ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, The most gracious and most merciful. Assalamualaikum w.b.t First of all, we want to give a million thanks to my Mathematics lecturer, EN. SHUHAIRI BIN ABDUL RAZAK because give we a advice and guidance to complete this assignment. We believe without him we will not complete this task completely. Thank you because always do correction in our assignment. In addition, to fellow friend, thanks because all of you understand and help us when we need a help. We also want to give thank you to my family and relatives that gives we support. Lastly we hope that our work will corrected with the criteria needed. Thank you.

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1.0 GATHERING INFORMATION

STATISTICS 1.1 INTRODUCTION Statistics is a study of numerical facts systematically collected with some definite object in view, in any field of enquiry, whatsoever of observation, measurement or experiment. Statistical method is a technique used to obtain, analyze, summaries, compare and present the numerical data or statistics. Statistics classified into two types that are Pure statistics and Applied statistics. Pure statistics deals with general theories, formula, equations and their derivations. Typically the data are reduced down to one or two descriptive summaries like the mean and standard deviation or correlation, or by visualization of the data through various graphical procedures like histograms, frequency distributions, and scatter plots. Statistics is especially useful in drawing general conclusions about a set of data from a sample of the data. Statistical science is concerned with the planning of studies, especially with the design of randomized experiments and with the planning of surveys using random sampling. The initial analysis of the data from properly randomized studies often follows the study protocol. Of course, the data from a randomized study can be analyzed to consider secondary hypotheses or to suggest new ideas. A secondary analysis of the data from a planned study uses tools from data analysis. Data analysis is divided into two. That are descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is the part of statistics that describes data and inferential statistics is the part of statistics that draws conclusions from data (using some model for the data).

1.2 Variable and types of data Variables can be classified into the qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed in different categories. For example, if subjects were classified by type of vehicle, it is qualitative. Another example of the qualitative variable is the type of job. Quantitative variable is any numerical value. For example, age is a numerical variable, and those can be classified in accordance with the order of their age. Another example of high quantitative variables, weight, and body temperature.

2.0 VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA 2.1 Bar Chart

to the values that they represent. The bars can also be plotted horizontally.

2.2 Histogram Histogram is a graphical display of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles. Each rectangle is erected over an interval, with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency density of the interval, i.e., the frequency divided by the width of the interval. The total area of the histogram is equal to the number of data. A histogram may also be based on relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several categories, with the total area equaling.

2.3

Line Graph In graph theory, the line graph L(G) of an undirected graph G is another graph L(G) that represents the adjacencies between edges of G. The line graph is also sometimes called the edge graph, the adjoint graph, the interchange graph, or the derived graph of G.

Example:

2.4

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. When angles are measured with 1 turn as unit then a number of percent is identified with the same number of centiturns. Together, the sectors create a full disk. It is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced. The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801.

3.0 Central Tendency In statistics, the term central tendency relates to the way in which quantitative data tend to cluster around some value. A measure of central tendency is any of a number of ways of specifying this "central value". In practical statistical analyses, the terms are often used before one has chosen even a preliminary form of analysis: thus an initial objective might be to "choose an appropriate measure of central tendency". In the simplest cases, the measure of central tendency is an average of a set of measurements, the word average being variously construed as mean, median, or other measure of location, depending on the context. However, the term is applied to multidimensional data as well as to univariate data and in situations where a transformation of the data values for some or all dimensions would usually be considered necessary: in the latter cases, the notion of a "central location" is retained in converting an "average" computed for the transformed data back to the original units. In addition, there are several different kinds of calculations for central tendency, where the kind of calculation depends on the type of data (level of measurement). Both "central tendency" and "measure of central tendency" apply to either statistical populations or to samples from a population. 3.1 Mean The mean is the most commonly-used measure of central tendency. The mean is simply the sum of the values divided by the total number of items in the set. The mean is valid only for interval data or ratio data. Since it uses the values of all of the data points in the population or sample, the mean is influenced by outliers that may be at the extremes of the data set. i) For ungrouped data, use this formula:

The total number of

The summation of the values of the data

ii) For grouped data, use this formula:

=
The class midpoint Frequenc y

3.2 Median The median is determined by sorting the data set from lowest to highest values and taking the data point in the middle of the sequence. The median can be determined for ordinal data as well as interval and ratio data. Unlike the mean, the median is not influenced by outliers at the extremes of the data set. For this reason, the median often is used when there are a few extreme values that could greatly influence the mean and distort what might be considered typical. i) For ungrouped data, use this formula: When N is an odd number: =

N+1 ) 2

When N is an even number:

N ) = mean of( 2 2

N +1 ) th data and( 2

th data

ii) For grouped data, use this formula:

N - F m = L +2

)c

L= lower boundary of the median class N= total frequency F=cumulative frequency before the median class = frequency of the median class c=size of the class interval

3.3 Mode The mode is the most frequently occurring value in the data set. A data set can have more than a single mode, in which case it is multimodal.

4.0 4.1

MANAGING DATA Introduction

First of all, the research we do is called a favorite drink among third semester student. In this study, we have reviewed the 60 participants randomly between third semester students. The research we do is the type of your favorite drink and favorite drink of the amount consumed in a day. based on the results we have obtained, the type of each student's favorite drink is not the same. among these is the favorite drink of ice tea, horlics, syrup, orange juice and Nescafe apple juice. The data that we were obtained have many ways. First, personal survey. We survey some of the student by face to face interview to get the data. Second is postal survey. We use a form to survey the information that we need. Lastly, we use direct observation. Actually, the data that we obtained from this method is for the qualitative variable.

4.2

Survey Analysis

Collected Data: 2 9 6 10 10 8 3 6 10 5 10 6 1 5 9 5 6 6 4 5 1 4 7 5 5 6 3 2 6 4 5 7 2 1 3 9 6 3 4 5 1 10 8 1 6 5 2 7 10 4 8 6 3 6 9 5 9 8 2 5

Tally Chart: Favourite drink taking per week 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Tally //// //// //// //// //// //// /// /// //// / //// //// / Frequency (f) 10 10 23 6 11

////

////

The frequency of taking favourite drink per week 1-2 is 10 and same with 3-4. For 5-6, the frequency is the highest that is 23. For 7-8, the frequency only 6 and lastly 9-10 is 11.

a) Frequency distribution table:

Drink Per Week

Frequency(f)
10 10 23 6 11

Boundry Lower
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5

Midpoint(x)
1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5

Upper
2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5

b) Cummulative frequency distribution table: Drink Per Week

Frequency(f)
10 10 2 6 11

Cummulative frequency
10 20 43 49 60

Upper Boundry
2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5 10.5

c) Central tendency:

Drink Per Week

Frequency(f)
10 10 23 6 11

Midpoint(x)
1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5

Fx
15 35 126.5 45 104.5

Central tendency can be group into 3. That are mean, mode and median.

1) Mean

=15+35+126.5+45+104.5 =5.43

2) Median Drink Per Week

Frequency
10 10 23 6 11

m=

L+

2 - F N

)c

4.5 +( 60/2 -20) x 2 23 =39

3)Mode
Drink Per Week
1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10

Frequency
10 10 23 6 11

Mode for this data also is 5-6 for taking favourite dreink per week.

REPRESENTING DATA All of the data were representing in 4 types. That are : Pie Chart Bar Chart Histogram Frequency Polygon

The data that showed at the below:

a) Pie Chart Data 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 Frequency(f)` 10 10 23 6 Percentage 17 17 38 10

9-10

11

18

Data

Frequency(f)`

1-2 10 F requencyof favouritedrinktakingper 3-4 10 week 5-6 7-8 23

9-10

18%

17%

6 11

10%

17%

38%

1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10

b) Bar Chat

Data 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8

Frequency (f) 10 10 23

Lower boundry 0.5 2.5 4.5

Upper boundry 2.5 4.5 6.5

F requencyof6 avouriteD 6.5 akingPer W 8.5 F rinkT eek

9-10

20

15 Frequencyof Favourite Drink Taking Per week

10

0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10

c) Histogram

frequency (f)

Taking per week 16 29 0 3 0.5 2.5 4. 6.5 8.5 10.

Data 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12

Frequency (f) 0 10 10 23 6 11 0

Midpoint (x) 0 1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5

d) Frequency polygon

frequency (f)

2 2 2 1 1 1 9 6 3

1.5

3.5

5.

7.5

9.5

11.

Midpoint (x)

5.0 CONCLUSION

6.0 REFLECTION

On 19 JULY 2010 we was received a short coursework assignment which given by my basic mathematics lecturer, En SHUHAIRI B. ABDUL RAZAK . The title of this short coursework is SMART STATISTICS. Then, we need elaborate on the different types of

graph. From the first day, we find the materials needed earlier to complete this short coursework. Luckily the duration of the task is during the weekend so we have a plenty of time to finish this short coursework. In this coursework, we had learned what the definition of statistics in mathematics and how to build a graph. We also learn an important approach to teaching and learning of mathematics in primary school. Lastly, we had learned how to manage to complete this short coursework very well. The important thing that we learned from this course work is how to make a good assignment because this task is very important to all of us because we need to teach student in mathematics subject. We also can know about the correct techniques on how to build many graph. Furthermore, we also learned the importance of being co-operate with other people like my friends in order to finish this coursework.

7.0 REFERENCES Lee Yee Wuan(etc). 2001. Exploring Mathematics. Pan Pacific Publication Pte Ltd. Singapore.

Latifah Mohd. Nor(etc). 2000. Statistics Made Simple. International Islamic University Malaysia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_statistics http://www.tutorvista.com/math/definition-of-statistics-in-mathematics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_chart