (none) Period 1 Number Origin of Greek, hydro genes = "water forming." Name Year 1766 Discovered Discovery Recognized as an element by H. Cavendish at London, UK. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Colorless, odorless gas, insoluble in water. Burns in air, forms explosive mixtures with air. Used for making ammonia, cyclohexane, methanol, etc. Proposed as a future fuel to replace petroleum. Reactions between cosmic radiation and gases in the upper atmosphere produce most of the world's natural tritium (3H) and is not found in any natural mineral due to the short half-life. Diagnostic tests: The presence of hydrogen in minerals is detected by using the closed-tube test and observing the formation of colorless drops of water (H2O) on the walls of the tube when the sample is heated.

Description

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Periodic Tables

helium Name helium Symbol He Atomic 4.002602 Weight Atomic 2 Number CAS ID 7440-59-7 Group 18 Number Group Name Noble Gas Period 1 Number Origin of Greek, helios = "sun." Name Year 1895 Discovered Discovery Isolated in 1895 by Sir William Ramsay at London, UK, and independently by P. T. Credits Cleve and N. A. Langlet at Uppsala, Sweden. Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Colorless, odorless gas. Unreactive chemically. Used in deep-sea diving, weather balloons, and low temperature research instruments. Most natural sources of helium Description come from natural gas deposits where He is present from the alpha particle decay of heavy radioisotopes of U and Th and their daughter products.

Periodic Tables

lithium Name lithium Symbol Li Atomic 6.941 Weight Atomic 3 Number CAS ID 7439-93-2 Group 1 Number Group Name Alkali Metal Period 2 Number Origin of Greek, lithos = "stone." Name Year 1817 Discovered Discovery Discovered by J. A. Arfvedson at Stockholm, Sweden. Isolated by W. T. Brande Credits 1821. Class Metallic Color Silvery White and Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, white, silvery metal. Reacts slowly with oxygen and water. Used in alloys (with Al and Mg), greases, batteries, glass, medicine, and nuclear bombs. Description Diagnostic tests: In solution, a lithium will give an intense carmine-red flame test color, the color somewhat resembling that of the strontium flame but deeper. In very small quantities it is visible using a diffraction spectroscope.

Periodic Tables

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beryllium Name beryllium Symbol Be Atomic 9.012182 Weight Atomic 4 Number CAS ID 7440-41-7 Group 2 Number Group Name Alkaline Earth Metal Period 2 Number Origin of Greek, beryllos = "beryl." Name Year 1797 Discovered Discovery N. L. Vauquerlin at Paris, France. Isolated in 1828 by R. Wohler at Berlin, Germany, Credits and independently by A. A. B Bussy at Paris, France. Class Metallic Color lead gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery-white, lustrous, relatively soft metal, obtained by the electrolysis of fused BeCl2. Unaffected by air or water even at red heat. Used in alloys with copper and nickel, and imparts excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. Copper alloy used to make spark-proof tools. Description Diagnostic tests: The majority of beryllium-bearing minerals are silicates or phosphates. There are no simple chemical tests to determine Be. Atomic Emission spectroscopy and atomic adsorption spectroscopy are commonly employed for the detection of beryllium.

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boron Name boron Symbol B Atomic 10.811 Weight Atomic 5 Number CAS ID 7440-42-8 Group 13 Number Group Name (none) Period 2 Number Origin of Arabic, buraq Name Year 1808 Discovered Discovery L. J. Lissac and L. J. Thenard in Paris, France and Sir Humphrey Davy in London, Credits UK. Class Semi-Metallic Color black Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Non-metal with several allotropes. Amorphous boron is a dark powder un-reactive to oxygen, water, acids, and alkalis. Forms metal borides with most metals. Used in borosilicate glass, detergents, and fire retardants. Strong neutron capture ability is put to best use as a moderator for nuclear reactions involving neutrons. Diagnostic tests: Description Many compounds containing boron tinge the flame test an intense yellowish green. This effect is masked if the mineral contains sodium. The flame test color lasts only an instant and may be confused with the green flame color produced from barium minerals. In a small quantity of sulfuric acid solution, add 10 drops of methyl alcohol. Stir, and set fire to the mixture. The first flash of green flame confirms the presence of boron. If the green flame color occurs after the first flash of flame, barium or copper is present.

Periodic Tables

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carbon Name carbon Symbol C Atomic 12.0107 Weight Atomic 6 Number CAS ID 7440-44-0 Group 14 Number Group Name (none) Period 2 Number Origin of Latin, carbo = "charcoal." Name Year Prehistoric Discovered Discovery Known to prehistoric humans. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Graphite is black, diamond is colorless Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Present as 4 allotropes. Used as coke (steel making), carbon black (printing), and activated charcoal (sugar refining, etc.). The radioactive isotope, C14, is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic ray bombardment of N14 and is not found in carbon-bearing minerals derived from atmospheric CO2 older than 70,000 years. Description Diagnostic tests: As the carbonate (CO32-), effloresces in dilute HCl with the evolution of colorless and odorless CO2 gas. As the hydrocarbon, burns in air or O2. As the element, carbon can be identified from physical properties (diamond, graphite). You can burn a diamond or graphite with difficulty by heating it to red heat in an O2 atmosphere where it will leave none or very little residue.

Periodic Tables

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nitrogen Name nitrogen Symbol N Atomic 14.0067 Weight Atomic 7 Number CAS ID 7727-37-9 Group 15 Number Group Name Pnictogen Period 2 Number Origin of Greek, nitron genes = "nitre forming." Name Year 1792 Discovered Discovery D. Rutherford at Edinburgh, Scotland. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Odorless, colorless gas comprising 78% of the atmosphere. Generally unreactive at room temperature. Extensive inorganic and organic chemistry. Used in fertilizers, acids, explosives, plastics, dyes, etc. Recovered on an industrial scale by the liquefaction of air. Description Diagnostic tests: As nitrates (NO4-), these detonate and pop when heated on charcoal. As ammonium (NH4+), a solution of NaOH evolves ammonia gas when heated which is detected by its sharp odor.

Periodic Tables

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oxygen Name oxygen Symbol O Atomic 15.9994 Weight Atomic 8 Number CAS ID 7782-44-7 Group 16 Number Group Name Chalcogen Period 2 Number Origin of Greek, oxy genes = "acid forming." Name Year 1774 Discovered Discovery J. Preistley at Leeds, UK, and independently by C. W. Scheele at Uppsala, Sweden. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless as a gas, liquid is pale blue. Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Colorless, odorless gas present in the atmosphere. Very reactive and forms oxides of all elements except He, Ne, Ar, and Kr. Moderately soluble in water (30.8 cc per liter) at 293 K. Used in steel making, metal cutting, chemical industry. Diagnostic tests: The direct detection of oxygen in minerals is not practical using simple tests. Indirect Description methods are generally used. The presence of oxygen in minerals in the form of H2O or OH is detected by using the closed-tube test and observing the formation of colorless drops of water (H2O) on the walls of the tube when the sample is heated. More advanced techniques use Ramon Spectroscopy, Neutron Activation Analysis, and Isotopic Mass Spectrometer measurements to analyze for oxygen.

Periodic Tables

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fluorine Name fluorine Symbol F Atomic 18.9984032 Weight Atomic 9 Number CAS ID 7782-41-4 Group 17 Number Group Name Halogen Period 2 Number Origin of Latin, fluere = "to flow." Name Year 1886 Discovered Discovery Isolated by H. Moissan at Paris, France. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Pale yellow Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Pale yellow gas, most reactive of all elements and the strongest commercially available oxidant. Produced by electrolysis of molten KF2HF. Used to make UF6, SF6 and fluorinating agents such as ClF3. Organic compounds, polymers and salts all used as flux in metallurgy and aluminum making. Description Diagnostic tests: A sample of the mineral heated in a closed tube with potassium bisulfate (KHSO4) and powdered glass, produces a white sublimate of SiO2 due to the formation of volatile SiF4.

Periodic Tables

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neon Name neon Symbol Ne Atomic Weight 20.1797 Atomic 10 Number CAS ID 7440-01-9 Group 18 Number Group Name Noble Gas Period 2 Number Origin of Greek, neos = "new." Name Year 1898 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Sir William Ramsay and M. W. Travers at London, UK Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless Standard State Gas at 77 F & 298 K Colorless, odorless gas, obtained from liquid air. Chemically inert towards everything Description including fluorine gas. Used in ornamental lighting ('neon' signs) and He-Ne gas lasers.

Periodic Tables

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sodium Name sodium Symbol Na Atomic 22.989770 Weight Atomic 11 Number CAS ID 7440-23-5 Group 1 Number Group Name Alkali Metal Period 3 Number Origin of English, soda; Latin, natrium. Name Year 1807 Discovered Discovery Isolated by Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution, London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, silvery white metal which oxidizes rapidly when cut. Reacts vigorously with water. Produced in large quantities and used as metal in heat exchanger in atomic reactors. NaCl is key industrial chemical, used to make Cl2, NaOH, etc. Description Diagnostic tests: Compounds containing sodium give a strong and persistent yellow flame test. The test is so sensitive that sodium contamination may give a false positive.

Periodic Tables

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magnesium Name magnesium Symbol Mg Atomic 24.3050 Weight Atomic 12 Number CAS ID 7439-95-4 Group 2 Number Group Name Alkaline earth metal Period 3 Number Origin of Greek, "Magnesia" a district in Thessaly. Name Year 1755 Discovered Discovery Recognized by Joseph Black at Edinburgh, Scotland. Isolated by Sir Humphry Davy Credits in 1808. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery white, lustrous, relatively soft metal. Obtained by electrolysis of fused MgCl2. Burns in air and reacts with hot water. Used as bulk metal and in lightweight alloys with magnesium for engines, also as a sacrificial electrode to protect other metals. Diagnostic tests: Moistened, after heating, with cobalt nitrate (CoNO3)and again ignited, a pink color is Description obtained from some infusible compounds of magnesium. Infusible magnesium minerals glow with exaggerated incandescence in the flame test (along with Sr, Ca, Zr, Zn, Ce - the "lime light effect"). In solution, (NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2C2O4 will remove Ca and Ba as a precipitate. Decant the solution and add NH4OH and Na2HPO4. A white precipitate (MgNH4PO4) shows the presence of magnesium.

Periodic Tables

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Aluminum Name Aluminum Symbol Al Atomic 26.981538 Weight Atomic 13 Number CAS ID 7429-90-5 Group 13 Number Group Name (none) Period 3 Number Origin of Latin, alumen = "alum." Name Year 1825 Discovered Discovery Hans Christian Oersted at Copenhagen, Denmark. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Hard, strong, silvery-white metal, protected by oxide film from reacting with air and water. Soluble in hot concentrated HCL and NaOH solution. Hundreds of uses as metal and alloys in aircraft, construction industry, containers, foil, etc. Description Diagnostic tests: The presence of Al (>10%) in most light-colored infusible minerals can be detected by the blue color which they assume when heated, then moistened with a CoNO3 solution and reheated. From solutions, Al will be precipitated as a flocculent white or colorless precipitate on the addition of NH4OH solution.

Periodic Tables

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silicon Name silicon Symbol Si Atomic 28.0855 Weight Atomic 14 Number CAS ID 7440-21-3 Group 14 Number Group Name (none) Period 3 Number Origin of Latin, silicis = "flint." Name Year 1824 Discovered Discovery Isolated by J. J. Berzelius at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Semi-Metallic Color Dark Gray with a Bluish Tinge Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Description Black amorphous Si obtained by reduction of sand (SiO2) with carbon; ultrapure semiconductor grade crystals are blue-gray metallic. Bulk Si unreactive towards oxygen, water, acids (except HF), but dissolves in hot alkali. Used in semiconductors, alloys, polymers. Diagnostic tests: The surest method of detecting a silicate is to get the mineral in solution and obtain gelatinous silica by evaporation. If a silicate is dissolved in boiling acid, HCl or HNO3, the silica gel separates upon evaporation. At this point, the other elements in the mineral are in solution and can be tested for additional unknowns. If a silicate is decomposed in boiling acid, HCl or HNO3, the silica separates as an insoluble residue without the formation of a jelly. This residue, if due to silica, is soluble in boiling KOH.

Periodic Tables

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Fusion in Na2CO3 is necessary if the mineral is unaffected by acid digestion. Mix the powdered mineral with equal parts of sodium carbonate into a paste and fuse on charcoal with the blowpipe. Dissolve the residue in HCl, the silicate will separate as gelatinous mass upon evaporation. Note, most silicates are soluble in a borax flux and will give the same gelatinous reaction as the sodium carbonate. Silicates are partially soluble in a Na2(NH4)(PO4) bead. When a powdered silicate is fused in the bead, the insoluble silicate skeleton or translucent mass is detectable with a hand lens.

Periodic Tables

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phosphorus Name phosphorus Symbol P Atomic 30.973761 Weight Atomic 15 Number CAS ID 7723-14-0 Group 15 Number Group Name Pnictogen Period 3 Number Origin of Greek, phosphoros = "bringer of light." Name Year 1669 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Hennig Brandt at Hamburg, Germany Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Red or Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State White phosphorus (P4) is soft and flammable, red phosphorus is powdery and usually non-flammable. Neither form reacts with water or dilute acid but alkalis react to form phosphine gas. Used in fertilizers, insecticides, metal treatment, detergents, etc Diagnostic tests: Description Compounds containing phosphates (PO43-) give a green flame test, especially after being moistened with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) although this test may be rendered unsatisfactory due to other coloring agents. If a powdered sample is fused in a closed tube with metallic sodium or magnesium and afterward moistened with water, hydrogen phosphide is given off, recognized by its disagreeable odor.

Periodic Tables

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sulfur Name sulfur Symbol S Atomic 32.065 Weight Atomic 16 Number CAS ID 7704-34-9 Group 16 Number Group Name Chalcogen Period 3 Number Origin of Sanskrit, sulvere = "sulfur;" Latin sulphurium. Name Year Prehistoric Discovered Discovery Known to ancient civilizations. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Yellow Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Several allotropes, of which orthorhombic S8 is the most stable. Stable to air and water but burns if heated. Attacked by oxidizing acids. Recovered from H2S in natural gas or from salt domes by the Frasch process. Key industrial chemical. Diagnostic tests: Native Sulfur (S0): Native sulfur can be detected by the faint odor of sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas from the sample. Description Sulfides (S2-): In the closed tube, some sulfides give off sulfur when heated. In the open tube, they yield sharp smelling sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas. Sulfates (SO42-): Fuse a sample on charcoal mixed with with soda (Na2CO3) and charcoal dust. The fused mass, when sodium sulfide has thus been formed, is place on a clean silver coin or other object and moistened, a distinct black stain on the silver is thus obtained. In an acid (HCl) solution, SO42- gives a white precipitate by the addition of dilute BaCl2.

Periodic Tables

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chlorine Name chlorine Symbol Cl Atomic 35.453 Weight Atomic 17 Number CAS ID 7782-50-5 Group 17 Number Group Name Halogen Period 3 Number Origin of Greek, chloros = "pale green." Name Year 1774 Discovered Discovery C. W. Scheele at Uppsala, Sweden. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Yellowish green Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Yellow-green, dense, sharp smelling gas, Cl2; produced on a large scale by electrolysis of sodium chloride. Used as bleaching agent and to make organochlorine solvents and polymers (PVC). Diagnostic tests: Chlorine salts (along with F, Br, and I) will give a blue color to flames when heated on Description a copper disk. Treatment of the salt with concentrated H2SO4 acid will effervesce with the evolution of a greenish, sharp smelling gas (Cl2). Chlorine sometimes found associated with bromine or iodine so a precipitate with AgNO3 solution is white (AgCl), cream (AgBr), or yellow (AgI) depending on which anion predominates. The precipitate is soluble in NH4OH

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argon Name argon Symbol Ar Atomic 39.948 Weight Atomic 18 Number CAS ID 7440-37-1 Group 18 Number Group Name Noble Gas Period 3 Number Origin of Greek, argos = "inactive." Name Year 1894 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Lord Rayleigh (London) and Sir William Ramsay (Bristol), UK Credits Class Non-metallic Color Silvery White Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Colorless, odorless gas comprising 1 percent of the atmosphere. Used as inert Description atmosphere in lamps and high temperature metallurgy. Found in potassium-bearing minerals as a trapped gas due to the radioactive decay of K40

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potassium Name potassium Symbol K Atomic 39.0983 Weight Atomic 19 Number CAS ID 7440-09-7 Group 1 Number Group Name Alkali Metal Period 4 Number Origin of English, potash; Latin kalium. Name Year 1807 Discovered Discovery Sir Humphry Davy at London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft white metal, silvery when cut but reacts rapidly with oxygen and vigorously with water. Metal obtained from NaCl + KCl at 1100 K. Used in fertilizers, chemicals, and glass. Description Diagnostic tests: In solution, a potassium will give a violet flame test color. This flame test will be contaminated with the colors of the other alkaline elements which are present in the sample. The test is best observed through a blue filter to suppress the yellow sodium flame.

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calcium Name calcium Symbol Ca Atomic 40.078 Weight Atomic 20 Number CAS ID 7440-70-2 Group 2 Number Group Name Alkaline Earth Metal Period 4 Number Origin of Latin, calx ="lime." Name Year 1808 Discovered Discovery Isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery white, relatively soft metal obtained from fused calcium chloride by electrolysis. Protected by oxide/nitride film and can be worked as a metal. Used in alloys and in manufacture of Zr, Th, U, and rare earth metals. Lime (CaO) used in metallurgy, water treatment, chemicals, building, etc. Diagnostic tests: Description Infusible calcium minerals glow with exaggerated incandescence in the flame test (along with Sr, Mg, Zr, Zn, Ce - the "lime light effect"). Sometimes, a orange red flame color may be observed if interfering Sr or Na is not present (try calcite moistened with HCl). In solution, (NH4)2CO3 will precipitate calcium as an insoluble carbonate (along with Ba and Sr). Dissolve the precipitate in HCl and try the flame test for Ca (orange red), Ba (green), or Sr (purple red).

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scandium Name scandium Symbol Sc Atomic Weight 44.955910 Atomic 21 Number CAS ID 7440-20-2 Group Number 3 Group Name (none) Period Number 4 Origin of Name From the Latin, Scandia, meaning "Scandinavia." Year 1879 Discovered Discovery Discovered by L. F. Nilson at Uppsala, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Soft, silvery-white metal. Tarnishes in air and burns easily. Reacts with water to form hydrogen gas. Forms salts with acids. Little used. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify scandium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the group 3 elements.

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titanium Name titanium Symbol Ti Atomic 47.867 Weight Atomic 22 Number CAS ID 7440-32-6 Group 4 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of After the Titans, sons of the Earth goddess. Name Year 1791 Discovered Discovery Rev. W. Gregor at Creed, Cornwall, UK and later by M. H. Klaproth in 1795 at Berlin, Credits Germany. Class Metallic Color Silvery Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Description Hard, lustrous, silvery metal. Resists corrosion due to oxide layer, but powdered metal burns in air. Unaffected by many acids, (except HF, H3PO4, and concentrated H2SO4) and alkalis. White TiO2 used in paints. Metal used in chemical plants, lightweight alloys, hp replacement joints, etc. Diagnostic tests: Titanium can be detected by A); Na2(NH4)(PO4) bead, B); the reduction with metallic tin, or C); the oxidation with H2O2. A). Titanium oxides, dissolved in the Na2(NH4)(PO4) bead, gives a glass that is yellow when hot and colorless when cold in the oxidizing flame. In the reducing flame the bead color is yellow when hot and a delicate violet color when cold. These bead tests are easily interfered with from other elements such as iron and manganese. B). After fusing the mineral with powdered Na2CO3, dissolve the bead in HCl acid which produces a solution of Ti4+. If this solution is boiled with granulated Tin, Ti3+ is

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produced which gives the solution a delicate violet color. C). After fusing the mineral with powdered Na2CO3, dissolve the bead in 1cc H2SO4 acid and 1 cc water. Heat the solution until it becomes clear. When cold, add 1cc 20% H2O2 to the mixture, if titanium is present, the solution becomes reddish-yellow to deep amber, depending on the quantity.

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vanadium Name vanadium Symbol V Atomic 50.9415 Weight Atomic 23 Number CAS ID 7440-62-2 Group 5 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of Named after Vanadis, Scandinavian goddess. Name Year 1801 Discovered Discovery Discovered by A. M. del Rio at Mexico City; rediscovered in 1831 by N. G. Selfstrom Credits at Falun, Sweden. Class Metallic Color Silvery Gray Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Shiny, silvery metal, soft when pure. Resists corrosion due to protective oxide film. Attacked by concentrated acids but not by fused alkalis. Used mainly as alloys and in steel. Diagnostic tests: Vanadium is usually detected by the color it imparts to the fluxes. With a borax bead test in the oxidizing flame, the bead is yellow when hot, changing to a yellowish green to almost colorless when cold. In a Na2(NH4)(PO4) bead under oxidizing conditions, vanadium is yellow to deep amber (hot) yielding slightly less color on cooling. In the reducing flame, it becomes a dirty green color (hot) and a fine green color when cold.

Description

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chromium Name chromium Symbol Cr Atomic 51.9961 Weight Atomic 24 Number CAS ID 7440-47-3 Group 6 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of Greek, chroma = "color" Name Year 1780 Discovered Discovery N. L. Vanquelin at Paris, France Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Hard, blue-white metal. Soluble in HCl and H2SO4 but not HNO3, H3PO4 or HClO4 due to formation of protective layer. Resists oxidation in air. Main use in alloys, chrome plating, and metal ceramics. Diagnostic tests: Chromium gives a borax bead test in the reducing flame a color which is yellow to red Description (hot) and yellowish green (cold). Under the reducing flame the bead color is a fine emerald green, hot and cold. Chromium gives a Na2(NH4)(PO4) bead a dirty green color (hot) and a fine green color (cold). In solution, the addition of NH4OH produces a green precipitate of Cr(OH)3. Note: chromium's name is in reference to the various colors a solution will have depending on the oxidation state Cr2+ (yellow), Cr3+ (green), or Cr6+ (orange).

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manganese Name manganese Symbol Mn Atomic 54.938049 Weight Atomic 25 Number CAS ID 7439-96-5 Group 7 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of From the Latin, magnes = "magnet." Name Year 1774 Discovered Discovery Isolated by J. G. Grahn at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Hard, brittle, silvery metal. Reactive when impure and will burn in oxygen. Surface oxidation occurs in air; will react with water, dissolves in dilute acids. Used in steel production, animal feed supplement, fertilizer additives, ceramics, etc. Diagnostic tests: With borax bead test, manganese gives a bead color violet-red in oxidizing flame and Description colorless in reducing flame. With soda (Na2CO3) and an oxidizing flame the bead color is bluish green. These bead tests are very sensitive and may be relied on even with the presence of other metals. In solution, color varies from light pink (Mn2+) to deep violet (Mn7+) depending on oxidation state. Mn2+ is soluble in (NH4)OH, forms a peach-tan precipitate using (NH4)2S. The addition of NaOH to Mn2+ forms a brown precipitate of Mn(OH)2 which turns black (Mn(OH)3)on the addition of H2O2.

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iron Name iron Symbol Fe Atomic Weight 55.845 Atomic 26 Number CAS ID 7439-89-6 Group 8 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of Anglo-Saxon, iron; Latin, ferrum. Name Year Prehistoric. Discovered Discovery Known to ancient civilizations. Credits Class Metallic Color Lustrous, metallic, grayish tinge Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K When pure, iron is lustrous, and soft (workable). Most important of all metals, used principally as steel alloys. Rusts in damp air, dissolves in dilute acids. Diagnostic tests: The borax bead test in the oxidizing flame gives yellow to brownish red color while Description hot and is colorless to yellow when cold. Reducing flame gives a bottle green color. A magnetic mass is obtained if the mineral is powdered, mixed with soda (Na2CO3), and fused in a reducing flame (Note, cobalt and nickel also yield magnetic masses). In solution, iron will precipitate as Fe(OH)3 when excess amounts of NH4OH are added.

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cobalt Name cobalt Symbol Co Atomic 58.933200 Weight Atomic 27 Number CAS ID 7440-48-4 Group 9 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of German, koblad = "goblin." Name Year 1735 Discovered Discovery Discovered by G. Brandt at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Lustrous, metallic, grayish tinge Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Lustrous, silvery-blue, hard mental; ferromagnetic. Stable in air, slowly attacked by dilute acids. Cobalt 60 is a useful radio isotope. Used in alloys for magnets, ceramics, catalysts, and paints. Diagnostic tests: A beautiful blue bead is obtained with using the borax bead test in the oxidizing and Description reducing flame. If sulfur or arsenic is present, the mineral should be roasted first to oxidize those elements. A magnetic mass is obtained if the mineral is powdered, mixed with soda (Na2CO3), and fused in a reducing flame (Note, Iron and Nickel are also yield magnetic masses). In solution, cobalt forms pink to red to blue solutions, yielding a bluish pink precipitate (Co2+(OH)2) on adding NaOH. H2O2 will turn the precipitate black (Co3+ (OH)3).

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nickel Name nickel Symbol Ni Atomic 58.6934 Weight Atomic 28 Number CAS ID 7440-02-0 Group 10 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of German, kupfernickel = "devils copper." Name Year 1751 Discovered Discovery Discovered by A. F. Cronstedt at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White, Lustrous Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery-white metal, lustrous, malleable, and ductile. Resists corrosion, soluble in acids, except concentrated nitric, unaffected by alkalis. Used in alloys, coins, metal plating, batteries, and catalysts. Diagnostic tests: Description With borax bead test, nickel oxide gives an oxidizing flame bead which is violet when hot and brown on cooling, the reducing flame bead is gray and turbid from the separation of metallic nickel. A solution of nickel becomes pale blue (like copper) on the addition of NH4OH in excess. If an alcoholic solution of dimethylglyoxine is added to an ammoniacal solution, a scarlet precipitate is formed.

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copper Name copper Symbol Cu Atomic 63.546 Weight Atomic 29 Number CAS ID 7440-50-8 Group 11 Number Group Name Coinage metal Period 4 Number Origin of Latin, cuprum = "Cyprus." Name Year Prehistoric Discovered Discovery Known to ancient civilizations. Credits Class Metallic Color Copper, metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Reddish metal, malleable and ductile, with high electrical and thermal conductivities. Resistant to air and water but slowly weathers to green patina of basic carbonates. (Historically important alloy, bronze.) Used as wire for conducting electricity; coins; alloys, etc. Diagnostic tests: On charcoal alone, or better with soda (Na2CO3), metallic copper can be reduced from Description most of its compounds. In the case of sulfides the powdered mineral is first roasted before adding the soda. With the borax bead test, it gives a green bead when hot, becoming blue when cold. In solution, copper chloride gives a vivid blue flame test. Roasted ores and non-sulfide copper minerals will give the blue flame by adding HCl to the sample before heating. In solution, the addition of excess amounts of NH4OH will produce an intense blue color to the sample.

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zinc Name zinc Symbol Zn Atomic 65.39 Weight Atomic 30 Number CAS ID 7440-66-6 Group 12 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of From the German, "zink." Name Year 1500 Discovered Discovery Known in India and China before 1500. Credits Class Metallic Color Bluish Pale Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Bluish-white metal, brittle when cast. Tarnishes in air, reacts with acids and alkalis.. Used for galvanizing iron, in alloys, e.g. brass, in batteries, as ZnO in rubber, and as polymer stabilizer. Description Diagnostic tests: In a strongly reducing flame, the zinc in zinc minerals volatilizes when heated before the blowpipe and is usually detected by the canary yellow (hot) or white (cold) color of the ZnO coating on charcoal. Infusible zinc silicate minerals give a green color when ignited with a Co(NO3)2 solution.

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gallium Name gallium Symbol Ga Atomic 69.723 Weight Atomic 31 Number CAS ID 7440-55-3 Group 13 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of Latin, Gallia = "France." Name Year 1875 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Paul-Emile Lacoq de Boisbaudran at Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K (Melts slightly above this temperature) State Soft, silvery-white metal, stable in air and with water. Soluble in acids and alkalis. Longest liquid range of all elements. Semiconductor properties with nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony. Used in light-emitting diodes; microwave equipment. Description Diagnostic tests: there are no simple chemical tests for gallium. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

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germanium Name germanium Symbol Ge Atomic 72.64 Weight Atomic 32 Number CAS ID 7440-56-4 Group 14 Number Group Name (none) Period 4 Number Origin of Latin, Germania = "Germany." Name Year 1886 Discovered Discovery C. A. Winkler at Freiberg, Germany. Credits Class Semi-Metallic Color Grayish White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Ultra pure it is a silvery white brittle metalloid element. Stable in air and water, unaffected by acids, except nitric, and alkalis. Used in semiconductors, alloys, and special glasses for infrared devices. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple chemical tests for germanium. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Depressive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

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arsenic Name arsenic Symbol As Atomic 74.92160 Weight Atomic 33 Number CAS ID 7440-38-2 Group 15 Number Group Name Pnictogen Period 4 Number Origin of Greek, arsenikon = "yellow orpiment." Name Year 1230 Discovered Discovery Probably first isolated by Alertus Magus (1193-1280). Credits Class Semi-metallic Color Metallic Grey Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Metalloid with several allotropes, Grey alpha-arsenic is metallic, soft and brittle, tarnishes, burns in O2, resists attack by water, acids, and alkalis. Attacked by hot acids and molten NaOH. Uses: alloys, semiconductors, pesticides, wood preservatives, and glasses. Diagnostic tests: Arsenides, sulpharsenites, etc. (As2-), give off fumes when roasted on charcoal, usually Description easily recognized by their peculiar garlic odor. In the open tube test, they give a white, volatile, crystalline sublimate of As2O3. In the closed tube test with sulfur, they yield a sublimate of dark brown-red when hot and red or reddish yellow when cold; or a black to gray mirror sublimate of metallic arsenic. Arsenates (AsO4) can be detected by the garlic odor yielded when a mixture of the powdered mineral with charcoal dust and Na2CO3 is heated with a reducing flame on charcoal.

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selenium Name selenium Symbol Se Atomic 78.96 Weight Atomic 34 Number CAS ID 7782-49-2 Group 4 Number Group Name Chalcogen Period 4 Number Origin of Greek, selene = "moon." Name Year 1817 Discovered Discovery Discovered by J. J. Berzelius at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Silvery Metallic or Red Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Description Obtained as a silvery metallic allotrope or red amorphous powder, which is less stable. Burns in air, unaffected by water, dissolves in concentrated nitric acid and alkalies. Used in photoelectric cells, photocopier drums, solar cells, and semiconductors. Diagnostic tests: Native Se and Se2-: Selenium and selenides are detected by heating the powdered mineral on charcoal and are detected by a very pronounced smell described as radishes or rotting radishes. If the selenium is present in quantities, the blowpipe test evolves a brownish smoke which deposits a silvery coating of SeO2 near the assay. If this coating is touched with the reducing flame, an azure-blue color is evident. The open tube test, selenium yields a white oxide which crystallizes in radiating prisms on the sides, often tinged with reddish selenium. The coating is volatile and will advance depending on the location of the flame. The closed tube test, selenium volatizes and condenses as black globules fused on the

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inside of the glass which may have a reddish tint in the thinnest portion of the sublimate. Selenates (SeO4)2- and Selenites (SeO3)2-: Fuse a sample on charcoal mixed with with soda (Na2CO3) and charcoal dust in the reducing flame of the blowpipe. The reduction of SeO4 or SeO3 is detected by the radish odor.

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bromine Name bromine Symbol Br Atomic 79.904 Weight Atomic 35 Number CAS ID 7726-95-6 Group 17 Number Group Name Halogen Period 4 Number Origin of Greek, bromos - "stench." Name Year 1826 Discovered Discovery A. J. Balard at Montpellier, France and C. Lowig at Heidelberg in Germany. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Red-brown, metallic luster when solid Standard Liquid at 77 F & 298 K State Deep red, dense, sharp smelling liquid, Br2. Compounds used in fuel additives, pesticides, flame-retardants, and photography. Bromine is recovered from sea water and oil field brines. Diagnostic tests: Description Bromine salts (along with F, Cl, and I) will give a blue color to flames when heated on a copper disk. Treatment of the salt with concentrated H2SO4 acid will effervesce with the evolution of a brown gas (Br2). Bromine is always found associated with chlorine or iodine so a precipitate with AgNO3 solution is white (AgCl), cream (AgBr), or yellow (AgI) depending on which anion predominates.

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krypton Name krypton Symbol Kr Atomic 83.80 Weight Atomic 36 Number CAS ID 7439-90-9 Group 18 Number Group Name Noble Gas Period 4 Number Origin of From the Greek, kryptos = "hidden." Name Year 1898 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Sir William Ramsay and M. W. Travers at London, UK. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Colorless, odorless gas present in the atmosphere. Chemically inert to everything but fluorine. 86Kr has an orange-red line in its atomic spectrum that is used for the SI Description length standard where 1 meter = 1,650,763.73 wavelengths. One meter was originally defined as 1 millionth the distance from the earth's pole to the equator.

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rubidium Name rubidium Symbol Rb Atomic 85.4678 Weight Atomic 37 Number CAS ID 7440-17-7 Group 1 Number Group Name Alkali Metal Period 5 Number Origin of Latin, rubidius = "deepest red." Name Year 1861 Discovered Discovery W. Noddack, Ida Tacke, and O. Berg in Berlin, Germany. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Very soft metal with silvery white luster when cut. Ignites in air and reacts violently with water. Finds little use outside research. Minerals with a high Rb content are use for age-dating by the Rb-Sr isotope method. Most minerals containing potassium (K) also contain Rb in trace amounts. Description Diagnostic tests: In solution, rubidium will give a flame test color of a nice red. This flame test will be contaminated with the colors of the other alkaline elements which are present in the sample (in particular the red color from calcium). You will probably need a diffraction spectroscope to view the red emission lines from rubidium.

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strontium Name strontium Symbol Sr Atomic 87.62 Weight Atomic 38 Number CAS ID 7440-24-6 Group 2 Number Group Name Alkaline Earth Metal Period 5 Number Origin of Named after Strontian, Scotland Name Year 1790 Discovered Discovery Recognized as an element by A. Crawford at Edinburgh, Scotland. Isolated in 1808 by Credits Sir Humphry Davy at London, UK. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery shiny, soft metal obtained by high temperature reduction of SrO with Al. Protected as bulk metal by oxide film but will burn in air and reacts with water. Used in special glass for TV and VDUs, in fireworks and flares to give red color. The Sr87 isotope used in Rb-Sr age dating. Diagnostic tests: Strontium is usually detected by the crimson flame coloration. If large quantities of Description calcium are present, than a spectroscope can be used to distinguish the Sr coloration. Strontium compounds become alkaline (turns pink litmus paper blue with a drop of water) after ignition before a blowpipe flame with the exceptions of phosphates and silicates. Note that Ca and Mg minerals also give an alkaline reaction. In solution, the presence of strontium (in the absence of barium) is proved by the heavy white precipitate formed by the addition of dilute H2SO4.

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yttrium Name yttrium Symbol Y Atomic 88.90585 Weight Atomic 39 Number CAS ID 7440-65-5 Group 3 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Named after Ytterby, Sweden. Name Year 1794 Discovered Discovery Discovered by J. Gadolin at Abo, Finland. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, silvery-white metal. Stable in air due to the formation of oxide film. Reacts with water to form hydrogen (H2). Used as yttrium phosphors to give red colors in television CRT screens; in X-ray filters, superconductors; super-alloys. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify yttrium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze this element.

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zirconium Name zirconium Symbol Zr Atomic 91.224 Weight Atomic 40 Number CAS ID 7440-67-7 Group 4 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Arabic, zargun = "gold color." Name Year 1824 Discovered Discovery Discovered by M. H. Kalproth at University of Berlin, Germany; isolated in 1824 by J. Credits J. Berzelius at Stockholm, Sweden. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Hard, lustrous, silvery metal. Very corrosion resistant due to oxide layer, but will burn in air. Unaffected by acids, (except HF), and alkalis. Metal used in alloys, colored glazes, and nuclear reactors. Oxides used in foundry crucibles, bricks, ceramics, synthetic gemstones, and abrasives. Zirconium is commonly accompanied with Hafnium. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no quick and diagnostic tests to detect zirconium. Most tests use solutions created by flux decomposition by Na2CO3. The element is detected by precipitation of a gelatinous base upon addition of NH4OH, NaOH or KOH and than processed using Alizarin Red dye. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze zirconium.

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niobium Name niobium Symbol Nb Atomic 92.90638 Weight Atomic 41 Number CAS ID 7440-03-1 Group 5 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, Niobe = "daughter of Tantalus" Name Year 1801 Discovered Discovery Discovered by C. Hatchett at London, UK Credits Class Metallic Color Gray Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Shiny silvery metal, soft when pure. Resists corrosion due to oxide film, attacked by hot, concentrated acids but resists fused alkalis. Used in stainless steels and superconductor alloys. The element was formerly known as "columbium". Description Diagnostic tests: An acid solution boiled with metallic tin gives a blue color which slowly changes to brown on continued boiling and disappears on dilution. Most flux reactions are not very good. Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

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molybdenum Name molybdenum Symbol Mo Atomic 95.94 Weight Atomic 42 Number CAS ID 7439-98-7 Group 6 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, molybdos = "lead" Name Year 1781 Discovered Discovery Isolated by P. J. Hjelm at Uppsala, Sweden Credits Class Metallic Color Gray Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Metal is lustrous, silvery, and fairly soft when pure. Usually obtained as gray powder. Used in alloys, electrodes, catalysts, and as the sulfide, lubricants. Diagnostic tests: On charcoal molybdenum sulfide gives near the assay a copper-red stain in oxidizing flame and white oxide further away. On plaster, mixed with KI, gives a deep ultramarine blue color after heating with the Description flame. Bead tests using sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) gives a yellowish green color (hot) and nearly colorless (cold), the reducing flame color is a fine green. Molybdates (MoO42-) are tested by adding powdered sample to a dry test tube with a scrap of paper, adding a few drops of water and an equal amount of concentrated H2SO4. The mixture is carefully heated until the acid fumes. Cool or slowly add water and the solution will assume a deep blue color.

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technetium Name technetium Symbol Tc Atomic 98 Weight Atomic 43 Number CAS ID 7440-26-8 Group 7 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, Technikos="artificial." Name Year 1937 Discovered Discovery Discovered by C. Perrier and E. G. Segre at Palermo, Italy. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Gray Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Radioactive metal which does not occur naturally. Silvery as the metal but usually Description obtained as a gray powder. Resists oxidation, slowly tarnishes in moist air, burns in oxygen, dissolves in nitric and sulfuric acids.

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technetium Name technetium Symbol Tc Atomic 98 Weight Atomic 43 Number CAS ID 7440-26-8 Group 7 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, Technikos="artificial." Name Year 1937 Discovered Discovery Discovered by C. Perrier and E. G. Segre at Palermo, Italy. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Gray Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Radioactive metal which does not occur naturally. Silvery as the metal but usually Description obtained as a gray powder. Resists oxidation, slowly tarnishes in moist air, burns in oxygen, dissolves in nitric and sulfuric acids.

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ruthenium Name ruthenium Symbol Ru Atomic 101.07 Weight Atomic 44 Number CAS ID 7440-18-8 Group 8 Number Group Name Precious Metal Period 5 Number Origin of Latin, Ruthenia = "Russia." Name Year 1808 Discovered Discovery Discovered by J. A. Sinadecki at University of Vilno, Poland. Rediscovered in 1828 by Credits G. W. Osann at University of Tartu, Russia. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Lustrous, silvery metal of the platinum group. Unaffected by air, water and acids but dissolves in molten alkali. Used to harden Pt and Pd, and as a catalyst. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple chemical tests for ruthenium. The element is usually found as an alloy or a sulfide mineral with other platinum group metals. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of Xrays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

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rhodium Name rhodium Symbol Rh Atomic 102.90550 Weight Atomic 45 Number CAS ID 7440-16-6 Group 9 Number Group Name Precious Metal Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, rhodon = "rose" Name Year 1803 Discovered Discovery W. H. Wollaston at London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Rare, lustrous, silvery, hard mental of the platinum group. Stable in air up to 875 K. Inert to all acids, attacked by fused alkalis. Used as a catalyst. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple chemical tests for rhodium. The element is usually found as an alloy or a sulfide mineral with other platinum group metals. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of Xrays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

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palladium Name palladium Symbol Pd Atomic 106.42 Weight Atomic 46 Number CAS ID 7440-05-3 Group 10 Number Group Name Precious Metal Period 5 Number Origin of After the asteroid "Pallas" Name Year 1803 Discovered Discovery Discovered by W. H. Wellaston at London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery-white metal, lustrous, malleable, ductile. Resists corrosion, dissolves in oxidizing acids and fused alkalis. Readily absorbs hydrogen gas. Main use is as a catalyst. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple chemical tests for palladium. The element is usually found as an alloy or a sulfide mineral with other platinum group metals. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of Xrays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

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silver Name silver Symbol Ag Atomic 107.8682(2) Weight Atomic 47 Number CAS ID 7440-22-4 Group 11 Number Group Name Coinage Period 5 Number Origin of Anglo Saxon, siolfur = "silver": Latin, argentum Name Year Prehistoric Discovered Discovery Known to ancient civilizations. Credits Class Metallic Color Silver Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, malleable metal with characteristic silver sheen. Stable to water and oxygen but attacked by sulfur compounds in air to form black sulfide layer. Dissolves in sulfuric and nitric acid. Used in photography, silverware, jewelry, electrical industry, and glass (mirrors). Description Diagnostic tests: Easily reduced on charcoal using a blowpipe or propane torch after roasting the sample forming a malleable silvery bead. Silver, along with lead and mercury form white, insoluble chlorides from aqueous solutions.

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cadmium Name cadmium Symbol Cd Atomic Weight 112.411 Atomic Number 48 CAS ID 7440-43-9 Group Number 12 Group Name (none) Period Number 5 Origin of Name Latin, cadmia = calomine Year Discovered 1817 Discovery Discovered by F. Stromeyer at Gottingen, Germany. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery gray metallic Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Silvery metal. Tarnishes in air, soluble in acids but not alkalis. Used in rechargeable batteries, alloys, pigments. Description Diagnostic tests: On charcoal with soda (Na2CO3), compounds of cadmium give a characteristic sublimate of the reddish brown oxide. In solution, the addition of Na2S or (NH4)2S produces a bright yellow precipitate of CdS.

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indium Name indium Symbol In Atomic 114.818 Weight Atomic 49 Number CAS ID 7440-74-6 Group 13 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Named after the indigo line in its spectrum. Name Year 1863 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Richter at Frieberg, Germany. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Lustrous Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, silvery-white metal. Stable in air and with water, dissolves in acids. Used in low melting alloys in safety devices. Semiconductor uses as InAs and InSb in transistors, thermistors, etc. Description Diagnostic tests: there are no simple chemical tests for indium. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

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tin Name tin Symbol Sn Atomic 118.710 Weight Atomic 50 Number CAS ID 7440-31-5 Group 14 Number Group Name (none) Period 5 Number Origin of Anglo-Saxon, tin; Latin stannum. Name Year Prehistoric Discovered Discovery Known to ancient civilizations. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Lustrous Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, pliable, silvery-white metal. Unreactive to oxygen (protected by an oxide film) and water but dissolves in acids and bases. Used in solders, alloys, tinplate, polymer additives and anti-fouling paints. Diagnostic tests: Tin is usually detected by the formation of metallic tin globules by reduction of the mineral on charcoal with the blowpipe. Description Mix 1 part powdered mineral with 1 part charcoal and 2 parts Na2CO3 with enough water to make a paste. Heat on charcoal block with a reducing flame and the tin should be easily reduced and collect into globules of metallic tin which are bright in the reducing flame and dull when cooled because of the formation of an oxide coat. The globules are distinguished from lead or bismuth by the lack of a yellow coating of the oxide on charcoal and from silver by the dull presence of a coating of oxide upon cooling.

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antimony Name antimony Symbol Sb Atomic 121.760 Weight Atomic 51 Number CAS ID 7440-36-0 Group 15 Number Group Name Pnictogen Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, anti + monos = "not alone", Latin, "stibium." Name Year Prehistoric Discovered Discovery Probably known to the ancients and certainly to the alchemists. Credits Class Semi-Metallic Color Silvery Lustrous Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Metalloid element with various allotropes, of which metal is bright, silvery, hard, and brittle. Stable in dry air and not attacked by dilute acids of alkalis. Used to harden other metals, in storage batteries, bearings, etc. Diagnostic tests: Antimony is usually detected by the coating of oxide formed by roasting on charcoal or the opentube. Description Antimonides, antimony, etc. (As2-): A sample of the powdered mineral gives off a dense sublimate of Sb2O3 when roasted on charcoal without the arsenic odor. In the open tube test, they give a white, volatile, crystalline sublimate of Sb2O3 at a much higher temperature than arsenic. In the closed tube test with sulfur, they yield a black sublimate when hot and red or reddish brown when cold. Antimonates (SbO4): can be detected by lack of a garlic odor (arsenic) and the white sublimate yielded when a mixture of the powdered mineral with charcoal dust and Na2CO3 is heated with a reducing flame on a charcoal block.

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tellurium Name tellurium Symbol Te Atomic 127.60 Weight Atomic 52 Number CAS ID 13494-80-9 Group 16 Number Group Name Chalcogen Period 5 Number Origin of Latin, tellus = "earth." Name Year 1783 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Baron Franz Joseph Muller von Reichenstein at Subiu, Romania. Credits Class Semi-Metallic Color Silvery Lustrous Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Description Silvery white, metallic looking in bulk but usually obtained as dark gray powder. Semi-metal. Burns in air or oxygen. Unaffected by water or HCl but dissolves in HNO3. Used in alloys to improve machine ability; chemicals, catalysts, electronics. Diagnostic tests: Tellurium and tellurides are detected by heating the powdered mineral in a test tube with 5cc of concentrated H2SO4 acid. The presence of a reddish-violet color suggests Te. After cooling, addition of water will cause the color to disappear and a grayish black precipitate of tellurium will appear. Open tube test of the powdered mineral oxidizes tellurium to TeO2 which passes up the tube as a white smoke and condenses near the heated part as a white coating. The coating can be fused into a globule which is yellow when hot and white when cold. Closed tube test of the powdered mineral causes tellurium to volatize and condense on the hot glass as fused globules having a metallic luster. Minor amounts of white oxide may be produced along with the metallic globules.

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On charcoal, the blowpipe produces a white sublimate near the assay somewhat resembling the test for antimony. The sublimate can be blasted with the blowpipe flame and imparts a pale greenish color to the flame.

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64

iodine Name iodine Symbol I Atomic 126.90447 Weight Atomic 53 Number CAS ID 7553-56-2 Group 17 Number Group Name Halogen Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, iodes = "violet." Name Year 1811 Discovered Discovery Discovered by B. Courtois at Paris, France. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Violet-Dark Gray, Lustrous Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Black, shiny non-metal solid, I2. Sublimes easily. Used in disinfections, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, dyes, catalysts and photography. Diagnostic tests: Iodine salts (along with F, Cl, and Br) will give a blue color to flames when heated on Description a copper disk. Treatment of the salt with concentrated H2SO4 acid will effervesce with the evolution of a violet, sharp smelling gas (l2). Iodine is sometimes found associated with chlorine or bromine so a precipitate with AgNO3 solution is white (AgCl), cream (AgBr), or yellow (AgI) depending on which anion predominates. The precipitate is soluble in NH4OH.

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65

xenon Name xenon Symbol Xe Atomic 131.293 Weight Atomic 54 Number CAS ID 7440-63-3 Group 18 Number Group Name Noble Gas Period 5 Number Origin of Greek, xenos = "stranger." Name Year 1898 Discovered Discovery Sir William Ramsay and M. W. Travers at London, UK. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K State Colorless, odorless gas obtained from liquid air. Inert toward most other chemicals but Description reacts with fluorine gas to form xenon fluorides. Oxides, acids and salt known. Little used outside research. Used to fill the bulbs of zenon flashlights.

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66

cesium Name cesium Symbol Cs Atomic 132.90545 Weight Atomic 55 Number CAS ID 7440-46-2 Group 1 Number Group Name Alkali Metal Period 6 Number Origin of Latin, caesius = "sky blue." Name Year 1860 Discovered Discovery Discovered by R. Bunsen and G. R. Kirchoff at Heidelberg, Germany. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery gold Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K (Melts slightly above this temperature) State Soft, shiny, gold colored metal; reacts rapidly with oxygen and explosively with water. Used as catalyst promoter, in special glasses, and in radiation monitoring equipment. The first element to be discovered spectroscopically and forms the basis for "atomic clocks" because of the ease in which the element is ionized. Description Diagnostic tests: In solution, a cesium will give a flame test color of a beautiful sky-blue. This flame test will be contaminated with the colors of the other alkaline elements which are present in the sample. You will probably need a diffraction spectroscope to view the two blue emission lines from cesium.

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67

barium Name barium Symbol Ba Atomic 137.327 Weight Atomic 56 Number CAS ID 7440-39-3 Group 2 Number Group Name Alkaline Earth Metal Period 6 Number Origin of Greek, barys = "heavy." Name Year 1808 Discovered Discovery Isolated by Sir Humphrey Davy at London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color silvery white Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Relatively soft, silvery-white metal. Obtained from BaO on heating with aluminum. Attacked by air and water. Used mainly as BaSO4 in drilling fluids for oil and gas exploration; small amounts used in paints, glass, etc Description Diagnostic tests: A yellowish green coloration of the flame test is given by all barium salts, except the silicates. In solution, the presence of barium is proved by the heavy white precipitate formed by the addition of dilute H2SO4.

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68

lanthanum Name lanthanum Symbol La Atomic 138.9055 Weight Atomic 57 Number CAS ID 7439-91-0 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of From the Greek, lanthanein = "to lie hidden." Name Year 1839 Discovered Discovery Discovered by C. G. Mosander at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Soft, silvery-white metal; rapidly tarnishes in air and burns easily. Reacts with water to give hydrogen gas. Used in optical glass and for flints. La2+ is used as a biological tracer for calcium Ca2+. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify lanthanum. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

Periodic Tables

69

cerium Name cerium Symbol Ce Atomic 140.116 Weight Atomic 58 Number CAS ID 7440-45-1 Group (none) Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Named after the asteroid Ceres, discovered in 1801 Name Year 1803 Discovered Discovery Discovered by J. J. Berzelius and W. Hisinger at Vestmanland, Sweden. First isolated Credits by W. F. Hillebrand and T. H. Norton in 1875 at Washington, DC, USA Class Metallic Color Silvery white Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Reactive, gray metal, most abundant of the (Rare Earth) lanthanide metals. Tarnishes in air, burns when heated, reacts rapidly with water, dissolved in acids. Used in glass, gas mantles, ceramics, and alloys. Misch alloy ( predominantly Ce) is used for lighter "flints". Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify cerium. Infusible cerium minerals glow with exaggerated incandescence in the flame test (along with Sr, Mg, Zr, Zn, Ca - the "lime light effect").

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70

praseodymium Name praseodymium Symbol Pr Atomic 140.90765 Weight Atomic 59 Number CAS ID 7440-10-0 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Greek, prasios didymos = "green twin" Name Year 1885 Discovered Discovery Separated by Baron Auer von Welsbach at Vienna, Austria. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White, Yellowish Tinge Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, malleable, silvery metal of the lanthanide group. Reacts slowly with oxygen, rapidly with water. Used in alloys for permanent magnets, flints, yellow glass for eye protection for welders, etc. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify praeseodymium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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71

neodymium Name neodymium Symbol Nd Atomic Weight 144.24 Atomic 60 Number CAS ID 7440-00-8 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Greek, neos didymos = "new twin" Name Year 1885 Discovered Discovery Separated by Baron Auer von Welshach at Vienna, Austria Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White, Yellowish Tinge Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Silvery-white metal of the lanthanide (rare earth) group. Tarnishes in air, reacts slowly with cold water, rapidly with hot. Used in alloys for permanent-magnets, flints, glazes, and glass. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify neodymium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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72

promethium Name promethium Symbol Pm Atomic Weight 145 Atomic Number 61 CAS ID 7440-12-2 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period Number 6 Origin of Name Greek, Prometheus, who stole fire from the gods. Year Discovered 1945 Discovery Produced by J. A. Marinsky, L. E. Glendenin, and C. D. Coryell at Oak Ridge, Credits Tennessee, USA. Class Metallic Color Metallic Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive metal of the lanthanide group. Used in specialized miniature batteries and radioactive tracers.

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73

samarium Name samarium Symbol Sm Atomic 150.36 Weight Atomic 62 Number CAS ID 7440-19-9 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Named after the mineral Samarskite. Name Year 1879 Discovered Discovery Discovered by P. E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran at Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery white metal of the lanthanide group. Relatively stable in dry air but in moist air an oxide coating forms. Used in permanent magnets, organic reagents, special glass, catalysts, ceramics, and electronics. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify Samarium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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74

europium Name europium Symbol Eu Atomic Weight 151.964 Atomic 63 Number CAS ID 7440-53-1 Group (none) Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Named after Europe. Name Year 1901 Discovered Discovery Discovered by E. A. Demarcay at Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery white Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Rare, and most reactive for the rare earth metals. Soft, silvery metal which reacts quickly with oxygen and water. Little used. Some used in thin-film superconductor alloy. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify europium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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75

gadolinium Name gadolinium Symbol Gd Atomic 157.25 Weight Atomic 64 Number CAS ID 7440-54-2 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Named after J. Gadolin, a Finnish chemist. Name Year 1880 Discovered Discovery Discovered by J. C. Galissard de Marignac at Geneva, Switzerland. Isolated in 1886 Credits by P. E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran at Paris, France. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery-white metal of rare earth group. Reacts slowly with oxygen and water, dissolves in acids. Used in magnets, electronics, neutron radiography, and alloys, with iron for magneto-optic recording devices. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify gadolinium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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76

terbium Name terbium Symbol Tb Atomic Weight 158.92534 Atomic 65 Number CAS ID 7440-27-9 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period Number 6 Origin of Name Named after Ytterby, Sweden. Year 1843 Discovered Discovery Discovered by C. G. Mosander at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Silvery white metal, rare member of the lanthanide (rare earth) group. Slowly oxidized by air, reacts with cold water, Used in solid state devices and lasers. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify Terbium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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77

dysprosium Name dysprosium Symbol Dy Atomic Weight 162.50 Atomic 66 Number CAS ID 7429-91-6 Group Number (none) Group Name Lanthanoid Period Number 6 Origin of Name Greek, dysprositos = "hard to obtain." Year 1886 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran at Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery white Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Reactive, hard, silvery metal of the rare earth group. Oxidized by oxygen, reacts rapidly with water, dissolves in acids. Used in alloys for making magnets. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify dysprosium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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78

holmium Name holmium Symbol Ho Atomic Weight 164.9.032 Atomic 67 Number CAS ID 7440-60-0 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period Number 6 Origin of Name Latin, Holinia = "Stockholm." Year 1878 Discovered Discovery Discovered by P. T. Cleve at Uppsala, Sweden and independently by M. Credits Delafontaine and J. L. Soret at Geneva, Switzerland Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Silvery metal of the rare earth group. Slowly attacked by oxygen and water, dissolves in acid. Used as flux concentrator for high magnetic fields. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify holmium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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79

erbium Name erbium Symbol Er Atomic Weight 167.259 Atomic 68 Number CAS ID 7440-52-0 Group (none) Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Named after Ytterby, Sweden. Name Year 1842 Discovered Discovery Discovered by C. G. Mosander at Stockholm, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery white Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Silver-gray metal of the rare earth group. slowly tarnishes in air, slowly reacts with water, dissolves in acids. Used in infrared absorbing glass, alloys with titanium. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify erbium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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80

thulium Name thulium Symbol Tm Atomic Weight 168.93421 Atomic 69 Number CAS ID 7440-30-4 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period 6 Number Origin of Named after Thule, ancient Scandinavia. Name Year 1879 Discovered Discovery Discovered by P. T. Cleve at Uppsala, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Silvery metal, rarest of the lanthanide group. Tarnishes in air and reacts with water. Few uses but some employed as a radiation source in portable x-ray equipment. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify thulium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

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81

ytterbium Name ytterbium Symbol Yb Atomic Weight 173.04 Atomic Number 70 CAS ID 7440-64-4 Group Number Group Name Lanthanoid Period Number 6 Origin of Name Named after Ytterby, Sweden. Year 1878 Discovered Discovery Discovered by J. C. G. De Marignac at Geneva, Switzerland. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Soft, silvery-white metal of the lanthanide (rare earth) group. Slowly oxidized by air, reacts with water. Some use in stress gauges. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify ytterbium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

Periodic Tables

82

lutetium Name lutetium Symbol Lu Atomic Weight 174.967 Atomic Number 71 CAS ID 7439-94-3 Group Number 3 Group Name (none) Period Number 6 Origin of Name From the Latin, Lutetia = "Paris." Year 1907 Discovered Discovery Discovered by G. Urnain at Paris, France, and independently by C. James at the Credits University of New Hampshire, USA. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Hardest, densest, and one of the rarest of the lanthanide metals. Little used except in research. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple diagnostic tests to identify lutetium. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is commonly employed to identify and analyze members of the Rare-Earth group elements.

Periodic Tables

83

hafnium Name hafnium Symbol Hf Atomic 178.49 Weight Atomic 72 Number CAS ID 7440-58-6 Group 4 Number Group Name (none) Period 6 Number Origin of Latin, Hafnia = "Copenhagen." Name Year 1923 Discovered Discovery Discovered by D. Coster and G. C. von Hevesey at Copenhagen, Denmark. Credits Class Metallic Color Grey Silvery Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Lustrous, silvery, ductile metal. Resists corrosion due to oxide film, but powdered Hf will burn in air. Unaffected by acids (except HF) and alkalis. Used in control rods for nuclear reactors; high temperature alloys and ceramics. Description Diagnostic tests: there are no simple chemical tests for hafnium. Zirconium minerals commonly contain hafnium. Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Periodic Tables

84

tantalum Name tantalum Symbol Ta Atomic 180.9479 Weight Atomic 73 Number CAS ID 7440-25-7 Group 5 Number Group Name (none) Period 6 Number Origin of Greek, Tantalos = father of Niobe. Name Year 1802 Discovered Discovery Discovered by A. G. Eceberg at Uppsala, Sweden. Credits Class Metallic Color Gray Blue Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Shiny, silvery metal, soft when pure. Very corrosion resistant due to oxide film; attacked by HF and fused alkalis. Used in electronics as tantalum capacitors, cutting tools, chemical plants and surgery. Description Diagnostic tests: There are no simple tests to detect tantalum. Most flux reactions are not very good. Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

Periodic Tables tungsten Name tungsten Symbol W Atomic Weight 183.84 Atomic 74 Number CAS ID 7440-33-7 Group Number 6 Group Name (none) Period 6 Number Origin of Swedish, tung sten = "heavy stone." Name Year 1783 Discovered Discovery Isolated by J. J. and F. Elhuijar at Vergara, Spain. Credits Class Metallic Color Grayish White, Lustrous Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Obtained as dull gray powder, difficult to melt. Metal is lustrous and silvery white. Resists attack by oxygen, acids, and alkalis. Used in alloys, light bulb filaments, and cutting tools. Description Diagnostic tests:

85

Wolframates (Tungstates )(WO42-): When the mineral is decomposed by boiling in HCL, the insoluble WO3 canary yellow oxide is obtained. Tungsten gives a Na2(NH4)(PO4) bead a clear (no) color in the oxidizing flame and a fine blue color in the reducing flame.

Periodic Tables rhenium Name rhenium Symbol Re Atomic 186.207 Weight Atomic 75 Number CAS ID 7440-15-5 Group 7 Number Group Name (none) Period 6 Number Origin of After the Rhine river. Name Year 1925 Discovered Discovery W. Noddack, Ida Tacke, and O. Berg in Berlin, Germany. Credits Class Metallic Color Grayish White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

86

Silvery metal, usually obtained as gray powder. Resists corrosion and oxidation but slowly tarnishes in moist air. Dissolves in nitric and sulfuric acids. Used in filaments, thermistors, and catalysts. Description Diagnostic tests:

There are no simple chemical tests for rhenium. The element is usually found as an alloy or a sulfide mineral with other platinum group metals. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of Xrays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

Periodic Tables osmium Name osmium Symbol Os Atomic 190.23 Weight Atomic 76 Number CAS ID 7440-04-2 Group 8 Number Group Name Precious Metal Period 6 Number Origin of Greek, osme = "smell." Name Year 1803 Discovered Discovery Discovered by S. Tennant at London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color Bluish Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

87

Lustrous silvery metal of the platinum group. Unaffected by air, water, and acids, but dissolves in molten alkalis. Smells, due to formation of volatile OsO4. Used in alloys and catalysts. Description Diagnostic tests:

There are no simple chemical tests for osmium. The element is usually found as an alloy or a sulfide mineral with other platinum group metals. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of Xrays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

Periodic Tables iridium Name iridium Symbol Ir Atomic 192.217 Weight Atomic 77 Number CAS ID 7439-88-5 Group 9 Number Group Name Precious Metal Period 6 Number Origin of Latin, Iris = "rainbow." Name Year 1803 Discovered Discovery Discovered by S. Tennant at London, UK. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

88

Hard, lustrous, silvery metal of the platinum group. Stable to air and water, inert to all acids, but fused NaOH will attack it. Used in special alloys and spark plugs. Description Diagnostic tests:

There are no simple chemical tests for iridium. The element is usually found as an alloy or a sulfide mineral with other platinum group metals. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of Xrays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

Periodic Tables platinum Name platinum Symbol Pt Atomic 195.078 Weight Atomic 78 Number CAS ID 7440-06-4 Group 10 Number Group Name Precious Metal Period 6 Number Origin of Spanish, platina = "silver." Name Year 1750 Discovered Discovery Known to pre-Columbian South Americans and taken to Europe about 1790. Credits Class Metallic Color Grayish White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Silvery-white metal, lustrous, malleable, ductile. Unaffected by oxygen and water, only dissolves in aqua-regia and fused alkalis. Used in jewelry, drugs, catalysts, etc. Description Diagnostic tests:

89

There are no simple chemical tests for platinum. The element is usually found as an alloy or a sulfide mineral with other platinum group metals. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is used for quantitative analysis and Energy Dispersive Analysis of Xrays (EDAX) is used for qualitative analysis.

Periodic Tables gold Name gold Symbol Au Atomic 196.96655 Weight Atomic 79 Number CAS ID 7440-57-5 Group 11 Number Group Name Coinage Metal Period 6 Number Origin of Anglo-Saxon, gold Name Year Prehistoric Discovered Discovery Known to pre-historic humans Credits Class Metallic Color gold Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

90

Soft metal with characteristic yellow color. Highest malleability and ductility of any element. Unaffected by air, water, acids (except HNO3-HCl), and alkalis. Used as bullion, in jewelry, electronics, and glass. Description Diagnostic tests:

Commonly occurs as the native element. Gold is easily reduced from it's minerals on charcoal by heating in the reducing flame. The resultant metallic bead is gold in color and malleable.

Periodic Tables mercury Name mercury Symbol Hg Atomic 200.59 Weight Atomic 80 Number CAS ID 7439-97-6 Group 12 Number Group Name (none) Period 6 Number Origin of Planet Mercury; Latin, hydragyrum = 'liquid silver." Name Year Prehistoric. Discovered Discovery Known to ancient civilizations. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Liquid at 77 F & 298 K State

91

Liquid silvery metal. Stable in air and water, un-reactive to acids (except conc nitric) and alkalis. Used in chlorine and NaOH manufacture, street lights, fungicides, electrical apparatus, etc. Description Diagnostic tests:

In a closed tube, a sublimate of metallic mercury or black HgS is yielded when the mineral is heated with dry soda (Na2CO3). In solution, mercury (Hg1+), along with lead and silver form white, insoluble chlorides from aqueous solutions.

Periodic Tables thallium Name thallium Symbol Tl Atomic 204.3833 Weight Atomic 81 Number CAS ID 7440-28-0 Group 13 Number Group Name (none) Period 6 Number Origin of Greek, thallos = "green twig." Name Year 1861 Discovered Discovery Discovered by W. Crookes at London, UK; isolated in 1862 by C. A. Lamy at Credits Paris, France. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

92

Soft, silvery-gray metal. Tarnishes readily in moist air and with steam reacts to form TlOH. Attacked by acids, rapidly by HNO3. Little used because of its toxicity, but still employed in special glasses. Description

Diagnostic tests: Thallium and its salts are quite volatile when heated with the blowpipe and impart an intense green color to the flame.

lead Name lead Symbol Pb Atomic 207.2 Weight Atomic 82 Number CAS ID 7439-92-1 Group 14 Number Group Name (none) Period 6 Number

Periodic Tables

93

Origin of Anglo-Saxon, lead; Latin plumbum. Name Year Prehistoric. Discovered Discovery Known to ancient civilizations. Credits Class Metallic Color Bluish White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, weak, ductile, dull gray metal. Tarnishes in moist air but stable to oxygen and water, dissolves in nitric acid. Used in batteries, cables, paints, glass, solder, petrol, radiation shielding, etc.

Diagnostic tests: With soda (Na2CO3) on charcoal a malleable globule of metallic lead is obtained Description from lead compounds, the coating has a yellow color near the assay, the sulfide gives also a white coating (PbSO3) further away. Mixed with potassium iodide and heated on a plaster tablet, lead iodide forms a chrome-yellow sublimate. In solution, lead, along with mercury (Hg1+) and silver form white, insoluble chlorides from aqueous solutions.

Periodic Tables bismuth

94

Name bismuth

Symbol Bi

Atomic 208.98038 Weight

Atomic 83 Number

CAS ID 7440-69-9

Group 15 Number

Group Name Pnictogen

Period 6 Number

Origin of German, bisemutum. Name

Year 1500 Discovered

Discovery Discoverer unknown, found in German ores. Credits

Class Metallic

Color Lustrous reddish white

Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

Periodic Tables Brittle metal, silvery luster with pink tinge. Stable to oxygen and water. Dissolves in concentrated nitric acid. Basic oxide. Used in alloys, pharmaceuticals, electronics, catalysts, cosmetics, and pigments. The radioactive isotope, Bi210, is found as a daughter product of Pb210 from Th in thorium minerals. Description Diagnostic tests:

95

On charcoal alone, or better with soda (Na2CO3), bismuth gives a very characteristic orange-yellow sublimate; brittle globules of the reduced mental are also obtained (with soda). When mixed with potassium iodide and sulfur and fused on charcoal, a beautiful red sublimate of BiI3 is obtained, yellow near the assay. In solution, bismuth is precipitated as white Ba(OH)3 by the addition of excess amounts of NH4OH.

Periodic Tables polonium Name polonium Symbol Po Atomic Weight 208.98 Atomic 84 Number CAS ID 7440-08-6 Group Number 16 Group Name Chalcogen Period 6 Number Origin of After the country "Poland." Name Year 1898 Discovered Discovery Marie Curie at Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

96

Radioactive silvery-gray metal. Soluble in dilute acids. Used as heat source in Description space equipment and as source of alpha radiation for research. Occurs in trace amounts in uranium ores.

Periodic Tables astatine Name astatine Symbol At Atomic Weight 209.99 Atomic Number 85 CAS ID 7440-68-8 Group Number 17 Group Name Halogen Period Number 6 Origin of Name Greek, astatos = "unstable." Year 1940 Discovered

97

Discovery Produced by D. R. Corson, K. R. Mackenzie, and E. Segre at the University of Credits California, USA. Class Semi-metallic Color Metallic Grey Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive non-metallic element which does not occur naturally. Relatively unknown because of the short half-life.

Periodic Tables radon Name radon Symbol Rn Atomic 222.02 Weight Atomic 86 Number CAS ID 10043-92-2 Group 18 Number Group Name Noble Gas Period 6 Number Origin of Named after the element radium. Name Year 1900 Discovered Discovery Discovered by F. E. Dorn at Halle, Germany. Credits Class Non-Metallic Color Colorless Standard Gas at 77 F & 298 K (The heaviest known mononuclear gas) State

98

Colorless, odorless gas produced by radioactive decay of radium. Little studied because of hazardous radiation which destroys any compounds that are formed. Description Chemically should be like xenon. Radon is present in uranium and thorium minerals as a radioactive gas which can enter the atmosphere.

Periodic Tables

99

francium Name francium Symbol Fr Atomic Weight 223.02 Atomic 87 Number CAS ID 7440-73-5 Group Number 1 Group Name Alkali metal Period 7 Number Origin of Named after France Name Year 1939 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Marguerite Perey in Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Intensely radioactive, short lived metal element. Primarily occurs as a trace Description amount (a few ppm) in uranium or thorium minerals where it is a decay product of uranium and/or thorium.

Periodic Tables radium Name radium Symbol Ra Atomic 226.03 Weight Atomic 88 Number CAS ID 7440-14-4 Group 2 Number Group Name Alkaline Earth Metal Period 7 Number Origin of Latin, radius = "ray" Name Year 1898 Discovered Discovery Pierre and Marie Curie at Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

100

Radioactive element found naturally in uranium and thorium ores. Silvery, Description lustrous, soft. Annual production 100 gm. Formerly used in cancer therapy and for luminous paint; both used now rare. Reacts with oxygen and water.

actinium Name actinium Symbol Ac Atomic Weight 227.03 Atomic 89 Number CAS ID 7440-34-8 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period 7 Number

Periodic Tables

101

Origin of From the Greek, aktinos = "ray." Name Year 1899 Discovered Discovery Discovered by A. Debierne at Paris, France. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Soft, Silvery-white metal which glows in the dark. Reacts with water to evolve Description H2. Primarily occurs as a trace amount (a few ppm) in uranium minerals where it is a decay product of U238

Periodic Tables thorium Name thorium Symbol Th Atomic 232.0381 Weight Atomic 90 Number CAS ID 7440-29-1 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period 7 Number Origin of Named after Thor, Scandinavian god of war. Name Year 1815 Discovered Discovery J. J Berzelisu at Stockholm, Sweden.. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

102

Description Radioactive silvery metal. Metal protected by oxide coating. Attached by steam and slowly by acids. Metal itself is soft an ductile but alloys can be strong. Used in refractory materials, nuclear fuel elements, and incandescent gas mantles.

Diagnostic tests: Thorium is usually detected by radioactivity (due, in part, to the daughter elements such as radium). Uranium is also naturally radioactive; however, many uranium minerals are generally yellow or green and fluorescent, so if not, then suspect Th. Any radioactive mineral with a negative reaction to uranium tests is probably thorium. Thorium is usually associated with the rare earth elements and use complicated schemes to identify the element. Basically, the rare earths and thorium are precipitated as hydroxides from acid solutions. The precipitate is dissolved in HCl and precipitated as insoluble oxalates, washed, filtered and ignited to the oxides. The oxide is dissolved in H2SO4 and ignited to dryness. Dissolve the sulphates in water and precipitate Th using boiling sodium thiosulfate solution. Repeat the thiosulfate step if necessary to eliminate excess Ce, Zr, and Hf. Infusible thorium minerals glow with exaggerated incandescence in the flame test

Periodic Tables

103

(along with Sr, Mg, Zr, Zn, Ca - the "lime light effect").

protactinium Name protactinium Symbol Pa Atomic 231.03588 Weight Atomic 91 Number CAS ID 7440-13-3 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period 7 Number

Periodic Tables

104

Origin of Greek, protos = "first." Name Year 1917 Discovered Discovery Discovered by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner at Berlin, by K. Fajans at Karlsruhe, Credits Germany, and by F. Soddy, J. A. Cranston, and A. Fleck at Glasgow, Scotland. Class Metallic Color Silvery Metallic Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Radioactive, silvery metal found naturally in uranium ores. Attacked by oxygen, steam, and acids, but not by alkalis. Little used. Primarily occurs as a trace Description amount (a few ppm) in uranium minerals where it is a decay product of uranium

Periodic Tables Uranium Name Uranium Symbol U Atomic 238.02891 Weight Atomic 92 Number CAS ID 7440-61-1 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period 7 Number Origin of Named after the planet Uranus. Name Year 1789 Discovered Discovery Discovered by M. H. Klaproth at Berlin, German; isolated in 1841 by E. M. Credits Pleigot at Paris, France Class Metallic Color Metallic Gray Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State

105

Radioactive silvery metal. malleable, ductile, and tarnishes in air. Attacked by steam and acids but not by alkalis. Used as nuclear fuel and in nuclear weapons.

Diagnostic tests: Uranium is usually detected by radioactivity (due, in part, to the daughter elements such as radium). Thorium is also naturally radioactive; however, many uranium Description minerals are generally yellow or green and fluorescent. With a borax bead test in the oxidizing flame, the bead is yellow to brownish red color while hot and is colorless to yellow when cold. This test is very similar to iron. The Na2(NH4)(PO4) bead test for uranium is a much better test, under oxidizing conditions the bead is clear yellow (hot) yielding slightly greenish yellow on cooling. In the reducing flame, it becomes a fine green color when hot or cold.

Periodic Tables neptunium Name neptunium Symbol Np Atomic Weight 237.05 Atomic Number 93 CAS ID 7439-99-8 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name Named after the planet Neptune. Year Discovered 1940 Discovery E. M. McMillan and P. Abelson at Berkeley, California, USA. Credits Class Metallic Color Silvery Metallic Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive silvery metal which does not occur naturally. Attacked by oxygen, steam, and acids, but not alkalis.

106

Periodic Tables plutonium Name plutonium Symbol Pu Atomic Weight 244.06 Atomic 94 Number CAS ID 7440-07-5 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name After the planet "Pluto." Year 1940 Discovered

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Discovery Discovered by G. T. Seaborg, A. C. Wahl, and J. W. Kenndey at Berkeley, CA, Credits USA. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Radioactive silvery mental. Attacked by oxygen, steam, and acids, but not Description alkalis. Used as compact energy source, nuclear fuel, and for nuclear weapons.

Periodic Tables americium Name americium Symbol Am Atomic Weight 246.06 Atomic Number 95 CAS ID 7440-35-9 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name Named after the American Continent Year Discovered 1944

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Discovery Discovered by G. T. Seaborg, R. A. James, I. O. Morgan, and A. Ghiorso at Credits Chicago, IL., USA. Class Metallic Color Silvery White Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive, silvery metal which does not occur naturally. Attacked by air, steam, and acids, but not alkalis.

Periodic Tables curium Name curium Symbol Cm Atomic Weight 247.07 Atomic Number 96 CAS ID 7440-51-9 Group Number (none) Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name Named after Pierre and Marie Curie. Year Discovered 1944 Discovery Prepared by G. T. Seaborg, Ra. a. James, and A. Ghiorso in 1944 at Credits Berdeley, California, USA. Class Metallic Color Silver Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive, silvery metal which does not occur naturally. Attacked by oxygen, steam, and acids but not alkalis

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Periodic Tables berkelium Name berkelium Symbol Bk Atomic Weight 247.07 Atomic Number 97 CAS ID 7440-40-6 Group Number (none) Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name English, Berkeley, CA, USA Year Discovered 1949 Discovery Credits Produced by S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg. Class Metallic Color Unknown, possibly metallic and gray or silvery white in appearance Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description

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Radioactive silvery metal. Attacked by oxygen, steam, and acids, but not by alkalis.

californium Name californium Symbol Cf Atomic 251.08 Weight Atomic 98 Number CAS ID 7440-71-3 Group Number (none) Group Name Actinoid Period 7 Number

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Origin of After the state, California, USA Name Year 1950 Discovered Discovery Produced by S. G. Thompson, K. Street Jr., A. Ghiorso, and G. T. Seaborg at Credits Berkeley, CA, USA Class Metallic Color Unknown, but probably metallic and silvery white or gray in appearance Standard Solid at 77 F & 298 K State Radioactive, silvery metal which does not occur naturally. Attacked by oxygen, Description steam, and acids, but not alkalis. Cf 252 is used in cancer therapy and is a potent source of thermal neutrons.

einsteinium Name einsteinium Symbol Es Atomic Weight 252.08 Atomic 99 Number CAS ID 7429-92-7 Group Number (none) Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7

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Origin of Name Named after Albert Einstein. Year 1952 Discovered Discovery Discovered in the debris of the 1952 thermonuclear explosion in the Pacific by Credits G. R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson, A. Ghlorso, and B. G. Harvey. Class Metallic Color Unknown, but probably metallic and silvery white or gray in appearance. Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive, silvery metal which does not occur naturally. attacked by oxygen, steam, and acids, but not alkalis.

Periodic Tables fermium Name fermium Symbol Fm Atomic Weight 257.10 Atomic 100 Number CAS ID 7440-72-4 Group Number (none) Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name Named after Enrico Fermi. Year 1942 Discovered

113

Discovery Discovered in the debris of the 1952 thermonuclear explosion in the Pacific by Credits G. R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson, A. Ghlorso, and B. G. Harvey. Class Metallic Color Unknown, but probably metallic and silvery white or gray in appearance. Standard State Solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive metal which does not occur naturally, and is of research interest only.

Periodic Tables mendelevium Name mendelevium Symbol Md Atomic Weight 258.10 Atomic Number 101 CAS ID 7440-11-1 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name Named after Dmitri Mendeleyev Year 1949 Discovered

114

Discovery Prepared by A. Ghiorso, B. G. Harvey, G. R. Choppin, S. G. Thompson, and Credits G. T. Seaborg at Berkeley, California, USA. Class Metallic Color Unknown, but probably metallic and silvery white or gray in appearance. Standard State Presumable a solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive metal which does not occur naturally.

Periodic Tables nobelium Name nobelium Symbol No Atomic Weight 259.10 Atomic Number 102 CAS ID 10028-14-5 Group Number Group Name Actinoid Period Number 7 Origin of Name After Alfred Nobel (1820 - 1895) Year Discovered 1940 Discovery Credits E. M. McMillan and P. Abelson at Berkeley, California, USA. Class Metallic

115

Color Unknown, but probably metallic and silvery white or gray in appearance. Standard State Presumably a solid at 77 F & 298 K Description Radioactive metal which does not occur naturally

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