ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: Water Technology-I:

Introduction, Effect of Water on Rocks and Minerals, Types of impurities in Water, Hardness of Water –
Temporary and Permanent hardness. Units and Inter conversions of Units. Estimation of hardness by
EDTA Methods. Problems on Temporary and Permanent hardnesses. Analysis of Water - Alkalinity;
Chlorides and Dissolved Oxygen. Disadvantages of Hard Water. Methods of Treatment of Water for
Domestic Purpose - Sedimentation, Coagulation, Filtration, Disinfection - Sterilization, Chlorination,
Break point Chlorination, Ozonization.
UNIT II: Water Technology-II: Water for Industrial purpose - Water for Steam Making, Boiler Troubles –
CarryOver - Priming and Foaming, Boiler Corrosion, Scales and Sludges, Caustic Embrittlement. Water
Treatment: - Internal Treatment – Colloidal, Phosphate, Calgon, Carbonate, Sodium aluminate
Conditioning of Water. External Treatment - Lime-Soda Process, Zeolite Process, Ion-Exchange Process;
- Numerical Problems.
UNIT III: Science of Corrosion:
Definition, Examples - Types of Corrosion: Theories of Corrosion and Mechanism – Dry Corrosion,
(Direct Chemical attack), Wet Corrosion, (Electro Chemical Theory) Principles of Corrosion, Galvanic
Series, Galvanic Corrosion, Concentration Cell Corrosion, Mechanism of Wet Corrosion – Hydrogen
evolution type, Oxygen absorption type. Factors Influencing Corrosion. Control of Corrosion – Proper
Design, Use of pure metal and metal alloys, Passivity, Cathodic Protection – Sacrificial anode and
Impressed Current. Modifying the Environment, use of Inhibitors.
UNIT IV: Protective Coatings and their applications:
Surface Preparation: (1) Solvent Cleaning (2) Alkali Cleaning (3) Pickling and Etching (4) Sand Blasting
(5) Mechanical Cleaning. Types Of Protective Coatings: Metallic Coatings – Anodic Coating
Galvanization,Cathodic Coating – Tinning, Metal Cladding, Electroplating Ex: Chromium
Plating, Metal Spraying, Cementation–Sheradizing, Colourizing, Chromizing
Chemical Conversion Coatings: (1) Phosphate (2) Chromate (3) Anodized Coatings.
Organic Coatings: (1) Paints – Constituents and their functions
UNIT V: Polymer Science and Technology:
Polymerization Reactions – Basic concepts. Types of Polymerization – Addition and Condensation
Polymerizations. Plastics –Thermosetting and Thermoplastics – Differences. Compounding and Molding
of Plastics – Compression, Injection, Transfer, and Extrusion molding methods Composition, Properties
and Engineering Uses of the Following: Polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, Bakelite, Nylon, polyester,
polyurethanes and Silicone Resins. Rubber – Processing of Natural Rubber, Vulcanization and
Compounding. Elastomers – Buna S, Buna N, Thiokol.
UNIT VI: Refractories and Insulators:
Refractories – Definition, Classification With Examples; Criteria of a Good Refractory Material; Causes for
the failure of a Refractory Material; Insulators – Definition and Classification with Examples;
Characteristics of Insulating Materials; Thermal Insulators, Electrical Insulators - Their Characteristics and
Engineering Applications.
UNIT VII: Lubricants:
Principlesand unctions of lubricants - Types of Lubrication and Mechanism – Thick Film or Hydrodynamic
Lubrication, Thin Film or Boundary Lubrication, Extreme Pressure Lubrication. Classification and
properties of Lubricants – Viscosity – Flash and Fire points – Cloud and Pour points Aniline-Point-
Neutralization number and Mechanical strength.
UNIT VIII: Fuels and Combustion: Definition and Classification.
1. Solid Fuels – Coal – proximate and Ultimate Analysis of coal and significanxce of the constituents
– Metallurgical coke – Characteristics & Manufacture.
2. Liquid Fuels – petroleum – refining – knocking – octane and cetane
3. Gaseous fuels Natural gas, coal gas – calorific value of fuels – bomb calorimeter – junker’s gas
calorimeter.
4. combustion – analysis of fuel gas by Orsat’s apparatus; problems.

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GURU NANAK Engineering College I B.Tech Hand Book Page - 1
 Engineering Chemistry

Faculty B.SRINIVAS

Text Books (to be acquired by the Students)

Book 1 Text Book of Engineering Chemistry By Jain &Jain Publishers:Dhanpat Rai

Text Book of Engineering Chemistry By C..P.Murthy , C.V.Agrawal,and AndhraNaidu & B.S
Book2
publication.
Text Books for references
Book 3 Text book of Engineering Chemistry By S.S.Dara Publishers:Chand
Book 4 A Text book of Engineering Chemistry by Balaram Pani, Galgotia publishers
Book 5 Text book of Engineering Chemistry By Shashi Chawla Publishers Dhanpat Rai & Co
Book 6 Industrial chemistry by O.P. Veeramani and A.K.Narula, Galgotia publishers
Book 7 Advanced Engineering Chemistry By Senapathi and Mohanty, Laxmi publishers.
Book 8 Engineering Chemistry By R.gopalan, D.Venkappaya and S.Nagarajan, Vikas publishers

Chapters No of
Unit Topic Classes
B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-6 B-7 B-8
Water
I 1 2 1 17 6 1 14 18 6
Technology-I
Water
II 1 2 1 17 6 1 14 18 6
Technology-II
Science of
III Corrosion 7 8 4 16 17 - 11 6 5
Protective
IV Coatings and 8 8,9 4 21 - - - 7 5
their applications
Polymer Science
V 3 9 9 11 1 5 12 16 8
and Technology

Refractories &
VI 11 10,1 16 15 8,14 - - 11 5
Insulators

VII Lubricants 10 7 5 20 7 - - 13 5

Fuels &
VIII 2 3,4 2 12 5 3 13 14 7
Combustion
Classes for above curriculum topics 03
Descriptive tests 06
On – line tests 03
Revisions 03
Total no of classes 62

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GURU NANAK Engineering College I B.Tech Hand Book Page - 2
 Assignments

UNIT-I WATER TECHNOLOGY-I

1. a) What is meant by “hardness” of water. And what are the disadvantages of hard
Week -1 water.? b) Distinguish between temporary and permanent hardness of water. C) What
are its units? D) How do you express the hardness of water?
2. (a) What is the principle of EDTA method? Explain the estimation of
hardness of water by complex metric method.
(b) Mention the dis-advantages of using hard water for industrial
purpose.
3. (a) Explain the terms temporary and permanent hardness of water. (b) How
do you estimate the temporary hardness of water by EDTA method? (c) 50 ml
of a sample of hardwater was titrated against 0.01 M EDTA, required 48 ml of
EDTA for titration. 50 ml of the same hardwater after boiling and filtering etc.
required 35ml of the EDTA for titration. Calculate the total and temporary
hardness of water in degree Clark.
1. (a) Estimation of free chlorine in water samples.
(b) Discuss the impurities in water and their effects.
Week-2
c. Explain the sedimentation process for the treatment of municipal water
2. Write a short notes on the following: (a) Break - point chlorination
(b) Dissolved oxygen (c) Hardness of water (d) Sedimentation and
coagulation.
1. What is meant by disinfection? What is its significance? Explain the different methods
used for disinfection of surface water.
2. (a) Why is sterilization of water necessary? Discuss any two
methods of sterilisation. (b) 0.5 g of CaCO 3 was dissolved in dil.HCl and
diluted to 1000 mL. 50 mL of this solution required 48 mL of EDTA
Week-3
solution for titration. 50 mL of hard water sample required 15 mL of
EDTA solution for titration. 50 mL of same water sample on boiling,
filtering etc, required 10 mL of EDTA solution. Calculate
the different kinds of hardness in ppm.

UNIT-II WATER TECHNOLOGY-II

1. Write short notes on the following:
a) Carry over b) Phosphate conditioning (c) Caustic embrittlement
Week-4
2. a) Write short notes on Internal treatment methods
b) State the disadvantages of scale formation in boilers.
Week-5 1. (a) Describe the demineralisation of water by ion - exchange
method.
(b) Mention the disadvantages of using hard water for any two
industries
2. Explain the Ion-exchange method for the removal of dissolved impurities
and its
advantages over lime soda process
3. (a) Explain the cold lime soda process and hot lime soda process. What are
the advantages of lime soda process? (b) 100 ml of a water sample contains
hardness equivalent to 25 ml of 0.08 N MgSO4. [8+8]

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 i. What is the hardness of water sample in ppm? ii. What is the amount of lime
and soda required for the treatment of the water sample?
3. Explain the Ion-exchange method for the removal of dissolved impurities
and its
Advantages over lime soda process. [16]
1) a) What is the chemical composition of Zeolite? How are they classified? Explain the
mechanism of the treatment of hard water by Zeolites.
b) A Zeolite softener was exhausted and regenerated by passing 100 liters of NaCl solution
containing 585 gms per liter. Calculate the total hardness of the water sample in ppm, if the
Zeolite softener can soften 1000 liters of water before regeneration.
2) Write a comparative statement on lime soda & Zeolite process.
Week-6
3) Calculate the lime and soda needed for softening 50,000 litres of water containing the
following salts: CaSO4 = 136 mg/lit; MgCl2 = 95 mg/lit; Mg(HCO3)2 = 73 mg/lit; Ca(HCO3)2=
162 mg/lit. Given that the molar mass of Ca(HCO3)2 is 162 and that of MgCl2 is 95
4) Determine the amount of soda and lime required in Kg’s to soften 5000 lit of water containing
the following salts MgCl2 = 15.5 ppm, Ca(Hco3)2 = 32.5 ppm, Ca(No3)2 = 22.4 ppm, NaCl = 50
ppm, KCl = 22.5 ppm.
UNIT-III SCIENCE OF CORROSION
1) Explain the process of wet corrosion by evolution of hydrogen and absorption
of oxygen (or) Describe the electrochemical theory of corrosion.
2) Differentiate the following with suitable examples. a) Galvanic series and electrochemical
series. b) Pitting corrosion ad stress corrosion.
Week-7
3)(a) What is meant by differential aeration corrosion? Illustrate with
suitable examples. (b) How is rate of corrosion influenced by i. Nature
of corrosion product ii. Relative anodic to cathodic areas iii.
Temperature and moisture.
4) (a) What is oxidation corrosion and how does it take place?
Describe the mechanism of oxidation corrosion. (b) Describe the
Week-8 various factors influencing the rate of chemical corrosion.
5) Write down the equation for the hydrogen evolution in an electro chemical corrosion
reaction?
1. What are the factors effecting corrosion?
2. a) Explain the following factors influencing the rate of corrosion. i.
Nature of corrosion product ii. Position in electrochemical series iii.
Week-9 pH. (b) Differentiate between dry corrosion and wet corrosion
3. Define corrosion? Explain any 4 factors that affect the rate of corrosion
& explain any 4 corrosion control methods.

1. Explain how corrosion control can be brought about by the following methods.
Week-10 a) Modifying the environment b) Cathodic protection.
2. Write a short note on Inhibitors & Cathode protection.
UNIT-IV PROTECTIVE COATINGS & THEIR APPLICATIONS
Explain the protective coatings you would choose for steel; cast iron and concrete pipe.
Week-11
Give reasons for your answer.
Week-12 1.(a) Describe the mechanism of drying of conjugated oils. (b) Name any four important
drying oils. (c) Define the following:i. Acid value of an oil ii. Saponification Value iii.
Iodine Value.
2. Write notes on Surface preparation.
3. (a) Discuss how the surface of a metal is prepared prior to the application of a
protective coating.

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 (b) Write the important applications of protective coating.
(c) Why is moderate current density employed during electroplating?
1. What is metallic coating? Name the metallic coating methods.
2. (a) Describe the process of sheradizing? Mention its applications?
Week-13
(b) Distinguish between anodizing and electroplating. (c) Define
Anodizing
1. (a) What are organic paints? Name their important constituents
and their re-spective functions with an example? (b) Mention the
Week-14
functions of pigment and vechicle in a paint
2. write a short note on Chemical conversion Coatings
UNIT-V POLYMER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1. Write the differences between a) compression-Injection moulding b) additional
Week-15 polymerization-condensation polymerization c) thermoset-thermoplasts.
2. Explain any one of the mechanism of additional polymerization, using suitable example. .
1. Write a note on thermo setting plastics? Write a note on properties and uses of Teflon.
2.Describe the manufacture , properties ,uses of a)polyethylene
Week-16 b) Teflon c) Thiokol d) PVC
3.(a) How is HDPE is prepared? Give its properties and uses? (b) Explain the injection
moulding process with a neat diagram? Mention its advantages.
1.What is moulding of plastics? Explain compression moulding technique in detail.
2.How is Bakelite manufactured? Discuss its important uses and properties.
Week-17 3. Identify the thermosets & thermoplasts among the following: PVC,
polyethylene, silicon, polyester fiber, bakelite. What is Bakelite? How is it
manufactured and mention its uses.
1.Describe the preparation, properties and engineering uses of Polythylene.
Week-18 2. (a) Explain the preparation, properties and uses of Bakelite.
(b) Describe with a neat sketch, the process of compression moulding
1. (a) What are elastomers? Give the preparation, properties and uses of Buna S. (b)
Describe a method for moulding of thermoplastic resin
2. Write a short note on rubber and vulcanization. Write a brief account of
Week-19
elastomers, silicons.
3 Write preparation, properties and uses of nylon, polyester, and polyurethanes.
(a) Why are Silicones called inorganic polymers? Discuss the synthesis of linear chain
Silicones. (b) Why Bakelite can’t be remoulded and write its repeating unit? (c) Describe
condensation polymerization with an example
UNIT-VI REFRACTORIES & INSULATORS
1. Discuss any FOUR essential properties of a good refractory in detail.
Week-20 2. What are electrical insulators? Discuss their characteristics & engineering applications.
3. What are thermal insulators? Discuss their engineering applications and characteristics
1. (a) What are refractories? How important are the properties - refractoriness under load
and thermal conductivity for industrial applications? (b) Compare acidic and basic
Week-21 refractories with examples
2.What do you understand by ‘refractoriness’. Explain its measurement.Write a note on
‘refractoriness-under-load (RUL)’.
Week-22 1. What are refractories? Explain thermal spalling, strength and porosity of the
refractories.
2. (a) What is pyrometric cone equivalent? How it is determined for a refractory? What is
its significance?(b) Write a short note on: i. porosity ii. Thermal Conductivity iii.

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 Dimensional Stability. iv. Strength
UNIT-VII LUBRICANTS
1. Write a short note on principle and function of Lubricants
2. (a) Give the functions of lubricants. (b) Describe the mechanism of extreme pressure
Week-23 lubrication. c) How a viscous lubricant is converted into grease?
3. Write a note on lubricants with special reference to their classification, mode of
action, examples and uses.
1. Explain the various mechanisms of lubrication in detail.
2.Explain the following two theories for the mechanism of the lubricants.
a) Boundary lubrication b) Extreme pressure lubrication
Week-24
3. (a) Give the functions of lubricants. (b) Describe the mechanism of
extreme pressure lubrication. c) How a viscous lubricant is converted
into grease?
Week-25 1. Define lubricant. Discuss the Classification and important properties of the lubricats.
UNIT-VIII Fuels & Combustion
What is coal? How it is formed? Discuss the qualities of a good coal.
2. What is metallurgical coke? Describe any one method of manufacturing metallurgical coke.
3. a) Differentiate between proximate and ultimate analysis. b) Calculate in
Week-26
calorific value of a fuel coal sample having composition? C-80%, H-3.5%, N-
1.5%, Ash-7.2% a) What is knocking? What are its adverse effects? How it is prevented? b)
Define Octane and cetane Number. Explain how it can be improved.
Explain how fuels are classified with suitable examples. (b) Explain the significance of the
following constituents present in coal. i. Moisture ii. Volatile matter iii. Ash and iv. Fixed carbon.
Week-27 (a) Discuss the relative merits and demerits of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
(b) Explain the significance of the following constituents present in coal. i. Total carbon
ii. Hydrogen iii. Nitrogen iv. Sulphur and v. Oxygen.
1) Write a short note on Refining. b What is meant by knocking in I.C engine? Explain the
mechanism of knocking in chemical terms.
2.(a) What do you understand by the term knocking in IC engines? Explain its
Week-28
relationship with chemical constituents of fuels. (b) A sample of coal contains 60%
carbon, 33% Oxygen, 6.0% Hydrogen, 0.5%
Sulphur, 0.2% Nitrogen and 0.3% Ash. Calculate GCV and NCV of coal
1Describe the experiment with a neat diagram . (b) Calculate gross and net calorific value of a
gaseous fuel from the following data. Vol of gaseous fuel burnt at STP- 0.09m3, wt of water used
for cooling 25.0 kg, Temp of inlet water 250C, temp of out let water 30.00C wt of water produced
Week-29 by steam condensation 0.02 kg latent heat of steam 587 Kcal/kg
2. With a neat diagram describe the Orsat’s gas analysis method. What are the special precautions
to be taken in the measurement? (a) How calorific value of a gaseous fuel is determined by
Junker’s gas calorimeter.
Calculate gross and net calorific value of a gaseous fuel from the following data. Volume of
gaseous fuel burnt at STP – 0.09m3, weight of water used for cooling 25.0kg, temperature of inlet
water 250C, temperature of outlet water 30.00C, weight of water produced by steam condensation
Week-30
0.02kg, latent heat of steam 587 kcal/kg.
2. (a) Explain Higher Calorific Value and Lower Calorific Value and distinguish the both.
(b) What are the characteristics of a good fuel?

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