Geometry Theorems

Information for Students and Teachers

Geometry Theorems
Geometry is a very formal part of the Mathematics course. Proofs need to
be set out in a very particular way that ensures that all statements have a
reason attached to them.
Most of the following pages were originally written by the mathematics
staff at James Ruse Agricultural High School and we acknowledge that this
is primarily their work (in particular Mr R Howlett).
The Mathematics Department at PLC Sydney made several elaborations
and additions.
By looking at the following worked examples, it is hoped that students will
be guided by the steps and justification needed to correctly write down a
geometrical proof.
1
GEOMETRY THEOREMS AND PROOFS
Rationale:
In order to gain full marks, students should present a solution in which there is a full
equation showing the geometric property that is being used and a worded reason that
again identifies the geometric property that is being used.
EXAMPLE:
Find the value of x.
C
B
A
x
42
73
EQUATION REASON COMMENT
65
180 115
180 73 42

+
+ +
x
x
x (Angle sum of
180 equals ABC
)
Desired level of proof to be reproduced by students:
full equation contains geometric property
reason contains geometric property
General Notes:
(1) the word equals may be replaced by the symbol = or words such as is
(2) abbreviations such as coint, alt, vert opp, etc are to be used with caution. The
Board of Studies advises that commonly accepted abbreviations in geometrical proofs
are accepted by markers, provided that the abbreviation left the marker in no doubt that
the student knew the relevant theorem or property.
(3) the angle symbol ( ), the triangle symbol (), the parallel symbol (||), the
perpendicular symbol (), etc are not to be used as substitutes for words unless used
with labels such as PQR, ABC, AB||XY, PQST
(4) If the diagram is not labelled then students may introduce their own labels or refer to
the shape in general terms such as angle sum of triangle is 180
o
or angle sum of
straight angle is 180
o

(5)

PKQ is the same as

PKQ
(6) The converse of a theorem or rule means the reverse of the rule or theorem, written
in a back-to-front way. If a statement is true, its converse may be true or false.
Example 1:
Statement: If lines are parallel, then corresponding angles are equal. (True)
Converse: If corresponding angles are equal, then the lines are parallel. (True)
Example 2:
Statement: If any two angles are right angles, then they are equal angles. (True)
Converse: If any two angles are equal angles, then they are right angles. (False)
2
Revolution, Straight Angles, Adjacent angles, Vertically opposite angles
The sum of angles about a point is 360
o
Find the value of x.

P
165
60
x 2 x
D
C
B
A
360 165 60 2 + + + x x (angle sum at point P
equals 360
o
)
360 225 3 + x
135 3 x
45 x
OR
360 165 60 2 + + + x x (angles at a point equal
360
o
)
360 225 3 + x
135 3 x
45 x
OR
360 165 60 2 + + + x x (angles in a revolution)
360 225 3 + x
135 3 x
45 x
The sum of the angles in a right angle is 90
o
.
AB is perpendicular to BC. Find the value of x.

D
C B
A
x
36
90 36 + x (angle sum of right angle ABC
equals 90
o
)
54 x
OR
x + 36 = 90 (angles in a right angle equal 90
o
)
54 x
OR
x + 36 = 90 ( ABC is a right angle)
54 x
AB is perpendicular to BC. Find the value of x. 40 36 90 x + + (angle sum of right angle ABC
equals 90
o
)
14 x
OR
40 36 90 x + + (angles in a right angle equal 90
o
)
14 x
3
D
C B
A
x
o
40
36
o
E
The sum of the angles in a straight angle is 180
o
.
FMJ is a straight line. Find the value of x.

J
H
F
M
72
o
4x
o

4 72 180 x + (angle sum of straight angle FMJ
equals 180
o
)
4 108 x
27 x
OR
4 72 180 x + (adjacent angles on a straight line
equal 180
o
)
4 108 x
27 x
OR
4 72 180 x + ( FMJ is a straight angle)
4 108 x
27 x
FMJ is a straight line. Find the value of x.
J
I
H
G
F
M
50
46
4x
2x
180 50 46 4 2 + + + x x (angle sum of straight
angle FMJ equals 180
o
)
180 96 6 + x
84 6 x
14 x
OR
180 50 46 4 2 + + + x x (angles on a straight line
equal 180
o
)
180 96 6 + x
84 6 x
14 x
4
Three points are collinear if they form a straight angle
AKB is a straight line.
Prove that the points P, K and Q are collinear.
Q
P
K
B
A
72
3x
2x
180 2 3 + x x (angle sum of straight angle AKB
equals 180
o
)
180 5 x
36 x
( )
( )
3 72
3 36 72
180
PKQ x +
+

P, K and Q are collinear ( PKQ is a straight

angle which equals
180
o
)
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
AC and DE are straight lines. Find the value of y.

y
29
D
B
E
C
A
67
67 29 + y
(vertically opposite angles are equal)
38 y
5
Angles and Parallel Lines
Alternate angles on parallel lines are equal.
All lines are straight. Find the value of x.

>>
>>
A
B
C
D
E
H
F
G
x
59
o
o
59 x (alternate angles are equal as AB||CD)
NOTE: it is important to name the lines,
especially when there is more than one pair of
parallel lines in the diagram.
OR
59 x (alternate angles on parallel lines are
equal)
Corresponding angles on parallel lines are equal.
All lines are straight. Find the value of x.

>>
>>
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
137
x
o
o
137 x (corresponding angles are equal as AB||
CD)
NOTE: it is important to name the lines,
especially when there is more than one pair of
parallel lines in the diagram.
OR
137 x (corresponding angles on parallel lines
are equal)
6
Co-interior angles on parallel lines are supplementary.
All lines are straight. Find the value of x.

>>
>>
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
125
x
o
o
180 125 + x (co-interior angles are
supplementary as AB||CD)
55 x
NOTE: it is important to name the lines,
especially when there is more than one pair of
parallel lines in the diagram.
OR
180 125 + x (co-interior angles on parallel lines
are supplementary)
55 x
Two lines are parallel if a pair of alternate angles are equal
Prove that AB
P
CD

73
73
H
G
C
D
A
B
E
F
AGH is alternate to GHD
73 AGH GHD (given)
CD AB ||
, because a pair of alternate angles
are equal
Two lines are parallel if a pair of corresponding angles are equal
Prove that AB
P
CD

65
65
H
G
C
D
A
B
E
F
EGB is corresponding to GHD
EGB = GHD = 65
o
(given)
CD AB ||
, because a pair of corresponding
angles are equal
7
Two lines are parallel if a pair of cointerior angles are supplementary
Prove that PR
P
KM

56
124
L
Q
K
M
P
R
X
Y
RQL
is co-interior to
QLM
RQL + QLM = 124
o
+ 56
o
(given)
= 180
o
KM PR ||
, because a pair of co-interior angles
are supplementary
8
Angles in Polygons
The longest side is opposite the largest angle. The shortest side is opposite the smallest angle.

A
B
C
x
y
z
o
o
o
Longest side = BC
Largest angle = z
Shortest side = AB
Smallest angle = y
For a triangle to exist, the sum of the two smaller sides in a triangle must be greater than the longest
side. This is known as the Triangle Inequality.

A
B
C
x
y
z
o
o
o
AB + AC > BC
Conversely, the length of the longest side is
always less than the sum of the other two sides.
BC < AB + AC
The angle sum of a triangle is 180
o
.
Find the value of x.

A
B
C
x
34
67
o
o
o
180 34 67 + + x (angle sum of ABC equals
180
o
)
180 101 + x
79 x
The exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the opposite interior angles.
Find the value of x.

A D C
B
x
47
68
o o
o
47 68 + x (exterior angle of ABC equals sum
of the two opposite interior angles)
115 x
The sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360
o
.
Find the value of x.

A
C
B
x
157
128
o
o
o
360 128 157 + + x (sum of exterior angles of
ABC equals 360
o
)
360 285 + x
75 x
9
The angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal. (The converse is also true)
Find the value of x.

||
=
A
B
C
54
x
o
o
54 x (equal angles are opposite equal sides in
ABC )
OR
AC = AB (given)
ABC is isosceles
54 x (base angles of isosceles ABC are
equal)
NOTE: The converse of a theorem or rule
means the reverse of the rule or theorem,
written in a back-to-front way. If a statement is
true, its converse may be true or false.
The sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal (The converse is also true).
Find the value of x.

12
15
x
A
B C
65
o
65
o
15 x (equal sides are opposite equal angles in
ABC )
OR
ABC = BAC (given)
ABC is isosceles
15 x (equal sides in isosceles triangle)
All angles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle are 60
o
.
ABC is equilateral. EC and DB are angle
bisectors and meet at P. Find the size of CPB.

B C
A
P
D
E
ACB = 60
o
(all angles of an equilateral triangle
are 60
o
)

similarly ABC = 60
o
ECB = 30
o
(EC bisects ACB, given)
similarly DBC = 30
o
CPB + 60
o
= 180
o
(angle sum of PCB equals
180
o
)
CPB = 120
o
10
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360
o
.
Find the value of x.

A
B
C
D
o
o
o
o
x
3x
130
70
130 3 70 360 x x + + + (angle sum of quadrilateral
ABCD equals 360
o
)
360 200 4 + x
40
160 4

x
x
The angle sum of a n-sided polygon is
( 2) 180 n
or (2n-4)right angles.
Find the value of x.

106
87
x
165
92
B
C
D
E
A
Angle sum of a pentagon = (n-2) 180
= (5-2) 180
= 540
x +92+87+106+165 = 540 (angle sum of pentagon
equals 540
o
)
x+450 = 540
x = 90
The angle at each vertex of a regular n-sided polygon is
( ) 180 2 n
n

1
1
]
Find the size of each interior angle of a regular
hexagon.
180 4
Angle size
6
120

,

The sum of the exterior angles of a n-sided polygon is 360
o
.
Find the size of each interior angle of a regular
decagon.
Sum of exterior angles = 360
o
Exterior angles =
o
10
360

,
_

= 36
o
Interior angles = 144
o
(angle sum of straight angle
equals 180
o
)
11
Pythagoras Theorem
Pythagoras Theorem: In a right angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of
the squares on the other two sides.
Find the value of x.

12
15
x
2 2 2
c a b + (Pythagoras Theorem)
2 2 2
15 12 x +
2
225 144 x +
2
225 144 x
2
81 x
9=x (x>0 as it is a length)

x=9 units
OR
9 x (3,4,5 Pythagorean Triad)
A triangle is right-angled if the square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the other
two sides (converse of Pythagoras Theorem)
Prove that the triangle with sides 6, 10 and 8 is
right-angled.
2
2
2
6 36
8 64
10 100
100 36 64

+
Therefore the triangle is right-angled, because it
satisfies Pythagoras Theorem
More formally:
Prove that ABC is right-angled.

8 cm
10 cm
6 cm
A C
B
Prove
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) BC AB AC +
2
2
( )
10
100
LHS BC

2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
6 8
36 64
100
RHS AB AC +
+
+

LHS RHS
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) BC AB AC +
ABC is right-angled (Pythagoras theorem
converse)
12
Congruent Triangles The 4 Tests for Congruent Triangles

means is congruent to
Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other
triangle. (The SSS Test)
Given that AC = DB and AB = DC,
prove that CAB BDC.

12
8
12
8
A
B
C
D
In CAB and BDC
AC = BD = 8 (given)
AB = CD = 12 (given)
CB is common
CAB BDC (SSS)
Two triangles are congruent if two sides of one triangle are equal to two sides of the other triangle
and the angles included by these sides are equal. (The SAS Test)
Given that AC = BD and CAB = DBA,
prove that CAB DBA.

=
=
A
B
C
D
In CAB and DBA
AB is common
AC = BD (given)
CAB = DBA (given)
CAB DBA (SAS)
Two triangles are congruent if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other
triangle and one pair of corresponding sides is equal. (The AAS Test)
Given that AD and BC are straight lines and
AB = CD and EAB = ECD, prove that
ABE CDE.

=
=
A
B
C
D
E
*
*
In ABE and CDE.
AB = CD (given)
EAB = ECD (given)
AEB = CED (vertically opposite angles are
equal)
ABE CDE (AAS)
13
Two right-angled triangles are congruent if their hypotenuses are equal and a pair of sides is also
equal. (The RHS Test)
Given that CD = AD, prove that ABD CBD.

=
=
A
B
D
C
In ABD and CBD
BCD = BAD = 90
o
CD = AD (given)
DB is common
ABD CBD (RHS)
An example of a geometric proof that uses a congruency test:
Given that AB=CB and AD=CD, prove that
BD bisects ADC .
In ABD and CBD
AB=CB (given)
AD=CD (given)
BD is common
ABD CBD (SSS)
ADB CDB (corresponding angles in
congruent triangles are equal)
BD bisects ADC
NOTE: the word matching can be used
instead of corresponding.
Another example:
ABCD is a square. AE = CF. Prove that AF = CE Let AB = x
Let AE = y

BE = x-y
Similarly, DF = x-y

BE = DF
In ADF and CBE ,
BE = DF (proved above)
AD = CB (opposite sides of a square are equal)
ADF CBE (all angles in a square equal 90
)
ADF CBE (SAS)

AF = CE (corresponding sides in congruent

triangles are equal
14
B
D
A
C
A B
D
C
E
F
Similar Triangles The 4 Tests for Similar Triangles
||| means is similar to
There are NO abbreviations for the names of the similarity tests
Two triangles are similar if two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other triangle
NOTE: there is no need to mention the third angle.
Prove that ABC and DCA are similar.



*
*
A
B
C
D
In ABC and DCA
ABC = DCA (given)
BAC = CDA (given)
ABC ||| DCA (equiangular)
Note: The abbreviations AA or AAA will not be
accepted.
Two triangles are similar if the ratios of two pairs of corresponding sides are equal and the angles
included by these sides are equal.
Prove that BCA and ACD are similar.

36
16
24
*
*
A
B
C
D
In BCA and ACD
BCA = ACD (given)
2
3
24
36

AC
BC
2
3
16
24

DC
AC
BCA ||| ACD (sides adjacent to equal angles
are in the same ratio)
OR
In BCA and ACD
BCA = ACD (given)
2
3
24
36

AC
BC
2
3
16
24

DC
AC
BCA ||| ACD (sides adjacent to equal angles
are in proportion)
15

36
16
24
*
*
A
B
C
D
OR
In BCA and ACD
BCA = ACD (given)
2
3
24
36

AC
BC
2
3
16
24

DC
AC
BCA ||| ACD (two pairs of corresponding
sides in the same ratio and
included angles are equal)
NOTE: the word matching can be used
instead of corresponding.
Two triangles are similar if the ratios of the three pairs of sides are equal.
Prove that ABC and ACD are similar.

A
B
C
D
12
16
24
18
32
In ABC and DCA
16 4
12 3
AB
DC

32 4
24 3
BC
CA

24 4
18 3
AC
DA

ABC ||| DCA (three pairs of sides in the same
ratio)
OR
In ABC and DCA
16 4
12 3
AB
DC

32 4
24 3
BC
CA

24 4
18 3
AC
DA

ABC ||| DCA (three pairs of sides in
proportion)
16
Two triangles are similar if the hypotenuse and a second side of a right-angled triangle are
proportional to the hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle.
Prove that ABC and CDE are similar. In ABC and CDE
6 2
3 1
AB
CD

10 2
5 1
AC
CE

90 ABC CDE (right-angled triangles)
ABC ||| DCA (hypotenuse and a second side
of a right-angled triangle are
proportional to the
hypotenuse and a second side
of another right-angled
triangle)
An example of a geometric proof that uses a similarity test:
Example problem:
Given that
AB PQ P
, find the value of x.

9 cm
Q
P
C B
A
x cm
12 cm
8 cm
In ABC and
PQC
PQC ABC
(corresponding angles are equal
as
AB PQ P
)
PCQ ACB
(common)
PQC ABC |||
(equiangular)
12
20
9

x
(corresponding sides in similar triangles
are in the same ratio)
12
20
9 x
15 x
NOTE: (1) Either in the same ratio or are in
proportion can be used in the
reason.
(2) The word matching can be used
instead of corresponding.
17
A
B
C
10
6
C
D E
5
3
Intercepts and Parallels
Parallel lines preserve the ratio of intercepts on transversals. (The converse is not true)
Find the value of x.

>
>
>
x
24
32
18
24
18
32

x
(parallel lines preserve the ratios of
intercepts on transversals)
x = 24
OR
24
18
32

x
(when three or more parallel lines are cut
by two transversals, the ratio of
intercepts is equal)
x = 24
An interval parallel to a side of a triangle divides the other sides in the same ratio. (The converse is
true)
Find the value of x.

>
>
B
C
A
I J
x
15
9
20
CJ BI
JA IA
(interval parallel to side of ABC
divides other sides in same ratio)
15
20
9

x

x = 12
An interval joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half its
length.
E and F are midpoints of AB and AC.
G and H are midpoints of FB and FC.
Prove that EF = GH.

B
C
A
E F
G H
EF=BC (interval joining midpoints of sides of
ABC is half the length 3rd side)
Similarly in BFC , GH=BC
EF = GH
NOTE: It can also be proven that EF and GH
are parallel
18
Quadrilateral Properties
Trapezium
One pair of sides of a trapezium are parallel
Kite
Two pairs of adjacent sides of a kite are equal
One diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal
One diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles
The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular
A kite has one axis of symmetry
Parallelogram
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
A parallelogram has point symmetry
Rhombus
The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel
All sides of a rhombus are equal
The opposite angles of a rhombus are equal
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the opposite angles
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular
A rhombus has two axes of symmetry
A rhombus has point symmetry
Rectangle
The opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel
The opposite sides of a rectangle are equal
All angles at the vertices of a rectangle are 90
o
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal
The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other
A rectangle has two axes of symmetry
A rectangle has point symmetry
Square
Opposite sides of a square are parallel
All sides of a square are equal
All angles at the vertices of a square are 90
o
The diagonals of a square are equal
The diagonals of a square bisect the opposite angles
The diagonals of a square bisect each other
The diagonals of a square are perpendicular
A square has four axes of symmetry
A square has point symmetry
19
Properties of Quadrilaterals:
k
i
t
e
t
r
a
p
e
z
i
u
m
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
o
g
r
a
m
r
e
c
t
a
n
g
l
e
r
h
o
m
b
u
s
s
q
u
a
r
e
How many axes of symmetry? 1 0 0 2 2 4
Does it have point symmetry? no no yes yes yes yes
How many pairs of opposite equal
sides?
0 0 2 2 2 2
How many pairs of opposite
parallel sides?
0 1 2 2 2 2
How many pairs of opposite equal
angles?
1 0 2 2 2 2
Are the diagonals equal? no no no yes no yes
Do the diagonals bisect each other? no no yes yes yes yes
Do the diagonals meet at right
angles?
yes no no no yes yes
Do the diagonals bisect each other
at right angles?
no no no no yes yes
Do the diagonals bisect the angles
through which they pass?
one
does
no no no yes yes
Does it have 4 equal sides? no no no no yes yes
Does it have 4 right angles? no no no yes no yes
20
The diagrams below show two different ways to represent the family of quadrilaterals. In the first
diagram, the quadrilaterals become more and more special as you move down the branches.
quadrilateral
trapezium
kite
parallelogram
rhombus
rectangle

square
The second diagram shows, for example, that all rectangles are special parallelograms.
Source: About Maths
21
Minimum conditions needed to prove a particular quadrilateral: Note: This list is not exhaustive.
A quadrilateral is a trapezium if:
It has one pair of parallel sides
A quadrilateral is a kite if:
Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal
or
The diagonals meet at right angles and one of them
is bisected by the other
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if:
both pairs of opposite sides are parallel
or
both pairs of opposite sides are equal
or
both pairs of opposite angles are equal
or
the diagonals bisect each other
(i.e. the diagonals have the same midpoint)
or
two sides are equal and parallel
A quadrilateral is a rhombus if:
all sides are equal
or
diagonals bisect each other at right angles
or
the diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
or
a pair of adjacent sides are equal and opposite
angles are equal
A quadrilateral is a rectangle if:
the diagonals are equal and they bisect each other
or
it has three right angles
or
it has two pairs of parallel sides and one right angle
or
it has two pairs of opposite sides equal and one
right angle
A quadrilateral is a square if:
it has four equal sides and one right angle
or
the diagonals are equal, bisect each other and meet
at right angles
22
23
Some useful tips for solving geometry problems under
exam conditions
Copy the diagram, include all the givens and add extra information to it.
Put your writing paper on top of the question booklet and trace the diagram (with pen), so that it looks
almost identical to the original. As you try to solve the problem(s), add information to the diagram (with
pencil). When you think you have answered the question on the diagram, re-trace your steps and write your
solution.
Dont start your solution by stating that the thing you are trying to prove is true.
If the question says: Prove that triangle ABP is congruent to triangle CAR,
dont start your solution by writing ABP CAR .
You could start your solution with:
Aim: To prove that ABP CAR
or
Required to prove ABP CAR
or
In
ABP and CAR
The last thing you write is:
ABP CAR , as required
If the question has 3 parts and you need the answer for part (i) to do part (ii), but you cant answer part
(i), make up a reasonable estimate for the answer to part (i) and use it to do the other parts. Show all of your
working and you might get full marks for parts (ii) and (iii).
Some useful terminology:
If you have done a few steps and you want to repeat those steps, the word similarly is quite useful,
so that you dont have to repeat all the steps. Remember the steps have to be exactly the same with
exactly the same reasons.
If you proved something in part (ii) and want to use it in part (iii), you can write the phrase from
part (ii) as a reason.
Be careful in using the word given. It means that the thing you have stated was actually written in
the question. For example, if you are told that:
ABC is a straight line and BD is perpendicular to AC
then dont write
0
90 ABD (given)
because that wasnt given
You could write:
BD AC (given)

0
90 ABD
24
Angle Chasing
If you are trying to prove something like:
2 angles are equal
one angle is twice the size of another
two angles are supplementary or complementary
you can employ a method called angle chasing.
Eg Prove that
0
90 ABP CAR
One way to do this is to start by writing:
Let CAR x
Then, using
x
, find other angles that might be, for example:
0
90 CAP x
2 PCR x
0
180 2 PAR x
0 0
180 2 (90 ) CAP x x
until you get to
0
90 ABP x
and so
0
90 ABP CAR
25
Exercise: The Basic Tools of Angle-Chasing
Let CAR x .
Write down an expression involving
x
for CAP (and give a reason)
P
C
A R
C
P R
A
C R


A P

C
P


R
PRCA is a rhombus
P R
A C
PRAC is a rhombus
R P
A C
Let CAR x .
Write down an expression involving
x
for ARP (and give reasons)

A C
R P
AC = CR A



P R C
C
A

R P
Let CAR x .
Write down an expression involving
x
for ACR (and give a reason)

A
R C

C
R A
CART is a parallelogram
C A
T R
AC = CR
A
R C

AC = CR
C
R A
AC = AR
C
A R
26
y
y
y
y
A
y
y
Here is a very good solution to a difficult geometry problem.
Example:
Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. D is a point on AC such that BC = BD. E is a point on AB such that BE
= ED = AD. Find the size of the angle EAD.
Solution:
Let EAD x
ED AD (given)
AED EAD x (angles opposite equal sides are equal in a triangle)
180 BED x (angle sum of a straight line)
BE ED (given)
EBD EDB (angles opposite equal sides are equal in a triangle)
In EBD
180 EBD EDB DEB + + (angle sum of triangle)
2 180
2 180 (180 )
2
2
EBD BED
EBD x
EBD x
x
EBD EDB




2 EDC x (exterior angle equals sum of two interior
opposite angles in triangle AED.
BDC EDC EDB (adjacent angles)
27
A
B C
D
E
A
B C
D
E
x
x
180 x
A
B C
D
E
x
x
2
x
2
x
2
2
3
2
x
BDC x
x
BDC


BD BC (given)
3
2
x
BDC BCD (angles opposite equal sides are equal in a triangle)
AB AC (given)
3
2
x
ABC ACB (angles opposite equal sides are equal in a triangle)
In ABC
180 ABC BCA CAB + + (angle sum of triangle)
3 3
180
2 2
4 180
45
45
x x
x
x
x
EAD
+ +



28
A
B C
D
E
x
x
2
x
3
2
x
3
2
x
3
2
x 3
2
x
A
B C
D
E
x