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    Technical Textile Fibers

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    Dr Muhammad Mushtaq Mangat
    The document provides an overview of technical textile fibers, including both natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses conventional fibers like cotton and wool, as well as regenerated fibers like viscose and lyocell. Synthetic fibers discussed include nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyethylene, and polypropylene. High-strength fibers like Kevlar and Twaron are also summarized. The document outlines end use applications for these fibers in areas such as civil and agricultural engineering, automotive, medical, and protection. Measurement properties of fibers like tenacity and stress-strain behavior are also defined in brief.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Technical Textile Fibers

    Uploaded by

    Dr Muhammad Mushtaq Mangat
    732 views34 pages
    The document provides an overview of technical textile fibers, including both natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses conventional fibers like cotton and wool, as well as regenerated fibers like viscose and lyocell. Synthetic fibers discussed include nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyethylene, and polypropylene. High-strength fibers like Kevlar and Twaron are also summarized. The document outlines end use applications for these fibers in areas such as civil and agricultural engineering, automotive, medical, and protection. Measurement properties of fibers like tenacity and stress-strain behavior are also defined in brief.

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    Basic information about Technical Textile fibers

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    The document provides an overview of technical textile fibers, including both natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses conventional fibers like cotton and wool, as well as regenerated fibers like viscose and lyocell. Synthetic fibers discussed include nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyethylene, and polypropylene. High-strength fibers like Kevlar and Twaron are also summarized. The document outlines end use applications for these fibers in areas such as civil and agricultural engineering, automotive, medical, and protection. Measurement properties of fibers like tenacity and stress-strain behavior are also defined in brief.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    732 views34 pages

    Technical Textile Fibers

    Uploaded by

    Dr Muhammad Mushtaq Mangat
    The document provides an overview of technical textile fibers, including both natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses conventional fibers like cotton and wool, as well as regenerated fibers like viscose and lyocell. Synthetic fibers discussed include nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyethylene, and polypropylene. High-strength fibers like Kevlar and Twaron are also summarized. The document outlines end use applications for these fibers in areas such as civil and agricultural engineering, automotive, medical, and protection. Measurement properties of fibers like tenacity and stress-strain behavior are also defined in brief.

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    The document discusses different natural and synthetic fibers that are used in technical textiles, their properties, and applications in various industries like civil engineering, automotive, and medical.

    Some common natural fibers discussed include silk, cotton, flax, jute, hemp and ramie. Historically, Egyptians and Chinese used papyrus and silk for reinforcement of buildings and as military clothing/wound dressing respectively due to properties like light weight.

    Cotton has characteristics like moderate uniformity, tapered shape, diameter of 18-20 μm, length of 2.2-3.3 cm and good luster. It has tenacity in the range of 3.0-6.0 g/d when dry or wet. Its density is around 1.54-1.56 g/cm3. It can absorb moisture up to around 15-27% but is susceptible to acids, sunlight and insects.

    Technical Textile Fibers

    Basic information about Technical Textile fibers by Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Mangat www.mushtaqmangat.org Nov 26, 2012

    Lecture 2 Technical Textile Fibers


    Following fibers will be discussed: 1. Conventional and Regenerated fibers 2. Synthetic fibers 3. High strength and high modulus organic fires 4. High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibers 5. High performance inorganic fibers 6. Ultra-fine and novelty fibers 7. Civil and agricultural engineering 8. Automotive and aeronautics 9. Medical and hygiene applications 10. Protection and defense
    19/11/12 Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Mangat

    Use of natural fibers as technical fibers


    Egyptians and Chinese used papyrus mats in foundation for reinforcement of buildings In recent past, synthetic fibers were used in floods in 1953 in Netherlands, it could be seen as start of geotextile Cotton bales in foundation for earthquake protection Silk used for military clothing, due to light weight and for protection from arrows. Commonly used by Mongolian armies, Silk as wound dressing was very common by Chinese and Egyptian [1]

    Jute for soil stabilization

    Cotton

    Cotton Characteristics

    Moderate uniformity, tapper shape, 18-20 m diameter, 2.2 cm to 3.3 cm lenght , good luster, Tenacity dry 3.05.0 g/d and wet 3.36.0 g/d Density 1.541.56 g/cm (1540-1560 Kgm-3) Moisture absorption, raw cotton 8.5, saturation 15-25%, mercerized 8.5-10.3% , saturation 15-27+ Poor resistance to acids, strong resistance to alkalis and solvents, prolonged exposure to sunlight weakens fibers, can be attacked by insects [2]

    Wool

    Wool, a protein fiber, consumption second to cotton High extensible, natural waviness, trap air, low thermal conductivity, high thermal resistance, gives comfort and warmth Due to morphology of wool, some technical fibers have been produced Wool is comparatively fire retardant Zirconium-and titanium-treated wool has much higher for example Zirpro (IWS) wool used for fire proof padding in aero planes [1]

    Wool Parameters

    Ultra fine <15.5, Superfine Merino 15.618.5, Fine Merino, 18.620 , Medium Merino 20.123 m microns[3]

    Coarse crossbred: 36> microns, Carpet wools: 3545

    Flax, Jute, Hemp, Ramie


    Not very common under use Jute is used in geotextile, where biodegradable fibers

    are required

    Protein-based fiber produced naturally by the silkworm, Structurally similar to wool High tenacity, high luster and good dimensional stability. Used as luxury item, Biocompatibility and gradual disintegration an advantage in in medical textiles [1]

    Silk

    Regenerated Fibers

    Viscose rayon was regenerated fibers in the early 1920s. Has inferior physical properties Improved shape has better tenacity in wet and dry conditions Textured and hollow viscose fibers are comparable to cotton

    organophosphorous compounds

    In 1990s Kemira (now Sateri Fibres) of Finland introduced alternative version of FR viscose known as Visil. The fiber chars upon heating leaving a silica residue. Latest addition is Lyocell also known as Tencel (Acordis) environmentally friendly production method [1].

    Fire-retardant (FR) viscose introduced in the 1960s. For example produced by Lenzing in Austria by incorporating

    Viscose

    Synthetic Fibers

    Made from coal or oil. Nylon 6.6 first fiber in 1939 by DuPont Many nylon fibers known as polyamides produced by using melt extrusion, many cross-sectional shapes are possible High extensibility, significant recovery, more dimensional stability, low moisture

    Used in carpets, clothing, curtain, packaging

    Polyester (PET)

    Introduced as Dacron by DuPont in 1951. Now second major fiber

    Made by condensation polymerization of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid followed Durability and compatibility with cotton in blend, low moisture absorbency, resilience and good dimensional stability are additional qualities.

    Glass transition temperature is approximately 70 C, resistance to heat and chemical degradation, good for Technical Textile Flame-retardant Trevira CS and Trevira high tenacity, developed by Trevira GmbH in Germany

    Acrylic

    Polyacrylic fibers produced by the polymerization of acrylonitrile Orlon14 was produced by DuPont. Acrilan15 produced by Monsanto and Courtelle, Wool-like characteristics. Chemically modified acrylics has low burning behavior and having high absorbency, applicable in hygiene and medical care

    Polyethylene and Polypropylene


    PE moderate physical properties, low melting temperature,

    110 C for low density and 140 C for high density


    PP high strength, low melting point, difficult to do iron

    press, singeing is not possible


    Density less than water, available at low cost, good resistance

    to acid and alkaline environments


    PP is most popular in industrial geotextile applications.

    PE and PP

    Spandex Yarn

    Polyurethane structure, can stretch more than 8 times Rubber-like properties, Used in combination with other fibers Produced by DuPont in 1959 (Lycra). Expensive fiber, used in fabric

    formation, during knitting, yarn is also produced by twisting with spandex yarn

    High Strength And High Modulus Organic Fibers


    Development of long chains of molecules, which form

    folded-chain crystals is start of high strength fibers


    In 1970s DSM developed gel spinning, high tensile strength fibers were produced e.g. 70GNm-2, 15 times stronger than steel and twice as strong as aromatic polyamides such as Kevlar, low density, chemically inert, high abrasion resistant melting at around 150 C and thermally degrades at 350 C [1]

    Conti

    In 1970 Kevlar by DuPont and Twaron by Akzo (now Acordis) were produced New developments like, Kevlar HT 20% tenacity than Kevlar, Kevlar HM has 40% higher modulus than the original Kevlar 29 One common issue photo degradation

    High Chemical- And Combustion-resistant Organic Fibers


    Meta-aramids are Solvent-spun e.g. Nomex and Conex

    made from poly(meta-phenylene isophthalamide)


    DuPont produced in in 1962 and by Teijin in 1972

    Meta -aramids creates a zig-zag molecular structure, it has poor tensile properties, high combustion resistance,

    High Performance Inorganic Fibers


    Organic fibers can withstand only up to 500C

    Glass, asbestos and carbon inorganic fibers, can bear high temperature, bitter in nature, under use from centuries, best use is in by mixing with other materials, plastic sheets one example made by using glass fiber and polymers High purity, pyrolysed acrylic-based fibers are classified as carbon fibers.

    Ceramic Fibers

    Aluminosilicate compounds, which are made by mixing aluminium oxide (Al2 O) and silicon oxide (SiO2 ). They can bear 1400C, main use is insulation, friction materials, gaskets and packing etc. [1] Silicon carbide (SiC) can withstand in oxidizing conditions up to 1800 C, has higher electrical conductivity.

    Ultra-fine And Novelty Fibers


    Ultra fine fibers have 1.0 dtex or less Linear density of extra-fine and microfine is less than 0.1 dtex Commonly PET and Nylon are used First made in Japan e.g. Mitrelle, Setila, Micrell, Tactel Once in woven fabric form their fine diameter and tight weave allows

    Up to 30000 filaments cm-2, highly dense, water proof but air and moisture vapor can pass [1]

    Conti
    Solar-Aloha, developed by Descente and Unitika in Japan

    can absorb light less than 2m


    It converts sunlight into heat, winter sports clothing is made

    by using this material


    Heat sensitive dyes are also used to indicate heat variation

    Cripy 65 keeps fragrance and release slowly, used for Pillows and bed linen [1]

    Stress and Strain [1]

    [1]

    Civil And Agricultural Engineering


    Flax, jute and ramie is used for slope stabilization to control soil erosion. They gradually degraded and become part of soil Following are generally used: polypropylene polyester polyethylene polyvinyl chloride polyamide aramids.

    [1]

    Tensile Strength of fibers


    Tensile strength is force per unit area Pa [Nm-2], also

    denoted psi (pounds per square inch), In case of fiber, area is so small,
    used cN/tex

    Tenacity Values [4]

    Conversion: Grams-force/Denier (G/D) -> x 8.830 centiNewton/tex (cN/tex) centiNewton/tex (cN/tex)-> x 0.1132 Grams-force/Denier (G/D) Tenacity of PP is 6-8 G/D or 50-65 cN/Tex

    Stress-Strain Curve
    Stress vs. strain curve typical of structural steel, 1. Ultimate strength, 2. Yield strength, 3. Fracture, 4. Strain hardening region, 5. Necking region

    Future Fibers
    Nano fibers Commercial production

    has been started


    Use in the filed of

    membrane

    Activity
    Write 8-10 pages on Technical Textile fibers and their

    usage in industry

    References
    [1] Miraftab, M., Technical Fibres, in Handbook of Technical Textiles A.R. Horrocks, Anand, S. C., Editor 2000, Woodhead Publishing Ltd Cambridge. [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton [3] Preparation of Australian Wool Clips, Code of Practice 20102012, Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX), 2010 [4] http://www.rieter.com/cz/rikipedia/articles/rotor-spinning/applications-engineering/fiber-properties/fibertenacity-and-fiber-elongation/

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