CS-360 Course Information

GUI & Windows Programming „ Office: EB-N6

„ Phone: 777-4365
Dr. Richard R. Eckert „ Office Hours: TBA
Computer Science Department „ Email: reckert@binghamton.edu
SUNY Binghamton „ http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~reckert/
Fall, 2003 ‹ CS-360 link for syllabus, notes, programs,
assignments, etc.
MWF, 10:50-11:50 A.M. „ Class Listserv:
LH-13 ‹ cs360-l@listserv.binghamton.edu
„ TA Information: TBA

Text Book Information

„ Required:
Course Prerequisites ‹ Kate Gregory, “Special Edition Visual C++ 6 .NET”
Que, 2002, ISBN 0-7887-2466-9. (For VC++ MFC &
.NET programming with Visual Studio .NET)
„ CS-220, Computer Organization and „ Recommended:
Assembling Language Programming ‹ Charles Petzold, "Programming Windows," Fifth
Edition, Microsoft Press, 1999, ISBN 1-57231-995-X.
„ CS-240, Data Structures (For Win32 API)
‹ Kruglinski, Shepherd, Wingo, "Programming Microsoft
„ Some knowledge of C or C++ helpful
Viausl C++", Fifth Edition, Microsoft Press, 1998,
‹ Not essential ISBN 1-57231-857-0, (For VC++ MFC Programming--
about 50% of course)
‹ Paul E. Kimball, "The X Tookit Cookbook," Prentice
Hall PTR, 1995, ISBN 0-13-973132-6. (For X-
Windows Programming)
„ Many Books on Reserve

Policies
Evaluation „ Assignments
‹ Individual

„ Programming Assignments 45% ‹ Due on due date, but can be turned in to CS-360
drop drawer in filing cabinet outside CS
„ Term Examinations (2) 40% Department any time that day or night
„ Final Project 15% ‹ 5% off for every day late
) Weekends and holidays not included
‹ No assignments accepted more than one week
late
„ Originality
‹ Any work found to be copied will be grounds
for an F in the course

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Course Schedule (weekly)
Course Schedule (continued)
1. Intro to GUIs & Windows Programming
2. Using Visual Studio,Win32 API Programming 10. COM, ActiveX, & ATL
3. MFC Programming: App/Window Approach 11. Multitasking & Multithreading; DLLs
4. MFC Programming: Doc/View Approach 12. Network Programming with TCP/IP Sockets;
5. Graphics, Animation, Bitmaps, Timers Creating Web Services
6. Windows Controls, Dialog Boxes 13. .NET Managed Code & the Common Language
7. Printing, Mapping modes, Serialization, File I/O, Runtime
Dialog-based Apps, Windows Common Dialogs 14. Program Integration: Multilanguage Apps,
8. Toolbars & Status Bars; Windows Clipboard; Mixing .NET Managed & Unmanaged Code
Multimedia Programming 15. The X Window System
9. ODBC & ADO Data Bases 16. X Toolkit Intrinsics, OSF/Motif Toolkit

Introduction To GUIs and User Interfaces

Windows Programming
„ Connection between the computer and
the user
„ Two types:
‹Command Line
‹GUI--Graphical (Visual)

Command Line Interfaces Visual (Graphical) Interfaces

„ Show graphical objects on screen
„ User types commands ==> must ‹ e.g., images, icons, buttons, scroll bars
remember „ User interacts using pointing device
„ Results scroll by „ Intuitive
„ Text-based ‹ Objects can be dragged, buttons pushed, etc....
„ “Interactive” but hard to use „ Better way of using screen space
‹ Panescan overlap
„ No direct interaction between user and
‹ Underlyingpanes can be brought to forefront
screen ‹ Desktop metaphor (like papers on a desk)
) Well, not exactly!

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Graphical Interfaces, Continued Main Feature of GUIs:
„ Use graphics to organize user workspace „ THE WINDOW
„ Environment allows many tasks to be ‹Rectangular area of screen onto which a
performed simultaneously program draws text and graphics.
„ Different tasks share screen space ‹User interacts with program using
„ Visually rich way of conveying information pointer device to select objects inside.
„ WYSIWYG display of documents ‹ Some window components:
) border, title bar, client area, menu bar, tool bars,
scroll bars, max/min/close buttons, etc.

Brief History of GUIs Xerox PARC--Alto Computer

„ 1968: ARPA-funded Stanford Research ‹1970s
Center (Doug Engelbart)
‹First GUI
„ First windows (screen sliced up into
‹Cursor tracked position of mouse
overlapping panes)
„ Only textual info ‹WYSIWYG

„ Underlying windows could be popped to the ‹Windows with precise text

top ‹Displayed more than just text
„ Selection done with light pen
‹First interactive painting program
„ Invented the mouse
‹Technology “acquired” by Apple

Recent History (PCs)

Recent History (Microsoft)
„ 1977: Radio Shack TRS-80, Commodore Pet,
Apple II „ 1990: Windows 3.0
„ 1981: IBM PC, DOS ‹ 80x86 protected mode, up to 16 Meg memory,
„ 1983: Apple Lisa (failure) cooperative multitasking
„ 1984: Apple Macintosh--standard for GUIs „ 1992: Windows 3.1, Windows for
„ 1985: Microsoft releases Windows 1.0 Workgroups 3.11
‹ Difficult to program ‹ TrueType fonts, multimedia, protected mode
‹ Prone to crashing only; Networking
‹ Needed hardware not yet available „ 1993: Windows NT
„ 1987: Windows 2.0 (still real mode only) ‹ 32-bit flat memory space, 16 MB, thread-based
„ 1988: Windows/386 (Virtual 86 mode on pre-emptive multitasking, separate from DOS,
386==>multiple DOS sessions in windows) multi-platform, networking, secure)

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Recent History (Microsoft) Other GUI-Windowing Systems
„ 1995: Windows 95 „ IBM OS/2: Presentation Manager
‹ Runs on 4 Meg, long file names, plug and play, new
controls, new desktop/window style „ Sun Microsystems: Java
‹ Hybrid 16/32 bit OS, depends on DOS, lacks security of ‹ AWT
NT, no portability to RISC
‹ Swing
„ 1998: Windows 98
‹ Integrated Web functionality ‹ Platform independent
„ 2000-01: Windows 2000, ME, XP ‹ JDK is free
‹ Upgradesof 95-98-NT „ The X Window System
‹ 95->98->Me->XP Home: for home use
‹ Developed at MIT, late 1980s
‹ NT->2000->XP Professional: for businesses
‹ XP: ‹ Networked graphics programming interface
) fancier user interface; latest multimedia (DVD); upgraded web ‹ Independent of machine architecture/OS (but
& network capabilities; improved help (remote); improved
performance & security most used under UNIX)

Course Content Win32 API Programming

„ Microsoft Windows Visual C++
‹ Using Microsoft Developer Studio (Visual „ Event-Driven Programming (Messages)
Studio .NET) „ Menus and other Resources
‹ Win32 API Programming
„ Text and Graphics
‹ MFC Programming
„ Mouse and Keyboard
‹ .NET Managed & Unmanaged Code
„ Bitmaps, Animation, Timers
‹ Integrating Languages under .NET
„ Child Window Controls
‹ X-Windows Programming
‹ Example programs and notes online at:
„ Child and Popup Windows
) http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~reckert/ „ Dialog Boxes
) “CS-360” link „ The Clipboard

MFC Programming Introduction to Windows

„ The MFC Class Hierarchy Programming in Visual Basic
„ The Application/Window Approach
„ The Document/View Approach
„A Quick Introduction
„ Using “AppWizard” & “ClassWizard”
„ Drawing, Menus, & Dialog Boxes with MFC
„ File Handling and Printing
„ Dialog-Based MFC Applications & Common Dialog Boxes
„ DLLs; Windows Multimedia
„ Multitasking and Multithreading
„ COM, ActiveX, ATL
„ Using Data Bases with ODBC & ADO
„ Network Programming (TCP/IP)
„ Web Services using Microsoft IIS

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Microsoft .NET Framework X-Windows Programming

„ Unmanaged vs. Managed Code „ Client/Server Model

„ Web Services ‹X Display Servers
„ Integrating with other .NET Languages „ XLIB Programming
„ Toolkits and Widgets
‹XtIntrinsics
‹OSF/Motif

Windowing Systems Features Consistent User Interface,

„ Consistent user interface continued
‹Display within a window
„ Programs have same look and feel
‹Menus to initiate program functions
„ Same built-in logic to:
‹Make use of child window “controls”:
‹draw text/graphics
) predefined windows used with main program
window ‹display menus
) examples: buttons, scroll bars, edit controls, ‹receive user input
list boxes, drop-down list boxes, combo ‹controls, dialog boxes, use of mouse
boxes
) Dialog box--popup window containing
several controls

Multitasking Windows Multitasking Features

„ Cooperative (Windows 3.xx)

„ Every program acts like a RAM-resident
‹ Programs give up control so others can run
popup ‹ Programs coexist with other programs
„ Programs run “simultaneously” „ Preemptive (Windows NT, 95, 98, XP)
„ Each program occupies its own window ‹ Thread-based: System timer allocates time
‹ User interacts with program in its window slices to running program threads
„ User can switch between programs „ Under both systems, code is moved or
swapped into and out of memory as needed

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 Windows Memory Management
Windows Object Orientation
„ Older versions: 16-bit, segmented memory
‹ Dictated by processor architecture
„ A window is handled like a C++ object ‹ Hard to program
‹ Hasa user-defined type (Windows class) „ Newer versions: 32-bit, flat memory model
‹ Instances
of class created at run time ‹ Easier to program
‹ Messages sent to windows affect their behavior
„ As old programs terminate, new ones start
‹ Code swapped into and out of memory
„ Fragmentation can occur
„ Windows must consolidate memory space
„ Moves blocks of code/data continually

Memory Management, continued Static vs. Dynamic Linking

„ Static Linking
) Code incorporated into executable at link
„ Programs can share code located in other time
files (Dynamic linking) „ Dynamic Linking
‹ Code is put into separate modules
) These are loaded at run time
‹ Linker generates relocation information
) Only that info is put into the executable
) Smaller programs
‹ DLL loaded when needed
‹ Relocationinfo used to get DLL function code
as needed

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Pros/Cons of Dynamic Linking Device Independent Graphics Interface
„ Windows programs don’t access hardware devices
„ Smaller programs (code is not in program) directly
„ DLL can be used by many programs with „ Make calls to generic functions within the
Windows ‘Graphics Device Interface’ (GDI)
no memory penalty
„ The GDI translates these into HW commands
‹ Only loaded once!
„ Updates to DLLs don’t require Program GDI Hardware
recompilation of programs using them
„ Disadvantage--DLL must be present at run
time ==> no standalone programs

Device Independent Graphics Interface Windows API

„ May use device drivers (HW control
programs) „ The interface between an application and
Windows
Program GDI Driver Hardware
„ A library of functions Windows programs
can call
„ Thus graphics I/O done in a “standard” way
„ Several versions
„ Programs will run unaltered on other HW
‹ Win16 (16 bit apps for Windows 3.xx)
platforms
‹ Win32 (32 bit apps for Windows NT/95 &
successors)
‹ Win32s (patches Win16 to create 32 bit apps
that run under Windows 3.xx)

Classical Win32 API Windows Class-based MFC Windows

programming Programming
„ Use C to access raw API functions directly
„ No C++ class library wrappers to hide API „ Microsoft’s MFC Library
„ Hard way to go, but most basic „ Borland’s OWL Library
„ Faster executables „ Characteristics:

„ Provides understanding of how Windows ‹ Encapsulatethe API functions into classes

and application program interact ‹ Providea logical framework for building
Windows applications
„ Establishes a firm foundation for MFC
‹ Reusable code
programming
„ We will try to do both

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MFC Library
„ Microsoft’s C++ Interface to Windows API
„ O-O Approach to Windows Programming
„ Some 200 classes
„ API functions encapsulated in the MFC
„ Classes derived from MFC do grunt work
„ Just add data/functions to customize app
„ Provides a uniform application framework

Microsoft Visual C++

„ Developer Studio IDE
Some MFC Characteristics
„ 3 Windows application development systems
‹C programs using Win32 API
„ Reusable code
‹ C++ programs using MFC „ Compact executables
‹ .NET Framework Class Library & the CLR „ Faster program development
„ Some Developer Studio IDE Components ‹ But a steep learning curve is required
‹ Text/ResourceEditors
‹ And there is less flexibility
‹ C/C++, Resource Compilers
‹ Linker „ Programs must be written in C++
‹ Debugger „ Require the use of classes==>
‹ Wizards
‹ Programmer must know OOP
‹ On-line Help

Microsoft .NET .NET Framework

„ Platform for developing distributed applications for
„ What is it? the Internet
‹A platform to run code on „ Design Goals:
‹ Provide high degree of language interoperability
‹ A class library of code that can be used from
‹ Provide a managed runtime environment
any language
‹ Provide simple software deployment & versioning
‹ New programming interactive development
‹ Provide high-level code security through code access
environment security & strong type checking
‹ New versions of some programming languages ‹ Provide consistent object-oriented programming model
‹ A set of server products ‹ Facilitate application communication by using industry
standards such as SOAP & XML
‹ New way of designing & creating applications
‹ Simplify Web application development
that share work between components (local and
distributed over the internet)

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Components of .NET Common Language Runtime
„ The .NET Framework Class Library (FCL)` „ Automatic garbage collection
‹ Organized into namespaces (like packages)
„ Elimination of memory leaks
‹ Handle things like: Data, IO (simple & file), Windows
& Web Forms, Windows Controls, User Interfaces, „ Code access security
Drawing, Threading, Exceptions, Networking, Web „ Simplified versioning
Services, Data Bases, XML, ASP, Security,
Collections, … lots of others „ Simple & reliable deployment
„ Common Type System (CTS) „ Deep cross-language integration & inheritance
„ Common Language Specification (CLS) „ Debugging/profiling across different languages
„ Common Language Runtime (CLR) „ Performance
„ Scalability

Compilation in the .NET Framework Some Types of VC++ .NET

Applications
„ Windows Console applications
„ Win32 API Applications
„ MFC applications
„ MFC ActiveX Control projects
„ MFC ISAPI projects
„ ATL, ATL Server, & ATL Server Web projects
„ Managed C++ applications
„ Managed C++ Web services

Sequential Programming (Console

Applications) Event-Driven Programming
„ Standard programming--program solicits „ Designed to avoid limitations of sequential,
input (polling loop) procedure-driven methodologies
„ Approach follows a structured sequence of „ Process user actions (events) as they happen: non-
sequential
events
„ Program doesn’t solicit input
„ Example--averaging grades: „ OS detects an event has happened (e.g.., there’s
‹ Input name input) and sends a message to the program
‹ Input first grade „ Program then acts on the message
‹ Input second grade „ Messages can occur in any order
‹ Input third grade, etc.
‹ Calculate average
‹ Output average

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Sequential vs. Event-Driven Programming

„ Standard Sequential programming:

‹ Program does something & user responds
‹ Program controls user (the tail wags the dog)
„ Event-Driven Programming:
‹ Used by Windows
‹ User does something and program responds
‹ User can act at any time
‹ User controls program (the dog wags the tail)
‹ OS really is in control (coordinates message
flow to different applications)
‹ Good for apps with lots of user intervention

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