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    Lecture 05

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    Shikha Parihar
    This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 5 of an electronics course: 1. Resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Series resistors add to find equivalent resistance, while parallel resistors take the reciprocal and sum to find equivalent resistance. 2. Voltage and current divider circuits allow measuring across individual elements in more complex circuits using series or parallel connections respectively. 3. Real measuring devices like ammeters and voltmeters have small but nonzero resistances that slightly disturb the circuit being measured.

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    Lecture 05

    Uploaded by

    Shikha Parihar
    35 views8 pages
    This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 5 of an electronics course: 1. Resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Series resistors add to find equivalent resistance, while parallel resistors take the reciprocal and sum to find equivalent resistance. 2. Voltage and current divider circuits allow measuring across individual elements in more complex circuits using series or parallel connections respectively. 3. Real measuring devices like ammeters and voltmeters have small but nonzero resistances that slightly disturb the circuit being measured.

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    This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 5 of an electronics course: 1. Resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Series resistors add to find equivalent resistance, while parallel resistors take the reciprocal and sum to find equivalent resistance. 2. Voltage and current divider circuits allow measuring across individual elements in more complex circuits using series or parallel connections respectively. 3. Real measuring devices like ammeters and voltmeters have small but nonzero resistances that slightly disturb the circuit being measured.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views8 pages

    Lecture 05

    Uploaded by

    Shikha Parihar
    This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 5 of an electronics course: 1. Resistors can be connected in series or parallel. Series resistors add to find equivalent resistance, while parallel resistors take the reciprocal and sum to find equivalent resistance. 2. Voltage and current divider circuits allow measuring across individual elements in more complex circuits using series or parallel connections respectively. 3. Real measuring devices like ammeters and voltmeters have small but nonzero resistances that slightly disturb the circuit being measured.

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    1

    Lecture 5, Slide 1 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King


    Lecture #5
    OUTLINE
    Resistors in series
    equivalent resistance
    voltage-divider circuit
    measuring current
    Resistors in parallel
    equivalent resistance
    current-divider circuit
    measuring voltage
    Circuit w/ dependent source example
    Reading
    Chapter 3.1-3.5
    Lecture 5, Slide 2 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    Clarification of Terms
    If p > 0, then the circuit element is absorbing
    electric power from the rest of the circuit.
    (Power is delivered to the element.)
    For a resistor, energy is dissipated in the form of heat
    For a source, energy is stored
    If p < 0, then the circuit element is supplying
    electric power to the rest of the circuit.
    (The element is said to
    be developing power
    or generating power;
    this power is delivered
    to the rest of the circuit.)
    +
    v
    _
    i
    2
    Lecture 5, Slide 3 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    Consider a circuit with multiple resistors connected in series.
    Find their equivalent resistance.
    KCL tells us that the same
    current (I) flows through
    every resistor
    KVL tells us
    Equivalent resistance of resistors in series is the sum
    R
    2
    R
    1
    V
    SS
    I
    R
    3
    R
    4

    +
    Resistors in Series
    Lecture 5, Slide 4 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    I = V
    SS
    / (R
    1
    + R
    2
    + R
    3
    + R
    4
    )
    Voltage Divider
    +

    V
    1
    +

    V
    3
    R
    2
    R
    1
    V
    SS
    I
    R
    3
    R
    4

    +
    3
    Lecture 5, Slide 5 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    SS
    4 3 2 1
    2
    2
    V
    R R R R
    R
    V
    + + +
    =
    Correct, if nothing else
    is connected to nodes
    because R
    5
    removes condition
    of resistors in series
    SS
    4 3 2 1
    2
    2
    V
    R R R R
    R
    V
    + + +

    When can the Voltage Divider Formula be Used?


    +

    V
    2
    R
    2
    R
    1
    V
    SS
    I
    R
    3
    R
    4

    +
    R
    2
    R
    1
    V
    SS
    I
    R
    3
    R
    4

    +
    R
    5
    +

    V
    2
    Lecture 5, Slide 6 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    To measure the current flowing through an element in a
    real circuit, insert an ammeter (digital multimeter in
    current mode) in series with the element.
    Ammeters are characterized by their ammeter input
    resistance (R
    in
    ). Ideally, this should be very low
    (typical value 1).
    Ideal
    Ammeter
    R
    in
    Measuring Current
    4
    Lecture 5, Slide 7 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    R
    in
    V
    1
    I
    meas
    R
    1
    R
    2
    ammeter
    circuit with ammeter inserted
    _
    +
    V
    1
    I
    R
    1
    R
    2
    undisturbed circuit
    Example: V
    1
    = 1 V, R
    1
    = R
    2
    = 500 , R
    in
    = 1
    2 1
    1
    R R
    V
    I
    +
    =
    in 2 1
    1
    meas
    R R R
    V
    I
    + +
    =
    mA 999 . 0
    1 500 500
    V 1
    I , mA 1
    500 500
    V 1
    I
    meas

    + +
    = =
    +
    =
    Effect of Ammeter
    Measurement error due to non-zero input resistance:
    _
    +
    Lecture 5, Slide 8 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    KVL tells us that the
    same voltage is dropped
    across each resistor
    V
    x
    = I
    1
    R
    1
    = I
    2
    R
    2
    KCL tells us
    R
    2
    R
    1
    I
    SS
    I
    2
    I
    1
    x
    Resistors in Parallel
    Consider a circuit with two resistors connected in parallel.
    Find their equivalent resistance.
    5
    Lecture 5, Slide 9 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    What single resistance R
    eq
    is equivalent to three resistors in parallel?
    +

    V
    I
    V
    +

    I
    R
    3
    R
    2
    R
    1 R
    eq
    eq

    General Formula for Parallel Resistors


    Equivalent conductance of resistors in parallel is the sum
    Lecture 5, Slide 10 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    V
    x
    = I
    1
    R
    1
    = I
    SS
    R
    eq
    Current Divider
    R
    2
    R
    1
    I
    SS
    I
    2
    I
    1
    x
    6
    Lecture 5, Slide 11 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    R
    2 R
    1
    I
    I
    2 I
    1
    I
    3
    R
    3
    +

    V
    |
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    + |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    + |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    =
    3 2 1
    R
    1
    R
    1
    R
    1
    I
    V
    (

    + +
    = =
    3 2 1
    3
    3
    3
    1/R 1/R 1/R
    1/R
    I
    R
    V
    I
    Generalized Current Divider Formula
    Consider a current divider circuit with >2 resistors in parallel:
    Lecture 5, Slide 12 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    To measure the voltage drop across an element in a
    real circuit, insert a voltmeter (digital multimeter in
    voltage mode) in parallel with the element.
    Voltmeters are characterized by their voltmeter input
    resistance (R
    in
    ). Ideally, this should be very high
    (typical value 10 M)
    Ideal
    Voltmeter
    R
    in
    Measuring Voltage
    7
    Lecture 5, Slide 13 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    (

    +
    =
    2 1
    2
    SS 2
    R R
    R
    V V
    (

    +
    =
    1 in 2
    in 2
    SS 2
    R R || R
    R || R
    V V
    Example: V 1 V K 900 R , K 100 R , V 10 V
    2 1 2 SS
    = = = =
    V
    SS
    R
    1
    R
    2
    If , V 991 . 0 V , M 10 R
    2 in
    = =
    V
    SS
    R
    1
    R
    2 R
    in
    Effect of Voltmeter
    undisturbed circuit
    circuit with voltmeter inserted
    _
    +
    _
    +
    +

    V
    2
    +

    V
    2

    Lecture 5, Slide 14 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King


    Find i
    2
    , i
    1
    and i
    o
    Circuit w/ Dependent Source Example
    8
    Lecture 5, Slide 15 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    Simplify a circuit before applying KCL and/or KVL:

    +
    7 V
    Using Equivalent Resistances
    R
    1
    = R
    2
    = 3 k
    R
    3
    = 6 k
    R
    4
    = R
    5
    = 5 k
    R
    6
    = 10 k
    I
    R
    1
    R
    2
    R
    4
    R
    5
    R
    3
    R
    6
    Example: Find I
    Lecture 5, Slide 16 EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King
    Some circuits must be analyzed (not amenable to simple inspection)
    -
    +
    R
    2
    R
    1
    V
    I
    R
    4
    R
    3
    R
    5
    Special cases:
    R
    3
    = 0 OR R
    3
    =
    R
    1

    +
    R
    4
    R
    5
    R
    2
    V
    R
    3
    Identifying Series and Parallel Combinations

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