November 11, 2012

Wireless Communications

Lecture 2: Cellular Concept

Dr. Osama M. H. Amin
Electrical Engineering Department Assiut University

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What is this Lecture about?

Introduction Frequency Reuse and Mobility Management Cell Cluster Concept Co-channel and Adjacent Channel Interference Call Blocking and Delay at the Cell Site Mechanisms for Capacity Increase Channel Assignment Strategies First Suggested Project Reference: Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Cellular

Communications, Wireless Communications and Networking, John W. Mark and Weihua Zhuang, Prentice-Hall Inc.

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1- Introduction
Wireless channel exhibits impairments more severe than guided

wire channels, yielding

u Bad Signal-to-Interference and Noise ratio and (SINR) u Low coverage u High Bit Error Rate (BER) u Degraded throughput u Reduction of usable spectral width

Mitigation of interference can enlarge the spectral width, then

more users can be supported (larger throughput). How?

u Modulation and coding techniques u Detection techniques u Proper design of cellular communication system.

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Serving larger population large geographical area coverage. How? Use single transmitter with very high power and very high

antenna. Is this sufficient?

u No, all users will share the same frequency set and maximum number of

users will be limited, i.e. limited system capacity. u The reason of this limitation is that the radio resources is not efficiently used.

How to increase system capacity? u Frequency reuse

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2-Frequency Reuse and Cellular Communication

Assign the same set of radio resources to serve a smaller

geographical area and then reused to serve another small geographical area, and so on The small geographical area called cell, or a footprint. Which topology is best fit as cell model ? Circle or one of the regular shapes?

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Each cell has is served by: 1. Single base station (access point (AP)), or a cluster of cells. Channel from base station to user is called forward channel or downlink. And Channel from a user the base station is called reverse channel or uplink. 2. Mobile switching center (MSC) connected to a the base station by wireline. MSC has more computing power than the base stations, therefore most of the communication operations are handled by the MSC. Advantages: 1. Lower power transmitters with lower antennas height is used. 2. Total system capacity is increased. Disadvantages: 1. Interference 2. Because of the differences in terrain and population densities, real footprints are irregular in nature. 3. Cellular design must permit serving mobile users between cells, i.e. the connection must handed off from the serving base station to the new one.

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3- Mobility Management
Handoff Management u Definition: When a mobile moves into a different cell while a session is in a progress, the session has to be transferred to a new channel belonging to the new cell, Handoff. u Operation: Handoff involves the identification of a new base station and the allocation of channels to support both data and control signals in the new base stations. u Handled by: MSC Location Management u A mobile host (MH) is assigned a home network and identified by a home address by its home agent. u When MH moves away from the home network and enters a foreign network, it registers with its home agent through the foreign agent.

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4- Cell Cluster Concept

The channels used in the forward and reverse directions are

separated in time or in frequency to permit duplexing. The capacity of a cellular system is defined by the total number of channels available. And this depend on how the available channels are deployed. Cells which use the same set of frequencies are referred to cochannel cells, and the resulting interference is called cochannel interference. Cell cluster : a group of cells that use a different set of frequencies in each cell. Cluster size = N cells Each cell is allocated J channels Available channels in a cluster is K = JN

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5- Capacity Expansion by Frequency Reuse

The N cells use the the complete set of available frequencies or

channels (K) K = JN For a given available channels, the decrease in the cluster size is accompanied by an increase in the number of channels J allocated per cell, which can increase the cell capacity. The entire cellular communication system consists of replicated M clusters. Thus the system capacity C is given by C=MJN For the same available channels per cluster (K) and the same coverage geographical area:
u Decreasing number of cells per cluster (N), J must be increased to maintain

K constant. u M has to be increased to maintain the same coverage area.

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u Then the system capacity is increased.

When N is minimized, C is maximized for the same geographical

coverage area and total number of channels without reuse K. What is the cost?
Increasing cochannel Interference

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6- Cellular Layout for frequency Reuse

Rule for determining the nearest cochannel neighbors: 1. Move i cells along any chain of hexagons 2. Turn 60 degrees counterclockwise and move j cells. u N=i2+ij+j2

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Advantages of Cellular Systems: a) Use low power transmitter b) An allowance for frequency reuse Frequency reuse needs to be structured so that cochannel

interference is kept at an acceptable level. As the distance between cochannel cells increases, cochannel interference will decrease. If the cell size is fixed, the average signal to cochannel interference ratio will be independent of the transmitted power of each cell.

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7- Geometry of Hexagonal Cells

D is the radius between two adjacent cochannel

2 Dnorm = j 2 cos 2 ( 30 ) + ( i + j sin ( 30 ))

= i 2 + j 2 + ij Dnorm = N D = Dnorm 3R = 3N R

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8- Frequency Reuse Ratio

The frequency reuse ratio, q, is defined as:

D q = = 3N R

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9- Cochannel and Adjacent Channel Interference

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Worst Case Cochannel Interference N=7

S R k = I 2 ( D R ) k + 2D k + 2 ( D + R ) k 1 = k k k 2 ( q 1) + 2q + 2 ( q + q )

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Adjacent Channel Interference

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Other Mechanisms for Capacity Increase A) Cell Splitting

One way to perform cell splitting is to divide congested cell into

smaller cells, each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmit power.

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With more cells, there will be more clusters in the same coverage

area, which is equivalent to replicating a cell cluster more times, i.e. replication factor M is increased. Advantages of Cell splitting
1. 2. 3. 4.

Capacity Increase Reducing the call blocking probability Reduce transmit power Reduce antenna height
d Pr = P0 d0 Pt1 R k
k

R = Pt2 2

Pt1 = 2k Pt2 k =24

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B) Directional Antennas (Sectoring)

In the basic form, antennas are omnidirectional. Directional antenna can increase the system capacity relative to

that of omnidirectional antennas

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The worst case SIR is given by

S = I

R k

( Di )k
i=1

NI

Where NI depends on the form of antenna used. For 7-cell reuse

and omnidirectional case NI=6, while for 3-sector directional case, NI=2. Assume Di=D

1 k S = q I omni 6 1 k S = q I 120o 2 D q= R

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Worst Case Scenario in 120o

When the mobile is located at the corner of the cell, R is the cell

radius and D is the distance between the adjacent cochannel cells.

R 4 S = I 120o D 4 + ( D + 0.7R )4 = 1 4 q 4 + ( q + 0.7 )

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C) Channel Assignment Strategies

Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA) u In FCA, each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channels. Any attempt within can only be served by the unused channels in that particular cell. u To improve utilization, a borrowing option may be considered, where a cell is allowed to borrow channels from neighboring cell if all of its own channels are already occupied and the neighboring cell has spare channels. u Borrowing is normally supervised by the MSC Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) u In DCA, voice channels are not assigned to cells in a permanent basis. u MSC determines dynamically the availability of a channel and executes its allocation procedure accordingly. u MSC needs to collect real-time data on channel occupancy.

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Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission (CoMP)

CoMP was introduced in LTE-Advanced technology to to improve

the spectral efficiency and data throughput of LTE systems. Coordinated multipoint or cooperative MIMO is one of the promising concepts to improve cell edge user data rate and spectral efficiency beyond what is possible with MIMO OFDM in the first versions of LTE or WiMAX. Interference can be exploited or mitigated by cooperation between sectors or different sites. Significant gains can be shown for both the uplink and downlink. Multiple sectors of one base station (eNB in 3GPP LTE terminology)

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CoMP Challenges
Clustering: Suitable clusters of cooperating base stations have

to be found, which can be done in a static way or dynamically. Synchronization: Cooperating base stations have to be synchronized in frequency such that intercarrier interference is avoided, and in time in order to avoid both intersymbol and intercarrier interference. The maximum distance of cooperating base stations is limited since different propagation delays of different terminals may conflict with the guard interval. This aspect may be compensated through a more complex equalization. Channel estimation: A large number of eNBs in the COMP cluster in the UL will require a larger number of orthogonal UL pilot sequences.

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At some cluster sizes, the COMP gains are outweighed by

capacity losses due to additional pilot effort. Complexity: The above mentioned field trials have been performed using orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) in the UL, as this enables a subcarrier and symbolwise MIMO equalization and detection in the frequency domain. If single-carrier (SC)-FDMA was used as in LTE Release 8, equalization would be more complex. Backhaul: It can be a severe issue if centralized decoding is applied. Hence, adaptive decentralized/centralized cooperation appears to be an interesting option. Furthermore, source coding schemes appear interesting for backhaul compression.

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Femtocell
Femtocells are small, low-cost base stations located in the small

spaces such as houses and offices. The maximum allowed transmit power is low compared to transmit power of a macrocell base station. Thus, the subscribers demands of higher data rates with low delays are granted by femtocell deployment.

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Why Femtoceolls
why current cellular systems need to implement femtocells are

summarized as follows: 1. Coverage: Macrocells are inadequate when providing indoor coverage due to the signal attenuation while penetrating the outer walls of the buildings. However, the signal strength is good when there is small distance between the transmitter and the receiver. 2. Capacity: Since the coverage area of the femtocells is smaller than that of macrocells, there is less number of users in the cells and each user has a larger share of radio resources compared to the macrocellular networks. 3. Power: The macrocells handle a large number of users. When some users are passed on to femtocell base stations which decreases the load of the macrocells. Hence the air interface is maintained effectively for both outdoor and indoor users and the power consumed at the macrocell is reduced.

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Femtocell Benefits to End Users u Reduced in home call charges u Improved indoor coverage u Continued use of current handset u Reduced battery drain u One consolidated bill u Multiple users/lines u Landline support Femtocell Benefits to Mobile Operators u Improves coverage u Reduces backhaul traffic u Provides capacity enhancements u Enables triple play u Addresses the VoIP threat u Stimulates 3G usage u Captures termination fees u Allows for multiple users/lines u Addresses the fixed mobile convergence market with a highly attractive and efficient solution

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Thank you!
Next Lecture will be on:

Characterization of Wireless Channel Dont forget

u First Exam next week on cellular concept

Suggested First Project u Coordinated Multipoint: Concepts, Performance, Deployment Scenarios and Operational Challenges and Field Trial Results u Massive MIMO rule in Cellular Concept u Effect of cell size on previous items.