Combat Arms

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º º
º PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS IN GUERRILLA WARFARE º
º º
º by º
º º
º Tayac n º
º º
º A tactical manual for the revolutionary that º
º was published by the Central Intelligence º
º Agency and distributed to the Contras in º
º Central America. º
º º
º Combat Arms urges gun owners in the United º
º States to become very familiar with the º
º contents of this manual and to discuss it º
º among your family and friends. Liberty knows º
º no peace. º
º º
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PREFACE

Guerrilla warfare is essentially a political war. Therefore, its

area
of operations exceeds the territorial limits of conventional warfare, to
penetrate the political entity itself: the "political animal" that
Aristotle defined.

In effect,the human being should be considered the priority

objective
in a political war. And conceived as the military target of guerrilla
war,
the human being has his most critical point in his mind. Once his mind
has
been reached, the"political animal" has been defeated, without
necessarily
receiving bullets.

Guerrilla warfare is born and grows in the political environment;

in
the constant combat to dominate that area of political mentality that is
inherent to all human beings and which collectively constitutes the
"environment" in which guerrilla warfare moves, and which is where
precisely its victory or failure is defined.

This conception of guerrilla warfare as political war turns

Psychological Operations into the decisive factor of the results. The
target, then, is the minds of the population, all the population: our
troops, the enemy troops and the civilian population.

This book is a manual for the training of guerrillas in

psychological
operations, and its application to the concrete case of the Christian
and
democratic crusade being waged in Nicaragua by the Freedom Commandos.

Welcome!

INTRODUCTION

1. Generalities

The purpose of this book is to introduce the guerrilla student to

the
psychological operations techniques that will be of immediate and
practical
value to him in guerrilla warfare. This section is introductory and
general; subsequent sections will cover each point set forth here in
more
detail.

The nature of the environment of guerrilla warfare does not permit

sophisticated psychological operations, and it becomes necessary for the
chiefs of groups, chiefs of detachments and squadron leaders to have the
ability to carry out, with minimal instructions from the higher levels,
psychological action operations with the contacts that are thoroughly
aware
of the situation, i.e. the foundations.

2. Combatant-Propagandist Guerrillas

In order to obtain the maximum results from the psychological

operations in guerrilla warfare, every combatant should be as highly
motivated to carry out propaganda face to face as he is a combatant.
This
means that the individual political awareness of the guerrilla of the
reason for his struggle will be as acute as his ability to fight.

Such a political awareness and motivation is obtained through the

dynamic of groups and self-criticism, as a standard method of
instruction
for the guerrilla training and operations. Group discussions raise the
spirit and improve the unity of thought of the guerrilla training and
operations. Group discussions raise the spirit and improve the unity of
thought of the guerrilla squads and exercise social pressure on the weak
members to carry out a better role in future training or in combative
action. Self-criticism is in terms of one's contribution or defects in
his
contribution to the cause, to the movement, the struggle, etc.; and
gives a
positive individual commitment to the mission of the group.

The desired result is a guerrilla who can persuasively justify his

actions when he comes into contact with any member of the People of
Nicaragua, and especially with himself and his fellow guerrillas in
dealing
with the vicissitudes of guerrilla warfare. This means that every
guerrilla
will be persuasive in his face-to-face communication - propagandist-
combatant - ins his contact with the people; he should be able to give 5
or
10 logical reasons why, for example, a peasant should give him cloth,
needle and thread to mend his clothes. When the guerrilla behaves in
this
manner, enemy propaganda will never succeed in making him an enemy in
the
eyes of the people. It also means that hunger, cold, fatigue and
insecurity
will have a meaning, psychologically, in the cause of the struggle due
to
his constant orientation.

3. Armed Propaganda

Armed propaganda includes every act carried out, and the good
impression that this armed force causes will result in positive
attitudes
in the population toward that force; ad it does not include forced
indoctrination. Armed propaganda improves the behavior of the population
toward them, and it is not achieved by force.

This means that a guerilla armed unit in a rural town will not give
the impression that arms are their strength over the peasants, but
rather
that they are the strength of the peasants against the Sandinista
government of repression. This is achieved through a close
identification
with the people, as follows: hanging up weapons and working together
with
them on their crops, in construction, in the harvesting of grains, in
fishing, etc.; explanations to young men about basic weapons, e.g.
giving
them an unloaded weapon and letting them touch it, see it, etc.;
describing
in a rudimentary manner its operation; describing with simple slogans
how
weapons will serve the people to win their freedom; demanding the
requests
by the people for hospitals and education, reducing taxes, etc.

All these acts have as their goal the creation of an identification

of
the people with the weapons and the guerrillas who carry them, so that
the
population feels that the weapons are, indirectly, their weapon to
protect
them and help them in the struggle against a regime of oppression.
Implicit
terror always accompanies weapons, since the people are internally
"aware"
that they can be used against them, but as long as explicit coercion is
avoided, positive attitudes can be achieved with respect to the presence
of
armed guerrillas within the population.

4. Armed Propaganda Teams

Armed Propaganda Teams (EPA) are formed through a careful selection

of
persuasive and highly motivated guerrillas who move about within the
population, encouraging the people to support the guerrillas and put up
resistance against the enemy. It combines a high degree of political
awareness and the "armed" propaganda ability of the guerrillas toward a
planned, programmed, and controlled effort.

The careful selection of the staff, based on their persuasiveness

in
informal discussions and their ability in combat, is more important than
their degree of education or the training program. The tactics of the
Armed
Propaganda Teams are carried out covertly, and should be parallel to the
tactical effort in guerrilla warfare. The knowledge of the psychology of
the population is primary for the Armed Propaganda Teams, but much more
intelligence data will be obtained from an EPA program in the area of
operations.

5. Development and Control of the "Front" Organizations

The development and control of "front" (or facade) organizations is

carried out through subjective internal control at group meetings of
"inside cadres," and the calculations of the time for the fusion of
these
combined efforts to be applied to the masses.

Established citizens-doctors, lawyers, businessmen, teachers, etc.-

will be recruited initially as "Social Crusaders" in typically
"innocuous"
movements in the area of operations. When their "involvement" with the
clandestine organization is revealed to them, this supplies the
psychological pressure to use them as "inside cadres" in groups to which
they already belong or of which they can be members.

Then they will receive instruction in techniques of persuasion over

control of target groups to support our democratic revolution, through a
gradual and skillful process. A cell control system isolates individuals
from one another, and at the appropriate moment, their influence is used
for the fusion of groups in a united national front.

6. Control of Meetings and Mass Assemblies

The control of mass meetings in support of guerrilla warfare is

carried out internally through a covert commando element, bodyguards,
messengers, shock forces (initiators of incidents), placard carriers
(also
used for making signals), shouters of slogans, everything under the
control
of the outside commando element.
 When the cadres are placed or recruited in organizations such as
labor
unions, youth groups agrarian organizations or professional
associations,
they will begin to manipulate the objectives of the groups. The
psychological apparatus of our movement through inside cadres prepares a
mental attitude which at the crucial moment can be turned into a fury of
justified violence.

Through a small group of guerrillas infiltrated within the masses

this
can be carried out; they will have the mission of agitating by giving
the
impression that there are many of them and that they have a large
popular
backing. Using the tactics of a force of 200-300 agitators, a
demonstration
can be created in which 10,000-20,000 persons take part.

7. Support of Contacts with Their Roots in Reality

The support of local contacts who are familiar with the deep
reality
is achieved through the exploitation of the social and political
weaknesses
of the target society, with propagandist-combatant guerrillas, armed
propaganda, armed propaganda teams, cover organizations and mass
meetings.

The combatant-propagandist guerrilla is the result of a continuous

program of indoctrination and motivation. They will have the mission of
showing the people how great and fair our movement is in the eyes of all
Nicaraguans and the world. Identifying themselves with our people, they
will increase the sympathy towards our movement, which will result in
greater support of the population for the freedom commandos, taking away
support for the regime in power.

Armed propaganda will extend this identification process of the

people
with the Christian guerrillas, providing converging points against the
Sandinista regime.

The Armed Propaganda Teams provide a several-stage program of

persuasive planning in guerrilla warfare in all areas of the country.
Also,
these teams are the "eyes and ears" of our movement.

The development and control of the cover organizations in guerrilla

warfare will give our movement the ability to create a "whiplash" effect
within the population when the order for fusion is given. When the
infiltration and internal subjective control have been developed in a
manner parallel to other guerrilla activities, a comandante of ours will
literally be able to shake up the Sandinista structure, and replace it.

The mass assemblies and meetings are the culmination of a wide base
support among the population, and it comes about in the later phases of
the
operation. This is the moment in which the overthrow can be achieved and
our revolution can become an open one, requiring the close collaboration
of
the entire population of the country, and of contacts with their roots
in
reality.

The tactical effort in guerrilla warfare is directed at the

weaknesses
of the enemy and at destroying their military resistance capacity, and
should be parallel to a psychological effort to weaken and destroy their
sociopolitical capacity at the same time. In guerrilla warfare, more
than
in any other type of military effort, the psychological activities
should
be simultaneous with the military ones, in order to achieve the
objectives
desired.

COMBATANT-PROPAGANDIST GUERRILLA

1. Generalities

The objective of this section is to familiarize the guerrilla with

the
techniques of psychological operations, which maximizes the social-
psychological effect of a guerrilla movement, converting the guerrilla
into
a propagandist, in addition to being a combatant. The nature of the
environment in guerrilla warfare does not permit sophisticated
facilities
for psychological operations, so that use should be made of the
effective
face-to-face persuasion of each guerrilla.

2. Political Awareness

The individual political awareness of the guerrilla, the reason for

his struggle, will be as important as his ability in combat. This
political
awareness and motivation will be achieved:

þ By improving the combat potential of the guerrilla by

improving
his motivation for fighting.

þ By the guerrilla recognizing himself as a vital tie between

the
democratic guerrillas and the people, whose support is
essential
for the subsistence of both.

þ By fostering the support of the population for the national

insurgence through the support for the guerrillas of the
locale,
 which provides a psychological basis in the population for
politics after the victory has been achieved.

þ By developing trust in the guerrillas and in the population,

for
the reconstruction of a local and national government.

þ By promoting the value of participation by the guerrillas and

the
people in the civic affairs of the insurrection and in the
national programs.

þ By developing in each guerrilla the ability of persuasion

face-
to-face, at the local level, to win the support of the
population, which is essential for success in guerrilla
warfare.

3. Group Dynamics

This political awareness-building and motivation are attained by

the
use of group dynamics at the level of small units. The group discussion
method and self-criticism are a general guerrilla training and
operations
technique.

Group discussions raise the spirit and increase the unity of

thought
in small guerrilla groups and exercise social pressure on the weakest
members to better carry out their mission in training and future combat
actions. These group discussions will give special emphasis to:

þ Creating a favorable opinion of our movement. Through local

and
national history, make it clear that the Sandinista regime is
"foreignizing," "repressive" and "imperialistic," and that
even
though there are some Nicaraguans within the government, point
out that they are "puppets" of the power of the Soviets and
Cubans, i.e. of foreign power.

þ Always a local focus. Matters of an international nature will

be
explained only in support of local events in the guerrilla
warfare.

þ The unification of the nation is our goal. This means that the
defeat of the Sandinista armed forces is our priority. Our
insurrectional movement is a pluralistic political platform
from
which we are determined to win freedom, equality, a better
economy with work facilities, a higher standard of living, a
true
democracy for all Nicaraguans without exception.

þ Providing to each guerrilla clear understanding about the

 struggle for national sovereignty against Soviet-Cuban
imperialism. Discussion guides will lead the guerrillas so
that
they will see the injustices of the Sandinista system.

þ Showing each guerrilla the need for good behavior to win the
support of the population. Discussion guides should convince
the
guerrillas that the attitude and opinion of the population
play a
decisive role, because victory is impossible without popular
support.

þ Self-criticism will be in constructive terms that will

contribute
to the mission of the movement, and which will provide the
guerrillas with the conviction that they have a constant and
positive individual responsibility in the mission of the
group.
The method of instruction will be:

a) division of the guerrilla force into squads for group

discussions, including command and support elements,
whenever the tactical situation permits it. The makeup of
the small units should be maintained when these groups
are
designated.

b) Assignment of a political cadre in the guerrilla force

to
each group to guide the discussion. The squad leader
should
help the cadre to foster study and the expression of
thoughts. If there are not enough political cadres for
each
squad or post, leaders should guide the discussions, and
the
available cadres visit alternate groups.

c) It is appropriate for the cadre (or the leader) to

guide
the discussion of a group to cover a number of points and
to
reach a correct conclusion. The guerrillas should feel
that
it was their free and own decision. THe cadre should
serve
as a private teacher. The cadre or leader will not act as
a
lecturer, but will help the members of the group to study
and express their own opinions.

d) The political cadre will at the end of every

discussion
make a summary of the principal points, leading them to
the
correct conclusions. Any serious difference with the
 objectives of the movement should be noted by the cadre
and
reported to the comandante of the force. If necessary, a
combined group meeting will be held and the team of
political cadres will explain and rectify the
misunderstanding.

e) Democratic conduct by the political cadres: living,

eating and working with the guerrillas, and if possible,
fighting at their side, sharing their living conditions.
All
of this will foster understanding and the spirit of
cooperation that will help in the discussion and exchange
of
ideas.

f) Carry out group discussions in towns, and areas of

operations whenever possible with the civilian
population,
and not limit them to camps or bases. This is done to
emphasize the revolutionary nature of the struggle and to
demonstrate that the guerrillas identified with the
objectives of the people move about within the
population.
The guerrilla projects himself toward the people, as the
political cadre does toward the guerrilla, and they
should
live, eat and work together to realize a unity of
revolutionary thought.

The principles for guerrilla and political-cadre group discussions

are:

þ Organize discussion groups at the post or squad level. A cadre

cannot be sure of the comprehension and acceptance of the
concepts and conclusions by guerrillas in large groups. In a
group of the size of a squad of 10 men, the judgement and
control
of the situation is greater. In this way, all students will
participate in an exchange among them; the political leader,
the
group leader, and also the political cadre. Special attention
will be given to the individual ability to discuss the
objectives
of the insurrectional struggle. Whenever a guerrilla expresses
his opinion, he will be interested in listening to the
opinions
of others, leading as a result to the unity of thought.

þ Combine the different points of view and reach an opinion or

common conclusion. This is the most difficult task of a
political
guerrilla cadre. After the group discussions of the democratic
objectives of the movement, the chief of the team of political
cadres of the guerrilla force should combine the conclusions
of
 individual groups in a general summary. At a meeting with all
the
discussion groups, the cadre shall provide the principal
points,
and the guerrillas will have the opportunity to clarify or
modify
their points of view. To carry this out, the conclusions will
be
summarized in the form of slogans, wherever possible.

þ Face with honesty the national and local problems of our

struggle. THe political cadres should always be prepared to
discuss solutions to the problems observed by the guerrillas.
During the discussions, the guerrillas should be guided by the
following three principles:

þ Freedom of thought.

þ Freedom of expression.

þ Concentration of thoughts on the objectives of the democratic

struggle.

The result desired is a guerrilla who in a persuasive manner can

justify all of his acts whenever he is in contact with any member of the
town/people, and especially with himself and with his guerrilla
companions
by facing the vicissitudes of guerrilla warfare.

This means that every guerrilla will come to have effective face-
to-
face persuasion as a combatant-propagandist in his contact with the
people,
to the point of giving 5-10 logical reasons why, e.g. a peasant should
give
him a piece of cloth, or a needle and thread to mend his clothes. When
behaves in this manner, no type of propaganda of the enemy will be able
to
make a "terrorist" of him in the eyes of the people.

In addition, hunger, cold, fatigue and insecurity in the existence

of
the guerrilla acquire meaning in the cause of the struggle due to the
constant psychological orientation.

4. Camp Procedures

Encamping the guerrilla units gives greater motivation, in addition

to
reducing distractions, and increases the spirit of cooperation of small
units, relating the physical environment to the psychological one. The
squad chief shall establish the regular camping procedure. Once thy have
divested themselves of their packs, the chief will choose the
appropriate
ground for camping. He should select land that predominates over the
zone
with two or three escape routes. He will choose among his men and give
them
responsibilities such as:

þ Clean the camp area.

þ Provide adequate drainage in case of rain. Also build some

trenches or holes for marksmen in case of emergency. In
addition,
he will build a stove, which will be done by making some small
trenches and placing three rocks in place; in case the stove
is
built on a pedestal, it will be filled with clay and rocks.

þ Build a windbreaking wall, which will be covered on the sides

and
on the top with branches and leaves of the same vegetation of
the
zones. This will serve for camouflaging and protecting it from
aerial visibility or from enemy patrols around.

þ Construct a latrine and a hole where waste and garbage will be

buried, which should be covered over at the time of abandoning
the camp.

þ Once the camp has been set up, it is recommended that a

watchman
be positioned in the places of access at a prudent distance,
where the shout of alarm can be heard. In the same moment the
password will be established, which should be changed every 24
hours. The commander should establish ahead of time an
alternate
meeting point, in case of having to abandon the camp in a
hurried
manner, and they will be able to meet in the other already
established point, and they should warn the patrol that if at
a
particular time they cannot meet at the established point, the
should have a third meeting point.

These procedures contribute to the motivation of the guerrilla and

improve the spirit of cooperation in the unit. The danger, sense of
insecurity, anxiety and daily concern in the life of a guerrilla require
tangible evidence of belonging in an order for him to keep up his spirit
and morale.

In addition to the good physical conditions in which the guerrilla

should find himself, good psychological conditions are necessary, for
which
group discussions and becoming a self=critic are recommended, which will
greatly benefit the spirit and morale of the same.

Having broken camp with the effort and cooperation of everyone

strengthens the spirit of the group. The guerrilla will be inclined then
towards the unity of thought in democratic objectives.

5. Interaction with the People

 In order to ensure popular support, essential for the good
development
of guerrilla warfare, the leaders should induce a positive interaction
between the civilians and the guerrillas, through the principle of
"live,
eat , and work with the people," and maintain control of their
activities.
In group discussions, the leaders and political cadres should give
emphasis
to positively identifying themselves with the people.

It is not recommendable to speak of military tactical plans in

discussions with civilians. The Communist foe should be pointed out as
the
number one enemy of the people, and as a secondary threat against our
guerrilla forces.

Whenever there is a chance, groups of members should be chosen who

have a high political awareness and high disciplinary conduct in the
work
to be carried out, in order to be sent to the populous areas in order to
direct the armed propaganda, where they should persuade the people
through
dialogue in face-to-face confrontations, where these principles should
be
followed:

þ Respect for human rights and others' property.

þ Helping the people in community work.

þ Protecting the people from Communist aggressions.

þ Teaching the people environmental hygiene, to read, etc., in

order to win their trust, which will lead to a better
democratic
ideological preparation.

This attitude will foster the sympathy of the peasants for our
movement, and they will immediately become one of us, through logistical
support, coverage and intelligence information on the enemy or
participation in combat. The guerrillas should be persuasive through the
word and not dictatorial with weapons. If they behave in this way, the
people will feel respected, will be more inclined to accept our message
and
will consolidate into popular support.

In any place in which tactical guerrilla operations are carried out

in
populous areas, the squad should undertake psychological actions
parallel
to these, and should proceed, accompany and consolidate the common
objective and explain to all the people about our struggle, explaining
that
our presence is to give peace, liberty and democracy to all Nicaraguans
without exception, and explaining that out struggle is not against the
nationals but rather against Russian imperialism. This will serve to
ensure
greater Psychological achievements which will increase the operations of
the future.

6. Conclusions

The nature of the environment in guerrilla warfare does not permit

sophisticated facilities for psychological operations, and the face-to-
face
persuasion of the guerrilla combatant-propagandists with the people is
an
effective and available tool which we should use as much as possible
during
the process of the struggle.

ARMED PROPAGANDA

1. Generalities

Frequently a misunderstanding exists on "armed propaganda," that

this
tactic is a compulsion of the people with arms. In reality, it does not
include compulsion, but the guerrilla should know well the principles
and
methods of this tactic. The objective of this section is to give the
guerrilla student an understanding of the armed propaganda that should
be
used, and that will be able to be applied in guerrilla warfare.

2. Close Identification with the People

Armed propaganda includes all acts carried out by an armed force,

whose results improve the attitude of the people toward this force, and
it
does not include forced indoctrination. This is carried out by a close
identification with the people on any occasion. For example:

þ Putting aside weapons and working side by side with the

peasants
in the countryside: building, fishing, repairing roofs,
transporting water, etc.

þ When working with the people, the guerrillas can use slogans
such
as "many hands doing small things, but doing them together."

þ Participating in the tasks of the people, they can establish a

strong tie between them and the guerrillas and at the same
time a
popular support for our movement is generated.

During the patrols and other operations around or in the midst of

villages, each guerrilla should be respectful and courteous with the
people. In addition he should move with care and always be well prepared
to
fight, if necessary. But he should not always see all the people as
enemies, with suspicions or hostility. Even in war, it is possible to
smile, laugh or greet people. Truly, the cause of our revolutionary
base,
the reason why we are struggling, is our people. We must be respectful
to
them on all occasions that present themselves.

In places and situations wherever possible, e.g. when they are

resting
during the march, the guerrillas can explain the operation of weapons to
the youths and young men. They can show them an unloaded rifle so that
they
will learn to load it and unload it; their use, and aiming at imaginary
targets they are potential recruits for our forces.

The guerrillas should always be prepared with simple slogans in

order
to explain to the people, whether in an intentional form or by chance,
the
reason for the weapons.

"The weapons will be for winning freedom; the are for you."

"With weapons we can impose demands such as hospitals, schools,

better
roads, and social services for the people, for you."

"Our weapons are, in truth, the weapons of the people, yours."

"With weapons we can change the Sandino-Communist regime and return

to
the people a true democracy so that we will all have economic
opportunities."

All of this should be designed to create an identification of the

people with the weapons and the guerrillas who carry them. Finally, we
should make the people feel that we are thinking of them and that the
weapons are the people's, in order to help them and protect them from a
Communist, totalitarian, imperialist regime, indifferent to the needs of
the population.

3. Implicit and Explicit Terror

A guerrilla armed force always involves implicit terror because the

population, without saying it aloud, feels terror that the weapons may
be
used against them. However, if the terror does not become explicit,
positive results can be expected.

In a revolution, the individual lives under a constant threat of

physical damage. If the government police cannot put an end to the
guerrilla activities, the population will lose confidence in the
government, which has the inherent mission of guaranteeing the safety of
citizens. However, the guerrillas should be careful not to become an
explicit terror, because this would result in a loss of popular support.

In the words of a leader of the Huk guerrilla movement of the

Philippine Islands: "The population is always impressed by weapons, not
by
the terror that they cause, but rather by a sensation of strength/force.
We
must appear before the people, giving them the message of the struggle."
This is, then, in a few words, the essence of armed propaganda.

An armed guerrilla force can occupy an entire town or small city

that
is neutral or relatively passive in the conflict. In order to conduct
the
armed propaganda in an effective manner, the following should be carried
out simultaneously:

þ Destroy the military or police installations and remove the survivors

to
a "public place."

þ Cut all the outside lines of communications: cables, radio,

messengers.

þ Set up ambushes in order to delay the reinforcements in all the

possible
entry routes.

þ Kidnap all officials or agents of the Sandinista government and

replace
them in "public Places" with military or civilian persons of trust to
our
movement; in addition, carry out the following:

þ Establish a public tribunal that depends on the guerrillas, and cover

the
town or city in order to gather the population for this event.

þ Shame, ridicule and humiliate the "personal symbols" of the government

of
repression in the presence of the people and foster popular
participation
through guerrillas within the multitude, shouting slogans and jeers.

þ Reduce the influence of individuals in tune with the regime, pointing

out
their weaknesses and taking them out of the town, without damaging them
publicly.

þ Mix the guerrillas within the population and show very good conduct by
all members of the column, practicing the following:

Any article taken will be paid for with cash.

The hospitality offered by the people will be accepted and this

opportunity will be exploited in order to carry out face-to-face
persuasion about the struggle.

Courtesy visits should be made to the prominent persons and those

with
 prestige in the place, such as doctors, priests, teachers, etc.

The guerrillas should instruct the population that with the end of
the
operative, and when the Sandinista repressive forces interrogate
them,
they may reveal EVERYTHING about the military operation carried
out.
For example, the type of weapons they use, ho many men arrived,
from
what direction they came and in what direction they left, in short,
EVERYTHING.

In addition, indicate to the population that at meetings or in

private
discussion they can give the names of the Sandinista informants,
who
will be removed together with the other officials of the government
of
repression.

When a meeting is held, conclude it with a speech by one of the

leaders of guerrilla political cadres (the most dynamic), which includes
explicit references to:

The fact that the "enemies of the people" -- the officials or

Sandinista agents -- must not be mistreated in spite of their criminal
acts, although the guerrilla force may have suffered casualties, and
that
this is done due to the generosity of the Christian guerrillas.

Give a declaration of gratitude for the "hospitality" of the

population, as well as let them know that the risks that they will run
when
the Sandinistas return are greatly appreciated.

The fact that the Sandinista regime, although it exploits the

people
with taxes, control of money, grains and all aspects of public life
through
associations, which they are forced to become part of, will not be able
to
resist the attacks of our guerrilla forces.

Make the promise to the people that you will return to ensure that
the
"leeches" of the Sandinista regime of repression will not be able to
hinder
our guerrillas from integrating with the population.

A statement repeated to the population to the effect that they can

reveal everything about this visit of our commandos, because we are not
afraid of anything or anyone, neither the Soviets nor the Cubans.
Emphasize
that we are Nicaraguans, that we are fighting for the freedom of
Nicaragua
and to establish a very Nicaraguan government.
4. Guerrilla Weapons Are The Strength of the People over an Illegal
Government

The armed propaganda in populated areas does not give the

impression
that weapons are the power of the guerrillas over the people, but rather
that the weapons are the strength of the people against a regime of
repression. Whenever it is necessary to use armed force in an occupation
or
visit to a town or village, guerrillas should emphasize making sure that
they:

þ Explain to the population that in the first place this is being done
to
protect them, the people, and not themselves.

þ Admit frankly and publicly that this is an "act of the democratic

guerrilla movement," with appropriate explanations.

þ That this action, although it is not desirable, is necessary because

the
final objective of the insurrection is a free and democratic society,
where
acts of force are not necessary.

þ The force of weapons is a necessity caused by the oppressive system,

and
will cease to exist when the "forces of justice" of our movement assume
control.

If, for example, it should be necessary for one of the advanced

posts
to have to fire on a citizen who was trying to leave the town or city in
which the guerrillas are carrying out armed propaganda or political
proselytism, the following is recommended:

þ Explain that if that citizen had managed to escape, he would have

alerted
the enemy that is near the town or city, and they could carry out acts
of
reprisal such as rapes, pillage, destruction, captures, etc., it this
way
terrorizing the inhabitants of the place for having given attention and
hospitalities to the guerrillas of the town.

þ If a guerrilla fires at an individual, make the town see that he was

an
enemy of the people, and that they shot him because the guerrilla
recognized as their first duty the protection of citizens.

þ The command tried to detain the informant without firing because he,
like
all Christian guerrillas, espouses nonviolence. Firing at the Sandinista
informant, although it is against his own will, was necessary to prevent
the repression of the Sandinista government against innocent people.
þ Make the population see that it was the repressive system of the
regime
that was the cause of this situation, what really killed the informer,
and
that the weapon fired was one recovered in combat against the Sandinista
regime.

þ Make the population see that if the Sandinista regime had ended the
repression, the corruption backed by foreign powers, etc., the freedom
commandos would not have had to brandish arms against brother
Nicaraguans,
which goes against our Christian sentiments. If the informant hadn't
tried
to escape he would be enjoying life together with the rest of the
population, because not have tried to inform the enemy. This death would
have been avoided if justice and freedom existed in Nicaragua, which is
exactly the objective of the democratic guerrilla.

5. Selective Use of Violence for Propagandistic Effects

It is possible to neutralize carefully selected and planned

targets,
such as court judges, mesta judges, police and State Security officials,
CDS chiefs, etc. For psychological purposes it is necessary to gather
together the population affected, so that they will be present, take
part
in the act, and formulate accusations against the oppressor.

The target or person should be chosen on the basis of:

þ The spontaneous hostility that the majority of the population feels

toward the target.

þ Use rejection or potential hatred by the majority of the population

affected toward the target, stirring up the population and making them
see
all the negative and hostile actions of the individual against the
people.

þ If the majority of the people give their support or backing to the

target
or subject, do not try to change these sentiments through provocation.

þ Relative difficulty of controlling the person who will replace the

target.

The person who will replace the target should be chosen carefully,
based on:

þ Degree of violence necessary to carry out the change.

þ Degree of violence acceptable to the population affected.

þ Degree of predictable reprisal by the enemy on the population affected

or
other individuals in the area of the target.
 The mission to replace the individual should be followed by:

þ Extensive explanation within the population affected of the reason why

it
was necessary for the good of the people.

þ Explain that Sandinista retaliation is unjust, indiscriminate, and

above
all, a justification for the execution of this mission.

þ Carefully test the reaction of the people toward the mission, as well
as
control this reaction, making sure that the populations reaction is
beneficial towards the Freedom Commandos.

6. Conclusions

Armed propaganda includes all acts executed and the impact achieved
by
an armed force, which as a result produces positive attitudes in the
population toward this force, and it does not include forced
indoctrination. However, armed propaganda is the most effective
available
instrument of a guerrilla force.

ARMED PROPAGANDA TEAMS (APTs)

1. Generalities

In contact with the very reality of their roots, in a psychological

operation campaign in guerrilla warfare, the comandantes will be able to
obtain maximum psychological results from an Armed Propaganda program.
This
section is to inform the guerrilla student as to what Armed Propaganda
Teams are in the environment of guerrilla warfare.

2. Combination: Political Awareness and Armed Propaganda

The Armed Propaganda Teams combine political awareness-building

with
armed propaganda, which will be carried out by carefully selected
guerrillas (preferably with experience in combat), for personal
persuasion
within the population.

The selection of the staff is more important than the training,

because we cannot train guerrilla cadres just to show the sensations of
ardor and fervor, which are essential for person-to-person persuasion.
More
important is the training of persons who are intellectually agile and
developed.

An Armed Propaganda Team includes from 6 to 10 members; this number

or
a smaller number is ideal, since there is more camaraderie, solidarity
and
group spirit. The themes to deal with are assimilated more rapidly and
the
members react more rapidly to unforeseen situations.

In addition to the combination as armed propagandist-combatant each

member of the team should be well prepared to carry out permanent
person-
to-person communication, face-to-face.

The leader of the group should be the commando who is the most
highly
motivated politically and the most effective in face-to-face persuasion.
The position, hierarchy or range will not be decisive for carrying out
that
function, but rather who is best qualified for communication with the
people.

The source of basic recruitment for guerrilla cadres will be the

same
social groups of Nicaraguans to whom the psychological campaign is
directed, such as peasants, students, professionals, housewives, etc.
The
campesinos (peasants) should be made to see that they do not have lands;
the workers that the State is putting an end to factories and
industries;
the doctors, that they are being replaced by Cuban paramedics, and that
as
doctors they cannot practice their profession due to lack of medicines.
A
requirement for recruiting them will be their ability to express
themselves
in public.

The selection of the personnel is more important than the training.

The political awareness-building and the individual capabilities of
persuasion will be shown in the group discussions for motivation of the
guerrilla as a propagandist-combatant chosen as cadres to organize them
in
teams, that is, those who have the greatest capacity for this work.

The training of guerrillas for Armed Propaganda Teams emphasizes

the
method and not the content. A two-week training period is sufficient if
the
recruitment is done in the form indicated. If a mistaken process of
recruitment has been followed, however good the training provided, the
individual chosen will not yield a very good result.

The training should be intensive for 14 days, through team

discussions, alternating the person who leads the discussion among the
members of the group.

The subjects to be dealt with will be the same, each day a

different
theme being presented, for a varied practice.
 The themes should refer to the conditions of the place and the
meaning
that they have for the inhabitants of the locality, such as talking of
crops, fertilizers, seeds, irrigation of crops, etc. They can also
include
the following topics:

þ Sawed wood, carpenters' tools for houses or other buildings.

þ Boats, roads, horses, oxen for transportation, fishing,

agriculture.

þ Problems that they may have in the place with residents,

offices
of the regime, imposed visitors, etc.

þ Force labor, service in the militia.

þ Forced membership in Sandinista groups, such as women's clubs,

youth associations, workers' groups, etc.

þ Availability and prices of consumer articles and of basic

needs
in the grocery stores and shops of the place.

þ Characteristics of education in the public schools.

þ Anxiety of the people over the presence of Cuban teachers in

the
schools and the intrusion of politics, i.e. using them for
political ends and not educational ones as should be.

þ Indignation over the lack of freedom of worship, and

persecution,
of which priests are victims; and over the participation of
priests such as Escoto and Cardenal in the Sandinista
government,
against the explicit orders of his Holiness, the Pope.

NOTE: Members of the team can develop other themes.

The target groups for the Armed Propaganda Teams are not the
persons
with sophisticated political knowledge, but rather those whose opinion
are
formed from what they see and hear. The cadres should use persuasion to
carry out their mission. Some of the persuasive methods that they can
use
are the following:

Interior Group/Exterior Group. It is a principle of psychology that

we
humans have the tendency to form personal associations from "we" and
"the
others," or "we" and "they", "friends" and "enemies," "fellow
countrymen"
and "foreigners," "mestizos" and "gringos."
 The Armed Propaganda Team can use this principle in its activities,
so
that it is obvious that the "exterior" groups ("false" groups) are those
of
the Sandinista regime, and that the "interior" groups ("true" groups)
that
fight for the people are the Freedom Commandos.

We should inculcate this in the people in a subtle manner so that

these feelings seem to be born of themselves, spontaneously.

"Against" is much easier that "for." It is a principle of political

science that it is easier to persuade the people to vote against
something
or someone than to persuade them to vote in favor of something or
someone.
Although currently the regime has not given the Nicaraguan people the
opportunity to vote, it is known that the people will vote in
opposition,
so that the Armed Propaganda Teams can use this principle in favor of
our
insurrectional struggle. They should ensure that this campaign is
directed
specifically against the government or its sympathizers, since the
people
should have specific targets for their frustrations.

Primary Groups and Secondary Groups. Another principle of sociology

is
that we humans forge or change our opinions from two sources: primarily,
through our association with our family, comrades, or intimate friends;
and
secondarily, through distant associations such as acquaintances in
churches, clubs or committees, labor unions or governmental
organizations.
The Armed Propaganda Team cadres should join the first groups in order
to
persuade them to follow the policies of our movement, because it is from
this type of group that the opinions or changes of opinion come.

Techniques of Persuasion in Talks or Speeches:

Be Simple and Concise. You should avoid the use of difficult words
or
expressions and prefer popular words and expressions, i.e. the language
of
the people. In dealing with a person you should make use of concise
language, avoiding complicated words. It is important to remember that
we
use oratory to make our people understand the reason for our struggle,
and
not to show off our knowledge.

Use Lively and Realistic Examples. Avoid abstract concepts, such as

are used in universities in the advanced years, and in place of them,
give
concrete examples such as children playing, horses galloping, birds in
flight, etc.

Use Gestures to Communicate. Communication, in addition to being

verbal, can be through gestures, such as using our hands expressively,
back
movements, facial expressions, focusing of our look and other aspects of
"body language," projecting the individual personality in the message.

Use the Appropriate Tone of Voice. If, on addressing the people,

you
talk about happiness, a happy tone should be used. If you talk of
something
sad, the tone of the voice should be one of sadness; on talking of a
heroic
or brave act, the voice should be animated, etc.

Above All, Be Natural, Imitation of others should be avoided, since

the people, especially simple people, easily distinguish a fake. The
individual personality should be projected when addressing the
population.

3. "Eyes and Ears" Within the Population

The amount of information for intelligence that will be generated

by
the deployment of the Armed Propaganda Teams will allow us to cover a
large
area with out commandos, who will become the eyes and ears of our
movement
within the population:

The combined reports of an Armed Propaganda Team will provide us

with
exact details on the enemy activities.

The intelligence information obtained by the Armed Propaganda Teams

should be reported to the chiefs. However, it is necessary to emphasize
that the first mission of the Armed Propaganda Teams is to carry out
psychological operations, not to obtain data for intelligence.

Any intelligence report will be made through the outside contact of

the Armed Propaganda Team, in order not to compromise the population.

The Armed Propaganda cadres are able to do what others in a

guerrilla
campaign cannot do: determine personally the development or
deterioration
of the popular support and the sympathy or hostility that the people
feel
toward our movement.

The Armed Propaganda Team program, in addition to being very

effective
psychologically, increases the guerrilla capacity in obtaining and using
information.
 In addition, the Armed Propaganda cadre will report to his superior
the reaction of the people to the radio broadcasts, the insurrectional
flyers, or any other means of propaganda of ours.

Expressions or gestures of the eyes, or face, the tone and strength

of
the voice, and the use of the appropriate words greatly affect the face-
to-
face persuasion of the people.

With the intelligence reports supplied by the Armed Propaganda

Teams,
the comandantes will be able to have exact knowledge of the popular
support, which they will make use of in their operations.

4. Psychological Tactics, Maximum Flexibility

Psychological tactics will have the greatest flexibility within a

general plan, permitting a continuous and immediate adjustment of the
message, and ensuring that an impact is caused on the indicated target
group at the moment in which it is the most susceptible.

Tactically, an Armed Propaganda Equipment program should cover the

majority and if possible all of the operational area. The communities in
which this propaganda is carried out should not necessarily form
political
units with an official nature. A complete understanding of their
structure
or organization is not necessary because the cadres will work by
applying
socio-political action and not academic theory.

The target populations of the Armed Propaganda Teams will be chosen

for being part of the operational area, and not for their size or amount
of
land.

The objective should be the people and not the territorial area.

In this respect, each work team will be able to cover some six
towns
approximately, in order to develop popular support for our movement.

The Team should always move in a covert manner within the towns of
their area.

They should vary their route radically, but not their itinerary,.
This
is so that the inhabitants who are cooperating will be dependent on
their
itinerary, i.e., the hour in which they can frequently contact them to
give
them the information.

The danger of betrayal or an ambush can be neutralized by varying

the
itinerary a little, using different routes, as well as arriving or
leaving
without previous warning.

Whenever the surprise factor is used, vigilance should be kept in

order to detect the possible presence of hostile elements.

No more than three consecutive days should be spent in a town.

The limit of three days has obvious tactical advantages, but it

also
has a psychological effect on the people, on seeing the team as a source
of
current and up-to-date information. Also, it can overexpose the target
audience and cause a negative reaction.

Basic tactical precautions should be taken. This is necessary for

greater effectiveness, as was indicated in dealing with the subject of
"Armed Propaganda," and when it is carried out discreetly, it increases
the
respect of the people for the team and increases their credibility.

The basic procedures are: covert elements that carry out vigilance
before and after the departure and in intervals. There should be two at
least, and they should meet at a predetermined point upon a signal, or
in
view of any hostile action.

The team's goal is to motivate the entire population of a place,

but
to constantly remain aware that defined target groups exist within this
general configuration of the public.

Although meetings may be held in the population, the cadres should

recognize and keep in contact with the target groups, mixing with them
before, during and after the meeting. The method for holding this type
of
meeting was included in the topic "Armed Propaganda," and will be
covered
in greater detail under the title "Control of Mass Meetings and
Demonstrations."

The basic focus of the Armed Propaganda cadres should be on the

residents of the town,where their knowledge as formers of opinion can be
applied.

In the first visits of identification with the inhabitants, the

guerrilla cadres will be courteous and humble. They can work in the
fields
or in any other form in which their abilities can contribute to the
improvement of the living style of the inhabitants of the place, winning
their trust and talking with them; helping to repair the fences of their
cattle; the cleaning of the same, collaborating in the vaccination of
their
animals; teaching them to read, i.e., closely together in all the tasks
of
the peasant or the community.
 In his free time, our guerrilla should mix in with the community
groups and participate with them in pastoral activities, parties,
birthdays, and even in wakes or burials of the members of said
community;
he will try to converse with both adults and adolescents. |He will try
to
penetrate to the heart of the family, in order to win the acceptance and
trust of all of the residents of that sector.

The Armed Propaganda Team cadres will give ideological training,

mixing these instructions with folkloric songs, and at the same time he
will tell stories that have some attraction, making an effort to make
them
refer to heroic acts of our ancestors. He will also try to tell stories
of
heroism of our combatants in the present struggle so that listeners try
to
imitate them. It is important to let them know that there are other
countries in the world where freedom and democracy cause those governing
to
be concerned over the well-being of their people, so that the children
have
medical care and free education; where also they are concerned that
everyone have work and food, and all freedoms such as those of religion,
association and expression; where the greatest objective of the
government
is to keep its people happy.

The cadres should not make mention of their political ideology

during
the first phase of identification with the people, and they should
orient
their talks to things that are pleasing to the peasants or the
listeners,
trying to be as simple as possible in order to be understood.

The tactical objectives for identification with the people are the
following:

To establish tight relations through identification with the

people,
through their very customs.

To determine the basic needs and desires of the different target

groups.

To discover the weaknesses of the governmental control.

Little by little, to sow the seed of democratic revolution, in

order
to change the vices of the regime towards a new order of justice and
collective well-being.

In the motivation of the target groups, by the Armed Propaganda

Teams,
the cadre should apply themes of "true~ groups and themes of "false"
groups. The true group will correspond to the target group and the false
one to the Sandinista regime.

For the economic interest groups, such as small businessmen and

farmers, it should be emphasized that their potential progress is
"limited"
by the Sandinista government, that resources are scarcer and scarcer,
the
earnings/profits minimal, taxes high, etc. This can be applied to
entrepreneurs of transportation and others.

For the elements ambitious for power and social positions, it will
be
emphasized that they will never be able to belong to the governmental
social class, since they are hermetic in their circle of command.
Example,
the nine Sandinista leaders do not allow other persons to participate in
the government, and they hinder the development of the economic and
social
potential of those like him, who have desires of overcoming this, which
is
unjust and arbitrary.

Social and intellectual criticisms. They should be directed at the

professionals, professors, teachers, priests, missionaries, students and
others. Make them see that their writings, commentaries or conversations
are censored, which does not make it possible to correct these problems.

Once the needs and frustrations of the target groups have been
determined, the hostility of the people to the "false" groups will
become
more direct, against the current regime and its system of repression.
The
people will be made to see that once this system or structure has been
eliminated, the cause of their frustration s would be eliminated and
they
would be able to fulfill their desires. It should be shown to the
population that supporting the insurrection is really supporting their
own
desires, since the democratic movement is aimed at the elimination of
these
specific problems.

As a general rule, the Armed Propaganda teams should avoid

participating in combat. However, if this is not possible, they should
react as a guerrilla unit with tactics of "hit and run," causing the
enemy
the greatest amount of casualties with aggressive assault fire,
recovering
enemy weapons and withdrawing rapidly.

One exception to the rule to avoid combat will be when in the town
they are challenged by hostile actions, whether by an individual or
whether
by a number of men of an enemy team.

The hostility of one or two men can be overcome by eliminating the

enemy in a rapid and effective manner. This is the most common danger.

When the enemy is equal in the number of its forces, there should
be
an immediate retreat, and then the enemy should be ambushed or
eliminated
by means of sharp-shooters.

In any of the cases, the Armed Propaganda Team cadres should not
turn
the town into a battleground. Generally, our guerrilla will be better
armed, so that they will obtain greater respect from the population if
they
carry out appropriate maneuvers instead of endangering their lives, or
even
destroying their houses in an encounter with the enemy within the town.

5. A Comprehensive Team Program - Mobile Infrastructure

The psychological operations through the Armed Propaganda Teams

include the infiltration of key guerrilla communicators (i.e., Armed
Propaganda Team cadres) into the population of the country, instead of
sending messages to them through outside sources, thus creating our
"mobile
infrastructure."

A "mobile infrastructure" is a cadre of our Armed Propaganda Team

moving about, i.e., keeping in touch with six or more populations, from
which his source of information will come; and at the same time it will
serve so that at the appropriate time they will become integrated in the
complete guerrilla movement.

In this way, an Armed Propaganda Team program in the operational

area
builds for our comandantes in the countryside constant source of data
gathering (infrastructure) in all the area. It is also a means for
developing or increasing popular support, for recruiting new members and
for obtaining provisions.

In addition, an Armed Propaganda Team program allows the expansion

of
the guerrilla movement, since they can penetrate areas that are not
under
the control of the combat units. In this way, through an exact
evaluation
of the combat units they will be able to plan their operations more
precisely, since they will have certain knowledge of the existing
conditions.

The comandantes will remember that this type of operation is

similar
to the Fifth Column, which was used in the first part of the Second
World
War, and which through infiltration and subversion tactics allowed the
Germans to penetrate the target countries before the invasions. They
managed to enter Poland, Belgium, Holland and France in a month, and
Norway
in a week. The effectiveness of this tactic has been clearly
demonstrated
in several wars and can be used effectively by the Freedom Commandos.

The activities of the Armed Propaganda Teams run some risks, but no
more than any other guerrilla activity. However, the Armed Propaganda
Teams
are essential for the success of the struggle.

6. Conclusions

In the same way that the explorers are the "eyes and "ears" of a
patrol, or of a column on the march, the Armed Propaganda Teams are also
the source of information, the "antennas" of our movement, because they
find and exploit the sociopolitical weaknesses in the target society,
making possible a successful operation.

DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF FRONT ORGANIZATIONS

1. Generalities

The development and control of front organizations (or "facade"

organizations) is an essential process in the guerrilla effort to carry
out
the insurrection. That is, in truth, an aspect of urban guerrilla
warfare,
but it should advance parallel to the campaign in the rural area. This
section has as its objective to give the guerrilla student an
understanding
of the development and control of front organizations in guerrilla
warfare.

2. Initial Recruitment

The initial recruitment to the movement, if it is involuntary, will

be
carried out through several "private" consultations with a cadre
(without
his knowing that he is talking to a member of ours). Then, the recruit
will
be informed that he or she is already inside the movement, and he will
be
exposed to the police of the regime if he or she does not cooperate.

When the guerrillas carry out missions of armed propaganda and a

program of regular visits to the towns by the Armed Propaganda Teams,
these
contacts will provide the commandos with the names and places of persons
who can be recruited. The recruitment, which will be voluntary, is done
through visits by guerrilla leaders or political cadres.

After a chain of voluntary recruitments has been developed, and the

trustworthiness of the recruits has been established by their carrying
out
small missions, they will be instructed about increasing/widening the
chain
by recruiting in specific target groups, in accordance with the
following
procedure:

From among their acquaintances or through observation of the target

groups - political parties, workers' unions, youth groups, agrarian
associations, etc. - finding out the personal habits, preferences and
biases, as well as the weaknesses of the "recruitable" individuals.

Make an approach through an acquaintance, and if possible, develop

a
friendship, attracting him through his preferences or weaknesses: it
might
be inviting him for lunch in the restaurant of his choice or having a
drink
in his favorite cantina or an invitation to dinner in the place he
prefers.

Recruitment should follow one of the following guidelines:

þ If in an informal conversation the target seems susceptible to

voluntary recruitment based on his beliefs and personal values,
etc.,
the political cadre assigned to carry out the recruitments will be
notified of this. The original contact will indicate to the cadre
assigned, in detail, all he knows of the prospective recruit, and
the
style of persuasion to be used, introducing the two.

þ If the target does not seem to be susceptible to voluntary

recruitment, meetings can be arranged which seem casual with the
guerrilla leaders or with the political cadres (unknown by the
target
until that moment). The meetings will be held so that "other
persons"
know that the target is attending them, whether they see him arrive
at
a particular house, seated at the table in a particular bar or even
seated on a park bench. The target, then, is faced with the fact of
his participation in the insurrectional struggle and it will be
indicated to him also that if he fails to cooperate or to carry out
future orders, he will be subjected to reprisals by the police or
soldiers of the regime.

þ The notification of the police, denouncing a target who does not

want to join the guerrillas, can be carried out easily, when it
becomes necessary, through a letter with false statements of
citizens
who are not implicated in the movement. Care should be taken that
the
person who recruited him covertly is not discovered.

þ With the carrying out of clandestine missions for the movement,

the
involvement and handing over of every recruit is done gradually on
a
wider and wider scale, and confidence increases. This should be a
 gradual process, in order to prevent confessions from fearful
individuals who have been assigned very difficult or dangerous
missions too early.

Using this recruitment technique, our guerrillas will be able to

successfully infiltrate any key target group in the regime, in order to
improve the internal control of the enemy structure.

3. Established Citizens, Subjective Internal Control

Established citizens, such as doctors, lawyers, businessmen,

landholders, minor state officials, etc., will be recruited to the
movement
and used for subjective internal control of groups and associations to
which they belong or may belong.

Once the recruitment/involvement has been brought about, and has

progressed to the point that allows that specific instructions be given
to
internal cadres to begin to influence their groups, instructions will be
given to them to carry out the following:

þ The process is simple and only requires a basic knowledge of the

Socrates dialectic: that is the knowledge that is inherent to
another
person or the established position of a group, some theme, some
word
or some thought related to the objective of persuasion of the
person
in charge of our recruitment.

þ The cadre then must emphasize this theme, word or thought in the
discussions or meetings of the target group, through a casual
commentary, which improves the focus of other members of the group
in
relation to this. Specific examples are:

Economic interest groups are motivated by profit and generally feel

that the system hinders the use of their capability in this effort in
some
way, taxes, import-export tariffs, transportation costs, etc. The cadre
in
charge will increase this feeling of frustration in later conversations.

Political aspirants, particularly if the are not successful, feel

that
the system discriminates against them unfairly, limiting their
capabilities, because the Sandinista regime does not allow elections.
The
cadres should focus political discussions towards this frustration.

Intellectual social critics (such as professors, teachers, priests,

missionaries, etc.), generally feel that the government ignores their
valid
criticism or censors their comments unjustly, especially in a situation
of
revolution. This can easily be shown by the guerrilla cadre at meetings
and
discussions, to be an injustice of the system.

For all the target groups, after they have established

frustrations,
the hostility towards the obstacles to their aspirations will gradually
become transferred to the current regime and its system of repression.

The guerrilla cadre moving among the target groups should always
maintain a low profile, so that the development of hostile feelings
towards
the false Sandinista regime seems to come spontaneously from the members
of
the group and not from suggestions of the cadres. This is internal
subjective control.

Antigovernmental hostility should be generalized, and not

necessarily
in our favor. If a group develops a feeling in our favor, it can be
utilized. But the main objective is to precondition the target groups
for
the fusion in mass organizations later in the operation, when other
activities have been successfully undertaken.

4. Organizations of Cells for Security

Internal cadres of our movement should organize into cells of three

persons, only one of them maintaining outside contact.

The cell of three persons is the basic element of the movement,

with
frequent meetings to receive orders and pass information to the cell
leader. These meetings are also very important for mutually reinforcing
the
members of the cell, as well as their morale. They should exercise
criticism of themselves on the realization or failures in carrying out
individual subjective control missions.

The coordination of the three-member cell provides a security net

for
reciprocal communication, each member having contact with only an
operational cell. The members will not reveal at the cell coordination
meetings the identity of their contact in an operational cell; they will
reveal only the nature of the activity in which the cell is involved,
e.g.,
political party work, medical association work, etc.

There is no hierarchy in cells outside of an element of

coordination,
who is the leader, who will have direct but covert contact with our
guerrilla comandante in the zone or operational area. The previous
diagram
does not indicate which new operational cell is the limit, but it
indicates
that for every three operational cells, we need a coordination cell.
5. Fusion in a "Cover" Organization

The fusion of organizations recognized by the Sandinista

government,
such as associations and other groups, through internal subjective
control,
occurs in the final stages of the operation, in a tight connection with
mass meetings.

When the guerrilla armed action has expanded sufficiently, armed

propaganda missions will be carried out on a large scale: propaganda
teams
will have clearly developed open support of the institutions; the enemy
system of target groups will be well infiltrated and preconditioned. At
the
point at which mass meetings are held, the internal cadres should begin
discussions for the "fusion" of forces into an organization - this
organization will be a "cover" source of our movement.

Any other target group will be aware that other groups are
developing
greater hostility to the government., the police and the traditional
legal
bases of authority. The guerrilla cadres tn that group - for example,
teachers - will cultivate this awareness-building, making comments such
as
"So-and-so, who is a farmer, said that the members of his cooperative
believe that the new economic policy is absurd, poorly planned and
unfair
to the farmers."

When the awareness-building is increased, in the sense that other

groups feel hostility towards the regime, the group discussions are held
openly and our movement will be able to receive reports that the
majority
of their operatives are united in common, greater hostility against the
regime. This will be developed and the order to fuse/join will come
about.
The fusion into a "cover" front is carried out thusly:

þ Internal cadres of our movement will meet with people such as

presidents, leaders, and others, at organized meetings chaired by
the
group chief of our movement. Two or three escorts can assist the
guerrilla cadre if it becomes necessary.

þ Publish a joint communique on this meeting, announcing the

creation
of the "cover" front, including names and signatures of the
participants, and names of the organizations that they represent.

After releasing this communique, mass meetings should be initiated,

which should have as a goal the destruction of the Sandinista control.

6. Conclusions

The development and control of the "cover" organizations in a

guerrilla war will give our movement the ability to create the
"whiplash"
effect within the population, when the order for fusion is gives. When
the
infiltration and internal subjective control have been developed
parallel
with other guerrilla activities, a democratic guerrilla commander will
literally be able to shake up the Sandinista structure and replace it.

CONTROL OF MASS CONCENTRATIONS AND MEETINGS

1. Generalities

In the last stages of a guerrilla war, mass concentrations and

meetings are a powerful psychological tool for carrying out the mission.
This section has as its objective giving the guerrilla student training
on
techniques for controlling mass concentrations and meetings in guerrilla
warfare.

2. Infiltration of Guerrilla Cadres

Infiltration of guerrilla cadres (whether a member of our movement

or
outside element) in workers' unions, student groups, peasant
organizations,
etc., preconditioning these groups for behavior within the masses, where
they will have to carry proselytism for the instructional struggle in a
clandestine manner.

þ Our psychological war team should prepare in advance a hostile

mental attitude among the target groups so that at the decisive
moment
they can turn their furor into violence, demanding their rights
that
have been trampled upon by the regime.

þ These preconditioning campaigns must be aimed at the political

parties, professional organizations, students, laborers, the masses
of
the unemployed, the ethnic minorities and any other sector of
society
that is vulnerable or recruitable; this also includes the popular
masses and sympathizers of our movement.

þ The basic objective of a preconditioning campaign is to create a

negative "image" of the common enemy, e.g.:

Describe the managers of collective government entities as

trying
to treat the staff the way "slave foremen" do.

The police mistreat the people like the Communist "Gestapo"

does.

The government officials of National Reconstruction are

puppets
 of Russian-Cuban imperialism.

Our psychological war cadres will create compulsive obsessions

of
a temporary nature in places of public concentrations,
constantly
hammering away at the themes pointed out or desired, the same
as
in group gatherings; in informal conversations expressing
discontent; in addition passing out brochures and flyers, and
writing editorial articles both on the radio and in
newspapers,
focused on the intention of preparing the mind of the people
of
the decisive moment, which will erupt in general violence.

In order to facilitate the preconditioning of the masses, we

should often use phrases to make the people see, such as:

The taxes that they pay the government do not benefit the
people
at all, but rather are uses as a form of exploitation in order
to
enrich those governing.

Make it plain to the people that they have become slaves, that
they are being exploited by privileged military and political
groups.

þ The foreign advisers and their counseling programs are in reality

"interveners" in our homeland, who direct the exploitation of the
nation in accordance with the objectives of the Russian and Cuban
imperialists, in order to turn our people into slaves of the hammer
and sickle.

3. Selection of Appropriate Slogans

The leaders of the guerrilla warfare classify their slogans in

accordance with the circumstances with the aim of mobilizing the masses
in
a wide scale of activities and at the highest emotional level.

When the mass uprising is being developed, our covert cadres should
make partial demands, initially demanding, e.g. "We want food," "We want
freedom of worship," "We want union freedom" - steps that will lead us
toward the realization of the goals of our movement, which are: GOD,
HOMELAND and DEMOCRACY.

If a lack of organization and command is noted in the enemy

authority,
and the people find themselves in a state of exaltation, advantage can
be
taken of this circumstance so that our agitators will raise the tone of
the
rallying slogans, taking them to the most strident point.
 If the masses are not emotionally exalted, our agitators will
continue
with the "partial" slogans, and the demands will be based on daily
needs,
chaining them to the goals of our movement.

An example of the need to give simple slogans is that few people

think
in terms of millions of cordobas, but any citizen, however humble he may
be, understands that a pair of shoes is necessary. The goals of the
movement are of an ideological nature, but our agitators must realize
that
food - "bread and butter," "the tortilla and red beans" - pull along the
people, and it should be understood that this is their main mission.

4. Creation of Nuclei

This involves the mobilization of a specific number of agitators of

the guerrilla organization of the place. This group will inevitably
attract
an equal number of curious persons who seek adventures and emotions, as
well as those unhappy with the system of government. The guerrillas will
attract sympathizers, discontented citizens as a consequence of the
repression of the system. Each guerrilla subunit will be assigned
specific
tasks and missions that they should carry out.

Our cadres will be mobilized in the largest number possible,

together
with persons who have been affected by the Communist dictatorship,
whether
their possessions have been stolen from them, they have been
incarcerated,
or tortured, or suffered from any other type of aggression against them.
They will be mobilized toward the areas where the hostile and criminal
elements of the FSLN, CDS and others live, with an effort for them to be
armed with clubs, iron rods, placards and if possible, small firearms,
which they will carry hidden.

If possible, professional criminals will be hired to carry out

specific selected "jobs."

Our agitators will visit the places where the unemployed meet, as
well
as the unemployment offices, in order to hire them for unspecified
"jobs."
The recruitment of these wage earners is necessary because a nucleus is
created under absolute orders.

The designated cadres will arrange ahead of time the transportation

of
the participants, in order to take them to meeting places in private or
public vehicles, boats or any other type of transportation.

Other cadres will be designated to design placards, flags and

banners
with different slogans or key words, whether they be partial, temporary
or
of the most radical type.

Other cadres will be designated to prepare flyers, posters, signs

and
pamphlets to make the concentration more noticeable. This material will
contain instructions for the participants and will also serve against
the
regime.

Specific tasks will be assigned to others, in order to create a

"martyr" for the cause, taking the demonstrators to a confrontation with
the authorities, in order to bring about uprisings or shootings, which
will
cause the death of one or more persons, who would become the martyrs, a
situation that should be made use of immediately against the regime, in
order to create greater conflicts.

5. Ways to Lead an Uprising at Mass Meetings

It can be carried out by means of a small group of guerrillas

infiltrated within the masses, who will have the mission of agitating,
giving the impression that there are many of them and that they have
popular backing. Using the tactics of a force of 200-300 agitators, a
demonstration can be created in which 10,00-20,00 persons take part.

The agitation of the masses in a demonstration is carried out by

means
of sociopolitical objectives. In this action one or several people of
our
convert movement should take part, highly trained as mass agitators,
involving innocent persons, in order to bring about an apparent
spontaneous
protest demonstration. They will lead all of the concentration to the
end
of it.

Outside Commando. This element stays out of all activity, located

so
that they can observe from where they are the development of the planned
events. As a point of observation, they should look for the tower of a
church, a high building, a high tree, the highest level of the stadium
or
an auditorium, or any other high place.

Inside Commando. This element will remain within the multitude.

Great
importance should be given to the protection of the leaders of these
elements. Some placards or large allusive signs should be used to
designate
the Commando Posts and to provide signals to the subunits. This element
will avoid placing itself in places where fights or incidents come about
after the beginning of the demonstration.

These key agitators of ours will remain within the multitude. The
one
responsible for this mission will assign ahead of time the agitators to
remain near the placard that he will indicate to them, in order to give
protection to the placard from any contrary element. In that way the
commander will know where our agitators are, and will be able to send
orders to change passwords or slogans, or any other unforeseen thing,
and
even eventually to incite violence if he desires it.

At this stage, once the key cadres have been dispersed, they should
place themselves in visible places such as by signs, lampposts, and
other
places which stand out.

Our key agitators should avoid places of disturbances, once they

have
taken care of the beginning of the same.

Defense Posts. These elements will act as bodyguards in movement,

forming a ring of protection for the chief, protecting him from the
police
and the army, or helping him to escape if it should be necessary. They
should be highly disciplined and will react only upon a verbal order
from
the chief.

In case the chief participates in a religious concentration, a

funeral
or any other type of activity in which they have to behave in an
organized
fashion, the bodyguards will remain in the ranks very close to the chief
or
to the placard or banner carriers in order to give them full protection.

The participants in this mission should be guerrilla combatants in

civilian clothes, or hired recruits who are sympathizers in our struggle
and who are against the oppressive regime.

These members must have a high discipline and will use violence
only
on the verbal orders of the one in charge of them.

Messengers. They should remain near the leaders, transmitting

orders
between the inside and outside commandos. They will use communication
radios, telephones, bicycles, motorcycles, cars, or move on foot or
horseback, taking paths or trails to shorten distances. Adolescents
(male
and female) are ideal for this mission.

Shock Troops. These men should be equipped with weapons (Knives,

razors, chains, clubs, bludgeons) and should march slightly behind the
innocent and gullible participants. They should carry their weapons
hidden.
They will enter into action only as "reinforcements" if the guerrilla
agitators are attacked by the police. They will enter the scene quickly,
violently and by surprise, in order to distract the authorities, in this
way making possible the withdrawal or rapid escape of the inside
commando.

Carriers of Banners and Placards. The banners and placards used in

demonstrations or concentrations will express the protests of the
population, but when the concentration reaches its highest level of
euphoria or popular discontent, our infiltrated persons will make use of
the placards against the regime, which we manage to infiltrate in a
hidden
fashion, an don them slogans or key words will be expressed to the
benefit
of our cause. The one responsible for this mission will assign the
agitators ahead of time to keep near the placard of any contrary
element.
In that way, the comandante will know where the agitators are, and will
be
able to send orders to change slogans and eventually to incite violence
if
he wishes.

Agitators of Rallying Cries and Applause. They will be trained with

specific instructions to use tried rallying cries. They will be able to
use
phrase such as "WE ARE HUNGRY, WE WAND BREAD," and "WE DON'T WANT
COMMUNISM." There work and their technique for agitating the masses is
quite similar to those of the leaders of applause and slogans at the
high
school football or baseball games. The objective is to become more adept
and not just to shout rallying cries.

6. Conclusions

In a revolutionary movement of guerrilla warfare, the mass

concentrations and protest demonstrations are the principle essential
for
the destruction of the enemy structures.

MASSIVE IN-DEPTH SUPPORT THROUGH PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

1. Generalities

The separate coverage in these sections could leave the student

with
some doubts. Therefore, all sections are summarized here, in order to
give
a clearer picture of this book.

2. Motivation as Combatant-Propagandist

Every member of the struggle should know that his political mission
is
as important as, if not more important than, his tactical mission.

3. Armed Propaganda

Armed propaganda in small towns, rural villages, and city

residential
districts should give the impression that our weapons are not for
exercising power over the people, but rather that the weapons are for
protecting the people; that they are the power of the people against the
FSLN government of oppression.

4. Armed Propaganda Teams

Armed Propaganda Teams will combine political awareness building

and
the ability to conduct propaganda for ends of personal persuasion, which
will be carried out within the population.

5. Cover ("Facade") Organizations

The fusion of several organizations and associations recognized by

the
government, through internal subjective control, occurs in the final
stages
of the operation, in close cooperation with mass meetings.

6. Control of Mass Demonstrations

The mixture of elements of the struggle with participants in the

demonstration will give the appearance of a spontaneous demonstration,
lacking direction,which will be used by the agitators of the struggle to
control the behavior of the masses.

7. Conclusion

Too often we see guerrilla warfare only from the point of view of
combat actions. This view is erroneous and extremely dangerous. Combat
actions are not the key to victory in guerrilla warfare but rather form
part of one of the six basic efforts. There is no priority in any of the
efforts, but rather they should progress in a parallel manner. The
emphasis
or exclusion of any of these efforts could bring about serious
difficulties, and in the worst of cases, even failure. The history of
revolutionary wars has shown this reality.

APPENDIX

The purpose of this appendix is to complement the guidelines and

recommendations to the propagandist-guerrillas expressed under the topic
of
"Techniques of Persuasion in Talks and Speeches," to improve the ability
to
organize and express thoughts for those who wish to perfect their
oratorical abilities. After all, oratory is one of the most valuable
resources for exercising leadership. Oratory can be used, then, as an
extraordinary political tool.

2. The Audience

Oratory is simultaneous communication par excellence, i.e., the

orator
and his audience share the same time and space. Therefore, every speech
should be a different experience at "that" moment or particular
situation
which the audience is experiencing and which influences them. So the
audience must be considered as "a state of mind." Happiness, sadness,
anger, fear, etc., are states of mind that we must consider to exist in
our
audience, and it is the atmosphere that affects the target public.

The human being is made up of a mind and soul; he acts in

accordance
with his thoughts and sentiments and responds to stimuli of ideas and
emotions. In that way there exist only two possible focuses in any plan,
including speeches: the concrete, based on rational appeals, i.e., to
thinking; and the idealized, with emotional appeals, i.e., to sentiment.

For his part the orator, although he must be sensitive to the

existing
mass sentiment, he must at the same time keep his cold judgment to be
able
to lead and control effectively the feelings of an audience. When in the
oratorical momentum the antithesis between heart and brain comes about,
judgment should always prevail, characteristic of a leader.

3. Political Oratory

Political oratory is one of the various forms of oratory, and it

usually fulfills one of three objectives: to instruct, persuade, or
move;
and its method is reduced to urging (asking), ordering, questioning and
responding.

Oratory is a quality so tied to political leadership that it can be

said that the history of political orators is the political history of
humanity, an affirmation upheld by names such as Cicero, Demosthenes,
Danton, Mirabeau, Robespierre, Clemenceau, Lenin, Trotsky, Mussolini,
Hitler, Roosevelt, etc.

4. Qualities in a Speech

In general terms, the most appreciated qualities of a speech, and

specifically a political speech in the context of the psychological
action
of the armed struggle, are the following:

þ Be brief and concise

A length of five minutes [line missing in Spanish text]...that
of
the orator who said: "If you want a two-hour speech, I'll
start
right now; if you want a two-minute one, let me think awhile."

þ Centered on the theme

The speech should be structured by a set of organized ideas
that
converge on the theme. A good speech is expressed by concepts
and
not only with words.
 þ Logic
The ideas presented should be logical and easily acceptable.
never challenge logic in the mind of the audience, since
immediately the main thing is lost - credibility. As far as
possible, it is recommended that all speeches be based on a
syllogism, which the orator should adjust in his exposition.
For
example: "Those governing get rich and are thieves; the
Sandinistas have enriched themselves governing; then, the
Sandinistats are thieves." This could be the point of a speech
on
the administrative corruption of the regime. When an idea or a
set of guiding ideas do not exist in a speech, confusion and
dispersion easily arise.

5. Structure of a Speech

Absolute improvisation does not exist in oratory. All orators have

a
"mental plan" that allows them to organize their ideas and concepts
rapidly; with practice it is possible to come to do this in a few
seconds,
almost simultaneously with the expression of the word.

The elements that make up a speech are given below, in a structure

that we recommend always putting into practice, to those who wish to
more
and more improve their oratorical abilities:

þ Introduction or Preamble
One enters into contact with the public, a personal
introduction
can be made or one of the movement to which we belong, the
reason
for our presence, etc. In these first seconds it is important
to
make an impact, attracting attention and provoking interest
among
the audience. For that purpose, there are resources such as
beginning with a famous phrase or a previously prepared
slogan,
telling a dramatic or humorous story, etc.

þ Purpose or Enunciation
The subject to be dealt with is defined, explained as a whole
or
by parts.

þ Appraisal or Argumentation
Arguments are presented, EXACTLY IN THIS ORDER: First, the
negative arguments, or against the thesis that is going to be
upheld, and then the positive arguments, or favorable ones to
our
thesis, immediately adding proof or facts that sustain such
arguments.
 þ Recapitulation or Conclusion
A short summary is made and the conclusions of the speech are
spelled out.

þ Exhortation
Action by the public is called for, i.e., they are asked in
and
almost energetic manner to do or not to do something.

6. Some Literary Resources

Although there exist typically oratorical devices of diction, in

truth, oratory has taken from other literary genres a large number of
devices, several of which often, in an unconscious manner, we use in our
daily expressions and even in our speeches.

Below we enunciate many of their literary devices in frequent use

in
oratory, recommending to those interested moderate use of them, since an
orator who over-uses the literary device loses authenticity and sounds
untrue.

The devices that are used the most in oratory are those obtained
through the repetition of words in particular periods of the speech,
such
as:

Anaphora, or repetition of a word at the beginning of each

sentence,
e.g., "Freedom for the poor, freedom for the rich, freedom for all." In
the
reiteration, repetition is of a complete sentence (slogan) insistently
through the speech, e.g., "With God and patriotism we will overcome
Communism because...:

Conversion is the repetition at the end of every phrase, e.g.:

"Sandinismo tries to be about everyone, dominate everyone, command
everyone, and as an absolute tyranny, do away with everyone."

In the emphasis, repetition is used at the beginning and at the end

of
the clause, e.g., "Who brought the Russian-Cuban intervention? The
Sandinistas. And who is engaged in arms trafficking with the neighboring
countries? The Sandinistas. And who is proclaiming to be in favor of
nonintervention? The Sandinistas."

Reduplication, when the phrase begins with the same word that ends
the
previous one. For example: "We struggle for democracy, democracy and
social
justice." The concatenation is a chain made up of duplications. For
example: "Communism transmits the deception of the child to the young
man,
of the young man to the adult, and of the adult to the old man."

In the antithesis or word play, the same words are used with a
different meaning to give an ingenious effect: e.g., "The greatest
wealth
of every human being is his own freedom, because slaves will always be
poor
but we poor can have the wealth of our freedom."

Similar cadences, through the use of verbs of the same tense and
person, or nouns of the same number and case. For example: "Those of us
who
are struggling we will be marching because he who perseveres achieves,
and
he who gives up remains."

Use of synonyms, repetition of words with a similar meaning. For

example: "We demand a Nicaragua for all, without exceptions, without
omissions."

Among the figures of speech most used in oratory are:

Comparison or simile, which sets the relationship of similarity

between two or more beings or things. For example: "Because we love
Christ,
we love his bishops and pastors," and "Free as a bird."

Antithesis, or the counterposition of words, ideas, or phrases of

an
opposite meaning. For example: "They promised freedom and gave slavery;
that they would distribute the wealth and they have distributed poverty;
that they would bring peace, and they have brought about war."

Among the logic figures are the following:

Concession, which is a skillful way to concede something to the

adversary in order to better emphasize the inappropriate aspects,
through
the use of expressions such as: but, however, although, nevertheless, in
spite of the fact that, etc. For example: "The mayor here has been
honest,
but he is not the one controlling all the money of the nation." It is an
effective form of rebuttal when the opinion of the audience is not
entirely
ours.

Permission, in which one apparently accedes to something, when in

reality it is rejected. For example: "Do not protest, but sabotage
them."
"Talk quietly, but tell it to everyone."

Prolepsis is an anticipated refutation. For example: "Some will

think
that they are only promises; they will say, others said the same thing,
but
no. We are different, we are Christians, we consider God a witness to
our
words."

Preterition is an artifice, pretending discretion when something is

said with total clarity and indiscretion. For example: "If I were not
obligated to keep military secrets, I would tell all of you of the large
amount of armaments that we have so that you would feel even more
confidence that our victory is assured."

Communication is a way to ask and give the answer to the same

question. For example: "If they show disrespect for the ministers of
God,
will they respect us, simple citizens? Never."

Rhetorical questions are a way in which one shows perplexity or

inability to say something, only as an oratorical recourse. For example:
"I
am only a peasant and can tell you little. I know little and I will not
be
able to explain to you the complicated things of politics. Therefore, I
talk to you with my heart, with my simple peasant's heart, as we all
are."

Litotes is a form of meaning a lot by saying little. For example:

"The
nine commanders have stolen little, just the whole country."

Irony consists of getting across exactly the opposite of what one

is
saying. For example: "The divine mobs that threaten and kill, they are
indeed Christians."

Amplification is presenting an idea from several angles. For

example:
"Political votes are the power of the people in a democracy. And
economic
votes are their power in the economy. Buying or not buying something,
the
majorities decide what should be produced. For something to be produced
or
to disappear. That is part of economic democracy."

The most usual plaintive figures of speech are:

Deprecation or entreaty to obtain something. For example: "Lord,

free
us from the yoke. Give us freedom."

Imprecation or threat, expressing a sentiment in view of the unjust

or
hopeless. For example: "Let there be a Homeland for all or let there be
a
Homeland for no one."

Conmination, similar to the previous one, presents a bad wish for

the
rest. For example, "Let them drown in the abyss of their own
corruption."

The apostrophe consists of addressing oneself towards something

supernatural or inanimate as if it were a living being. For example:
"Mountains of Nicaragua, make the seed of freedom grow."

Interrogation consists of asking a question of oneself, to give

greater emphasis to what is expressed. It is different from
communication,
since it gives the answer and is of a logical and not a plaintive
nature.
For example: "If they have already injured the members of my family, my
friends, my peasant brothers, do I have any path other than brandishing
a
weapon?"

Reticence consists of leaving a thought incomplete, intentionally,

so
that mentally the audience completes it. For example, "They promised
political pluralism and gave totalitarianism. They promised political
pluralism and gave totalitarianism. They promised social justice, and
they
have increased poverty. They offered freedom of thought, and they have
given censorship. Now, what they promise the world are free
elections..."

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This completes the text of the CIA's manual and you are encouraged
to
upload other materials similar to this.