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    Spring 07 - EE 221 Problem Set 1 Solution

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    Saket Kaushal
    1) The document provides information about crystal lattice structures including FCC copper, BCC aluminum, and diamond silicon. It gives the number of nearest neighbors, nearest neighbor distances, and number of atoms per cubic centimeter for each structure. 2) It proves that the [hkl] direction in a cubic crystal is perpendicular to the (hkl) plane using vectors and properties of Miller indices. 3) It calculates the number of carbon atoms in the diamond unit cell is 8.61 given the lattice parameter and density of diamond. 4) It finds the maximum fraction of the unit cell volume that can be filled by hard spheres in different crystal structures, with FCC having the highest at 74% and diamond

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    Spring 07 - EE 221 Problem Set 1 Solution

    Uploaded by

    Saket Kaushal
    91 views5 pages
    1) The document provides information about crystal lattice structures including FCC copper, BCC aluminum, and diamond silicon. It gives the number of nearest neighbors, nearest neighbor distances, and number of atoms per cubic centimeter for each structure. 2) It proves that the [hkl] direction in a cubic crystal is perpendicular to the (hkl) plane using vectors and properties of Miller indices. 3) It calculates the number of carbon atoms in the diamond unit cell is 8.61 given the lattice parameter and density of diamond. 4) It finds the maximum fraction of the unit cell volume that can be filled by hard spheres in different crystal structures, with FCC having the highest at 74% and diamond

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    1) The document provides information about crystal lattice structures including FCC copper, BCC aluminum, and diamond silicon. It gives the number of nearest neighbors, nearest neighbor distances, and number of atoms per cubic centimeter for each structure. 2) It proves that the [hkl] direction in a cubic crystal is perpendicular to the (hkl) plane using vectors and properties of Miller indices. 3) It calculates the number of carbon atoms in the diamond unit cell is 8.61 given the lattice parameter and density of diamond. 4) It finds the maximum fraction of the unit cell volume that can be filled by hard spheres in different crystal structures, with FCC having the highest at 74% and diamond

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    91 views5 pages

    Spring 07 - EE 221 Problem Set 1 Solution

    Uploaded by

    Saket Kaushal
    1) The document provides information about crystal lattice structures including FCC copper, BCC aluminum, and diamond silicon. It gives the number of nearest neighbors, nearest neighbor distances, and number of atoms per cubic centimeter for each structure. 2) It proves that the [hkl] direction in a cubic crystal is perpendicular to the (hkl) plane using vectors and properties of Miller indices. 3) It calculates the number of carbon atoms in the diamond unit cell is 8.61 given the lattice parameter and density of diamond. 4) It finds the maximum fraction of the unit cell volume that can be filled by hard spheres in different crystal structures, with FCC having the highest at 74% and diamond

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    EE 221

    Problem Set 1 Solution

    Problem 1 For the fcc copper (lattice parameter 3.61 A), the bcc aluminum (lattice parameter 2.022 A), and silicon (lattice parameter 5.4310 A), which has diamond structure determine 1) FCC copper (lattice parameter 3.61 A) a) The number of nearest neighbor atoms
    The number of nearest neighbor atoms = 12

    b) The nearest neighbor distance.


    The nearest neighbor distance.

    a a d2 = + 2 2

    2 ( 3.61Ao ) a2 a 2 d= = = = 2.55 Ao 2 2 2 c) the number of atoms cm3


    4 4 = = 8.5 1022 cm 3 3 8 3 a ( 3.6110 )

    The number of atoms cm3 =

    2) bcc aluminum (lattice parameter 2.022 A)

    a) The number of nearest neighbor atoms


    The number of nearest neighbor atoms = 8

    b) The nearest neighbor distance.

    d 2 = a2 +

    2a

    3 ( 2.022 Ao ) a 3 = = 1.75 Ao d= 2 2

    d
    2a

    c) The number of atoms cm3


    1 8 ( 8 ) + 1 2 2 = = = 2.42 1023 atoms cm3 The number of atoms cm3 = 3 3 8 3 a a ( 2.022 10 ) 3) Silicon lattice parameter 5.4310 A)

    a) The number of nearest neighbor atoms


    The number of nearest neighbor atoms = 4

    b) The nearest neighbor distance


    = 3 ( 5.431cm ) 3a = = 2.352cm 4 4

    c) The number of atoms cm3

    8 8 = = 4.99 1022 atoms cm 3 3 8 3 a ( 5.43110 )

    Problem 2:

    Prove that in a cubic crystal, the [hkl] direction is perpendicular to the (hkl) plane.
    Solution:

    The intercepts of the plane (hkl) with Cartesian coordinates is reversal of finding Miller indices. That will be:

    c c c x= , y= ,z= h k l where constant c is multiplier to transforms the reciprocal of intercept to whole number. The three point in the plane are:
    c c c P , 0, 0 , P2 0, , 0 , P3 0, 0, 1 l h k The two non-parallel lines in that plane, namely:

    f = q=

    cl az + ax ck cl az + a y ck

    A is perpendicular to f and q A = f q = h k ax + a y + a y + az l l

    The line [hkl] can be written as


    B = hax + ka y + laz

    In order B will be perpendicular to A, the direction, A should be parallel to B


    ax h l A B = h ay k l k ay 1 = 0+0+0 = 0 l

    Hence [hkl] is perpendicular to plane (hkl).


    Problem 3:

    Carbon in the form of diamond has lattice parameter a=3.658 A. Density of diamond is 3.51 g cm3 . How many atoms of carbon does the diamond unit cell contain?
    Solution:

    ( # 0f atoms/cm ) ( atom weight ) Dencity =


    3

    Avagadros constant

    # of atoms=

    3.51( gr/cm3 ) 6.2 1023 ( atoms/mole ) 12.011( gr/mol )

    = 1.759 1023

    atoms/cm3

    # of atoms in crystal= (1.759 1023 atoms / cm3 )( 3.658 108 cm ) = 8.61 atoms

    Problem 4:

    Find the maximum fractions of the unit cell volume that can be filled by hard sphere in the sc, bcc, fcc, hexagonal and diamond structure.
    Solution:

    (a) For the simple cubic, a unit cell contains 1/8 of a sphere at each of the eight corners for a total of one sphere. Maximum fraction of cell filled = no. of sphere volume of each sphere / unit cell volume
    4 a 1 3 2 = = 0.52 52% a3 6
    b) For a body-centered cubic, a unit cell contains 1/8 of a sphere at each of the eight corners for a total of one sphere. The bcc also contains h a sphere at center for a total of two spheres. The nearest neighbor distance is 1/2(a 3 ). Therefore the radius of each sphere is 1/4 (a 3 ). Maximum fraction of cell filled= (1 + 1) {4[(a 3 ) / 4 ]3 / 3} / a3 =
    3

    3 =0.68=68 %. 8

    (c) For a face-centered cubic, a unit cell contains 1/8 of a sphere at each of the eight corners for a total of one sphere. The fcc also contains half a sphere at each of the six faces for a total of three spheres. The nearest neighbor distance is 1/2(a 2 ). Therefore the radius of each sphere is 1/4 (a 2 ).

    Maximum fraction of cell filled= (1 + 3) {4[(a/2) / 4 ]3 / 3} / a3 = 74 % d) For a hexagonal, a unit cell contains a total of two spheres. The nearest neighbor distance is 1/2(a 2 ). Therefore the radius of each sphere is 1/4 (a 2 ). Maximum fraction of cell filled= (2) {4[(a/ 3 ) / 4 ]3 / 3} / a3 =0.74= 74 %.

    (e) For a diamond lattice, a unit cell contains 1/8 of a sphere at each of the eight corners for a total of one sphere, 1/2 of a sphere at each of the six faces for a total of three spheres, and 4 spheres inside the cell
    1 d= 2

    a a a + + 2 2 2

    a 3 4

    The radius of the sphere is D/2 = a 3 8 Maximum fraction of cell filled

    4 = (1 + 3 + 4) 3

    3 a 3 3 a 3 16 = 0.34 34% = 8

    This is a relatively low percentage compared to other lattice structures.

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