1) What are the RRC states?a. Cell DCHb. Cell FACHc. Cell PCHd.

URA PCH 2) Describe different RRC States? a. Cell DCH : When UE is switched ON, it assumes the CELL_DCH State by default. It exists when UE really requires UL/DL dedicated resource. UE is characterized at cell level according to its current Active set. Logical channels DCCH+DTCH are mapped to transport channel DCH. E.g. Voice call(CS), Video telephony(CS+PS) b. Cell FACH: This happens when,(1) UE doesnt require continuous circuit connection with n/w, but DL packetswill work.(2) UE is forced to release the n/w resources to decrease the congestionproblems (flip-flop between DCH and FACH).(3) Eventual location updates to support CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states (flipflop between FACH and PCH). E.g. Call on hold(CS), File downloading(PS) No dedicated UL/DL is provided. However, UE will keep monitoring to DL commontransport channel FACH continuously and receives packet data meant for UEitself. When UL transmission is required, it uses RACH for 1-2 frames or CPCH for fewmore frames, depending on common access procedures; still UL transmission willbe discontinuous. UE is known on cell level, but this time its based on the last cell update it made. c. Cell PCH: This happens when UE doesnt require an active connection(common/dedicated).But still needs to be connected, as its expecting a n/w initiated or terminatedcall(CS or PS) in future. So, no UL transmission is allowed. Selects a PCH(based on algo.) and keepmonitoring (receiving) it in discontinuous mode(DRX). Can commute only into CELL_FACH state. E.g. No outgoing call or data receive for long time UE is still identified on cell level, but now in the cell where UE made its last update,when it was in CELL_FACH state.

At regular time interval, UE would have to move in CELL_FACH state to update thelocation area. If UE is traveling, this update will become frequent because of changing cells. In some cases UE can have the transition from CELL_DCH to CELL_PCH, but notvice versa; it has to go via CELL_FACH. d. URA PCH: This can be considered as a general case of CELL_PCH state. Because all thecharacteristics are same except one. That is, UE is known on URA(UTRAN Registration Area) level rather than cell level. Itlistens to PCH(and updates URA when required). If UE is traveling continuously from one cell to another. It would have to transitmultiple time to CELL_FACH state for location update. By assigning URA_PCHstate, this condition is avoided, since 1 URA contains one or more cells and viceversa.3) In which conditions UE will be in Cell FACH state?This happens when, UE doesnt require continuous circuit connection with n/w, but DL packets will work. UE is forced to release the n/w resources to decrease the congestion problems (flip-flop between DCH and FACH). Eventual location updates to support CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states (flipflopbetween FACH and PCH).E.g. Call on hold(CS), File downloading(PS)4) What is the difference between Cell PCH and URA PCH state? UE is known on URA(UTRAN Registration Area) level rather than cell level If UE is traveling continuously from one cell to another. It would have to transitmultiple time to CELL_FACH state for location update. By assigning URA_PCHstate, this condition is avoided, since 1 URA contains one or more cells and viceversa5) What is U-RNTI?URNTI is a 32bit identity.SRNC identifier + SRNTI makes URNTI6) Describe the CELL search procedure?The Cell Search procedure can be summarised into the following steps:a. Cell Selection : Determine the cell whose received carrier power is the strongestb. Slot Synchronisation : the UE reads the P-SCH of the strongest carrier and feedsthe received signal through a matched filter (that is matched to the PrimarySynchronisation Code). The slot timing is detected via detection of peaks in theoutput of the matched filter.c. Frame Synchronisation and Scrambling Code Group Identification : the UEreads the S-SCH of the strongest carrier, and correlates the received signal withall the possible 64 Secondary Synchronisation Codes. The output

that givesmaximum correlation gives the group of the Primary Scrambling Code used in thecell. This process also gives the frame timing since the SecondarySynchronisation Code is different for each slot and the group tells the mappingbetween slots and SSCs.d. Scrambling Code Identification : The UE attempts then to read the P-CPICH soas to extract the Primary Scrambling Code used in the cell. The P-CPICH is alwaysscrambled by the Primary Scrambling Code of the cell and is spread a factor 256and an OVSF whose index is zero. Since the Primary Scrambling Codes aregrouped into 64 groups of 8 Scrambling Codes and the S-SCH hasgiven the Scrambling Code group only 8 possibilities remain. So the P-CPICH isunscrambled separately withevery possible Scrambling Code (8) in the group andonly one output will produce correct results and the Primary Scrambling Code of the cell is determined.e. Read Broadcast Information : Since the P-CCPCH is always scrambled by thePrimary Scrambling Code of the cell (which has now been determined) and isalways spread using SF=256 with OVSF index=1, The UE can read the P-CCPCHwithout any problem. The P-CCPCH carries the BCH where system informationblocks are broadcast throughout the entire cell. The UE can acquire at this stagevarious information (e.g. Spreading Factors, OVSF indexes and Scrambling Codesused in other downlink channels, importantparameters for PRACH transmission, Measurement Parameters, TransportFormats etc.) and can then decodeother downlink channels, initiate a PRACHprocedure, performs some specific measurements etc.7) Radio bearer configuration mappings? Signalling radio bearer RB0 shall be used for all messages sent on the CCCH (UL:RLC-TM, DL: RLC-UM). Signalling radio bearer RB1 shall be used for all messages sent on the DCCH, whenusing RLC unacknowledged mode (RLC-UM). Signalling radio bearer RB2 shall be used for all messages sent on the DCCH, whenusing RLC acknowledged mode (RLC-AM), except for the RRC messages carryinghigher layer (NAS) signalling. Signalling radio bearer RB3 and optionally Signalling radio bearer RB4 shall be usedfor the RRC messages carrying higher layer (NAS) signalling and sent on theDCCH in RLC acknowledged mode (RLC-AM). Additionally, RBs whose identities shall be set between 5 and 32 may be used assignalling radio bearer for the RRC messages on the DCCH sent in RLCtransparent mode (RLC-TM).8) What are the types of hand over?Here are following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff): Hard Handover

Hard handover means that all the old radio links in the UE areremoved before the new radio links are established. Hard handover can beseamless or non-seamless. Seamless hard handover means that the handover isnot perceptible to the user. In practice a handover that requires a change of thecarrier frequency (inter-frequency handover) is always performed as hardhandover. Soft Handover Soft handover means that the radio links are added and removed in a way thatthe UE always keeps at least one radio link to the UTRAN. Soft handover isperformed by means of macro diversity, which refers to the condition that severalradio links are active at the same time. Normally soft handover can be used whencells operated on the same frequency are changed. Softer handover Softer handover is a special case of soft handover where the radiolinks that are added and removed belong to the same Node B (i.e. the site of colocated base stations from which several sector-cells are served. In softerhandover, macro diversity with maximum ratio combining can be performed inthe Node B, whereas generally in soft handover on the downlink, macro diversitywith selection combining is applied. Generally we can distinguish between intra-cell handover and inter-cell handover.For UMTS the following types of handover are specified: Handover 3G -3G (i.e. between UMTS and other 3G systems) FDD soft/softer handover FDD inter-frequency hard handover FDD/TDD handover (change of cell) TDD/FDD handover (change of cell) TDD/TDD handover Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. handover to GSM) Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. handover from GSM)The most obvious cause for performing a handover is that due to its movement auser can be served in another cell more efficiently (like less power emission, lessinterference). It may however also be performed for other reasons such assystem load control.9) What are types of measurements? Intra-frequency measurements : measurements on downlink physical channelsat the same frequency as the active set. A measurement object corresponds toone cell. Inter-frequency measurements : measurements on downlink physical channelsat frequencies that differ from the frequency of the active set and on downlinkphysical channels in the active set. A measurement object corresponds to onecell. Inter-RAT measurements

: measurements on downlink physical channelsbelonging to another radio access technology than UTRAN, e.g. GSM. Ameasurement object corresponds to one cell. Traffic volume measurements : measurements on uplink traffic volume. Ameasurement object corresponds to one cell. Quality measurements : Measurements of downlink quality parameters, e.g.downlink transport block error rate. A measurement object corresponds to one transport channel in case of BLER. A measurement object corresponds to onetimeslot in case of SIR (TDD only). UE-internal measurements : Measurements of UE transmission power and UEreceived signal level. UE positioning measurements : Measurements of UE position.10) What is paging? Why paging is required? Paging : This procedure is used to transmit paging information to selected UEs inidle mode, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state using the paging control channel (PCCH). Paging can be initiated : Upper layers in the network may request paging, to e.g. establish a signalingconnection. UTRAN may initiate paging for UEs in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state to trigger a cellupdate procedure. UTRAN may initiate paging for UEs in idle mode, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH state totrigger reading of updated system information. UTRAN may also initiate paging for UEs in CELL_PCH and URA_PCH state to releasethe RRC connection.11) Type of Paging? Paging Type 1 Paging Type 2(UE dedicated paging)12) When dedicated paging is used?a. This procedure is used to transmit dedicated paging information to one UE inconnected mode in CELL_DCH , CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH (FDD only) state. Upperlayers in the network may request initiation of paging.b. For a UE in CELL_DCH, CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH (FDD only) state, UTRAN initiatesthe procedure by transmitting a PAGING TYPE 2 message on the DCCH using AMRLC. When not stated otherwise elsewhere, the UTRAN may initiate the UEdedicated paging procedure also when another RRC procedure is ongoing, and inthat case the state of the latter procedure shall not be affected.c.

UTRAN should set the IE "Paging cause" to the cause for paging received fromupper layers. If no cause for paging is received from upper layers, UTRAN shouldset the value "Terminating cause unknown".13) In what situation UE goes to CELL PCH and URA PCH states?a. Cell PCH :This happens when UE doesnt require an active Connection(common/dedicated).But still needs to be connected, as its expecting a n/w initiated or terminatedcall(CS or PS) in futureb. URA PCH :In Cell PCH UE is still identified on cell level, but now in the cell where UE madeits last update, when it was in CELL_FACH state.At regular time interval, UEwould have to move in CELL_FACH state to update the location area. If UE istraveling, this update will become frequent because of changing cells. If UE istraveling continuously from one cell to another. It would have to transit multipletime to CELL_FACH state for location update. By assigning URA_PCH state, thiscondition is avoided, since 1 URA contains one or more cells and vice versa14) What is Cell Update Procedure? What are various Cell Update causes? Uplink data transmission: For FDD, if the variable H_RNTI is not set, and for TDD: if the UE is in URA_PCH or CELL_PCH state; andif the UE has uplink RLC data PDU or uplink RLC control PDU on RB1 orupwards to transmit: perform cell update using the cause " uplink datatransmission ". Paging response: if the criteria for performing cell update with the cause specifiedabove. are not met; and if the UE in URA_PCH or CELL_PCH state, receives a PAGING TYPE 1.message fulfilling the conditions for initiating a cell updateprocedure. perform cell update using the cause " paging response ". Radio link failure :if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causesspecified above in the current subclause is met: if the UE is in CELL_DCH state and the criteria for radio link failure are ,orif the transmission of the UE CAPABILITY INFORMATION message fails. perform cell update using the cause " radio link failure ".

MBMS ptp RB request :if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causesspecified above in the current subclause is met; andif the UE is in URA_PCH, Cell_PCH or Cell_FACH state; andif the UE should perform cell update for MBMS ptp radio bearerrequest,perform cell update using the cause " MBMS ptp RB request ". Re-entering service area :if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causesspecified above in the current subclause is met; andif the UE is in CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH state; and2> if the UE has been out of service area and reenters servicearea before T307 or T317 expires: 3> perform cell update using the cause " re-entering service area ". RLC unrecoverable error :if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causesspecified above in the current subclause is met; andif the UE detects RLC unrecoverable error [16] in an AM RLC entity: perform cell update using the cause " RLC unrecoverable error ". Cell reselection :if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causesspecified above in the current subclause is met: if the UE is in CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH state and the UE performs cell reselection; orif the UE is in CELL_FACH state and the variable C_RNTI is empty: perform cell update using the cause " cell reselection ". Periodical cell update :if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causesspecified above in the current subclause is met; andif the UE is in CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH state; andif the timer T305 expires; andif the criteria for "in service area" andif periodic updating has been configured by T305 in the IE "UETimers and constants in connected mode" set to any other valuethan "infinity": perform cell update using the cause " periodical cell update ".

MBMS reception :if none of the criteria for performing cell update with the causesspecified above in the current subclause is met; and if the UE is in URA_PCH, Cell_PCH or Cell_FACH state; andif the UE should perform cell update for MBMS counting ,perform cell update using the cause " MBMS reception ". 15) What is Active set? Active Set is defined as the set of Node-Bs the UE is simultaneously connectedto (i.e., the UTRA cells currently assigning a downlink DPCH to the UE constitutethe active set).16) What is Monitor set and detected set Cells?a. Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in theCELL_INFO_LIST belong to the Monitored Set .b. Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in theactive set belong to the Detected Set . Reporting of measurements of thedetected set is only applicable to intrafrequency measurements made by UEs inCELL_DCH state.17) What are the various types of RNC?a. Serving RNCb. Drift RNCc. Controlling RNC18) What is the use and difference between CRNC, Drift RNC and SRNC?RNC from which the UE is currently getting Served or connected to is called SRNCor Serving RNC.During a soft handover procedure the RNC UE is moving to, is called Drift RNC.The RNC which controls the movement of UE from Serving RNC to the Drift RNCis called Controlling RNC.19) What is initial direct transfer message? What is the use?The initial direct transfer procedure is used in the uplink to establish a signalingconnection. It is also used to carry an initial upper layer (NAS) message over theradio interface.20) What is security mode command? Why it is used?Security mode command is a RRC Message,The purpose of this procedure : To trigger the start of ciphering or to command the restart of the ciphering with anew ciphering configuration, for the radio bearers of one CN domain and for allsignalling radio bearers. It is also used to start integrity protection or to modify the integrity protectionconfiguration for all signalling radio bearers21)

What is CCTrCH?A Coded Composite Transport Channel is the result of combining (multiplexing)several Transport Channels of the same type; i.e.: we can have a CCTrCh madeup of one or several DCHs, a CCTrCh made up of DSCHs. One exception is thatwe can have one or several FACHs multiplexed with a PCH on the same CCTrCh.A better notation would be for example:CCTrCh4DCH: A CCTrCh consisting of 4 DCHsCCTrCh3FACH: A CCTrCh consisting of 3 FACHsCCTrChPCH,2FACH: A CCTrCh consisting of the PCH and 2 FACHs22) What is compressed mode?Higher layers can request a UE to monitor cells on other frequencies (FDD, TDD),or other systems (GSM). This implies that the UE has to perform measurements,on the other frequencies/systems and thus higher layers command the UE toenter Compressed Mode. The UTRAN need to send to the UE all the parametersfor the Compressed Mode. Compression Methods: When in Compressed Mode the information normally transmitted during a 10 msframe is compressed in time sothat gaps of adequate length are created. Toachieve this one of three mechanisms Puncturing This method is NOT applicable to downlink. Spread Factor Reduction Actually halving the Spread Factor. So with this method if SF is used in noncompressed frames then SF/2 is used in the compressed frames. Higher Layer Scheduling Higher Layers set restrictions so that only a subset of allowed TFCsare used in Compressed Mode. Compressed Mode Parameter:TGSN (Transmission Gap Starting Slot Number): A transmission gap patternbegins in a radio frame, called firstradio frame of the transmission gap pattern,containing at least one transmission gap slot. TGSN is the slot numberof the firsttransmission gap slot within the first radio frame of the transmission gap pattern; TGL1 (Transmission Gap Length 1): Duration of the first transmission gapwithin the transmission gap pattern, expressed in number of slots; TGL2 (Transmission Gap Length 2): Duration of the second transmission gapwithin the transmission gap pattern, expressed in number of slots. If thisparameter is not explicitly set by higher layers, then TGL2 =TGL1; TGD (Transmission Gap Start Distance): Duration between the starting slots of two consecutive transmission gaps within a transmission gap pattern, expressedin number of slots. The resulting position of the second transmission gap withinits radio frame(s) shall comply with the limitations of

TS 25.101 (Ref [2]). If thisparameter is not set by higher layers, then there is only one transmission gap inthe transmission gap pattern; TGPL1 (Transmission Gap Pattern Length): Duration of transmission gappattern 1; TGPL2 (Transmission Gap Pattern Length): Duration of transmission gappattern 2. If this parameter is not explicitly set by higher layers, then TGPL2 =TGPL1.The following two parameters (integers) control the transmission gap patternsequence start and repetition: TGPRC (Transmission Gap Pattern Repetition Count): Number of transmissiongap patterns within the transmission gap pattern sequence; From Figure 10 itseems TGPRC is even, therefore the number of slots in TG Sequence is:0.5*TGPRC (TGPL1+TGPL2) TGCFN (Transmission Gap Connection Frame Number): CFN of the first radioframe of the first pattern 1 within the transmission gap pattern sequence.23) What is FACH measurement occasion?GAPs in S-CCPCH to perform measurement on Different Frequencies or Interratresection.24) MIB/SB/SIB details?MIB: The Scheduling of MIB is Static.25) Why we perform Channelisation or spreading before scrambling?Before sending a data we need to identify the channel to send the data. Aparticular Channelisation code is the identity for the channel.Hence we use Channelisation code to select the channel and then scramble it soas to send the identity of the UE over the channel26) When TMSI , P- TMSI , IMSI , IMEI used? TMSI (GSM-MAP): The TMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available. The IE "LAI" inthe IE "Initial UE identity" shall also be present when TMSI (GSMMAP) is used,for making it unique. P-TMSI (GSM-MAP): The P-TMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available and noTMSI (GSM-MAP) is available. The IE "RAI" in the IE "Initial UE identity" shall inthis case also be present when P-TMSI (GSM-MAP) is used, for making it unique. IMSI (GSM-MAP): The IMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available and no TMSI(GSM-MAP) or P-TMSI is available. IMEI: The IMEI shall be chosen when none of the above three conditions arefulfilled.27) What is Auto attached? AutoAttachE n a b l e d D i s a b l e d WhenPowerO nIf MNO IIt will perform a combined AttachIf NMOIIIt will do a LAU and Attach.If UE is Location updated i.e. SIMLAI is same as Cell LAIThen it will do nothing.If UE is not Location updated i.e.SIM LAI differs from the Cell

LAIthen UE will perform LocationArea UpdatePSCallSame RRC connection can be usedfor the PS call.Will do a PS attach then the PScall.28) Why we do a Combined Attach?If the network operates in Network Mode Of Operation I i.e. NMO I and GPRS MSthat operates in Mode A or Mode B will do a simultaneous IMSI attach for GPRSand non GPRS services and shall use the Combined GPRS attach, combined andperiodic routing area updating procedures instead of the corresponding MMspecific procedures IMSI attach and normal and periodic Location area updating.29) When UE triggers Event 3A Measurement Report?Event 3A:The Estimated Quality of currently used UTRAN frequency is below acertain threshold and the estimated quality of the other system is above a certainthreshold.30) How many transport channels will be configured when a CSV and a PSD call issimultaneously going on?Five transport channels will be configured.1 for 4 SRBs3 for CSV1 for PSD31) When event 2A, 2B, 2C,2E occurs?Event 2a: Change of best frequencyEvent 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certainthreshold and the estimated quailty of a non-used frequency is above a certainthreshold.Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certainthresholdEvent 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below acertain thresholdEvent 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certainthreshold32) When event 1A 1F Event occurs?event 1A: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting rangeevent 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting rangeevent 1C: A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primaryCPICHevent 1D: Change of best cellevent 1E: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute thresholdevent 1F: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold33) Where CK and IK gets generated?In RRC CK and IK gets generated.34) Where CK and IK gets stored?
24) MIB/SB/SIB details?MIB: The Scheduling of MIB is Static.25) Why we perform Channelisation or spreading before scrambling?Before sending a data we need to identify the channel to send the data. Aparticular Channelisation code is the identity for the channel.Hence we use Channelisation code to select the channel and then scramble it soas to send the identity of the UE over the channel26) When TMSI , P- TMSI , IMSI , IMEI used? TMSI (GSM-MAP): The TMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available. The IE "LAI" inthe IE "Initial UE identity" shall also be present when TMSI (GSM-MAP) is used,for making it unique. P-TMSI (GSM-MAP): The P-TMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available and noTMSI (GSM-MAP) is available. The IE "RAI" in the IE "Initial UE identity" shall inthis case also be present when P-TMSI (GSM-MAP) is used, for making it unique.

IMSI (GSM-MAP): The IMSI (GSM-MAP) shall be chosen if available and no TMSI(GSMMAP) or P-TMSI is available. IMEI: The IMEI shall be chosen when none of the above three conditions arefulfilled.27) What is Auto attached? AutoAttachE n a b l e d D i s a b l e d WhenPowerOnIf MNO IIt will perform a combined AttachIf NMOIIIt will do a LAU and Attach.If UE is Location updated i.e. SIMLAI is same as Cell LAIThen it will do nothing.If UE is not Location updated i.e.SIM LAI differs from the Cell LAIthen UE will perform LocationArea UpdatePSCallSame RRC connection can be usedfor the PS call.Will do a PS attach then the PScall.28) Why we do a Combined Attach?If the network operates in Network Mode Of Operation I i.e. NMO I and GPRS MSthat operates in Mode A or Mode B will do a simultaneous IMSI attach for GPRSand non GPRS services and shall use the Combined GPRS attach, combined andperiodic routing area updating procedures instead of the corresponding MMspecific procedures IMSI attach and normal and periodic Location area updating.29) When UE triggers Event 3A Measurement Report?Event 3A:The Estimated Quality of currently used UTRAN frequency is below acertain threshold and the estimated quality of the other system is above a certainthreshold.30) How many transport channels will be configured when a CSV and a PSD call issimultaneously going on?Five transport channels will be configured.1 for 4 SRBs3 for CSV1 for PSD31) When event 2A, 2B, 2C,2E occurs?Event 2a: Change of best frequencyEvent 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certainthreshold and the estimated quailty of a non-used frequency is above a certainthreshold.Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certainthresholdEvent 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below acertain thresholdEvent 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certainthreshold32) When event 1A 1F Event occurs?event 1A: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting rangeevent 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting rangeevent 1C: A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primaryCPICHevent 1D: Change of best cellevent 1E: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute thresholdevent 1F: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold33) Where CK and IK gets generated?In RRC CK and IK gets generated.34) Where CK and IK gets stored?

In USIM CK and IK will get stored.35) Where the Security procedure will start?Security Procedure will start in RRC but Ciphering will start for AM and UM datasecurity procedure will start at RLC layer. And for TM mode security procedurestart at MAC layer.36) What are the mandatory SIBs which UE has to read before campigncampaign? SIB 1, 3,5,7,1137) What are the important RACH parameters and which SIB contains thisinformation? SIB 7/538) Which SIB contains S criteria information?SIB 3

In USIM CK and IK will get stored.35) Where the Security procedure will start?Security Procedure will start in RRC but Ciphering will start for AM and UM datasecurity procedure will start at RLC layer. And for TM mode security procedurestart at MAC layer.36) What are the mandatory SIBs which UE has to read before campigncampaign? SIB 1, 3,5,7,1137) What are the important RACH parameters and which SIB contains thisinformation? SIB 7/538)

Which SIB contains S criteria information?SIB 3