Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (Volume 2)

Date: January 2009
Client: Galway County Council
Project code: NGB05

N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2.
Final Report on archaeological investigations at Site E2046, an enclosure
ditch and cemetery in the townland of Carrowkeel, Co. Galway
Volume II

By: Brendon Wilkins and Susan Lalonde
Excavation no.: E2046
Director: Brendon Wilkins
NGR: 159326/223949
RMP No.: GA097‐066
Date: January 2009
Client: Galway County Council
Project code: NGB05

N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2.
Final Report on archaeological investigations at Site E2046, an
enclosure ditch and cemetery in the townland of Carrowkeel, Co.
Galway
Volume II

By: Brendon Wilkins and Susan lalonde
Excavation no.: E2046
Director: Brendon Wilkins
NGR: 159326/223949
RMP No.: GA097‐066
Headland Archaeology Ltd: N6 Galway to Ballinasloe Scheme, Contract 2, E2046 Final Report

CONTENTS PAGE

Vol I.
1 Summary 4

2 Introduction 4

3 Site description and location 5

4 Aims and methodology 5

5 Results 5
The natural deposits 6
Phase 1: features pre‐dating the main enclosure and cemetery 6
Phase 1 ditches 7
Phase 1 discrete features 7
Phase 2: the main enclosure and associated features
(excluding the cemetery)
Phase 2: the cemetery 14
Cemetery Phase 1 (c.650 – 850) 14
Cemerty Phase 4 (c.1340 – 1450) 16
Phase 3: Linear cultivation, later agricultural and natural 16
features

6 Discussion
Settlement/cemeteries 16
Funerary practices 18
Segregated burial in the early medieval period 19

7 Archive 20

8 References 21

157

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location map of the excavation enclosure site at Carrowkeel E2046
Figure 2 RMP extract of GA097‐066 indicating the enclosure site at Carrowkeel
Figure 3 Overall site plan of the enclosure site at Carrowkeel E2046
Figure 4 Sections of the main enclosure ditch feature (1023)
Figure 5 Section of Phase 1 enclosure ditch feature (1015)
Figure 6 Section and plan of post‐hole feature (1051)
Figure 7 Section and plan of kiln feature (1292)
Figure 8 Sections of cemetery ditch features (1260) and (1359)
Figure 9 Sections of cemetery ditch feature (1260) and (1359)
Figure 10 Section of Phase 1 enclosure ditch feasture (1020)
Figure 11 Metal artefacts
Figure 12 Local medieval pottery

List of Plates

Plate 1 North‐facing section of ditch feature (1020) with fill 1021, Slot 2
Plate 2 Southeast facing section of ditch feature (1020) showing additional deposits (1369)
and (1370) slot 1
Plate 3 North facing section of pit feature (1050)
Plate 4 Southeast facing section of cooking pit feature (1292)
Plate 5 East facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Slot 1
Plate 6 South facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) Slot 8
Plate 7 North facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) showing considerable
slumping, Slot 8
Plate 8 Southeast facing section of main enclosure ditch feature (1023) truncating ditch
feature (1015) Slot 5
Plate 9 East facing baulk showing buried soil horizon and leaching in bank
Plate 10 Ditch feature (1023) and bank, Slot 16
Plate 11 West facing section of ditch feature (1260) Slot 6 and (1359) Slot 5
Plate 12 East facing section of ditch feature (1475) Slot 1
Plate 13 Working shot of modern pit feature (1375)
Plate 14 Working shot of possible furrow feature
Plate 15 main enclosure ditch featue (1023) and modern pit feature (1375)
Plate 16 Modern pit feature (1375)
Plate 17 Working shot, main enclosure ditch (1023), facing north
Plate 18 Working shot, main enclosure ditch (1023), facing north
Plate 19 Aerial view of northern ditches
Plate 20 Aerial view of northern ditches
Plate 21 Skeleton 27
Plate 22 Skeleton 49, with quartz
Plate 25 Skeleton 72, within 1260
Plate 26 Skeleton 82, tightly crouched

158

List of Tables

Table 1: Main enclosure ditch (1023) described by ditch slot number

Appendices
PAGE
Appendix 1 Context Register 23
Appendix 2 Finds Registers 55
Appendix 3 Sample Register 60
Appendix 4 Bone Sample Register 64
Appendix 5 Photographic Register 70
Appendix 6 Drawing Register 82
Appendix 7 The Lithic Assemblage by Torben Bjarke Ballin 90
Appendix 8 Pottery Report by Niamh Doyle 94
Appendix 9 Soil Sample Assessment by Susan Lyons 96
Appendix 10 Human Remains Report by Susan Lalonde 99
Appendix 11 Phased skeletal catalogue 150
Appendix 12 Point‐Biserial Correlation for Sexual Diamorphism 155
Appendix 13 Different Diagnosis 156

Vol II.
Appendix 11 Faunal Remains Report by Auli Tourunen 160
Appendix 12 Faunal Remains Data 201
Appendix 13 Radiocarbon Dates 297
Appendix 14 General Site Matrix
Appendix 15 Cemetery Matrix
Appendix 16 Enclosure Ditch Matrix

159
Appendix 14: Faunal Remains Report
By Auli Tourunen

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location on animal skeleton of terms referred to in text.
Figure 2 Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), sheep or goat and pig in different phases
(NISP).
Figure 3 Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), pig and sheep or goat in features and areas.
Figure 4 Proportion of large and small ungulates in features and areas.
Figure 5 Proportion of high and low utility elements in different phases. LU= large ungulate,
SU small ungulate.
Figure 6 Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements and teeth in small (SU) and large
(LU) ungulates in ditches (1015, 1020, 1023, 1260, 1317), Cemetery subsoil (Cy Sub),
subsoil (Sub) and Graves (G).
Figure 7 Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1.
Figure 8 Sheep and goat anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1.
Figure 9 Pig anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1.
Figure 10 Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2.
Figure 11 Pig anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2.
Figure 12 Cattle age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N =
neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly.
Figure 13 Age distribution of cattle according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2.
Figure 14 Age distribution of sheep and goat according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2
(excluding ditch 1260).
Figure 15 Pig age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N =
neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly.
Figure 16 Age distribution of pig according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2.
Figure 17 Sheep skeleton age data from mandibles (ditch 1260, right mandibles with matching
left pair excluded) . Age categories according to O’Connor (2003): N = neonatal, J =
juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub‐adult, A = adult, E = elderly.
Figure 18 Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of
enclosure ditch 1023.
Figure 19 Abundance of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of enclosure
ditch 1023.
Figure 20 Proportion of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in enclosure ditch
1023.
Figure 21 Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in

List of Tables

Table 1 Species representation (NISP) in hand‐picked material. Specimens deriving from
complete skeletons in brackets.
Table 2 Species representation (NISP) in bones from soil samples.
Table 3 Species representation of birds (NISP). Specimens deriving from complete skeletons
in brackets. Probable modern specimens in italics.
Table 4 Proportion of cattle, sheep or goat and pig in features and areas (%NISP).
Table 5 Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements in different phases (%NISP).
LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate.
Table 6 Burnt bones. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate
160
Table 7 Carnivore gnawing marks. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate.
Table 8 Carnivore gnawing marks in features (NISP) and their proportion in the whole
assemblage (features with NISP over 100).
Table 9 Other butchery marks.
Table 10 Filleting.
Table 11 Dismembering.
Table 12 Chopping.
Table 13 Distribution of butchery marks in features.
Table 14 Epiphyses fusing data for cattle, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused.
Table 15 Epiphyses fusing data for sheep and goat, Phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260). O =
open, C = closing, F = fused.
Table 16 Epiphyses fusing data for pig, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused.
Table 17 Articulated skeletons (NISP).
Table 18 NISP and MNI values for complete sheep skeletons (highest MNI in bold).
(Tables 19 ‐ 42 in Appendix 12)
Table 19 Division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups (Vretemark 1997).
Table 20 Division of the skeletal elements to high and low utility skeletal parts.
Table 21 Anatomical distribution of the animal bones in hand‐picked material.
Table 22 Species representation in ditch 1015.
Table 27 Species representation in pit 1375.
Table 28 Bones from the soil samples.
Table 29 Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1015.
Table 34 Anatomical distribution of species in pit 1375.
Table 35 MNE, MAU and %MAUvalues.
Table 36 Pathological bones.
Table 37 Measurements. Withers heights of sheep according to Teichert (1975), dog Hardcourt
(1974), cattle Matolsci (1970), pig Teichert (1969), horse Kiesewalter (1888). *in two
pieces.
Table 38 Measurements from complete sheep skeletons from cemetery ditch 1260.
Table 39 Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample
ditch sections.
Table 40 Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample
contexts.
Table 41 Distribution of hand‐picked material in different features.
Table 42 Teeth recording sheet.
Table 43 Animal bone recording sheet: codes for completeness.
Table 44 Complete list of animal bones.

161
Summary

A total of 13631 specimens of animal bone were analysed from Carrowkeel, Co. Galway. The site was
dated as being an early medieval enclosure. The assemblage consisted of both articulated skeletons
and disarticulated remains of animals. Within the disarticulated material, cattle are dominant,
followed by sheep and pig. A few specimens belonging to horse and goat were identified, as well as
dog and bird bones.

The bone material from Carrowkeel represents the domestic material of a typical early medieval
farmstead. Cattle was the most important animal in this economy, sheep and pigs were bred to a
lesser extent. Hunting wild animals did not play an important role in the economy, nor did fishing.
As hunting is associated with royalty and the aristocracy, the lack of game animals might indicate the
lower status of the settlement in Carrowkeel. The low number of young sheep and pigs in the
material might also be related to transportation of the surplus animals to other, higher status, sites.
However, some consumption obviously occurred on the site itself. The large size of the dogs present
in the settlement could be indicative of higher status. This may also indicate the special status of the
site as a cemetery‐settlement. The results emphasize that the complex nature of livestock
consumption and animal distribution in different status settlements is still to be investigated.

The bone material recovered from the soil samples from the main enclosure ditch revealed that plenty
of small mammals and birds were living around the site. The presence of lizard bones and the
absence of amphibian bones indicate dry conditions in the main enclosure ditch. It is possible that a
portion of the recovered songbird bones originate from food waste. The presence of the house mouse
and the absence of the rat in the enclosure ditch layers give a new perspective to the arrival of these
vermin in Ireland. The Carrowkeel house mouse is the first dated house mouse find in Ireland and the
absence of rats seem to confirm the later arrival of rats to Ireland.

Variations observed in the species representation or in the anatomical representation within features
and phases might be the result of changes in the deposition pattern inside the site or changes in the
subsistence pattern. The higher number of small ungulates in Phase 2 is likely to represent their
increased importance compared to earlier or later phases. There seems to be a change in consumption
pattern as more young cattle are represented in the material during Phase 2. Ditch 1260 contained
articulated skeletons of 11 sheep, which probably died in an accident or from disease. Skeletons of cat
and infant dog were recovered from ring ditch 1023.

Introduction

This report presents the results of the analysis of animal bones from the excavation of a ditched
enclosure at Carrowkeel, Co. Galway (Reg. no. E2046). Full archaeological investigation within the
roadtake was conducted on this site between September 2005 and January 2006. The site is located in
a landscape of gently undulating glacial hillocks in the townland of Carrowkeel, 7 km from Loughrea.
Excavations inside the ditch enclosure revealed a cemetery area and several other structures and
ditches. The animal bone specimens were recovered by hand‐picking. Most of the animal bones
analysed for this report derive from ditches and pits, which in turn contained most of the animal bone
material recovered from the entire site. Bone material was also recovered from subsoil and from the
graves. Bones recovered from the soil samples during the sorting were analysed to study the presence
of small mammals, birds and fish.

162

The site was divided into three separate areas of activity, with the cemetery area sub‐divided into
four separate sub‐phases, all broadly contemporary with phase 2 of the new enclosure ditch. The
Phase 1 includes bone material from a series of ditches (1015, 1020, 1302, 1317, 1330, 1534), post‐holes
(1045, 1047, 1049), pits (1051, 1057) and a gully (1372). The Phase 2 includes material from the main
enclosure ditch (1023), cemetery ditch (1260), ditches (1359, 1475), pits (1292, 1346, 1482, 1487) and
post holes (1363, 1485, 1498, 1502). The Phase 3 is represented by a pit (1375) and a post hole (1124).
Phase 1 remains undated, but could be Early Medieval. Phase 2 was broadly Early Medieval. Phase 3
is a cultivation phase and dates prior to early 19th century. Moreover, animal bones were also
recovered from subsoil (1001, 1098) and from 43 graves (see table 41 in Appendix 12 for details).
Features (ditches, pits) with material from more than 150 specimens were examined separately for
species and anatomical distribution. The same was applied to the subsoil and graveyard material.
Enclosure ditch (1023) was excavated by a series of 16 sample ditch sections, on average 2 m in width.
Most of the remaining fill between the sections was then removed by means of careful excavation. To
examine the spatial distribution on the site, the enclosure ditch was divided into three sections: the
first containing material from northwest part of the ditch (sections 1‐5), the second from northeast
part of the ditch (sections 6‐9) and the third from southeast part of the ditch (sections 13‐16) to
determine spatial variation. No animal bone samples were recovered from sections 10‐12. In order to
trace possible differences between filling periods of the enclosure ditch, layers were divided into base,
main and upper fills (corresponding with the Phases 2 a‐c) Base fills represents the earliest period of
use, main includes the slumps and upper fills the deliberate fillings and the final layers of the ditch.

Methodology

Each specimen was identified according to species and skeletal element where possible using Joanne
Hughes’ personal reference collection, located at Headland Archaeology Ltd, Unit 1 Wallingstown
Business Park, Little Island, Co Cork. The categories ’large ungulate‘ (LU) and ’small ungulate‘ (SU)
were used for specimens (mainly ribs and vertebrae) which could not be assigned to a species. The
specimens categorised as large ungulate are likely to belong to cattle or horse; red deer was absent in
the assemblage. Most of the large ungulate bones are likely to belong to cattle are counted together
when examining species abundance. Small ungulate specimens are most likely to consist of sheep, pig
and goat bones. The category ’small mammal‘ (SM) includes mammal bones from animals smaller
than a cat. Bones identified as ’small animal‘ (SA) can derive from mammals, birds, amphibians,
lizards or fish. The bird and lizard bones were identified by using the bone collection in the Natural
History section of the National Museum of Ireland. Mouse bones were identified to species according
to Siivonen & Sulkava (1999) and with the help of the National Museum of Ireland bone collection.

Distinctions made between sheep and goat follow Boessneck (1969) for limb bones and Payne (1975)
for milk teeth. Tooth eruption and wear were recorded according to Grant (1982). For ages of tooth
eruption and epiphyseal fusion Silver’s (1969) figures were followed. The division of epiphyses in
early, intermediate and late fusing groups was done according to Vretemark (1997) (Table 19,
Appendix 12). Mandibles were further divided in age groups presented by O’Connor (2003, 160).
Measurements were taken following von den Driesch (1976).

The material was quantified by using the number of identified specimens (NISP). Minimum number
of elements (MNE) was used for the recording of the epiphysis fusing stages and to study the
anatomical distribution. MNE values were further converted into MAU (Minimum number of
anatomical units) and %MAU values to examine the over‐ and under‐representation of certain
skeletal elements. Minimum number of individuals (MNI) was counted from the articulated sheep
skeletons found in ditch 1260. For the study of anatomical distribution, specimens were divided into
163
high and low utility elements, representing the body parts relating to primary and secondary
butchery. High utility elements include the spinal column, ribs and upper parts of the limbs. Low
utility elements include the head, tail and lower parts of the limbs (Table 20, Appendix 12).

During the analysis pathological changes, carnivore and rodent gnawing, signs of burning and
butchery marks were recorded. For the distinction of the different types of cut marks, Binford (1978)
was used as a guide. All data is stored in digital and written form at Headland Archaeology Ltd, Unit
1 Wallingstown Business Park, Little Island, Co Cork.

Figure. 1. Location on animal skeleton of terms referred to in text (Davis 1987, 54, in Reitz & Wing
1999).

Results

Species

A total of 13631 bone specimens were analysed from the site (Tables 1 and 2). 8437 specimens were
recovered by hand picking and an additional 5194 specimens were found in soil samples. Of the
disarticulated hand‐picked specimens, 65.9 % were unidentified, which reflects the high
fragmentation rate of the material (see below). A total of 450 of the specimens were interpreted to
derive from the articulated skeletons and were therefore excluded from the abundance and
anatomical distribution analyses. However, as the articulated sheep skeletons were not recovered
separately during the excavations it proved very difficult to separate the articulated elements from
the disarticulated sheep bones. Therefore some of the bones (for example all the ribs) belonging to
articulated sheep have been recorded among the rest of the material, causing a higher apparent
proportion of sheep or small ungulates in ditch 1260.

The identified specimens derive mostly from domestic animals. The hand‐picked assemblage is
dominated by cattle. Specimens categorised as large ungulates are likely to derive from both cattle
and horse, but most of these bones probably belong to cattle. Sheep is the next most common species.
164
As goat is represented by only one specimen, it is probable that most of the specimens in the “sheep
or goat” category derive from sheep as well as many of the specimens in the small ungulate category.
Pig was represented by 182 identified specimens. The relatively small size of the pig bones indicates
that they derive from domestic animals rather than from wild boar. Other identified domesticated
mammals were horse, dog and cat. Rabbit and rat bones are likely to derive from relatively modern
animals intruding into the layers.

Species NISP %
Cattle 828 10.4
Sheep 45 (318) 0.6
Goat 1 0.0
Sheep / Goat 418 5.2
Pig 182 2.3
Horse 31 0.4
Dog 55 (36) 0.7
Cat 4 (96) 0.1
Rabbit 8 0.1
Rat 1 0.0
Mouse 1 0.0
Large ungulate 699 8.8
Small ungulate 399 5.0
Carnivore 6 0.1
Bird 41 0.5
Small mammal 2 0.0
Indeterminate 5266 65.9
Total 7987 (450) 100

Table 1. Species representation (NISP) in hand‐picked material.
Specimens deriving from complete skeletons in brackets.

Bird bones were present in the material (Table 3). Some bird bones are likely to have derived from
modern specimens intruding into layers during later periods. These bones were of a different colour
and state of preservation than the rest of the bones. Most of these bones belong to different types of
waders (uncertain identifications of snipe and woodcock; at least one smaller species is present).

However, plenty of bird bones were probably contemporary to other bone material. Bones of
domestic fowl, quail and possibly red grouse (or grey partridge, but the former species is more likely:
the size of the bone matches better with red grouse) are likely to represent consumed birds. Bones of
larger songbirds like thrushes may also have been consumed, but they could derive from natural
deaths too. Some passerine (perching bird, “songbird”) bones derive from such a small species that
their consumption is unlikely.

Mice bones in the assemblage seem to represent two different species, house mouse (Mus musculus)
and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Identification was based on the mandibles and maxilla. The
mandibular cheek teeth row of wood mouse was measured in order to confirm the identification. The
result of 4.2 mm of overlap with the range existing in Yellow‐necked field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis)
confirms this (Siivonen & Sulkava 1999, 160‐1). However, as the latter species has never been
recorded in Ireland, wood mouse is the more likely possibility. Even if wood mouse is considered to
be native species, it has been assumed that the house mouse arrived to Ireland with the Normans
165
(D’Arcy 2006, 8). However, according to Kelly (1997, 243) the Early Irish written sources mention the
house mouse as a significant vermin. Yet it is unclear as to which specific species (if any) the author
refers to. Moreover, the Irish word for mouse, luch, seems to have been applied also to rats (Kelly
1997, 244). The house mouse bones bones were recovered from deposits (1179) and (1027) from the
main enclosure ditch (1023) and they were dated to cal. AD 860‐1020 (GU‐15327) and cal. AD 670‐890
(GU – 15326) respectively. These contexts represent the internal slumping period before the ditch was
filled (Phase 2 a). These are the earliest dated house mouse from Ireland and categorically confirm the
presence of the species in Ireland in the early medieval period.

Shrew bones are likely to belong to pigmy shrew (Sorex minutus), the only shrew species present in
Ireland. The small size of the bones compared to those of common shrew (Sorex a. araneus) supports
this view.

Small lizard bones were also recovered from the soil samples. As viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivepara) is
the only lizard species present in Ireland, these bones are likely to belong to it.

No fish bones were recovered from the hand‐picked samples but they were present in soil samples.

Species NISP %
Cattle 18 0.3
Sheep 4 0.1
Sheep / goat 14 0.3
Pig 14 0.3
Dog 3 0.1
Mouse 187 3.6
Shrew 46 0.9
Rodent 3 0.1
Large ungulate 29 0.6
Small ungulate 26 0.5
Small mammal 17 0.3
Small animal 192 3.7
Bird 131 2.5
Fish 29 0.6
Lizard 22 0.4
Indeterminate 4459 85.8
Total 5194 100

Table 2. Species representation (NISP) in bones from soil samples.
166

Species NISP
Domestic fowl 3
Domestic fowl (?) 6
Quail 1
Red grouse (?) 1
Crow (14)
Waders 5
Water rail 1
Thrushes (?) 2
Passerine 10
Indeterminate 129
Total 158 (14)

Table 3. Species representation of birds (NISP). Specimens deriving from complete
skeletons in brackets. Probable modern specimens in italics.

The potential contemporaneity of the small animal fauna with the rest of the assemblage needed to be
explored. As the ditch itself did not include any datable layers sealing the deposits below, the only
approach was to date the bones themselves. As described above, two house mouse mandibles were
radiocarbon dated to cal. AD 860‐1020 (GU‐15327) and cal. AD 670‐890 (GU – 15326). Thus, the bone
assemblage is likely to represent fauna contemporary to the site.

Species representation and the anatomical distribution of the hand‐picked assemblage are influenced
by the method of recovery. Bones of medium‐sized and small animals are regularly missed when
sieving is not practised. This is clearly seen by examining the bones recovered from the soil samples.
Here, bones of the small ungulates dominate over the large ungulates (Table 2). Shrew, fish and
lizard bones were only recovered from the soil samples. Bird and mouse bones were more abundant
in the soil samples than in the hand‐picked material. Only one mouse bone was recovered from hand‐
picking.

In addition to the bias created by the recovery method, large animal bones are also often found in a
higher fragmentary state than the bones of smaller mammals. This can also lead to the over‐
representation of cattle compared to sheep and pig. However, even taking these factors into account,
cattle were probably the dominant species in Carrowkeel and would have produced the most meat
consumed at the site.

Variation in species representation

Species representation presented some variation in different phases (Table 4, Figure 2). Phase 3
includes the highest proportion of cattle and the lowest proportion of pigs. The most notable
difference is the high number of sheep or goat bones in Phase 2. However, this difference is partly
created by the articulated skeletons found in the cemetery ditch 1260 (see below) as some of the bones
belonging to the skeletons were not possible to identify as such. The material from the main enclosure
ditch (1023) belonging to this phase seems to include more sheep bones than Phase 1 and Phase 3.
Most of the articulated sheep bones in ditch 1260 were recovered from context 1353. The sheep
proportion is higher in the remaining two contexts (73% cattle, 21% sheep or goat, 6% pig). There
seems to be a real difference in the number of sheep bones between the phases. Horse bones were
absent in Phase 3. Cat and dog bones were recovered from Phases 1 and 2.
167

Phase Phase Phase Phase Phase
Phase 1 1 1 Phase 2 2 3 N/A N/A
enclosure
Feature ditch ditch ditch ditch ditch pit subsoil subsoil
cemetery enclosure
1015 1020 1317 1023 1260 1375 area area
Cattle 88 83 82 67 62 88 76 61
Sheep/goat 8 8 8 17 34 7 17 20
Pig 4 9 10 15 5 5 7 20

Cattle 88 81 65 59 0 82 73 55
Small
ungulate 12 19 35 41 100 18 27 45

Table 4. Proportion of cattle, sheep or goat and pig in features and areas (%NISP).

Figure 2. Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), sheep or goat and

pig in different phases (NISP).
100%
80%
60% pig
sheep/goat
40% c attle
20%
0%
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

168
Figure 3. Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), pig and sheep or goat in features and areas.
100%
80%
60% pig
%NISP
sheep/goat
40% c attle
20%
0%
Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 3 subsoil subsoil
ditch 1015 ditc h 1020 ditc h 1317 enclosure ditch 1260 pit 1375 c emetery enclosure
ditc h 1023 area area

Figure 4. Proportion of large and small ungulates in features and areas.
100%
80%
small ungulate
60%
%NISP
large ungulate (c attle)
40%
20%
0%
Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 2 Phase 3 subsoil subsoil
ditc h 1015 ditc h 1020 ditc h 1317 enc losure ditch 1260 pit 1375 c emetery enc losure
ditch 1023 area area

As noted in the phase comparison, there is a variation in species representation between the different
features in the site (Figure 3, Table 21, Appendix 12). Cattle clearly dominated the material in ditches
1015, 1020 and in pit 1375. In ditch 1317 cattle dominance was less clear when bones identified as
small ungulates were counted (Figure 4). This is caused by the high number of small ungulate ribs
recovered from the sample. Even if cattle dominate the sample in enclosure ditch 1023, the proportion
of sheep or goat and pig bones was higher than in the other ditches.

Subsoil layers contained plenty of pig bones. Cat bones were found in enclosure ditch 1023, ditch 1317
and from grave 89. Dog bones were present in ditch1015, enclosure ditch 1023 and cemetery ditch
1260. Comparison of the abundance of small species is difficult as very different amounts of material
were sampled from different features (Table 22‐27,Appendix 12).

169
Anatomical distribution

Anatomical distribution was studied in order to examine the past activities on the site. The complete
skeletons were excluded from the anatomical distribution analysis. The bone material proved to
include remains from all stages of the processing of animal carcasses (Table 28, Appendix 12). The
anatomical distribution exhibited no signs of professional activities such as tanning, slaughter or
horn‐working. As a result, the assemblage is regarded as domestic waste.

Cattle, sheep, pig and horse are represented through elements from all anatomical parts. Horse bones
did not exhibit any cut marks. However, plenty of high utility skeletal elements were present and
horse bones were distributed quite evenly (in contrast to cat and dog). Horse carcasses were
apparently treated in the same way as cattle, sheep and pig carcasses and horse meat was possibly
consumed at the site. The only goat bone identified in the assemblage was a horn core. It could derive
from an animal actually living at the site. It could also be an element of trade, transported to site
attached to goat skin or as a loose horn (for the horn sheath).

Variation in anatomical distribution

While comparing the anatomical distribution between different species, it should be remembered that
numerous sheep, goat and pig ribs and vertebrae have been categorised as small ungulates. All of the
ribs and most of the vertebrae of cattle are categorized as large ungulates. To gain a picture of the
anatomical distribution of the large and small ungulates the specimens belonging to cattle and large
ungulates were counted together. The same was done to sheep, goat, pig and small ungulate
specimens.

There is some variation in the anatomical distribution between the different phases (Table 5, Figure
5). Phase 3 includes more low utility skeletal elements than the other phases. Phase 1 and 2 exhibit
approximately similar pattern of high and low utility skeletal part representation.

Phase 1 LU Phase 1 SU Phase 2 LU Phase 2 SU Phase 3 LU Phase 3 SU
high utility 55.7 67.3 60.7 65.1 40.6 33.3
low utility 44.3 32.7 39.3 34.9 59.4 66.7

Table 5. Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements in different phases (%NISP).
LU=large ungulate, SU=small ungulate.

170
Figure 5. Proportion of high and low utility elements in different phases. LU=large
ungulate, SU=small ungulate.
100%
80%
60%
low utility
high utility
40%
20%
0%
Phase 1 LU Phase 1 SU Phase 2 LU Phase 2 SU Phase 3 LU Phase 3 SU

Figure 6. Proportion of high and low utility skeletal elements and teeth in small (SU) and large
(LU) ungulates in ditches (1015, 1020 1023, 1260, 1317), pit (1375), Cemetery subsoil (Cy Sub),
subsoil (Sub) and Graves (G).
100%
90%
80%
70%
60% teeth
NISP%
50% low utility
40% high utility
30%
20%
10%
0%
U
U
U
U
LU
U
SU
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
s L
S
S
S
S
S
S
s S
b
b
b
b
15
15
20
20
23
23
60
60
17
17
75
75
Su
Su
ve
ve
Su
Su
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
13
13
13
13
ra
ra
y
y
G
C

Some differences were found in the anatomical distribution between different features (Tables 29‐34,
Appendix 12, Figure 6). Ditch 1015 and pit 1375 exhibit similar patterns to each other. Both have
reasonably low numbers of high utility elements and high numbers of loose teeth. In both features
there are more small ungulate high utility skeletal elements than those of large ungulates. In the
enclosure ditch 1023 the proportion of high utility skeletal elements is similar in both small and large
ungulates. The cemetery ditch 1260 and ditch 1317 have high levels of high utility skeletal elements.
In cemetery ditch 1260 the small ungulate distribution is likely to be biased as the ribs of complete
skeletons are raising the level of high utility skeletal elements of small ungulates. However, it is
noteworthy that the large ungulates exhibit a high level of high utility skeletal parts. High numbers of
171
teeth in the subsoil and graves is unsurprising as the material is likely to be redeposited. Teeth are the
hardest tissue in the skeleton and very sustainable through changes in the physical environment.

There is a connection between the high proportion of loose teeth in the material and the low number
of high utility skeletal elements. There are two possible explanations. The material proved to be
highly fragmented; mandibles and maxillae were often broken in pieces and teeth were loose. Jaws
are low utility skeletal elements, so a higher number of jaws (and low utility skeletal elements) is
connected to a high level of loose teeth. The high utility skeletal elements are more fragile than low
utility skeletal parts and therefore more sensitive to fragmentation. High numbers of loose teeth are
related to high fragmentation, which can in turn cause destruction of high utility skeletal parts. So,
although jaws are low utility elements, they are related to high levels of fragmentation due to their
structural nature. This results in a high level of loose teeth and makes jaws a low utility element with
a high fragmentation rate, something usually related to high utility elements.

A comparison between the anatomical distribution of hand‐picked and soil sample material was
made for enclosure ditch 1023. It was selected as it included enough sampled material. More large
ungulate bones of low utility elements and small ungulates of high utility elements were recovered in
soil samples. Cattle cranium fragments and phalanxes are likely to explain the higher low utility
proportion in the soil samples as the size of these fragments is small. The higher proportion of small
ungulate bones in soil samples is explained by ribs and vertebras of these animals, often missed in
hand recovery.

MNE figures were used to examine the anatomical distribution more closely (Figures 7‐11, Table 35,
Appendix 12). MNE figures are less affected by the different fragmentation than NISP numbers. As
some of the bones deriving from the articulated skeletons of sheep in Phase 2 were difficult to
separate from disarticulated bones, MNE for sheep and goat was not counted for this phase. Phase 3
included too few bones for counting the MNE to be meaningful.

The low number of MNE figures in Phase 1 makes comparisons of anatomical distribution more
difficult. However, there seems to be no striking difference between the anatomical distribution
between Phases 1 and 2. The higher number of high utility skeletal elements in Phase 2 is probably
due to the lower number of mandibles and the higher number of radius, ulna and tibia. The virtual
absence of pig vertebrates and ribs might indicate that they were deposited somewhere else with the
food waste: however especially in fragmented state they are difficult to identify and could have been
categorised as small ungulate.

172

Figure 7. Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 1
Figure 8. Sheep and goat anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values) phase 1
pha la nx 3
pha la nx 3
pha la nx 2
pha la nx 2
pha la nx 1
pha la nx 1
m e ta ta rs a l
m e ta ta rs a l
ta rs i
ta rs i
c a lc a ne us
c a lc a ne us
ta lus
ta lus
m a lle o la re
m a lle o la re
tibia
tibia
pa te lla
pa te lla
fe m ur
fe m ur
pe lvis
o s c o xa e
m e ta c a rpa l
m e ta c a rpa l
c a rpa ls
c a rpa ls
ulna
ulna
ra dius
ra dius
hum e rus
hum e rus
s c a pula
s c a pula
ribs
rib
s a c rum
s a c rum
ve rt lum b
ve rt lum b
ve rt tho r
ve rt tho r
ve rt c e rv
ve rt c e rv
a xis
a xis
a tla s
a tla s
m a ndible
m a ndible
ho rnc o re
ho rnc o re
c ra nium
c ra nium
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
%MAU
%MAU

173

Figure 10. Cattle anatomical distribution (MAU%‐values), phase 2
Figure 9. Pig anatomical distribution (MAU %‐values) phase 1
pha la nx 3
phapha
la nxla2nx 3
pha la nx 1
pha la nx 2
m e ta ta rs a l
pha la nx 1
ta rs i
m e ta ta rs a l
c a lc a ne us
ta rs i
ta lus
c a lc a ne us
m a lle o la re
ta lus
tibia
fibula
pa te lla
tibia
fe m ur
pepa
lviste lla
fe m
m e ta c a rpa l ur
coa rpa
s c olsxa e
m e taulna
c a rpa l
racdius
a rpa ls
hum e rusulna
s c a pula
ra dius
rib
hum e rus
s a c rum
s c a pula
ve rt lum b
rib
ve rt tho r
s a c rum
ve rt c e rv
ve rt lum b
a xis
ve rt tho r
a tla s
ve rt c e rv
m a ndible
a xis
ho rnc o re
a tla s
c ra nium
m a ndible
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
c ra nium
%MAU
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0
%MAU

174

Figure 11. Pig anatomical distribution (MAU %) phase 2
pha la nx 3
pha la nx 2
pha la nx 1
m e ta ta rs a l
ta rs i
c a lc a ne us
ta lus
fibula
tibia
pa te lla
fe m ur
o s c o xa e
m e ta c a rpa l
c a rpa ls
ulna
ra dius
hum e rus
s c a pula
rib
s a c rum
ve rt lum b
ve rt tho r
ve rt c e rv
a xis
a tla s
m a ndible
c ra nium
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
%MAU

175
Preservation

The material proved to be only moderately well preserved. Preservation varied from one context to
another and even inside one context. All ditches included both well and badly preserved material.
Some specimens were much abraded, which made the identification difficult. The identification of the
cut‐ or gnaw‐marks was also hampered by the poor preservation. However, among the material there
were also well preserved specimens like the articulated sheep skeletons.

The material was also very fragmented and fragile. Some of the fragmentation had occurred already
during the burial process but post‐mortem breaks were also very common. A sample could include
only a few elements, but a high number of specimens because of the high fragmentation rate. A good
example is bone sample 90 from context 1021, ditch 1020. It contained a minimum of nine bones
(MNE), but 113 fragments. Most of the fragments are likely to derive from the mandible and maxilla
of cattle, which had broken into pieces.

Phase Feature Context cattle sheep/goat LU SU bird unidentified Total
1 1015, ditch 1016 6 6
1 1020, ditch 1021, 1369 7 7
1 1049, post‐hole 1050 10 10
1 1051, pit 1052 3 3
1 1057, pit 1058 1 1
1 1317, ditch 1316, 1317 1 194 195
1 1372, gully 1373 1 1
1008, 1024, 1025,
1026, 1027, 1029,
1031, 1036, 1037,
1038, 1072, 1073,
1023,
2 1076, 1078, 1079, 1 3 1 122 127
enclosure ditch
1099, 1100, 1102,
1103, 1113, 1123,
1130, 1199, 1213,
1220, 1243
2 1066, pit 1067 1 1
1260,
2 1261 1 19 20
cemetery ditch
2 1292, pit 1297 7 7
2 1346, pit 1349, 1351 4 1 14 19
2 1475, ditch 1477 2 2
2 1482, pit 1483 1 1
2 1502, post‐hole 1503 1 1
3 1375, pit 1377, 1396, 1471 5 5
I SK001 1042 3 3
II SK123 1528 1 1
N/A subsoil, cemetery 1098 1 1 7 9
N/A subsoil 1001 2 2
Total 2 1 6 4 1 407 421

Table 6. Burnt bones. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate.

176
Carrowkeel animal bone material included 33 burned specimens (Table 6). Carnivore gnawing was
present in 104 specimens (Table 7). The distribution of gnawed specimens showed some patterning
(Table 8). The highest number of gnawed specimens was recovered from the main enclosure ditch
1023, which also had the highest proportion of gnawed specimens. Quite high numbers of gnawed
specimens were also recovered from ditches 1020 and1317 and cemetery ditch 1260. No evidence of
rodent gnawing was present in the material. According to osteological evidence, rat was introduced
to Ireland in the 12th century (McCormick 1991, 49). However, some pictorial evidence from the early
medieval period is interpreted as showing the possible presence of rats in Ireland in even earlier
periods (Kelly 1997, 243‐44). In this material rat bone was present only in the cemetery subsoil and is
likely to be intrusive.

Element cattle sheep/goat pig horse LU SU indet
skull 2 1
mandible 1
vert cerv 1
vert thor 2
vert lumb 1
vert indet 1 2
ribs 7 2
scapula 5 1 1 1 2
humerus 1 1
radius 1 4 1
ulna 3 1
radius+ulna 1
mc 1 1
pelvis 1 1 3
femur 2 1
tibia 3 4 2
talus 2
calcaneus 3
ct 1
mt 5
mp 1
ph 1 2
ph 2 1
long bone 1 5 5
indet 32
Total 31 13 6 2 20 9 39

Table 7. Carnivore gnawing marks. LU = large ungulate, SU = small
ungulate.
177

Phase Feature Context cattle sheep/goat pig horse LU SU indet Total %
1 1015, ditch 1017 1 1 0.4
1 1020, ditch 1021 3 2 3 8 1.5
1 1317, ditch 1315 1 1 1 7 10 1.5
1012, 1024,
1027, 1029,
1030, 1031,
1023,
2 1076, 1103, 9 4 2 2 5 2 17 41 2.5
enclosure ditch
1130, 1198,
1199, 1237,
1238
1260, 1261, 1353,
2 12 5 4 11 5 8 45 1.7
cemetery ditch 1353
2 1359, ditch 1360 1 1
3 1375, pit 1472 1 1 0.6
I SK113 1489 1 1 2
I SK085/086 1384 1 3 4
II SK036 1195 1 1
N/A subsoil, cemetery 1098 1 1 1 1 4 0.4
N/A subsoil 1001 1 1 2 0.9
Total 31 13 6 2 20 9 39 120

Table 8. Carnivore gnawing marks in features (NISP) and their proportion in the whole
assemblage (features with NISP over 100). LU= large ungulate, SU=small ungulate.

Butchery

A total of 76 specimens showed butchery marks (Tables 9‐12). Most of the chop marks would have
resulted from cutting up the carcass into smaller pieces for consumption – the most common elements
being treated this way were the high utility skeletal elements like vertebrae and ribs. Long bones and
pelvises of cattle have also been treated this way. Horn cores were chopped to remove them from the
rest of the skull. Sheep or goat skulls were split to gain access to the brain. A total of 17 bones showed
evidence of filleting, most of which were ribs. Cattle femur, radius and mandible had marks
indicative of dismemberment.

cattle sheep/goat large ungulate indet Total
mandible 1 1 2
vert thor 1 1
Rib 2 2
Mc 2 2
Pelvis 1 1
Talus 2 2
long bone 2 2
Indet 1 1
Total 6 1 5 1 13

Table 9. Other butchery marks.
178

cattle large ungulate small ungulate indet Total
rib 8 5 13
scapula 1 1
pelvis 1 1
long bone 1 1 2
Total 1 8 7 1 17

Table 10. Filleting.

cattle sheep/goat Total
horn core 1 1
mandible 1 1
radius 1 1
femur 1 1
Total 3 1 4

Table 11. Dismembering.

cattle sheep sheep/goat pig large ungulate Total
skull 1 1
horn core 2 3 3 8
mandible 1 1
vert cerv 4 3 7
vert thor 3 3
vert lumb 3 1 4
vert indet 2 2
sternum 1 1
rib 3 3
humerus 2 2
radius 2 1 3
radius‐ulna 1 1
mc 1 1
pelvis 2 2 4
long bone 1 1
Total 10 3 17 1 11 42

Table 12. Chopping.

179

Phase Feature Context chopped dismembering filleting other Total
1 1015, ditch 1017 1 1
1315,
1 1317, ditch 1 3 3 7
1316
1 1372, gully 1373 1 1
1012,
1029,
1023, 1031,
2 2 2 2 1 7
enclosure ditch 1076,
1112,
1239
1261,
1260,
2 1353, 36 1 8 7 52
cemetery ditch
1367
2 1475, ditch 1477 1 1
3 1375m pit 1397 1 1
I SK085/86 1384 1 1
I SK100 1437 1 1
III SK116 1516 1 1
N/A subsoil, cemetery 1098 1 1 2
N/A subsoil 1001 1 1
Total 42 4 17 13 76

Table 13. Distribution of butchery marks in features

Pathology and non‐metrical variation

Several specimens exhibited pathological changes or abnormal development (Table 36, 213). A set of
abnormal cattle mandibular molars was recovered from ditch 1023 (c.1030). These teeth, unworn or
almost unworn, have fully developed roots but their crowns are abnormally short, approximately 2‐
2.5 cm high. Other pathological cattle bones included a femoral head with mild arthritic changes, a
metacarpal with a small pit in the proximal surface, the cause of which is unknown, and two fused
tarsal bones (Ct and T2+3). Sheep bones exhibiting pathological changes were two fused tarsal bones
(Ct and T2+3) and a humerus, which had a small extra bone growth on its distal end. The axis (second
cervical vertebra) identified as sheep or goat had a possible healed break in the proximal articular
facet. This type of break can be caused by two fighting rams or bucks for example. An extra, oval
bone growth with a groove in the middle was found in the basal margin of the pig mandible. Extra
bone is more porous in structure than the rest of the mandible. The cause of the pathology is
unknown.

Some non‐metrical traits (rare, genetically determined anomalies) were observed in the material.
Sheep bones included three specimens of polycerated (multiple horns splitting off from one base, in
this case double) sheep horns from at least two different individuals. All specimens were recovered
from cemetery ditch 1260, and it cannot be excluded that some of these specimens could belong to
the complete sheep skeletons. These skulls fragments exhibited two horn cores on each side of the
skull, with the larger one in the front and the smaller one behind. Polycerated sheep horn cores are
relatively common in early medieval Irish sites. (McCormick 1998, 829‐30). One lumbar vertebra of
sheep or goat had small extra growths in the ventral margin of the articular surfaces. In addition, the
assemblage included two dog bones with skeletal abnormalities. One humerus had two nutrient
180
foramens, elongated to grooves of approximately 2 cm long. One mandible had an extra, tiny, peg‐
like tooth behind M3.

Size

Several measurements were taken from the bones to examine the size of the animals (Table 37,
Appendix 13). The fragmented state of the bone material lowered the number of possible
measurements taken. Therefore it was not possible to examine the measurements in different phases.

Only two cattle metacarpals were available for withers heights reconstruction. Both were determined
to have derived from females and gained withers heights of approximately 105 cm and 110 cm.

Sheep bone measurement analysis is complicated because of the articulated skeletons. There is a very
high possibility that several measured bones derive from the same individuals. However, it is
possible to examine the size range of the sheep. Measurements from sheep bones belonging to
complete skeletons are summarized in Table 37, Appendix 12. Sheep size is discussed in Section 4.9.1.

One horse metatarsal could be used for withers height estimation. The bone derives from a pony‐
sized animal with a withers height of approximately 138 cm. Two pig taluses gave withers heights of
approximately 66 cm and 72 cm.

Unfortunately no complete dog long bones were available for length measurements and thus no
withers heights could be estimated. However, some other measurements could to be taken from the
dog bones. The physical examination of the remains shows that the dog skeletons derive from large
specimens. One proximal humerus depth measurement (Dp 51.6) was compared with measurements
of dog bones from Early Medieval Waterford. The largest humerus in this assemblage measured a
withers height of 60.4 cm and its Dp was only 47.5 mm (McCormick 1998, 847).

Age

The best indicators for ageing mammal osteological material are usually obtained from an
examination of the wear and eruption of mandibular teeth (Table 42, Appendix 12). The epiphyseal
fusion evidence can also be used for age structure analysis, thus it is usually seen as a more unreliable
method.

Cattle

Cattle age data from mandibles show an interesting pattern (Figure 12). Young and elderly animals
are represented, but not young adults between them. However, there are differences between the
Phases 1‐2 (phase 3 is represented by only 1 mandible). In Phase 1 there are both young and old
mandibles, but in phase 2 all the mandibles derive from young cattle.

181
Figure 12. Cattle age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O'Connor (2003):
N= neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub-adult, A = Adult, E = elderly.
0
N J I SA 1 SA2 A1 A2 A3 E

Epiphyseal data for cattle show an abnormal curve (turning upwards again between 1.5‐3 years)
(Figure 13, Table 14). Different epiphyseal groups represent different skeletal elements. The abnormal
figure might be due to the different destruction or transportation of the elements. It is also possible
that there is one complete but dispersed young animal among the material, causing lower numbers in
the earliest fusing epiphysis group (see articulated elements discussion below). The latest fusing
epiphysis group had approximately half of the epiphyses fused, indicating that half of the animals
consumed at the site derive from mature cattle. Only Phase 2 includes enough epiphyses for closer
examination. Here 53% of the epiphyses in the late ageing group are fused, thus most of the bones
derive from adult animals.
Figure 13. Age distribution of cattle according to epihyses data in phases 1 and 2.
100
90
80
70
60
% fused
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Age in years

These results appear contradictory. Most of the epiphyses seem to derive from mature animals, most
of the mandibles from subadults. This might be caused by different factors. Open epiphyses can be
182
more easily destroyed than the closed ones. The material was only moderately well preserved, so part
of the discrepancy might be due to this. However, it seems unlikely that preservation would be the
only factor causing the difference.

O C F
Scapula tuber 1 9
Humerus dist 4 7
Radius prox 1 7
Total 6 23
Mc dist 5
Mt dist 4
Tibia dist 1 7
Total 1 16
Humerus
prox 1 2
Radius dist 2 2
Ulna prox 1 1
Femur prox 1 3
Femur dist 3 1
Tibia prox 1
Calcaneus 1 2
Total 10 11
Table 14. Epiphyses fusing data for cattle, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused.

The difference in the depositional pattern of the elements might also have caused the different age
curves. Adult animal bones might derive from cattle slaughtered somewhere else, and only high
utility skeletal elements were therefore deposited into the features. The high number of high utility
skeletal elements in Phase 2 could support this idea.

Sheep / goat

Excluding ditch 1260 – i.e. the cemetery ditch ‐ and its articulated skeletons, only three sheep or goat
mandibles could be used for age determination. All of these derive from adult animals (O’Connor’s
age classes A2 or A3).

Approximately half of epiphyses in the latest closing epiphyses group from the material, excluding
ditch 1260, were fused (Figure 14, Table 15). Thus, approximately half the animals reached adult age.
No comparisons between phases or features could be made because of the limited amount of
material. The age distribution of articulated skeletons will be discussed later.

183
Figure 14. Age distribution of sheep or goat according to epiphyses data in phases
1 and 2 (excluding ditch 1260).
100
80
% fused
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Age in years
184

O C F
Scapula tuber
Humerus dist 1
Radius prox 1
Total 0 0 2
Mc dist 1
Mt dist 1
Tibia dist 4
Total 0 0 6
Humerus prox
Radius dist 1
Ulna prox
Femur prox 1 1
Femur dist
Tibia prox
Calcaneus
Total 2 0 1

Table 15. Epiphyses fusing data for sheep and goat, Phases 1 and 2 (excluding ditch
1260). O = open, C = closing, F = fused.

Pig

Only nine pig mandibles could be classified to age groups (according to O’Connor 2003) (Figure 15).
Most of them derive from young adult animals. Almost half of pig epiphyses in the early fusing
group are unfused, and no fused specimens were recorded in the late fusing group (Figure 16, Table
16). The number of older animals seems to be a little higher in the teeth data than in the epiphyses
data. However, pigs were raised only for meat production and slaughtered relatively young.

185
Figure 15. Pig age data from mandibles. Age categories according to O'Connor (2003):
N = neonatal, J = juvenile, I = immature, SA = sub-adult, A = adult, E = elderly.
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
N J I1 I2 SA1 SA2 A1 A2 A3 E

Figure 16. Age distribution of pig according to epiphyses data in phases 1 and 2.
100
90
80
70
60
% fused
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Age in years
186

O C F
Scapula tuber
Humerus dist 2 1
Radius prox 4
Total 2 5
Mc dist
Mt dist
Tibia dist 1
Calcaneus 1
Total 2
Humerus prox 2
Radius dist
Ulna prox 1
Femur prox 1
Femur dist 1
Tibia prox 1
Total 6

Table 16. Epiphyses fusing data for pig, Phases 1 and 2. O = open, C = closing, F = fused.
.

Horse, dog and cat

All horse epiphyses in the material were fused, and thus derive from adult animals. However, some loose
molar teeth show very little wear. This indicates an age of only a couple of years.

All recovered dog bones were those of adults (excluding an infant dog skeleton, described below). In
addition to cat skeletons (described below), a juvenile cat humerus and a radius were found, indicating
an age of less than 18 and 28 weeks respectively.

Sex

Few bones could be used for sex determination. One cattle horn core derives from a male, probably from
an ox (which was likely to be utilised as a draught animal) due to its oval form and large basal
circumference (Benecke 1988). Three medial edges of the pelvises of cattle were measured for sex
assessment, all likely to have derived from females (value under 9.8, Wigh 2001, 66). These observations
were confirmed by the morphological study of these pelvises. In addition, one more pelvis could be
determined to be female and one to be male according to morphological criteria. Two metacarpal bones
mentioned earlier derive from females according to criteria presented by Mennerich (1968).

Three pig mandibles were identified as belonging to females and five to males according to the
mandibular canine teeth. Sex determination of the sheep bones is presented below.

187
Articulated skeletons

The recovered animal bones included articulated skeletons among the disarticulated material (Table 17).
Only one was recognised in the field (an infant dog), the rest ended up among the disarticulated remains.
Even if the articulated skeletons can be separated from the rest of the material, there are elements that are
difficult to identify as part of a complete skeleton, especially ribs, mandibles and skulls.

articulated skeletons NISP
cat, enclosure ditch 1023 42
cat, grave 89 54
dog (infant), enclosure ditch 1023 36
sheep, cemetery ditch 1260 318
Table 17. Articulated skeletons (NISP).

Sheep

Animal bone material from cemetery ditch 1260 included a total of 318 sheep bones deriving from
articulated skeletons. The minimum number of individuals counted from the bones is 11 (left distal
humerus) (Table 18). As these skeletons were not recovered as articulated on site, the exact number of
sheep in the ditch is difficult to reconstruct. Moreover, the ditch was not completely excavated but
continued beyond the excavated area. Therefore the total number of sheep in this ditch might be
considerably higher. On the other hand, there might be some disarticulated bones among the articulated
ones, raising the MNI number. It seems that at least 11 complete or partial sheep skeletons were buried in
this ditch. Most of the bones derive from context 1353 (base fill of the ditch), but some were also
recovered from 1261 (main fill) and 1367 (upper fill).

As pointed out above, there were difficulties in separating the articulated elements from the
disarticulated. Articulated sheep bones were identified according to their colour and completeness.
Articular surfaces of articulated skeletons do not dye to the same colour as the rest of the bones because
they are protected by the adjoining bone. Also the colour of the bones belonging to complete burials often
differs from disarticulated specimens, as the rotting carcass creates a distinct microenvironment around
the skeleton. However, the fragmentary state of the bones made the identification more difficult. As can
be seen from the MNE‐ numbers, some bones have been more easily identified as belonging to complete
skeletons. It is possible that not all skeletons were complete when buried. Because the ditch was not
excavated completely due to the site intake area, but sampled, there is a possibility that some of the bones
belonging to the skeletons are missing. Missing small bones like carpals, tarsals and phalanxes are
probably due to the recovery method used: hand picking.

Some information is available about the age, sex and size of the buried skeletons. According to epiphyseal
closure, all individuals were over ten months of age (fused distal epiphyses of the humeri). Five were
under three and half years and four over it. At least one individual seemed to be just in the state of fusion
of late fusing epiphyses, because one closing proximal humerus and distal femur were found. Mandibles
recovered from the ditch represent similar age distribution (Figure 17), where approximately half of the
animals derive from mature animals and half from younger (age group A3 derives from animals over
four years). Most of these mandibles are likely to derive from the skeletons, even if only five could have
been certainly assigned to them.
188

NISP MNI
cranium 15 2
horn core 5 3
mandible 5 3
atlas 5 4
axis 2 2
vert cerv 7 2
vert thor 13 2
vert lumb 14 3
sacrum 2 2
vert caud 5 1
scapula 13 5
humerus 24 11
radius 13 9
ulna 9 5
carpals 4 1
metacarpal 13 6
os coxae 22 10
femur 21 9
patella 1 1
tibia 18 7
malleolare 1 1
talus 3 2
calcaneus 4 2
ct 6 3
tarsi 2 1
metatarsal 17 9
metapodial 1
phalanx 1 32 4
phalanx 2 14 2
phalanx 3 13 2
sesamoid 7
teeth 7
Total 318

Table 18. NISP and MNI values for complete sheep
skeletons (highest MNI in bold).

189

Figure 17. Sheep skeleton age data from mandibles (ditch 1260, right mandibles
with matching left pair excluded). Age categories according to O'Connor (2003).
3
n
2
0
N J I SA 1 SA2 A1 A2 A3 E

Five pelvises were available for sex determination, three deriving from males and two from females. At
least one horn core is likely to derive from an adult male, due to the massive horn core base present in the
skull. One skull derives from a hornless female. One horn core has a very small basal circumference (70
mm) indicating that it probably belonged to a horned ewe.

Estimated withers heights of these animals range from 52 cm to 62 cm (Table 38, Appendix 12). Average
withers heights counted from the right metacarpals and the left metatarsals (to include only bones
deriving from different animals) were 57 cm and 55 cm respectively. Measured elements not belonging to
the articulated skeletons expand this range a little. Sheep talus from enclosure ditch 1023 gave an
estimated withers height of 63 cm.

Elements belonging to articulated skeletons were carefully examined to find any butchery or gnaw
marks. Two bones showed gnaw marks; a radius and an ulna (articulated but not fused). Some butchery
marks were noticed. Chop marks were recovered on the base of at least two horn cores. One pelvis bone
showed chop marks, and some uncertain chop marks were recovered from a distal femur. All these
marks are the result of primary butchery and dismemberment of animals.

190

Dog and cat

Ditches may include other complete skeletons originally buried as articulated. Large, adult
dog remains were recovered from the enclosure ditch 1023 and cemetery ditch 1260, but may
derive from only one individual (MNI is 1). However, remains in each ditch are likely to have
derived from separate individuals. Dog bones in ditch 1023 were more dispersed than those
in 1260, where most of the bones were recovered in northwest part of the ditch. Specimens in
ditch 1260 are likely to represent one dog burial. In ditch 1023 dog bones were dispersed in
diffent parts of the ditch. These dog remains might represent several individuals, or the
disturbed burial of one dog.

Thirty‐six specimens belonging to an infant dog were recovered from the main fill of
northeneast part of enclosure ditch 1023 (context 1029). The bones were not well preserved
and consisted mostly of teeth and jaw fragments. According to the dental eruption and
development, the puppy was approximately two months old.

Enclosure ditch 1023 also included well preserved remains of an adult cat. All of the bones
belonging to this individual derive from upper deposit (context 1197) from the southeast part
of the ditch, Another cat skeleton was recovered, associated with grave 89 (to be discussed
below). This animal had proximal humerus at closing state, indicating age of 1½ to 2 years.

Possible articulated young cattle

The material included some cattle remains, which could derive from partly articulated or
dispersed, originally articulated skeletons. From cemetery ditch 1260, 16 fragments of
vertebrae or ribs of large ungulate were recovered with a similar porous structure, indicating
a young individual. These bones derived from base and main fill (contexts 1353 and 1261).
Other remains belonging to young cattle were recovered from the same ditch: scapula, two
distal humeri (left and right) and at least three pelvises (one right, two left), all unfused.
These were recovered from contexts 1353, 1367 and 1261, which represent the base, main and
upper fills of the ditch but from same part of the ditch. It is possible that part of these
elements, such as the spine belong to the same individual. However, pelvises derive from at
least two different individuals. Bones from cattle under 1½ years of age are present in other
ditches, but are rare. Bones mentioned above have been included in the age diagram and
have a possible distorting effect on it.

Features and areas

Enclosure ditch 1023:

To examine the inner variation in enclosure ditch (1023), the material was divided in
horizontal and vertical groups represented by sample ditch sections and contexts. Little
variation was found between different horizontal parts of the ditch. The greatest numbers of
high utility skeletal elements were recovered from the northeast part of the ditch (Figure 18).
In this section the number of small ungulates was slightly higher than in the other sections,
but the difference is very minimal (Figure 19). The material from ditch (1023) were also
divided into base fill, main fill and upper fill representing different stages of the fillings
(corresponding the Phases 2 a‐c). There seems to be little variation in the abundance of large
191
and small ungulates between different fills (Figure 20). However, horse bones are only
Figure 18. Anatomical distribution of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different parts of
100%
80%
60% teeth
low utility
40% high utility
20%
0%
NW LU NW SU NE LU NE SU SE LU SE SU
present in the upper fill. Some variation is evident in the abundance of different skeletal
elements between the fills (Figure 21). However, no clear pattern emerges, as the abundance
of the high utility skeletal elements seems to vary inside each fill between large and small
ungulates.

Figure 19. Abundance of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different
Figure 21. Anatomical distribution
parts ofof large (LU) and
enclosure small
ditch (SU) ungulates in different
1023.
fills in enclosure ditch 1023.
100%
100%
90%
80%
80%
70%
60%
60% te e th
S low utility
U
50%
LU
high utility
40% 40%
30%
20% 20%
10%
192
0% 0%
base fill LU baseNW

fill SU main fill LU main fill SU
NE uppe r fill LUS Euppe r fill SU
The distribution of the bones from the soil samples was also examined in order to study the
depositional history of the site. Most of the soil samples for the entire site were taken from
enclosure ditch 1023. This gave rise to the largest sample of small animal bones. Mouse,
shrew, bird and fish bones were recovered from all parts of the ditch, both vertically and
horizontally (Tables 39‐40, Appendix 12).

Mouse bones were also present in the other features, but in smaller quantities. This is at least
partly caused by the extensive sampling of enclosure ditch 1023. Ditch 1317 exhibits a similar
distribution of animals. Mouse bones were also found in ditch 1015 and in the pits 1051 and
1375.

Bones from the cemetery

Animal bones were recovered both from the cemetery subsoil and from the graves
themselves. Animal bones in the cemetery area may derive from earlier features destroyed by
later grave digging activities or from redeposited bones from the settlement area. There were
plenty of isolated teeth in the graveyard subsoil material. This is unsurprising, as the material
has been probably deposited several times and teeth resist these changes better than other
bones.

A number of animal bones associated with the graves were recovered (Table 41, Appendix
12). Some of these are likely to have derived from the grave fillings, but in some cases bones
may have been deliberately deposited in the graves. A juvenile distal tibia of sheep or goat
was recovered associated with a (human) skeleton in grave 72. Both shaft and loose epiphyses
were recovered; the light colour of metaphysis surface indicating that bone was in its primary
deposition.

193
Figure 20. Proportion of large (LU) and small (SU) ungulates in different fills in
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
SU
50%
LU
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
base fill main fill uppe r fill

One complete cat skeleton was recovered from grave 89. No signs of burrowing or other later
disturbance were noticed during the excavations. It is possible that this animal represents an
intentional burial. However, as the skeleton was not noticed as articulated during the
excavations, the relationship of the cat skeleton and the burial remains unclear.

DISCUSSION

General

The bone material from Carrowkeel has provided a general picture of animal use on the site.
The assemblage was characteristic of domestic waste, consisting of both high and low utility
skeletal elements (both butchery remains and food debris). Domestic animals formed the
basis of consumption on this site and no wild mammal specimens relating to subsistence
were recovered. Cattle was the dominant species, followed by sheep, pig and horse. The role
of goats in the economy was probably related to horn and skin production and it is not
certain if goats were raised on the site.

Osteological material included both articulated elements and disarticulated remains.
Articulated remains derive from animals buried or discarded in the graves or ditch fills and
thus not included in consumption. Material included several bones from infant animals, most
of which were recovered from the soil samples. Infant cattle, sheep or goat and pig were
identified. It is likely that these bones derive from animals raised on the site.

194
Phases and features

Material from Carrowkeel was divided into three phases, representing different phases of
use. Some differences between the phases were noticed, even if comparisons were hampered
by the presence of complete sheep skeletons found in cemetery ditch 1260 and by the small
amount of material associated with Phase 3. The number of cattle in the material is highest in
the Phases 1 and 3. The role of pigs and sheep in subsistence is higher in Phase 2. However,
cattle is the main meat animal in all phases.

Higher number of sheep and pig in Phase 2 compared to Phase 1 might reflect a change in the
subsistence strategy. This might relate to the change in the overall status of the settlement as
it develepod into a cemetery settlement. However, this change might reflect a wider pattern
of cattle decline during this period in Ireland. McCormick and Murray (2007, 106‐116) note a
general decline in the cattle numbers in early medieval sites after the 8th century. They
interpreted this change as a decline in the importance of cattle as currency.

Differences were also found in features on site. Features from Phase 1 include generally more
low utility skeletal elements than those from Phase 2. However, ditch 1317 (Phase 1) exhibits
the highest number of high utility skeletal elements. The differences might represent different
activity zones within the site and the location of cooking facilities. However, as the features
were not dated the activities might be not contemporary.

The origin of small mammal, bird and lizard bones is of interest. Small animal bones may be
predator debris, deriving, for example, from regurgitated pellets of owls. However, the even
distribution of the bones in the ditch does not support this hypothesis. Small mammals have
been deposited in layers at every stage of the filling activities. Some small mammal bones
may be the result of intrusion into the layers. The wood mouse does indeed dig deep tunnels
into the ground (Siivonen & Sulkava 1994, 161). Also, pygmy shrew may build their nests
underground, but that is not likely for the house mouse.

Some of the bones may derive from animals searching for food in the ditch. Plant material
from the ditch supports the idea that rubbish discarded in it lay exposed some time before
being covered in soil (pers. comm. Susan Lyons). This was probably a tempting place for a
small rodents, shrews and small birds to look for food. Viviparous lizards are found in dry
habitats (D’Arcy 2006, 25). In addition, no frog or other amphibian bones were recovered
from the ditch. Bones of small birds (thrush‐sized) may also partly derive from food waste, as
the fish remains likely do.

5.3 Production and consumption in Carrowkeel

According to Kelly (1997, 319) there is little evidence of trade in foodstuffs in texts of the early
medieval period and these sources suggests that most food was consumed within the
household that produced it. However, the food‐rent that a client paid to a king in return for a
fief was an important transfer of foodstuff as a significant proportion of the food consumed in
a king’s household was produced on the farms of his clients (Kelly 1997, 320). Food‐rent
included both live animals and meat (Kelly 1997, 320). For example, young male cattle,
wethers and young pigs were included in the rent (Kelly 1997, 59‐62, 72, 87), thus the food‐
rent included the surplus animals not needed for reproduction. Age and sex patterns of
animal bones in early medieval sites are likely to be affected by this process as the animal
bones found at the sites do not represent the complete unit of production and consumption.
One form of food rent was feasting in the client’s household (Kelly 1997, 357). However, the
195
anatomical distribution created by feasting may be difficult to seperate from normal
consumption as complete animals were consumed (c.f. McCormick 2002).

Cattle

Cattle had a particular status in early medieval society. They were kept for milk, meat and
traction (as draught animals), with a special emphasis on milk cows (Kelly 1997, 25‐66).
Young (male) animals not needed in traction or breeding were culled between their first and
third year (Kelly 1997, 58‐63). The rest of the animals, kept for milk production or traction,
reached an older age. Dairy cattle attained their highest value at the age of six with the birth
of a third calf, with value declining after this period (Kelly 1997, 65).

Cattle bones recovered from Carrowkeel present an interesting age distribution. Mandibles of
young adults (between two and four years old) are missing in this assemblage. There is
variation between different phases and data from epiphyses and mandibles are in
disagreement. This is likely to be caused by the deposition processes of the elements. This
could be due to the food‐rent system described above or the division of the animal carcasses
inside the settlement.

However, the animal age pattern seems to follow the cattle breeding pattern described in
early medieval texts. Meat animals were culled when young ‐ as shown by mandibles
belonging to age groups N‐SA1; however the very young calf mandible (N) might represent
death by natural causes. These are likely to be males. Animals of a more advanced age (age
groups A3‐E) represent milk cows and oxen. Most of the adult animals were female, as
indicated by the sex distribution (only bones of mature cattle can be sexed). Mild arthritis
noticed in cattle femoral head and fused tarsal bones might be related to either draught
activities or the advanced age of the cows.

The cattle in Carrowkeel were small, but the size is comparable to other early medieval
results. Withers heights of 105 cm and 110 cm of cows are within the limits of the previous
results of cattle withers height in early medieval Ireland (McCormick 1998, 827). Early
medieval cattle have been compared to modern Kerry cattle in terms of size and build (Kelly
197, 31), however other than superficial observations, comparisons between ancient livestock
and modern breeds are problematic. Literary sources describe cattle as black, crimson‐red,
flame red, brown, brindled and white in colour (Kelly 1997, 31‐32).

Sheep

Ditch 1260 was used for the burial of up to eleven sheep. Most of the bones were recovered
from the bottom of the ditch from a layer interpreted as a natural deposit (context 1353). Some
were found in the fill above (1261). It seems likely that the ditch was already silting up when
the sheep skeletons were buried in it. The good condition of the skeletons implies that they
were intentionally covered and laid unexposed for a long period of time.

These animals were probably not used in any way (except perhaps for their horn cores) but
discarded in the ditch as complete carcasses. These sheep were apparently butchered only in
limited amounts (horn cores were chopped off; some of them might have been partially
dismembered). Dismembering might have been done in order to better fit the carcasses into
the ditch. The presence of horn cores in these ditches is curious. Horn cores were often
separated from the skulls for the removal of horn sheets. If the horn sheets were separated
from the horn cores and these horn cores indeed belonged to articulated skeletons, then horn
196
cores were deliberately discarded in the same ditch some time later than the skeletons. These
animals perished through a disease or in an accident. Gnaw marks on the radius and ulna
bones may have been the result of dogs scavenging before the burial.

As the whole ditch was not excavated due to the road landtake constraints, the recovered
sheep might represent only part of the whole assemblage. These animals may represent
natural deaths within the flock rather than deliberate slaughter. Therefore the sex and age
division of the animals represents the breeding stock rather than the slaughtered animals. It is
noteworthy that all animals were over ten months of age. Either the incident happened in
early spring ‐ just before the lambing season – or the youngest part of the flock is missing in
this assemblage for some reason. Kelly (1997, 68‐69) mentions that lambs were not allowed to
pasture in common lands away from the farms before August because of wolves. Bones of
fetal lambs might be missed in hand‐picking. Only a few soil samples were taken from ditch
1260, and did not include any fetal or infant lamb bones.

Bones of young sheep are generally rare in the whole assemblage. It seems that animals were
not consumed before their second year. However, in early medieval law texts, consumption
of young wethers during their first year is described: wethers were part of the food‐rent
which clients gave to their king (Kelly 1997, 69, 72). It is possible that young animals were
transported from Carrowkeel to other consumers. Bone material from the early medieval
Moynagh crannóg and from the Scandinavian levels of Dublin shows a peak in slaughter of
sheep between one and two years of age (McCormick 1998, 828). In the early medieval
monastery at Illaunloughan island young sheep are well represented, as well as in the high
status crannóg settlement of Coolure Demesne (Butler 2005; Murray & McCormick 2005, 68).
It seems possible that young sheep were transported from rural farmsteads to be consumed in
ecclesiastical, urban or power centers.

Sheep in early medieval Ireland were kept primarily for wool production (Kelly 1997, 67). The
high number of adult animals, and particularly adult males in the Carrowkeel flock, represent
the importance of wool production. Most of the male animals were probably castrated after
weaning (Kelly 1997, 69). This would have kept the flock more steady, prevented fighting and
enhanced wool production (Clutton‐Brock 1976,382; Ryder1983, 452, 465). Castration affects
the horn core development; castrated male sheep have a smaller and more fragile horn core
than intact ones (Hatting 1983). Therefore the large horn core recovered from ditch 1260 most
likely belongs to a ram.

Sheep breeding was not of great importance in early medieval Ireland (McCormick 1991, 42).
Sheep were unimproved, small and of heterogeneous appearance. Sheep withers heights in
Carrowkeel fall in the limits presented by McCormick (1998, 830) from early medieval Irish
sites. Kelly (1997, 70 ‐ 71) presents data of sheep colours. White fleeces were valued, and dun‐
coloured and black sheep are mentioned in Early Medieval texts. A wide variety of horn
types (polled, two‐horned, horned) found in this sample seem to be common in other
materials (McCormick 1998, 829‐30). In Carrowkeel male sheep were probably horned; ewes
were polled and had small horns.

Pigs

197
Pig breeding’s only aim was meat production. Most of the animals were culled when young.
In Carrowkeel there were no fused epiphyses in the latest fusing epiphysis group, indicating
that only animals under 2 1/2 years were consumed at the site. However, some mandibles
belonged to animals over two years (age group A 2). These were probably animals used for
breeding purposes.

Wild pigs were present in early medieval Ireland (Kelly 1997, 281) and their bones have
previously been identified in archaeological excavations (McCormick 1998, 837). No signs of
larger individuals that could represent wild pigs were present in the Carrowkeel material.

Other species

Wild mammals did not have an important role in the economy of Carrowkeel. Bones of red
deer, wild boar, hare or fur‐bearing carnivores were not recovered from this assemblage.
Some wild birds were likely to have been consumed. Their meaning in subsistence was
probably higher than in the recovered assemblage, however, most of their bones were likely
lost during the hand‐picking. Some hen bones were recovered in Carrowkeel. Hens are often
mentioned in early medieval sources, along with geese and ducks (Kelly 1997, 102‐7).
However, geese and ducks were not recovered from the bone material. The low proportion of
the fish bones in the samples indicate that fish had only a minor role in the subsistence of
Carrowkeel.

Horse meat was possibly consumed in Carrowkeel to some degree. Other early medieval sites
have provided evidence of horse meat consumption (McCormick 2005, 73). One horse withers
height from Carrowkeel material, 138 cm, came from a pony sized individual, comparable to
the results from previous studies (McCormick 1998, 832).

Early medieval sources describe different types of dogs (Kelly 1997, 114). Large dogs were
bred for guarding and fast ones for speed (Kelly 1997, 117). In addition, pet dogs and three
types of herd dogs were distinguished (Kelly 1997, 119‐20). However, these breeds were not
necessarily breeds in the modern sense with strict definitions of outer appearance and
lineage. The most important thing was likely to be their performance. The large dogs
recovered in Carrowkeel could have been bred as guard dogs.

Kelly (1997, 115) states that these dogs were often associated with nobles and other powerful
men. Cats were highly appreciated in early medieval society (Kelly 1997, 121). They were
kept for their ability to kill mice and for their attractiveness as pets (Kelly 1997, 122). This was
likely to be the function of the cats in Carrowkeel too.

House mice bones recovered from soil samples are the earliest dated Irish house mice. The
second Irish mouse species, wood mouse, was also represented in the sample. The house
mouse tends to live near human populations and does not dig deeply into the ground, so
there is every possibility that these bones derive from animals contemporary to the
settlement. It is noteworthy that no rat bones were recovered from these layers. It seems that
the house mouse entered Ireland before the rat.
198

6. REFERENCES

Benecke, N 1988 Archäozoologische Untersuchungen an Tierknochen aus der frühmittelalterlichen
Siedlung von Menzlin. Materialhefte zur Ur‐ und Frühgeschichte Meklenburgs. Band 3.

Binford, L R 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology, Academic Press: New York.

Boessneck, J 1969 ‘Osteological differences between sheep (Ovis aries Linne) and goat (Capra
hircus Linne)’, in Brothwell and Higgs (ed) Science in Archaeology 2, 331‐58. Thames and
Hudson.

Butler, V 2005 ‘The mammal bone’. In O’Sullivan, A, Kelly, E.P. & Sands, R. ‘Archaeological
Investigations of a Crannog at Coolure Desmene, Co. Westmeath’. Report for licence 04E1076.

Clutton‐Brock, J 1976 ‘The animal resources’, in Wilson, D M The Archaeology of Anglo‐Saxon
England, 373‐392.

D’Arcy, G 2006 The Animals of Ireland. Appletree Pocket Guides.

Davis, S J M 1987 The Archaeology of Animals. New Haven, Yale University Press.

Grant, A 1982 ‘ The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic ungulates’, in Wilson,
B, Grigson, C and Payne, S (eds) ‘Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites’,
BAR British Series 109, 55‐71, Oxford.

Harcourt, R 1974 ‘ The dog in Prehistoric and early historic Britain’, J Arch Sci, 1, 151‐75.

Harland, J.F., Barrett, JH., Carrott, J., Dobney, K. and Jaques, D. 2003. ʹThe York System: An
integrated zooarchaeological database for research and teachingʹ, Internet Archaeology
Hatting, T 1983 ‘Osteological investigations on Ovis Aries L’, Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening. Bind 144, 115‐135.

Hughes, J 2004 Report on the Animal bones from Cashel, Excavation Licence no. 03E0396.
Unpublished report Headland Archaeology Ltd, Ireland.

Kelly, F 1997 ‘Early Irish farming. A study based mainly on the law texts of the 7th and 8th centuries
AD. Early Irish Law Series vol IV.

Kiesewalter, L 1888 Skelettmessungen am Pferde. Inaug. Diss. Leipzig.

Matolsci, J 1970 ‘Historische Erforschung der Körpengrösse des Rindes auf Grund von
Ungarischem Knochenmaterial. Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 87, 89‐137.

199
McCormick, F 1991 ‘The effect of the Anglo‐Norman settlement on Ireland’s wild and
domesticated fauna’, in Crabtree, P & Ryan, K (eds) Animal use and culture change, Masca
Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, supp. 10 vol 8, 41‐52.

McCormick, F 1998 ‘ The animal bones’, in Barry, T, Cleary, R M & Hurley, M F (eds) Late
Viking Age & Medieval Waterford Excavations, 1986‐1992, 819‐45.

McCormick, F 2002 ‘The distribution of meat in a Hierarchical Society: The Irish Evidence’ in
Miracle, P and Milner, N (eds) Consuming passions and patterns of consumption. Cambridge,
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 25‐31.

McCormick, F & Murray, E 2007 ‘Knowth and the zooarchaeology of Early Christian Ireland’
Excavations at Knowth 3. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.

Mennerich, G 1968 Römerzeitliche Tierknochen aus drei Fundorten des Niederrheingebiets. Diss.
München.

Murray, E & McCormick, F 2005 ‘ Environmental analysis and the food supply’ in Marshall, J
W & Walsh, C Illaunloughan Island. An Early Medieval Monastery in Countly Kerry, 67‐80

O’Connor, T P 2003 ‘The analysis of urban animal bone assemblages: a handbook for
archaeologists’ The Archaeology of York Principles and Methods 19/2.

Payne, S 1975 ‘Morphological distinctions between the mandibular teeth of young sheep, Ovis
and goats, Capra, J Arch Sci 12, 139‐147.

Reitz, E J & Wing, E S 1999: ‘Zooarchaeology’, Cambridge manuals in archaeology

Ryder, M L 1983 Sheep & Man. London.

Siivonen, L & Sulkava, S 1999 Pohjolan nisäkkäät (Mammals of Northern Europe). Otavan
Kirjapaino oy, Keuruu.

Silver, I 1969 ‘The ageing of domestic animals’, in Brothwell and Higgs (ed) Science in
Archaeology 2, 331‐58. Thames and Hudson.

Teichert, M 1969 ’Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Wiederristhöhe bei
vor‐ und frühgeschichtlichen Schweinen’ Ethnogr.‐Archäol. Zeitschrift 10, 517‐525.

Teichert, M 1975 ‘ Osteometrische Untersuchungen zur Berechnung der Widerristhöhe bei
Schafen’, in A T Clason (ed) Archaeolozoological studies, 51‐69, Amsterdam.

von den Driesch, A 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological
Sites, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology: Harvard University.

Vretemark, M 1997 ’Från ben till boskap. Kosthåll och djurhållning med utgångspunkt i
medeltida benmaterial från Skara. Del 1’, Skrifter från Länsmuseet Skara nr 25

Wigh, B 2001 ‘Animal Husbandry in the Viking Age Town of Birka and its Hinterland.
Excavations in the Black Earth 1990‐95’, Birka Studies 7.
200
Appendix 15. Animal bone data.

Cattle, sheep, goat
Early Intermediate Late
Scapula tuber Mc distal Humerus proximal
Humerus distal Mt distal Radius distal
Radius proximal Tibia distal Ulna proximal
Femur proximal
Femur distal
Tibia proximal
Calcaneus

Pig
Early Intermediate Late
Scapula tuber Mc distal Humerus proximal
Humerus distal Mt distal Radius distal
Radius proximal Tibia distal Ulna proximal
Calcaneus Femur proximal
Femur distal
Tibia proximal

Table 19. Division of epiphyses in early, intermediate and late fusing groups (Vretemark
1997).

High Atlas, axis, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, ribs,
utility: sternum, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula.
Low Skull, horn cores, mandible, tail bones, carpals, metacarpal, phalanxes, calcaneus,
utility: talus, tarsals, metatarsal.

Table 20. Division of the skeletal elements to high and low utility skeletal parts.

201

cattle sheep goat sh/g pig horse cat dog LU SU rabbit rat mouse bird SM carnivore indet Total
cranium 48 52 21 1 2 48 2 312 486
horn core 7 12 1 6 57 83
mandible 47 3 57 30 1 1 2 105 4 1 17 268
atlas 4 1 1 1 1 8
axis 3 2 1 2 8
vert cerv 13 4 31 1 49
vert thor 5 5 30 9 1 50
vert lumb 8 1 1 17 7 34
sacrum 1 7 8
vert caud 1 2 3
vert indet 30 13 28 71
sternum 3 1 4
ribs 5 1 23 199 283 1 6 29 547
scapula 27 1 19 4 1 54 15 2 6 129
humerus 26 9 5 2 1 2 6 2 10 5 68
radius 18 12 3 3 1 1 6 1 1 1 47
ulna 11 1 7 1 5 1 4 30
radius‐ulna 3 1 2 6
carpals 11 11
metacarpal 20 9 3 1 3 36
os coxae 25 11 3 2 1 15 2 1 1 61
femur 16 8 3 1 8 1 1 3 3 44
patella 2 1 3
202
tibia 26 4 23 6 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 70

fibula 3 1 1 5
talus 14 2 4 5 1 26
calcaneus 15 1 2 1 19
ct 4 1 5
tarsi 4 10 14
metatarsal 29 6 1 1 7 44
metapodial 15 5 6 1 1 1 29
phalanx 1 24 6 4 16 2 1 53
phalanx 2 16 1 1 2 20
phalanx 3 3 1 4
os. ses. 3 3
long bone 127 61 2 26 216
teeth 198 88 22 6 1 315
teeth 152 66 6 7 1 232
indet 4694 4694
coracoid 3 3
hyoideum 9 2 1 12
teeth 44 11 32 2 1 7 72 169
Total 828 45 1 418 182 31 4 55 699 399 8 1 1 41 2 6 5266 7987

Table 21. Anatomical distribution of the animal bones in hand picked material.

203

ditch 1015, Phase 1
species Total
cattle 32
sheep/goat 5
pig 3
horse 1
dog 1
large ungulate 32
unidentified 161
Total 235

Table 22. Species representation in ditch 1015.

ditch 1020, Phase 1
species/section 1 2 1 2 Total
cattle 48 19 3 70
sheep 1 1
sheep/goat 6 6 1 13
pig 8 9 17
horse 2 2
large ungulate 55 20 3 78
small ungulate 5 5
unidentified 210 137 6 353
carnivore 2 2
Total 335 193 13 541


204

enclosure ditch 1023,
Phase 2
species/section 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 16 n/a Total
cattle 5 33 4 19 10 17 9 4 6 4 15 1 127
sheep 1 2 2 4 1 10
sheep/goat 5 7 4 6 3 10 2 1 1 4 4 47
pig 2 7 5 3 1 15 5 1 6 2 47
horse 1 1 3 1 3 2 11
cat 1 2 3
dog 3 1 5 2 7 12 30
large ungulate 5 14 10 10 14 23 5 6 10 6 2 105
small ungulate 6 3 8 14 5 3 1 1 41
unidentified 40 193 71 35 149 261 123 100 158 52 18 1200
bird 3 1 2 3 4 1 14
small mammal 1 1
carnivore 1 1
Total 58 266 101 76 189 357 154 118 186 89 36 1 1637


cemetery ditch 1260,
Phase 2
species/section 2 4 5 6 1,2,3, 2 3 3 4 4 5 Total
cattle 30 19 24 32 51 30 16 47 249
sheep 3 4 2 4 2 2 4 21
goat 1 1
sheep/goat 12 29 39 29 29 12 14 88 252
pig 2 3 5 9 5 4 2 9 39
horse 1 1 1 1 4
dog 1 1 21 23
large ungulate 12 47 27 30 66 17 10 50 259
small ungulate 3 58 22 20 36 21 6 110 276
unidentified 37 284 134 126 435 123 44 292 1475
bird 10 1 2 13
carnivore 2 1 3
Total 100 455 255 247 629 231 94 604 2615


205

ditch 1317, Phase 1
species/section 1 2 3 4 n/a Total
cattle 12 6 28 46
sheep 1 1
sheep/goat 2 1 8 11
pig 3 6 6 15
horse 1 2 3
cat 1 1
large ungulate 1 17 17 2 42 79
small ungulate 4 10 20 34
unidentified 1 49 44 2 359 455
bird 1 1
small mammal 1 1
Total 2 90 84 4 467 647


pit 1375, Phase 3
cattle 41
sheep/goat 3
pig 1
large ungulate 8
small ungulate 2
rabbit 6
unidentified 119
Total 180

Table 27. Species representation in pit 1375.

206

Feature cattle sheep sh/g pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew SA lizard indet Total
1015 1 4 50 55
1020 1 1 9 1 191 203
1023 12 3 5 9 3 7 9 159 3 112 16 9 41 179 22 2338 2927
1045 1 1
1047 3 3
1049 1 24 25
1051 2 49 51
1057 3 3
1066 7 7
1260 1 2 2 233 238
1292 1 7 8
1317 3 1 2 8 8 18 10 13 8 5 10 920 1006
1330 1 1 50 52
1346 4 2 107 113
1363 42 42
1372 6 15 21
1375 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 299 311
1390 2 2
1475 30 30
1502 5 5
1528 1 7 8
1534 3 7 10
natural 17 17
SK 46 4 4
SK 5 2 2
sk 67 1 1
sk 68 3 3
sk 69 46 46
Total 18 4 14 14 3 29 26 187 3 131 29 17 46 192 22 4459 5194

Table 28. Bones from the soil samples.

207

ditch 1015, Phase 1 cattle sh/g pig horse dog LU indet Total
skull 1 3 1 3 8
mandible 9 1 22 32
vert cerv 1 1
vert lumb 1 1
ribs 2 2
scapula 3 4 7
humerus 2 1 1 4
mc 2 2
pelvis 1 1
tibia 2 2
mt 1 1
ph 1 1 1
long bone 1 2 3
teeth, mand 10 1 11
teeth, max 2 1 3
indet 155 155
teeth 1 1
Total 32 5 3 1 1 32 161 235

Table 29. Anatomical distribution of species in ditch 1015.

208

ditch 1020, Phase 1 cattle sheep sh/g pig horse LU SU indet carnivore Total
skull 1 1 12 22 36
mandible 4 1 4 30 39
atlas 1 1
axis 1 1
vert cerv 2 2
vert thor 1 1
vert lumb 2 2
sacrum 2 2
vert 3 3
rib 11 3 2 16
scapula 2 2 1 5
humerus 3 1 1 5
radius 2 2 1 1 6
ulna 1 1 1 3
carpal 1 1
metacarpal 1 1
pelvis 2 1 1 4
femur 1 1 1 2 5
tibia 1 1 2
talus 1 1
metatarsal 4 4
metapodial 1 1
ph 1 1 1 2
long bone 8 2 10
teeth mand 18 2 3 1 24
teeth max 25 4 29
indet 327 327
teeth 2 3 3 8
Total 70 1 13 17 2 78 5 353 2 541


209

enclosure
ditch
1023, cattl shee sh/ pi hors ca do L S inde bir S carnivo Tota
Phase 2 e p g g e t g U U t d M re l
skull 7 8 2 2 34 53
horn core 3 1 1 19 24
mandible 8 3 7 1 1 2 10 2 34
atlas 1 1 2
axis 1 1 1 3
vert cerv 3 4 4 11
vert thor 5 5 1 1 12
vert lumb 1 1 2 4
vert caud 1 1
vert 6 4 10
rib 5 19 24 3 1 52
scapula 7 1 5 7 20
humerus 2 1 1 1 1 2 5 13
radius 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 11
ulna 3 2 1 1 7
rad+ulna 2 2
carpal 7 7
metacarpal 3 2 1 1 1 8
pelvis 1 1 1 6 9
femur 1 2 1 2 1 1 8
patella 1 1 2
tibia 5 1 1 1 1 9
Fibula
/malleolare 1 1
talus 2 2 1 3 8
calcaneus 1 1
ct 1 1 2
tarsi 1 1
metatarsal 7 3 3 13
metapodial 1 1 1 1 4
ph 1 6 2 3 9 2 1 23
ph 2 7 2 9
ph 3 1 1
sesamoid 2 2
long bone 33 8 12 2 55
teeth mand 20 15 5 40
teeth max 26 6 1 3 36
indet 1097 1097
teeth 3 5 1 7 26 42
10
Total 127 10 47 47 11 3 30 5 41 1200 14 1 1 1637

210
cemetery ditch
1260, cattl shee goa sh/ pi hors do L inde bir carnivo Tota
Phase 2 e p t g g e g U SU t d re l
skull 17 48 7 20 1 167 260
horn core 3 7 1 5 35 51
mandible 11 3 47 7 22 10 100
atlas 1 1
axis 1 1 2
vert cerv 7 17 24
vert thor 5 23 6 34
vert lumb 7 11 6 24
sacrum 1 2 3
vert caud 1 1 2
vert 18 12 21 51
sternum 3 1 4
21
rib 4 1 18 76 3 16 3 331
scapula 8 1 17 1 24 6 2 2 61
humerus 12 2 2 1 1 2 20
radius 6 4 1 3 14
ulna 3 1 2 2 8
rad+ulna 3 3
carpal 2 2
metacarpal 8 3 1 2 14
pelvis 13 8 1 1 4 1 1 29
femur 8 4 1 1 2 16
patella 1 1
tibia 15 2 13 3 1 1 1 36
fibula/malleolare 1 1
talus 4 2 1 7
calcaneus 4 2 6
ct 1 1
tarsi 3 3
metatarsal 8 2 1 1 12
metapodial 6 1 2 1 10
ph 1 7 3 1 1 12
ph 2 1 1
ph 3 1 1
long bone 36 30 2 68
teeth mand 65 40 5 1 1 112
teeth max 34 31 1 66
indet 1207 1207
coracoid 2 2
hyoideum 1 1 1 3
teeth 1 1 1 9 12
25 27
Total 249 21 1 252 39 4 23 9 6 1475 13 3 2615
211

ditch 1317,
Phase 1 cattle sheep sh/g pig horse cat LU SU indet bird SM Total
skull 3 1 21 25
horn core 3 3
mandible 3 2 5 9 2 1 22
axis 1 1
vert cerv 2 2
vert thor 1 1
vert lumb 2 2
rib 52 30 3 1 86
scapula 1 8 1 1 11
humerus 2 1 3
radius 3 1 1 5
ulna 1 1 2
metacarpal 2 1 3
pelvis 3 3
femur 1 1
tibia 2 1 1 1 1 6
fibula 1 1
talus 1 1
calcaneus 1 1
metatarsal 4 1 5
metapodial 1 1 2
ph 1 1 1
long bone 3 3 6
teeth mand 19 3 2 24
teeth max 2 1 1 4
indet 420 420
teeth 2 1 3 6
Total 46 1 11 15 3 1 79 34 455 1 1 647


212

pit 1375, Phase 3 cattle sh/g pig LU SU indet rabbit Total
skull 13 44 57
horn core 1 1
mandible 1 1 2
vert cerv 1 1
rib 3 1 4
scapula 1 1 2
humerus 1 1
radius 2 1 1 4
ulna 1 1 2
pelvis 1 2 3
femur 1 1
tibia 1 1
fibula/malleolare 1 1
talus 1 1 2
calcaneus 1 1
mt 1 1
metapodial 1 1
sesamoid 1 1
long bone 1 1
teeth mand 7 1 8
teeth max 8 8
indet 74 74
teeth 2 1 3
Total 41 3 1 8 2 119 6 180

Table 34. Anatomical distribution of species in pit 1375.

213

Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 2
Phase 2
cattle MNE MAU %MAU sheep/goat MNE MAU %MAU pig MNE MAU %MAU cattle MNE MAU %MAU pig MNE MAU %MAU
cranium 1 1.0 33.3 cranium 1 1.0 66.7 cranium 1 1.0 28.6 cranium 2.0 2.0 40.0 cranium 4 4.0 57.1
horn core 0 0.0 0.0 horn core 0 0.0 0.0 mandible 7 3.5 100.0 horn core 2 1.0 15.4 mandible 14 7.0 100.0
mandible 6 3.0 100.0 mandible 2 1.0 66.7 atlas 0 0.0 0.0 mandible 3 1.5 23.1 atlas 0 0.0 0.0
atlas 1 1.0 33.3 atlas 0 0.0 0.0 axis 0 0.0 0.0 atlas 9 4.5 69.2 axis 0 0.0 0.0
axis 1 1.0 33.3 axis 0 0.0 0.0 vert cerv 0 0.0 0.0 axis 2 2.0 30.8 vert cerv 0 0.0 0.0
vert cerv 1 0.2 6.7 vert cerv 2 0.4 26.7 vert thor 0 0.0 0.0 vert cerv 1 1.0 15.4 vert thor 0 0.0 0.0
vert thor 1 0.1 2.6 vert thor 0 0.0 0.0 vert lumb 0 0.0 0.0 vert thor 5 1.0 15.4 vert lumb 0 0.0 0.0
vert lumb 1 0.2 5.6 vert lumb 0 0.0 0.0 sacrum 0 0.0 0.0 vert lumb 4 0.3 4.7 sacrum 0 0.0 0.0
sacrum 1 1.0 33.3 sacrum 0 0.0 0.0 ribs 0 0.0 0.0 sacrum 2 0.3 5.1 ribs 1 0.0 0.5
ribs 2 0.1 2.6 ribs 0 0.0 0.0 scapula 0 0.0 0.0 ribs 1 1.0 15.4 scapula 1 0.5 7.1
scapula 4 2.0 66.7 scapula 0 0.0 0.0 humerus 2 1.0 28.6 scapula 10 0.4 5.9 humerus 2 1.0 14.3
humerus 4 2.0 66.7 humerus 2 1.0 66.7 radius 1 0.5 14.3 humerus 6 3.0 46.2 radius 3 1.5 21.4
radius 5 2.5 83.3 radius 3 1.5 100.0 ulna 1 0.5 14.3 radius 9 4.5 69.2 ulna 2 1.0 14.3
ulna 2 1.0 33.3 ulna 0 0.0 0.0 carpals 0 0.0 0.0 ulna 5 2.5 38.5 carpals 0 0.0 0.0
carpals 2 0.2 5.6 carpals 1 0.1 5.6 metacarpal 1 0.5 14.3 carpals 5 2.5 38.5 metacarpal 2 0.3 3.6
metacarpal 3 1.5 50.0 metacarpal 0 0.0 0.0 os coxae 1 0.5 14.3 metacarpal 8 0.7 10.3 os coxae 1 0.5 7.1
os coxae 2 1.0 33.3 os coxae 2 1.0 66.7 femur 1 0.5 14.3 os coxae 8 4.0 61.5 femur 1 0.5 7.1
femur 1 0.5 16.7 femur 1 0.5 33.3 patella 0 0.0 0.0 femur 7 3.5 53.8 patella 0 0.0 0.0
patella 0 0.0 0.0 patella 0 0.0 0.0 tibia 1 0.5 14.3 patella 7 3.5 53.8 tibia 3 1.5 21.4
tibia 3 1.5 50.0 tibia 3 1.5 100.0 fibula 1 0.5 14.3 tibia 2 1.0 15.4 fibula 0 0.0 0.0
malleolare 1 0.5 16.7 malleolare 0 0.0 0.0 talus 0 0.0 0.0 malleolare 13 6.5 100.0 talus 3 1.5 21.4
talus 2 1.0 33.3 talus 0 0.0 0.0 calcaneus 0 0.0 0.0 talus 1 0.5 7.7 calcaneus 1 0.5 7.1
calcaneus 1 0.5 16.7 calcaneus 0 0.0 0.0 tarsi 0 0.0 0.0 calcaneus 5 2.5 38.5 tarsi 0 0.0 0.0
tarsi 0 0.0 0.0 tarsi 0 0.0 0.0 metatarsal 0 0.0 0.0 tarsi 4 2.0 30.8 metatarsal 0 0.0 0.0
metatarsal 5 2.5 83.3 metatarsal 0 0.0 0.0 phalanx 1 1 0.1 1.8 metatarsal 6 1.0 15.4 phalanx 1 10 0.6 8.9
phalanx 1 3 0.4 12.5 phalanx 1 1 0.1 8.3 phalanx 2 1 0.1 1.8 phalanx 1 10 5.0 76.9 phalanx 2 3 0.2 2.7
phalanx 2 0 0.0 0.0 phalanx 2 0 0.0 0.0 phalanx 3 0 0.0 0.0 phalanx 2 9 1.1 17.3 phalanx 3 0 0.0 0.0
phalanx 3 1 0.1 4.2 phalanx 3 0 0.0 0.0 phalanx 3 5 0.6 9.6

Table 35. MNE, MAU and %MAUvalues.

214

Sample Context nro Species element description
26 1130 272 dog humerus Foramina nutricium (2) on the caudal side of the shaft are elongated as grooves, app. 2 cm long
36 1024 332 sh/g axis On the left side of the procimal articular facet there is a cleft and some bone remodeling around it.
Break?
54 1238 528 dog mandible Large dog mandible with extra molar behind M3‐ very small peg‐like teeth. No crowding.
91 1315 653 cattle mc In proximal medial articular facet a hole, approx. 1 cm x 0,5 cm, with sharp edges, There is only
very little signs of bone remodelling around the edges and on the bottom of the pit. Cause unknown.
65 1261 738 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn and fragment of skull. Nuchal horn complete, strait, flat and about 3,5 cm
long. Nasal horn is almost completely missing. Horns are completely separated, nasal one pointing
upwards, nuchal one slightly backwards.
98 1315 770 pig mandible Oval and flat extra bone growth in basal margin of mandibular corpus, size appro. 2 x 1 cm.
In middle of the extra bone is groove. Extra bone is more porous than other bone tissue. There is no
polish in the groove and rest of the mandible seems to be unaffected. Cause unknown.
110 1367 1092 cattle femur In the margin of the caudal side of proximal articular surface some porous extra bone growth.
Above these part of the articular surface shows some polishing. These indicate mild arthritis.
114 1261 1121 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn. Both horns are incomplete, only the base remaining. Nasal horn seems to
larger, approx 2,8 x 2,2 cm at the base, nuchal 2,4 x 1,8 cm. Otherwise compare description in 738.
121 1367 1295 sh/g vert lum Small bone outgrowths in ventral part of both cranial and caudal articular surfaces. Ageing / stress?
122 1353 1331 sheep humerus Small extra bone growth in the lateral side of distal throclea. Ageing / stress?
17 1030 189‐191 cattle mand teeth Set of abnormal cattle mandibular teeth. Teeth resemble cattle mandibular molars but are abnormally
short – crown being only approximately 2‐2,5 cm high, unworn or almost unworn with well developed
roots. Two dx and one sin.
108 1353 1818 sheep ct Fusion between Ct and T2+3
108 1353 1827 sheep horn core Polycerated sheep horn. Nasal horn larger and well developed, 3 x 2 cm in base and very flat and
approximately 7,5 cm long. Nuchal one smaller, 2 x 1,5 cm and approximately 5 cm long. Clearly
separated from the base.
159 1386 2302 cattle ct Ct and C 2+3 fused togerher

Table 36. Pathological bones.

215
Species Sample Context Element GL /GLpe Bp/Dp Bd/BT/Ld SD/MBS DD/DLS L B GB med edge GLl/Ll GLm Horn base Greatest diameter Least diameter Horncore length Withers height (cm)
Cattle
110 1367 horn core 174 67 43.5 179
122 1353 humerus 74.4
90 1021 humerus 74.3
7 1016 humerus 67.8
110 1367 humerus 67.1
65a 1261 mc 182 51.3 52.7 28.4 20.3 109.7
5 1017 mc 52.6
87 1021 mc 51.7
51 1098 mc 174 46.8 50.7 27.1 18.8 104.9
65a 1261 pelvis 7.6
149 1477 pelvis 5.4
92 1353 pelvis 4.9
122 1353 femur 87
109 1261 tibia 63.4
149 1477 tibia 58.4
88 1316 tibia 57.7
154 1477 tibia 55.9
128 1367 tibia 52.9
115 1367 tibia 52.8
87 1021 talus 41.5 64.1 57.7
106 1315 talus 43.1 64.0 58.8
4 1027 talus 37.1 61.2 54.5
115 1367 talus 38.6 61.0 55.5
51 1098 talus 59.7
100 1384 talus 34.7
129 1261 talus 39.7 62.1 56.9
184 SK3 talus 34.4 55.0 50.2
106 1315 calcaneus 121
120 1261 calcaneus 121
116 1353 mt 46.9
17 1030 mt 46.7
129 1261 ph 1 53.6 26.7
128 1367 ph 1 53.2 25.9
5 1017 ph 1 52.7
120 1261 ph 2 38.0 20.3
39 1029 ph 2 18.8 7.5
119 1353 ph 3 50.9 22.5 69.6
36 1024 ph 3 49.5 22.2 62.5

216
Sheep
103 1261 horn core 80 25.8 20.9 83
154 1477 horn core 156 57.9 42.4
95 1329 horn core 84 29.1 23.4 95
95 1330 horn core 81 28.3 22.2 90
92 1353 mc 24.9
15 1076 mc 21.6
101 SK90 mc 22.9
65a 1261 tibia * 173 23.6 * 52,1
106 1315 tibia 24.4
117 1261 tibia 23.8
85 1021 tibia 23.6
41 1099 tibia 24.7
52 1037 tibia 25.1
35 1029 talus 17.5 27.9 26.2 63.3
4 1027 talus 15.5 26.5 25 60.1
36 1024 ph 1 32.1 9.6
109 1261 ph 1 32.6 9.9
65 1261 ph 1 32.3 9.6
92 1353 ph 1 32.2 9.7
20 1001 ph 1 31.9 10.3
4 1027 ph 1 31.4
20 1001 ph 2 18.6 7.4

Dog
47 1197 upper P4 19.1 8 10
47 1197 upper P4 18.9 7.8 10.3
47 1197 upper M1 13.6 16.1
54 1238 lower M1 23.3 9
109 1261 lower M1 26.2 10.6
54 1238 lower M2 10.3 7.6
116 1353 humerus 51.6 42.6
18 1024 humerus 33.8
116 1353 talus 31.9

Horse
122 1353 radius 70.6
129 1261 metatarsal 259 45.1 44.9 28.2 258 137.5

Pig
36 1024 upper M3 32.3 17.9
6 1018 upper M3 18.2
88 1316 upper M3 33.2 18.3
217
51 1098 upper M3 17.5

14 1030 lower M3 32.8 14.4
121 1367 lower M3 32.8 14.9
121 1367 lower M3 32.6 15.4
35 1029 lower M3 32.1 13.9
36 1024 lower M3 30.9 14.2
129 1261 lower M3 15.1
53 1237 lower M3 13.9
80 1329 lower M3 32.5 14.6
129 1261 lower M3 34.2 14.6
36 1024 talus 23.8 40.3 36.9 72.1
35 1029 talus 36.8 34.5 65.9
20 1001 ph 1 30.9 13.6
36 1024 ph 2 22.1 13

Cat
47 1197 humerus 99.3 16.4 19.9 6.5
159 1386 humerus 15.1
47 1197 femur 20.9
47 1197 tibia 19.6
47 1197 tibia 15.1
50 1200 tibia 19.7
159 1386 tibia 12.4
159 1386 calcaneus 22.8

Table 37. Measurements. Withers heights of sheep according to Teichert (1975), dog Hardcourt (1974), cattle Matolsci (1970), pig Teichert (1969), horse Kiesewalter (1888). *in two pieces.

218
.

Nro Sample Context Elem Side GL/GLl/Glpe Bp/GLm SD/DLS DD/Ld Bd/BT/MBS med edge withers heights
1033 109 1261 humerus l 121 33.1 26.3
1389 122 1353 humerus l 24
1775 108 1353 humerus l 24.4
1862 122 1353 humerus l 24.5
1334 122 1353 humerus l 25.9
1860 122 1353 humerus l 25.9
1534 130 1353 humerus l 27.1
1774 108 1353 humerus l 27.4
1333 122 1353 humerus l 27.7
1861 122 1353 humerus l 28.9
1331 122 1353 humerus r 134 27
1710 122 1353 humerus r 23.9
1532 130 1353 humerus r 24.8
1773 108 1353 humerus r 25.4
1035 109 1261 humerus r 26.4
953 104 1353 humerus r 27.5
1711 122 1353 humerus r 27.6
1866 122 1353 radius l 134 53.9
1714 122 1353 radius r 128 51.5
1535 130 1353 radius r 141 56.7
1873 122 1353 mc l 112 19.9 13.3 9.4 22.7 54.8
1784 108 1353 mc l 112 21.9 14.3 10.2 24.1 54.8
1407 122 1353 mc l 114 20.5 13.6 9.2 23.9 55.7
1785 108 1353 mc l 118 21 13.4 9.2 23.8 57.7
1787 108 1353 mc l 23
1408 122 1353 mc l 22.1 Bp 24.9
1340 122 1353 mc r 113 19.5 12.3 8.8 22.6 55.3
1405 122 1353 mc r 114 20.7 13.4 9 24.2 55.7
1038 109 1261 mc r 117 23.5 14.4 9.4 25.5 57.2
956 104 1353 mc r 120 21.2 13.5 9.1 23.8 58.7
1406 122 1353 mc r 121 21.8 13.8 8.9 24.8 59.2
1857 122 1353 pelvis l 3.2
1856 122 1353 pelvis l 3.9
1855 122 1353 pelvis l 5.9
1868 122 1353 femur l 33.3
1041 109 1261 femur r 146 39.9 33 51.5
959 104 1353 femur r 34.1
1540 130 1353 femur r 35.6
1781 108 1353 femur r 35.8
1338 122 1353 femur r 36.5
1541 130 1353 femur r 36.5
1716 122 1353 femur r 41.7
219
958 104 1353 tibia l 22.4

957 104 1353 tibia l 22.5
1545 130 1353 tibia l 23.7
1253 120 1261 tibia l 23.8
1252 120 1261 tibia l 23.9
1872 122 1353 tibia l 25
1871 122 1353 tibia l 39.8 25.1
1782 108 1353 tibia r 177 23.3 53.3
1296 121 1367 tibia r 23
1717 122 1353 tibia r 25
1874 122 1353 talus l 25.8 24.9 16.9 58.5
1793 108 1353 talus l 26.5 25.2 16.7 60.1
1344 122 1353 talus r 27.4 26.6 17.8 62.1
1794 108 1353 calcaneus l 50.5 57.6
1722 122 1353 calcaneus r 51.4 58.6
1792 108 1353 mt l 118 17.9 10.5 9.2 21.7 53.6
1414 122 1353 mt l 118 19.4 10.9 9.5 22.1 53.6
1413 122 1353 mt l 120 18.8 11.3 9.3 22.8 54.5
1163 116 1353 mt l 122 19.9 11.7 9.2 23.4 55.4
1415 122 1353 mt l 129 20.3 12 8.6 23.5 58.6
1179 117 1261 mt l 18.1 22.2
1790 108 1353 mt r 117 20.1 11.3 9.7 22.1 53.1
1791 108 1353 mt r 119 17.9 10.6 9.1 21.7 54.0
1409 122 1353 mt r 124 20.9 12.4 9.4 25.5 56.3
1411 122 1353 mt r 21.5
1162 116 1353 mt r 21.7
1410 122 1353 mt r 23
1420 122 1353 ph 1 29.9 9.1
1731 122 1353 ph 1 30.6 9.6
1798 108 1353 ph 1 30.7 10.3
1799 108 1353 ph 1 30.9 9.6
1424 122 1353 ph 1 30.9 10.5
1800 108 1353 ph 1 31 9.4
1727 122 1353 ph 1 31 10.6
1802 108 1353 ph 1 31.1 10.3
1797 108 1353 ph 1 31.3 9.9
1803 108 1353 ph 1 31.4 9.4
1417 122 1353 ph 1 31.4 11
1730 122 1353 ph 1 31.4 10.1
1801 108 1353 ph 1 31.8 9.8
1426 122 1353 ph 1 31.8 10
1341 122 1353 ph 1 32 10.6
1425 122 1353 ph 1 32.6 11
1796 108 1353 ph 1 32.7 9.7
1726 122 1353 ph 1 33 11.1
1804 108 1353 ph 1 33.4
220
1423 122 1353 ph 1 33.5 11.1

1725 122 1353 ph 1 33.5 10.3
1422 122 1353 ph 1 33.6 10.7
1728 122 1353 ph 1 33.6 10.7
1418 122 1353 ph 1 33.7 10
1421 122 1353 ph 1 33.7 11.8
1729 122 1353 ph 1 33.8 11.4
1029 109 1261 ph 1 33.9
1298 121 1367 ph 1 34 10.3
1039 109 1261 ph 1 34.1 11.5
1419 122 1353 ph 1 34.3 10.5
1342 122 1353 ph 2 19.1 9
1300 121 1367 ph 2 19.1 8.1
1429 122 1353 ph 2 19.1 7.3
1807 108 1353 ph 2 19.4 8.4
1428 122 1353 ph 2 19.8 7.9
1809 108 1353 ph 2 19.9 8.1
1808 108 1353 ph 2 20 9.1
1732 122 1353 ph 2 20 8.4
1805 108 1353 ph 2 20.1 8.2
1299 121 1367 ph 2 20.2 7.9
1430 122 1353 ph 2 20.3 8.2
1810 108 1353 ph 2 20.4 8
1806 108 1353 ph 2 20.5 8.1
1427 122 1353 ph 2 20.5 8.9
1812 108 1353 ph 3 24.1 20 6
1816 108 1353 ph 3 24.1 20.3 5.2
1813 108 1353 ph 3 24.4 19.7 6.2
1815 108 1353 ph 3 24.6 19.9 6.4
1733 122 1353 ph 3 24.8 20.6 5.2
1343 122 1353 ph 3 25.5 21.8 5.8
1814 108 1353 ph 3 25.5 21.5 6
1432 122 1353 ph 3 25.5 21.8 6.1
1301 121 1367 ph 3 25.7 18.6 6.5
1302 121 1367 ph 3 25.7 18.9 6.4
1811 108 1353 ph 3 27 22.3 6
1433 122 1353 ph 3 27.1 22.1 6
1431 122 1353 ph 3 28 21.5 5.6
Nro Sample Context Elem Side Basal diameter Gratest diameter Least diameter Horncore length
1906 122 1353 horn core l 70 26 18.6 76

Table 38. Measurements from complete sheep skeletons from cemetery ditch 1260.

221

Section cattle sheep sheep/goat pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew SA lizard indet Total
1 16 1 2 67 86
2 2 1 2 3 1 2 26 22 2 3 48 21 591 724
3 1 3 6 5 7 1 7 295 325
4 1 1 1 1 1 12 4 5 27 21 250 324
5 2 1 5 2 1 4 245 260
6 1 1 1 1 1 3 21 29
7 1 1 1 10 7 1 15 105 141
8 3 1 1 1 1 21 2 21 1 1 15 338 406
9 4 10 3 1 10 74 102
10 48 2 1 3 12 86 152
11 1 1 1 7 10
12 1 3 7 11
13 3 1 2 21 27
14 2 1 2 10 4 2 13 73 107
15 1 2 1 20 2 25 140 191
16 5 5 1 2 1 18 32
Total 12 3 5 9 3 7 9 159 3 112 16 9 41 179 22 2338 2927

Table 39. Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample ditch sections. LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate, SM =
small mammal, SA = small animal.

222

Context cattle sheep sheep/goat pig dog LU SU mouse rodent bird fish SM shrew SA lizard indet Total
1005 1 1 1 3
1006 3 3
1008 8 8
1024 2 1 3 1 2 3 9 7 2 21 1 349 401
1025 1 12 5 1 4 136 159
1026 1 1 1 2 82 87
1027 2 1 1 1 1 3 6 2 2 298 317
1029 5 10 5 27 28 145 220
1031 1 2 47 50
1032 1 3 4 8
1033 1 1 2
1034 1 1
1035 11 11
1036 2 12 14
1037 1 1 1 13 7 25 20 67 135
1038 1 1 2 1 1 125 131
1072 1 2 1 18 2 25 129 178
1073 1 16 2 9 1 1 1 105 136
1074 1 7 4 12
1075 2 2 4
1076 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 231 242
1077 1 1
1078 1 2 1 6 17 27
1079 7 10 17
1092 3 3
223
1093 16 17 33

1099 1 1 3 3 3 2 101 114
1100 1 12 13
1102 3 6 9
1103 1 1 1 10 7 1 12 71 104
1111 1 2 37 40
1113 1 1 4 1 3 76 86
1123 2 2 3 26 33
1125 5 4 1 2 6 18
1179 48 2 2 12 65 129
1191 10 10
1192 1 1 11 13
1197 3 1 1 13 18
1199 1 3 7 11
1200 2 2 3 20 27
1201 1 1 6 1 1 10 44 64
1209 1 1
1210 2 2
1213 1 1 2 4
1214 3 3
1220 4 4
1234 1 3 3 7
1239 4 10 14
Total 12 3 5 9 3 7 9 159 3 112 16 9 41 179 22 2338 2927

Table 40. Animal bones from the soil samples from enclosure ditch 1023 in different sample contexts.LU = large ungulate, SU = small ungulate, SM = small
mammal, SA = small animal.

224

Phase Feature cattle sheep goat sheep/goat pig horse cat dog LU SU indet rabbit rat mouse bird SM carnivore Total
1 1015 32 5 3 1 1 32 161 235
1 1020 70 1 13 17 2 78 5 353 2 541
1 1051 1 2 3
1 1302 1 1 1 3 6
1 1317 46 1 11 15 3 1 79 34 455 1 1 647
1 1330 11 2 1 4 3 60 81
1 1372 3 5 1 12 16 10 47
2 1023 127 10 47 47 11 3 30 105 41 1200 14 1 1 1637
2 1260 249 21 1 252 39 4 23 259 276 1475 13 3 2615
2 1292 11 2 9 2 24
2 1346 5 3 1 25 34
2 1359 5 1 1 1 8 16
2 1363 5 5
2 1475 22 1 1 2 2 3 3 37 71
2 1482 1 1
2 1485 1 1
2 1487 4 4
2 1498 1 1
3 1375 41 3 1 8 2 119 6 180
I SK003 5 2 13 1 62 83
I SK042 1 3 4
I SK049 5 4 1 1 21 32
I SK052 1 1 2 1 5 10
I SK069 3 1 5 9
I SK072 2 1 1 1 4 19 28
I SK085/86 4 1 2 2 1 55 65
I SK088 3 18 21
I SK100 1 2 1 13 17
I SK102 2 1 1 13 17
I SK106 1 1
I SK107 1 1
I SK113 1 3 4 8
I SK114 2 2
I SK115 2 1 3
I SK125 1 1
I SK001 3 1 2 17 23
II SK018 2 2 1 3 8
II SK017 2 2
II SK031 2 1 62 65
II SK035 1 1
II SK036 3 2 5
II SK039 1 1 1 1 4
II SK068 1 1 10 12
225
II SK071 1 8 9
II SK075 2 2
II SK084 1 1
II SK090 3 1 1 1 1 5 11 23
II SK091 1 1
II SK097 2 2
II SK105 1 1 2 4
II SK108 8 8
II SK121 1 1 17 19
III SK044 1 1 1 1 2 12 18
III SK047 1 1
III SK079 2 1 2 5
III SK089 3 1 2 1 8 2 40 57
III SK110 1 1
III SK116 1 1
N/A 1229 1 1
N/A gvsubsoil 124 1 39 15 6 1 51 9 772 2 1 1021
N/A subsoil 24 2 12 14 19 7 147 1 226
N/A topsoil 16 16
Total 828 45 1 418 182 31 4 55 699 399 5266 8 1 1 41 2 6 7987

Table 41. Distribution of hand‐picked material in different features.

226

Species sample context nro I 1 I 2 I 3 C PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 M 1 M 2 M 3
cattle 7 1016 42 M
cattle 7 1016 43 P g P U
cattle 9 1036 55 A M M j P g
cattle 5 1017 60 A A A A A A A A L
cattle 5 1017 61 P j P j P f
cattle 5 1017 62 M
cattle 5 1017 78 P P P
cattle 17 1030 189 P (abnormal) P (abnormal)
cattle 21 1031 238 M H M U P V
cattle 38 1103 372 A A A A M M M j P d P
cattle 49 1199 482 M M M j P U
cattle 65 1261 665 M M M j P g
cattle 98 1315 765 P d P C
cattle 85 1021 791 P P P c A A A
cattle 85 1021 792 P k
cattle 103 1261 900 M M M
cattle 114 1261 1104 M j P f
cattle 120 1261 1221 M M M f A
cattle 129 1261 1483 P C
cattle 129 1261 1485 M M A
cattle 132 1472 2197 P P P g P l P j P j
cattle 132 1472 2203 P ‐
cattle 134 1396 2236 M M P E
cattle 145 1512 2262 A A A
sheep 65 1261 681 M l P g P f
sheep 120 1261 1234 P A A A A M M h P g P c
sheep 122 1353 1312 A A M g P f P H
sheep 122 1353 1844 P C A A A A A M g P g A
sheep 122 1353 1845 M h P g
sheep 122 1353 1846 A A A A V P P j P m P h P g
sheep 122 1353 1847 A A A A A A P j P k P g P f
sheep 122 1353 1847 A A A A A P P j P k P g
sheep 122 1353 1894 P P P P
sheep 122 1353 1895 P P P P
sheep 122 1353 1896 P P
sheep 122 1353 1897 M M
sheep 122 1353 1898 A
sheep/goat 91 1315 657 M M M
sheep/goat 65 1261 682 P g
sheep/goat 65 1261 694 A P P P
sheep/goat 85 1021 808 P P P g P g P g P d
sheep/goat 103 1261 901 P E P P a P g P g P b
sheep/goat 104 1353 944 P P P P
sheep/goat 104 1353 945 P P P P P P
sheep/goat 104 1353 946 P C A M
sheep/goat 114 1261 1111 A A
227
sheep/goat 118 1367 1190 A P P j P k P g P g

sheep/goat 119 1353 1203 A A
sheep/goat 120 1261 1235 A P P g P h P g P g
sheep/goat 122 1353 1313 P E A A A A
sheep/goat 122 1353 1366 P f P E
sheep/goat 122 1353 1367 A A A A
sheep/goat 122 1353 1380 A M
sheep/goat 122 1353 1381 M M M P P H
sheep/goat 129 1261 1486 A A A A A P P h P j P g P g
sheep/goat 130 1353 1505 A A A A P P P g P g P g P d
sheep/goat 130 1353 1506 A A A A A P P g A P g P d
sheep/goat 130 1353 1516 P P
sheep/goat 20 1001 1606 A P P g P g P g A
sheep/goat 122 1353 1690 P E L P P e P g P f A
sheep/goat 108 1353 1765 P P A P h P g P e
sheep/goat 89 1373 2091 A P P g P k P h P g
pig 6 1018 36 A P P P P P
pig 14 1030 130 P P P P
pig 14 1030 131 P c P h P e P a
pig 15 1076 151 P c P U
pig 26 1130 267 P
pig 35 1029 301 P a
pig 35 1029 302 P d
pig 36 1024 329 P P P P P H
pig 36 1024 330 P j P c
pig 53 1237 506 A A
pig 53 1237 507 P P b
pig 69 1304 567 P A A
pig 76 1328 611 P A P V P V
pig 76 1328 612 P d P U
pig 91 1315 649 P P A P
pig 98 1315 769 P P P b
pig 98 1315 770 A P U A P a P C
pig 85 1021 809 P P a P h P d A
pig 85 1021 810 A P
pig 114 1261 1112 P
pig 115 1367 1137 A A A A A A A
pig 121 1367 1383 P b
pig 129 1261 1487 A P a P f P a P C
pig 129 1261 1488 P P c P j P g P c
pig 129 1261 1489 P P
pig 130 1353 1518 A A A P A P P d P m P f A
pig 154 1477 1587 A A A A A A
pig 20 1001 1612 A A A
pig 51 1098 1988 A P P P P P a
pig 80 1329 2066 P V
228
pig 83 1350+51 2079 A A A P M M M f

pig 92 1201 2863 P P P b P j P d
cat 35 1029 315 P P
cat 159 1386 2312 A P P P P
dog 41 1029 402 M M M
dog 41 1029 403 V M M
dog 41 1029 408 V M
dog 42 1976 416 P P P P A P P
dog 47 1197 440 P P P
dog 47 1197 441 P
dog 54 1238 528 A A P P P P P P + P

Table 42. Teeth recording sheet. M = milk, P = permanent, C = crypt, V = visible, E = erupting, H = half erupted, A= alveoli, L=ante‐mortem loss. Tooth wear (a‐o) according to Grant 1982.

229

Completeness

0 fragment (less than 50%) 35 angle
1 complete (more than 95%) 36 premaxilla
2 prox epi 37 maxilla
3 prox epi + prox diaf 38 nasal
4 prox epi +prox diaf+ shaft 39 maxilla
5 prox epi + prox diaf + shaft+ dist diaf 40 frontal
6 dist epi 41 zygomaticum
7 dist epi + dist diaf 42 temporal articular facet
8 dist epi +dist diaf+ shaft 43 occipital condyle
9 dist epi + dist diaf + shaft+ prox diaf 44 horncore base
10 prox diaf 45 horncore tip
11 shaft
12 dist diaf
13 prox diaf + shaft
14 dist diaf + shaft
15 prox diaf + shaft + dist diaf
16 lateral side
17 medial side
18 right side
19 left side
20 prox part
21 dist part
22 arcus
23 acetabulum
24 ace ilium
25 ace ischii
26 ace pubis
27 pubis
28 ilium
29 ischii
30 supraglanoid tubercle
31 glenoid cavity
32 toothrow
33 condlylar process
34 coracoid process
Table 43.Animal bone recording sheet: codes for completeness.

230

Phase Feature recovery Nro Sample context Spec Elem N of S Side Epi p Epi d Comp Marks Butc Sex Meas 1 Meas 2 Meas 3 Meas 4 Other
NA topsoil hc 2253 135 1000 unidentified unidentified 16 0
NA subsoil hc 1643 20 1001 bird metatarsal 1 fused fused 1
NA subsoil hc 1592 20 1001 cattle teeth 1 right 0 M 3
NA subsoil hc 1593 20 1001 cattle teeth 1 right 0 M 1/2
NA subsoil hc 1594 20 1001 cattle teeth 1 right 0 i / c
NA subsoil hc 1595 20 1001 cattle teeth 2 left 0 i / c
NA subsoil hc 1596 20 1001 cattle teeth 1 1 pd 2
NA subsoil hc 1597 20 1001 cattle teeth 2 0 M 1/2
NA subsoil hc 1598 20 1001 cattle teeth 3 0 M 1/2
NA subsoil hc 1599 20 1001 cattle teeth 2 0
NA subsoil hc 1600 20 1001 cattle teeth 1 right 0 M 3
NA subsoil hc 1613 20 1001 cattle mandible 1 0
NA subsoil hc 1614 20 1001 cattle mandible 1 right 33
NA subsoil hc 1619 20 1001 cattle metacarpal 1 left fused 4
NA subsoil hc 1620 20 1001 cattle metapodial 2 open 0
NA subsoil hc 1622 20 1001 cattle calcaneus 1 0
NA subsoil hc 1623 20 1001 cattle femur 1 left open 6
NA subsoil hc 1624 20 1001 cattle carpi 1 1 C4
NA subsoil hc 1625 20 1001 cattle phalanx 1 1 open 2
NA subsoil hc 1626 20 1001 cattle phalanx 2 1 open fused 9
NA subsoil hc 1616 20 1001 large ungulate scapula 1 31
NA subsoil hc 1617 20 1001 large ungulate scapula 2 0
NA subsoil hc 1618 20 1001 large ungulate skull 1 left 0 gnawed
NA subsoil hc 1621 20 1001 large ungulate radius 1 fused 0
NA subsoil hc 1636 20 1001 large ungulate shaft 8 0
NA subsoil hc 1639 20 1001 large ungulate ribs 6 0
NA subsoil hc 1607 20 1001 pig teeth 1 left 0 female
NA subsoil hc 1608 20 1001 pig teeth 3 0 M
NA subsoil hc 1609 20 1001 pig teeth 4 0 PM
NA subsoil hc 1610 20 1001 pig teeth 1 0 pd 4
NA subsoil hc 1612 20 1001 pig mandible 1 right 32 chopped
NA subsoil hc 1630 20 1001 pig scapula 1 right fused 31
NA subsoil hc 1631 20 1001 pig phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 30,9 Bd 13,6
NA subsoil hc 1632 20 1001 pig phalanx 1 1 open fused 9
NA subsoil hc 1633 20 1001 pig atlas 1 no side 1 in 2 pieces
NA subsoil hc 1634 20 1001 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 31,9 Bd 10,3
NA subsoil hc 1635 20 1001 sheep phalanx 2 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 18,6 Bd 7,4
NA subsoil hc 1601 20 1001 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 1 M 1 /2
NA subsoil hc 1602 20 1001 sheep/goat teeth 4 0 M 1/2
NA subsoil hc 1603 20 1001 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 PM
NA subsoil hc 1604 20 1001 sheep/goat teeth 1 0 PM
NA subsoil hc 1605 20 1001 sheep/goat teeth 1 0
NA subsoil hc 1606 20 1001 sheep/goat mandible 1 left 32
NA subsoil hc 1627 20 1001 sheep/goat radius 1 left 11 gnawed
231
NA subsoil hc 1628 20 1001 sheep/goat tibia 1 left 10
NA subsoil hc 1629 20 1001 sheep/goat tibia 1 left 11
NA subsoil hc 1637 20 1001 small ungulate shaft 5 0
NA subsoil hc 1640 20 1001 small ungulate ribs 2 0
NA subsoil hc 1611 20 1001 unidentified teeth 7 0
NA subsoil hc 1615 20 1001 unidentified mandible 2 0
NA subsoil hc 1638 20 1001 unidentified vert 2 no side 0
NA subsoil hc 1641 20 1001 unidentified ribs 2 0
NA subsoil hc 1642 20 1001 unidentified skull 1 0
NA subsoil hc 1644 20 1001 unidentified unidentified 2 0 burnt
NA subsoil hc 1645 20 1001 unidentified unidentified 131 0
2 1023 1 2906 100 1005 bird ulna 1 fused 4
2 1023 1 2907 100 1005 lizard shaft 1 0
2 1023 1 2908 100 1005 unidentified unidentified 1 0
2 1023 1 2910 103 1008 unidentified unidentified 1 0 burnt
2 1023 hc 417 43 1012 cattle humerus 1 left fused 6 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 418 43 1012 cattle phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1
2 1023 hc 420 43 1012 cattle phalanx 2 1 fused fused 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 421 43 1012 cattle carpi 2 1 C 2+3
2 1023 hc 422 43 1012 cattle carpi 2 1 Ca and C4
2 1023 hc 423 43 1012 cattle metatarsal 1 right fused 3
2 1023 hc 424 43 1012 cattle metatarsal 1 right 12 gnawed
2 1023 hc 425 43 1012 cattle phalanx 1 1 open infant 9
2 1023 hc 1956 43 1012 cattle teeth 1 0
2 1023 hc 1958 43 1012 large ungulate mandible 3 0
2 1023 hc 427 43 1012 pig phalanx 1 1 closing fused 1
2 1023 hc 430 43 1012 pig tibia 1 right open 10
2 1023 hc 426 43 1012 sheep/goat phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 goat?
2 1023 hc 428 43 1012 sheep/goat radius 1 right fused open 9
2 1023 hc 429 43 1012 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side closing open 19 chopped
2 1023 hc 1957 43 1012 sheep/goat teeth 1 0
2 1023 hc 431 43 1012 small ungulate ribs 1 0
2 1023 hc 432 43 1012 unidentified skull 2 0
2 1023 hc 433 43 1012 unidentified shaft 6 0
2 1023 hc 434 43 1012 unidentified unidentified 8 0
1 1015 hc 42 7 1016 cattle mandible 1 left 0
1 1015 hc 43 7 1016 cattle mandible 1 left 32 in pieces
1 1015 hc 44 7 1016 cattle teeth 1 right 0 M 1/2
1 1015 hc 46 7 1016 cattle humerus 1 left fused 0 BT 67,8
1 1015 hc 45 7 1016 large ungulate mandible 1 left 0
1 1015 1 3062 152 1016 mouse teeth 4 1 I
1 1015 1 3063 152 1016 sheep/goat phalanx 1 1 7
1 1015 1 3064 152 1016 unidentified teeth 1 0
232

1 1015 hc 60 5 1017 cattle mandible 1 right 32
1 1015 hc 61 5 1017 cattle mandible 1 right 32 in 4 pieces
1 1015 hc 63 5 1017 cattle teeth 2 right 1 pd 4
1 1015 hc 64 5 1017 cattle teeth 1 1 pd 3
1 1015 hc 65 5 1017 cattle teeth 1 left 1 M 1/ 2
1 1015 hc 66 5 1017 cattle teeth 2 left 0 M 1/ 2
1 1015 hc 67 5 1017 cattle teeth 1 1 PM
1 1015 hc 70 5 1017 cattle mandible 1 34
1 1015 hc 71 5 1017 cattle teeth 3 0
1 1015 hc 73 5 1017 cattle scapula 2 right fused 31
1 1015 hc 74 5 1017 cattle scapula 1 left 0 gnawed
1 1015 hc 76 5 1017 cattle pelvis 1 left 24 in two pieces
1 1015 hc 78 5 1017 cattle skull 1 right 32
1 1015 hc 79 5 1017 cattle humerus 1 right open 12
1 1015 hc 80 5 1017 cattle metacarpal 1 right fused 3
1 1015 hc 81 5 1017 cattle metacarpal 1 right fused 7 Bd 52,6
1 1015 hc 82 5 1017 cattle phalanx 1 1 right fused fused 1 Glpe 52,7
1 1015 hc 72 5 1017 large ungulate mandible 20 0 pieces from cattle
1 1015 hc 75 5 1017 large ungulate scapula 4 0
1 1015 hc 83 5 1017 large ungulate humerus 1 fused 0
1 1015 hc 84 5 1017 large ungulate ribs 2 0
1 1015 hc 85 5 1017 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side open 21 chopped
1 1015 hc 86 5 1017 large ungulate shaft 1 0
1 1015 hc 87 5 1017 large ungulate skull 1 0
1 1015 hc 88 5 1017 pig skull 1 left 40
1 1015 hc 89 5 1017 pig skull 1 left 42
1 1015 hc 90 5 1017 sheep/goat humerus 1 right fused 6
1 1015 hc 91 5 1017 sheep/goat mandible 1 right 33
1 1015 hc 92 5 1017 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 0 M 1/2
1 1015 hc 93 5 1017 sheep/goat tibia 1 right 11
1 1015 hc 95 5 1017 unidentified teeth 1 0
1 1015 hc 1578 151 1017 dog vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1 big
1 1015 hc 1577 151 1017 horse teeth 1 1
1 1015 hc 37 6 1018 cattle metatarsal 1 left 14 in 2 pieces
1 1015 hc 36 6 1018 pig skull 1 left 39 B 18,2 in 2 pieces
233

1 1020 hc 614 76 1021 carnivore ribs 1 21 in 2 pieces
1 1020 hc 615 76 1021 carnivore ribs 1 0
1 1020 hc 598 76 1021 cattle teeth 2 0 M 1/2
1 1020 hc 605 76 1021 cattle metatarsal 1 left 12 in 2 pieces
1 1020 hc 606 76 1021 cattle metatarsal 1 left 11 gnawed
1 1020 hc 607 76 1021 cattle metatarsal 1 0
1 1020 hc 609 76 1021 cattle atlas 1 no side 0 in 2 pieces
1 1020 hc 599 76 1021 large ungulate mandible 1 right 33
1 1020 hc 604 76 1021 pig teeth 1 1 pd
1 1020 hc 610 76 1021 pig pelvis 1 right 24
1 1020 hc 611 76 1021 pig mandible 1 left 32 male in 4 pieces
1 1020 hc 612 76 1021 pig mandible 1 right 32 in 3 pieces
1 1020 hc 613 76 1021 pig phalanx 1 1 open fused 9 II / V
1 1020 hc 602 76 1021 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 pd 3
1 1020 hc 603 76 1021 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 PM
1 1020 hc 616 76 1021 unidentified scapula 1 0
1 1020 hc 794 85 1021 cattle teeth 1 left 1 M 1/2
1 1020 hc 795 85 1021 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
1 1020 hc 802 85 1021 cattle teeth 1 right 1 M 3
1 1020 hc 819 85 1021 cattle radius 1 left fused open 5
1 1020 hc 822 85 1021 cattle radius 1 right infant 11
1 1020 hc 806 85 1021 horse teeth 1 left 1 PM / M
1 1020 hc 820 85 1021 horse radius 1 right fused 7
1 1020 hc 800 85 1021 large ungulate mandible 1 left 0
234
1 1020 hc 817 85 1021 large ungulate scapula 1 right 0 small catt / Deer

1 1020 hc 818 85 1021 large ungulate pelvis 1 25
1 1020 hc 821 85 1021 large ungulate femur 2 open 6 likely blg tgh
1 1020 hc 823 85 1021 large ungulate tibia 1 0
1 1020 hc 828 85 1021 large ungulate sacrum 2 no side fused fused 0
1 1020 hc 829 85 1021 large ungulate vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1
1 1020 hc 830 85 1021 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side 22
1 1020 hc 831 85 1021 large ungulate ribs 2 0 gnawed
1 1020 hc 836 85 1021 large ungulate vert lumb 1 no side 0
1 1020 hc 837 85 1021 large ungulate vert 2 no side 0
1 1020 hc 809 85 1021 pig mandible 1 left 32
1 1020 hc 810 85 1021 pig mandible 1 right 32
1 1020 hc 811 85 1021 pig teeth 1 right 1 female
1 1020 hc 812 85 1021 pig teeth 1 0 male
1 1020 hc 813 85 1021 pig teeth 1 0 I
1 1020 hc 814 85 1021 pig teeth 2 0 PM
1 1020 hc 826 85 1021 pig femur 1 0
1 1020 hc 827 85 1021 sheep tibia 1 left fused 8 Bd 23,6
1 1020 hc 808 85 1021 sheep/goat mandible 1 right 32 in 3 pieces
1 1020 hc 815 85 1021 sheep/goat teeth 1 0 M 1/2
1 1020 hc 824 85 1021 sheep/goat pelvis 1 left 25
1 1020 hc 825 85 1021 sheep/goat femur 1 left fused 2
1 1020 hc 841 85 1021 sheep/goat pelvis 1 right 24
1 1020 hc 833 85 1021 small ungulate shaft 2 0
1 1020 hc 842 85 1021 unidentified unidentified 2 0 gnawed
1 1020 hc 622 87 1021 cattle teeth 1 0 M
1 1020 hc 623 87 1021 cattle teeth 2 0 M
1 1020 hc 632 87 1021 cattle phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 gnawed in 2 pieces
1 1020 hc 633 87 1021 cattle talus 1 left 1 GLl 64,1 GLm 57,7 Bd 41,5
1 1020 hc 640 87 1021 cattle metacarpal 1 right 9 Bd 51,7
1 1020 hc 641 87 1021 cattle carpi 1 1 Cr
1 1020 hc 643 87 1021 cattle ulna 1 right 0 gnawed
1 1020 hc 628 87 1021 large ungulate mandible 1 right 33 small catt /deer
1 1020 hc 630 87 1021 large ungulate skull 1 left 41 in 2 pieces
1 1020 hc 631 87 1021 large ungulate skull 1 right 42
1 1020 hc 642 87 1021 large ungulate ulna 1 0
235

1 1020 hc 636 87 1021 pig radius 1 left fused 4
1 1020 hc 637 87 1021 pig ulna 1 left 11
1 1020 hc 638 87 1021 pig humerus 1 left open fused 9
1 1020 hc 639 87 1021 pig skull 1 no side 0
1 1020 hc 627 87 1021 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 1 M 3
1 1020 hc 634 87 1021 sheep/goat humerus 1 right fused 9
1 1020 hc 635 87 1021 sheep/goat radius 1 right 11
1 1020 hc 875 90 1021 cattle teeth 2 left 1 pd 4
1 1020 hc 879 90 1021 cattle teeth 5 0 M 1/2
1 1020 hc 883 90 1021 cattle teeth 1 1 PM 2
1 1020 hc 884 90 1021 cattle teeth 2 0 M
1 1020 hc 887 90 1021 cattle scapula 1 left fused 31
1 1020 hc 889 90 1021 cattle humerus 1 left 12
1 1020 hc 890 90 1021 cattle humerus 1 left fused 2
1 1020 hc 892 90 1021 cattle metapodial 1 0
1 1020 hc 894 90 1021 cattle axis 1 no side fused open 20+19 in 2 pieces
1 1020 hc 895 90 1021 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side 0
1 1020 hc 896 90 1021 large ungulate skull 9 0 pieces of maxilla
1 1020 hc 893 90 1021 sheep/goat radius 1 12
1 1020 hc 1935 96 1021 cattle teeth 2 0 M
1 1020 hc 1938 96 1021 cattle scapula 1 left fused 31 in 2 pieces
1 1020 hc 1936 96 1021 sheep/goat teeth 1 0 M
1 1020 1 2924 107 1021 large ungulate vert lumb 2 no side 0
1 1020 1 2925 107 1021 large ungulate scapula 1 0
1 1020 1 2926 107 1021 large ungulate teeth 1 0
236
1 1020 1 2931 109 1021 cattle hyoideum 1 0

1 1020 1 2967 123 1021 large ungulate skull 2 0
1 1020 1 2968 123 1021 large ungulate mandible 2 0
1 1020 1 2969 123 1021 large ungulate ribs 1 0
1 1020 1 2970 123 1021 small ungulate shaft 1 0
2 1023 hc 119 11 1024 cattle mandible 1 right 33 in three pieces
2 1023 hc 122 11 1024 cattle horn core 1 left 44 in 5 pieces
2 1023 hc 124 11 1024 cattle phalanx 1 1 open fused 9 alm inf
2 1023 hc 120 11 1024 large ungulate humerus 2 0
2 1023 hc 125 11 1024 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 M 3
2 1023 1 2489 17 1024 bird radius 1 fused 8 wader‐size
2 1023 1 2490 17 1024 bird phalanx 1 1 8
2 1023 1 2491 17 1024 bird phalanx 1 1 4 wing ph
2 1023 1 2492 17 1024 bird vert 1 1
2 1023 1 2495 17 1024 mouse tibia 2 15
2 1023 1 2496 17 1024 mouse humerus 1 fused 8
2 1023 1 2497 17 1024 mouse vert caud 1 no side open open 1
2 1023 1 2498 17 1024 mouse phalanx 1 2 fused 1
2 1023 1 2499 17 1024 mouse phalanx 1 1 8
2 1023 1 2488 17 1024 pig skull 2 infant 37 inf
2 1023 1 2485 17 1024 sheep phalanx 3 1 1
2 1023 1 2493 17 1024 shrew humerus 1 fused 8
2 1023 1 2494 17 1024 shrew mandible 1 right 1 picture
2 1023 1 2500 17 1024 small animal vert 1 no side 1 rodent/shrew
2 1023 1 2501 17 1024 small animal shaft 3 0
2 1023 1 2502 17 1024 small animal unidentified 3 0
2 1023 1 2503 17 1024 small ungulate ulna 1 open infant 10
2 1023 1 2486 17 1024 unidentified ribs 2 0
2 1023 1 2507 18 1024 bird shaft 1 0 juv
2 1023 1 2509 18 1024 bird ribs 1 0 ext tiny!
2 1023 1 2505 18 1024 dog humerus 1 left fused 6 Bd 33,8
2 1023 1 2508 18 1024 lizard humerus 1 fused fused 1
2 1023 1 2511 18 1024 mouse calcaneus 1 fused 1
2 1023 1 2510 18 1024 small animal vert 2 no side 1
2 1023 1 2506 18 1024 unidentified vert 1 no side infant open 0 very inf
237

2 1023 hc 237 19 1024 bird humerus 1 fused 7 Corvus frugilegus/corone
2 1023 hc 209 19 1024 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1023 hc 212 19 1024 cattle humerus 1 right fused 7
2 1023 hc 218 19 1024 cattle skull 5 0
2 1023 hc 224 19 1024 cattle talus 1 0
2 1023 hc 225 19 1024 cattle femur 1 left fused 3 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 227 19 1024 cattle metacarpal 1 1 mc V
2 1023 hc 228 19 1024 cattle sesamoid 1 1
2 1023 hc 234 19 1024 large ungulate radius 1 0
2 1023 hc 210 19 1024 pig teeth 1 left 0 female
2 1023 hc 211 19 1024 pig teeth 1 1
2 1023 hc 214 19 1024 pig radius 1 right fused 3
2 1023 hc 230 19 1024 pig teeth 1 left 0 male
2 1023 hc 231 19 1024 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 PM 3/4
2 1023 hc 232 19 1024 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 215 19 1024 unidentified radius 1 fused 0
2 1023 hc 226 19 1024 unidentified mandible 1 right 33
2 1023 hc 352 36 1024 bird shaft 1 0
2 1023 hc 324 36 1024 cattle phalanx 3 1 fused fused 1 DLS 62,5 Ld49,5 MBS 22,2
2 1023 hc 327 36 1024 cattle tibia 1 right 12
2 1023 hc 341 36 1024 cattle tarsi 1 1 T 2+3
2 1023 hc 342 36 1024 cattle carpi 2 1 C4 + Ca
2 1023 hc 343 36 1024 cattle phalanx 1 1 open infant 9
2 1023 hc 322 36 1024 large ungulate pelvis 1 0 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 326 36 1024 large ungulate phalanx 1 2 0
2 1023 hc 329 36 1024 pig skull 1 right 32 L 32,3 B 17,9
2 1023 hc 330 36 1024 pig mandible 1 left 32 gnawed L 30,9 B 14,2
2 1023 hc 331 36 1024 pig teeth 1 1 Pm
238
2 1023 hc 333 36 1024 pig skull 1 right 40 in 8 pieces
2 1023 hc 336 36 1024 pig talus 1 left 0
2 1023 hc 337 36 1024 pig talus 1 right 1 GLl 40,3 GLm 36,9 Bd 23,8
2 1023 hc 338 36 1024 pig phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 II / V
2 1023 hc 339 36 1024 pig phalanx 2 1 fused fused 1 GLpe 22,1 Bd 13,0
2 1023 hc 334 36 1024 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused 0
2 1023 hc 340 36 1024 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 GLpe32,1 Bd 9,6
2 1023 hc 355 36 1024 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused 0
2 1023 hc 332 36 1024 sheep/goat axis 1 no side fused fused 1 pathological
2 1023 hc 335 36 1024 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 1 blg tgt with 332?
2 1023 1 2598 39 1024 large ungulate shaft 1 0 burnt
2 1023 1 2597 39 1024 small ungulate ribs 1 0 burnt
2 1023 1 2633 44 1024 pig teeth 1 0
2 1023 1 2635 44 1024 unidentified coracoid 10 0
2 1023 1 2676 49 1024 bird ulna 1 fused 7
2 1023 1 2678 49 1024 cattle mandible 1 34
2 1023 1 2679 49 1024 cattle skull 1 0 nasale
2 1023 1 2680 49 1024 large ungulate shaft 1 0
2 1023 1 2677 49 1024 mouse radius 1 fused 4
2 1023 1 2585 38 1025 bird sternum 1 0 tiny!
2 1023 1 2586 38 1025 bird shaft 1 0
2 1023 1 2594 38 1025 bird tibia 1 fused 6
2 1023 1 2588 38 1025 mouse ulna 1 fused 5
2 1023 1 2589 38 1025 mouse tibia 1 fused 7
2 1023 1 2590 38 1025 mouse metapodial 1 fused 1
2 1023 1 2587 38 1025 shrew mandible 1 right 1
2 1023 1 2592 38 1025 unidentified vert 1 no side infant open 0 inf vert caud?
2 1023 1 2653 47 1025 bird metacarpal 1 fused 3
2 1023 1 2654 47 1025 bird vert 1 no side 0
2 1023 1 2645 47 1025 mouse vert cerv 1 no side 1
239
2 1023 1 2646 47 1025 mouse vert thor 1 no side 1

2 1023 1 2647 47 1025 mouse ribs 2 0
2 1023 1 2648 47 1025 mouse radius 1 15
2 1023 1 2649 47 1025 mouse ulna 1 fused 5
2 1023 1 2651 47 1025 mouse tibia 1 11 in 2 pieces
2 1023 1 2652 47 1025 mouse calcaneus 1 1
2 1023 1 2656 47 1025 small ungulate ribs 1 0
2 1023 1 2637 45 1026 large ungulate shaft 1 0
2 1023 1 2686 50 1026 fish unidentified 1 0
2 1023 1 2684 50 1026 small animal atlas 1 no side 0
2 1023 hc 33 4 1027 bird humerus 1 fused fused 1 passeriforme
2 1023 hc 4 4 1027 cattle teeth 1 right 1 M 3 , in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 9 4 1027 cattle teeth 1 0 PM 3/4
2 1023 hc 10 4 1027 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1023 hc 12 4 1027 cattle teeth 1 left 0 i
2 1023 hc 14 4 1027 cattle talus 1 right 1 GLl 61,2 GLm 54,5 Bd 37,1 belong tgh with 15
2 1023 hc 15 4 1027 cattle calcaneus 1 right 0 gnawed 0 belong tgh with 14
2 1023 hc 27 4 1027 large ungulate skull 0 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 21 4 1027 pig phalanx 1 1 open fused 9
2 1023 hc 22 4 1027 pig phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 II/V
2 1023 hc 25 4 1027 pig ulna 1 left 0
2 1023 hc 19 4 1027 sheep talus 1 left 1 GLl 26,5 GLm 25,0 Bd 15,5
2 1023 hc 20 4 1027 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 31,4
2 1023 hc 23 4 1027 sheep/goat scapula 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 24 4 1027 sheep/goat tibia 1 right fused 7 abraded
240
2 1023 hc 29 4 1027 unidentified ribs 2 0

2 1023 hc 31 4 1027 unidentified vert 1 no side 0
2 1023 hc 32 4 1027 unidentified shaft 1 infant 0
2 1023 hc 34 4 1027 unidentified shaft 1 0 small mammal ?
2 1023 1 2544 35 1027 bird metatarsal 1 fused 3 passeriforme
2 1023 1 2545 35 1027 bird vert 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2546 35 1027 bird phalanx 1 2 fused 1
2 1023 1 2555 35 1027 bird vert 1 no side 1 tiny
2 1023 1 2550 35 1027 cattle teeth 1 0
2 1023 1 2556 35 1027 pig phalanx 2 1 open infant 9
2 1023 1 2549 35 1027 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1
2 1023 1 2548 35 1027 small mammal shaft 2 0
2 1023 1 2551 35 1027 small ungulate femur 1 0
2 1023 1 2547 35 1027 unidentified unidentified 3 infant 0 really tiny
2 1023 1 2552 35 1027 unidentified mandible 1 0 gnawed
2 1023 1 2640 46 1027 cattle skull 1 0 pars petrosa
2 1023 1 2642 46 1027 dog vert caud 1 no side fused 4
2 1023 1 2641 46 1027 unidentified skull 5 0
2 1023 1 2690 51 1027 bird femur 1 open 3
2 1023 1 2691 51 1027 mouse mandible 1 right 32 mus musculus
2 1023 1 2692 51 1027 mouse tibia 1 11
2 1023 1 2694 51 1027 small animal shaft 2 infant 0 bird?
2 1023 hc 47 8 1029 sheep/goat humerus 1 left 11 gnawed
2 1023 hc 52 8 1029 sheep/goat atlas 1 no side 0
2 1023 hc 48 8 1029 small ungulate scapula 1 0
2 1023 hc 49 8 1029 small ungulate scapula 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 50 8 1029 small ungulate scapula 1 0 filleting
2 1023 hc 51 8 1029 small ungulate ribs 2 0 other in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 53 8 1029 unidentified vert thor 1 no side 0
2 1023 hc 284 27 1029 cattle patella 1 1
2 1023 hc 287 27 1029 large ungulate axis 1 no side 0
2 1023 hc 288 27 1029 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side open open 1
241

2 1023 hc 319 35 1029 bird metatarsal 1 fused fused 1 Charadriiformes
2 1023 hc 320 35 1029 bird humerus 1 fused 3 Charadriiformes
2 1023 hc 315 35 1029 cat mandible 1 left 32
2 1023 hc 316 35 1029 cat teeth 1 right 1
2 1023 hc 298 35 1029 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 311 35 1029 cattle fibula/malleolare 1 1 malleolare
2 1023 hc 312 35 1029 dog femur 1 left fused 10
2 1023 hc 313 35 1029 dog tibia 1 left 15 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 314 35 1029 dog ribs 3 0
2 1023 hc 296 35 1029 horse radius 1 right fused 3 blg tgt with 297!
2 1023 hc 297 35 1029 horse ulna 1 right 10 gnawed blg tgt with 296!
2 1023 hc 300 35 1029 large ungulate mandible 1 0 horse ?
2 1023 hc 303 35 1029 large ungulate radiusulna 1 0 horse?
2 1023 hc 301 35 1029 pig mandible 1 left 32 L 32,1 B 13,9 in two pieces
2 1023 hc 302 35 1029 pig mandible 1 left 32 blg thg with 301?
2 1023 hc 308 35 1029 pig metacarpal 1 left fused open 5 gnawed III
2 1023 hc 309 35 1029 pig talus 1 right 1 GLl 36,8 GLm34,5
2 1023 hc 310 35 1029 sheep talus 1 left 1 GLl 27,9 GLm 26,2 Bd 17,5
2 1023 hc 307 35 1029 sheep/goat metapodial 1 0
2 1023 hc 304 35 1029 small ungulate vert caud 1 no side open open 1
2 1023 hc 305 35 1029 small ungulate scapula 1 left 0
2 1023 hc 385 39 1029 cattle horn core 1 44 in 19 pieces
2 1023 hc 386 39 1029 cattle radius 1 right fused 0
2 1023 hc 389 39 1029 cattle phalanx 2 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 18,8 Bd 7,5
2 1023 hc 388 39 1029 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side 0 chopped
2 1023 hc 390 39 1029 sheep/goat ct 1 1
2 1023 hc 402 41 1029 dog mandible 1 right 32 inf dog
2 1023 hc 403 41 1029 dog mandible 1 left 32 inf dog
2 1023 hc 404 41 1029 dog mandible 1 right 32 inf dog
2 1023 hc 405 41 1029 dog mandible 1 34 inf dog
2 1023 hc 406 41 1029 dog teeth 20 0 inf dog
2 1023 hc 407 41 1029 dog skull 1 right 37 inf dog
2 1023 hc 408 41 1029 dog vert cerv 1 no side infant open 0 inf dog
2 1023 hc 409 41 1029 dog shaft 6 infant 0 inf dog
2 1023 hc 410 41 1029 dog ribs 1 20 inf dog
242
2 1023 hc 411 41 1029 dog phalanx 1 1 open open 9 inf dog
2 1023 hc 412 41 1029 dog vert 1 no side 0 inf dog
2 1023 hc 413 41 1029 dog skull 1 0 inf dog
2 1023 hc 414 41 1029 dog metapodial 1 fused 7
2 1023 1 2666 48 1029 bird vert 1 no side 0
2 1023 1 2672 48 1029 fish vert 5 no side 1
2 1023 1 2661 48 1029 mouse skull 1 39
2 1023 1 2663 48 1029 shrew femur 1 fused 5
2 1023 1 2664 48 1029 shrew tibia 25 fused 9
2 1023 1 2669 48 1029 small animal phalanx 1 1 1
2 1023 1 2671 48 1029 unidentified unidentified 1 infant 0 inf
2 1023 1 2673 48 1029 unidentified mandible 1 0
2 1023 1 2768 72 1029 bird sternum 1 no side 0
2 1023 1 2769 72 1029 bird pelvis 1 23
2 1023 1 2770 72 1029 bird scapula 1 5
2 1023 1 2771 72 1029 bird metacarpal 1 fused fused 1
2 1023 1 2772 72 1029 bird tibia 1 fused 6
2 1023 1 2773 72 1029 bird fibula/malleolare 1 fused 1
2 1023 1 2774 72 1029 bird shaft 2 0
2 1023 1 2775 72 1029 mouse femur 1 open 12
2 1023 1 2776 72 1029 mouse pelvis 1 right 1
2 1023 1 2778 72 1029 small animal skull 1 37
2 1023 hc 138 14 1030 bird metatarsal 1 fused fused 1 Lagopus lagopus (?)
2 1023 hc 139 14 1030 bird humerus 1 fused 8 Charadriiformes
2 1023 hc 129 14 1030 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 134 14 1030 large ungulate femur 1 0
2 1023 hc 130 14 1030 pig mandible 1 left 32 female in 4 pieces
2 1023 hc 131 14 1030 pig mandible 1 left 32 L 32,8 B 14,4 belong 130?
2 1023 hc 132 14 1030 pig teeth 1 1 c
2 1023 hc 133 14 1030 small ungulate scapula 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 135 14 1030 unidentified vert 1 0
243
2 1023 hc 192 17 1030 bird metacarpal 1 fused fused 1 Corvus frugilegus/corone
2 1023 hc 193 17 1030 bird phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Corvus sp
2 1023 hc 166 17 1030 cattle metatarsal 1 right fused fused 1 Bd 46,7 in 4 pieces
2 1023 hc 167 17 1030 cattle metacarpal 1 left fused 2
2 1023 hc 170 17 1030 cattle teeth 2 0 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 171 17 1030 cattle teeth 2 0
2 1023 hc 180 17 1030 cattle ulna 1 right 10 same as 181?
2 1023 hc 181 17 1030 cattle ulna 1 right 11 same as 180?
2 1023 hc 182 17 1030 cattle scapula 1 right 0
2 1023 hc 189 17 1030 cattle mandible 1 right 32 pathology
2 1023 hc 190 17 1030 cattle teeth 1 0 pathology
2 1023 hc 191 17 1030 cattle teeth 1 0 pathology
2 1023 hc 168 17 1030 horse teeth 1 1 PM/ M
2 1023 hc 174 17 1030 pig teeth 1 0 M
2 1023 hc 177 17 1030 pig phalanx 1 1 open fused 9 II/V
2 1023 hc 176 17 1030 sheep horn core 1 right 45
2 1023 hc 179 17 1030 sheep/goat mandible 1 left 33
2 1023 hc 175 17 1030 unidentified horn core 3 0
2 1023 hc 392 40 1030 cattle teeth 1 right 1 PM 3/4
2 1023 hc 393 40 1030 horse teeth 1 left 1 M 3
2 1023 hc 396 40 1030 large ungulate vert 1 no side fused 0
2 1023 hc 398 40 1030 pig skull 1 right 41 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 399 40 1030 small ungulate vert thor 1 no side 22
2 1023 hc 114 10 1031 bird metapodial 1 fused fused 1 tiny‐modern?
2 1023 hc 115 10 1031 bird femur 1 fused 7 Charadriiformes
2 1023 hc 99 10 1031 cattle teeth 2 0 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 105 10 1031 cattle phalanx 1 1 0
2 1023 hc 106 10 1031 cattle ulna 1 left 0 gnawed
244
2 1023 hc 100 10 1031 horse mandible 1 right 0 in 5 pieces

2 1023 hc 102 10 1031 large ungulate scapula 1 right 0 gnawed small bos/cervus?
2 1023 hc 103 10 1031 large ungulate pelvis 1 left 0 gnawed small bos/cervus?
2 1023 hc 109 10 1031 pig metapodial 1 fused 2
2 1023 hc 113 10 1031 unidentified shaft 1 0 gnawed filleting
2 1023 hc 195 18 1031 cattle teeth 1 left 1 M 3
2 1023 hc 198 18 1031 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1023 hc 201 18 1031 cattle horn core 1 45
2 1023 hc 204 18 1031 pig phalanx 1 1 fused 8
2 1023 hc 203 18 1031 sheep metatarsal 1 right 12
2 1023 hc 202 18 1031 unidentified horn core 11 0 belong to 201?
2 1023 hc 208 18 1031 unidentified unidentified 1 0 other
2 1023 hc 238 21 1031 cattle mandible 1 right 32 in 4 parts, pd 4 missing
2 1023 hc 240 21 1031 cattle ct 1 0 PM
2 1023 hc 244 21 1031 cattle scapula 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 247 21 1031 large ungulate metacarpal 1 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 243 21 1031 pig teeth 1 0 M 2
2 1023 hc 251 21 1031 pig skull 1 right infant 40
2 1023 hc 250 21 1031 sheep metacarpal 1 left 11
2 1023 hc 248 21 1031 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 1 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 249 21 1031 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 18
2 1023 1 2540 33 1031 fish vert 1 no side 1
245

2 1023 1 2706 57 1032 mouse vert caud 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2707 57 1032 small animal phalanx 1 1 fused 1
2 1023 1 2704 56 1033 rodent vert thor 1 1
2 1023 hc 55 9 1036 cattle mandible 1 left 32 in four pieces
2 1023 hc 56 9 1036 cattle teeth 1 right 1 M1/2
2 1023 hc 57 9 1036 cattle carpi 1 1 C u
2 1023 1 2884 97 1036 bird coracoid 1 fused 7
2 1023 1 2885 97 1036 bird shaft 1 0 juv
2 1023 hc 1 3 1037 dog radius 1 right fused 5 in 4 pieces
2 1023 1 2448 8 1037 bird phalanx 1 1 fused 4 burnt charred
2 1023 1 2449 8 1037 bird mandible 1 33
2 1023 1 2567 37 1037 bird humerus 1 fused 7 passeriformes
2 1023 1 2568 37 1037 bird sternum 2 no side 0 passeriformes
2 1023 1 2569 37 1037 bird pelvis 1 23
2 1023 1 2570 37 1037 bird vert 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2566 37 1037 lizard humerus 1 fused 5
2 1023 1 2581 37 1037 lizard mandible 3 0
2 1023 1 2582 37 1037 lizard unidentified 16 0
2 1023 1 2571 37 1037 mouse tibia 1 15
2 1023 1 2573 37 1037 mouse ulna 1 fused 5
2 1023 1 2574 37 1037 mouse femur 1 open 6
2 1023 1 2575 37 1037 mouse vert lumb 1 no side open open 1
2 1023 1 2576 37 1037 mouse femur 1 left 15
2 1023 1 2577 37 1037 mouse teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2578 37 1037 mouse calcaneus 1 1
2 1023 1 2579 37 1037 mouse metapodial 3 0
2 1023 1 xxxx 37 1037 small animal vert 25 no side 1
246

2 1023 1 2697 52 1037 cattle metatarsal 1 open fused 9
2 1023 1 2699 52 1037 sheep tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 25,1
2 1023 1 2698 52 1037 sheep/goat metatarsal 1 open fused 9
2 1023 1 2880 96 1037 unidentified teeth 1 0 fish tooth?
2 1023 1 2557 36 1038 bird femur 1 fused 2 passeriforme
2 1023 1 2561 36 1038 cattle phalanx 1 1 0
2 1023 1 2558 36 1038 mouse tibia 1 fused 7
2 1023 1 2559 36 1038 mouse ulna 1 15
2 1023 1 2562 36 1038 sheep/goat ulna 1 right infant 10 same as 2503?
g SK001 1 2482 15 1042 mouse teeth 2 1 I
g SK001 1 2483 15 1042 unidentified unidentified 3 0 burnt
g SK001 1 2484 15 1042 unidentified unidentified 43 0
g SK001 hc 1949 23 1042 pig teeth 1 1
g SK001 hc 1950 23 1042 sheep/goat teeth 1 0 in 2 pieces
g SK001 hc 1951 23 1042 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 1 I
g SK001 hc 1952 23 1042 sheep/goat mandible 1 left 33
g SK001 hc 1953 23 1042 small ungulate ribs 1 0
g SK001 hc 1954 23 1042 small ungulate vert lumb 1 no side 0
g SK001 hc 1955 23 1042 unidentified unidentified 17 0
1 1045 1 2439 3 1046 pig teeth 1 1
1 1049 1 2440 4 1050 mouse teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2887 99 1072 bird vert 5 no side 0
2 1023 1 2888 99 1072 bird femur 3 fused 2 all diff. sizes
2 1023 1 2889 99 1072 bird tibia 2 fused 7 diff. sizes
2 1023 1 2890 99 1072 bird coracoid 1 5 juv?
2 1023 1 2891 99 1072 bird coracoid 2 fused fused 3
2 1023 1 2893 99 1072 bird phalanx 1 3 0
2 1023 1 2894 99 1072 bird phalanx 3 1 1
247
2 1023 1 2896 99 1072 mouse teeth 1 1 I

2 1023 1 2897 99 1072 pig ulna 1 infant 4
2 1023 1 2903 99 1072 pig teeth 1 0
2 1023 1 2898 99 1072 sheep/goat metapodial 1 infant 11 half of diaf, open
2 1023 1 2899 99 1072 unidentified vert 3 no side infant 0
2 1023 1 2450 9 1073 bird humerus 1 fused 4 passeriforme
2 1023 1 2451 9 1073 bird ulna 1 fused 4 wader‐size
2 1023 1 2452 9 1073 bird phalanx 1 1 1 wing ph
2 1023 1 2453 9 1073 bird vert 2 no side 1
2 1023 1 2454 9 1073 bird vert caud 1 no side 1 tiny
2 1023 1 2455 9 1073 bird shaft 1 0
2 1023 1 2456 9 1073 bird humerus 1 fused 2 wader‐size
2 1023 1 2457 9 1073 mouse vert caud 5 no side fused fused 1
2 1023 1 2458 9 1073 mouse teeth 6 1 I
2 1023 1 2459 9 1073 mouse mandible 2 21
2 1023 1 2460 9 1073 mouse skull 3 0
2 1023 1 2463 9 1073 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 0 unvorn crown
2 1023 1 2464 9 1073 shrew femur 1 right fused 4
2 1023 1 2467 13 1073 bird phalanx 1 1 fused 1 wader‐size
2 1023 1 2468 13 1073 rodent teeth 1 1 M, rat?
2 1023 1 2469 13 1073 rodent teeth 1 1 I, rat?
2 1023 hc 165 16 1073 bird shaft 1 11
2 1023 hc 162 16 1073 cattle metatarsal 1 0
2 1023 hc 160 16 1073 sheep/goat teeth 1 0 I
2 1023 hc 161 16 1073 unidentified femur 1 open 0
2 1023 1 2743 63 1074 bird skull 1 no side 39 bill
2 1023 1 2745 63 1074 bird ulna 1 fused 3
2 1023 1 2746 63 1074 bird femur 1 fused 3
2 1023 1 2747 63 1074 bird tibia 1 fused 4
2 1023 1 2748 63 1074 bird metatarsal 1 fused 4
2 1023 1 2750 63 1074 cattle skull 1 right 43
248
2 1023 1 2752 64 1075 bird tibia 1 fused 3

2 1023 1 2753 64 1075 bird tibia 1 fused 8
2 1023 1 2477 14 1076 bird phalanx 1 1 fused 1 tiny
2 1023 1 2474 14 1076 dog teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2475 14 1076 mouse pelvis 1 23
2 1023 1 2476 14 1076 mouse teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2480 14 1076 mouse tibia 1 open 7
2 1023 hc 156 15 1076 bird humerus 1 fused 9 Rallus aquaticus
2 1023 hc 141 15 1076 cattle mandible 1 right 0 dismembering
2 1023 hc 142 15 1076 cattle mandible 1 0
2 1023 hc 148 15 1076 cattle phalanx 1 1 fused 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 146 15 1076 large ungulate scapula 1 right 0
2 1023 hc 152 15 1076 pig teeth 1 1 pd
2 1023 hc 153 15 1076 sheep metacarpal 1 left fused 7 Bd 21,6
2 1023 hc 150 15 1076 sheep/goat femur 1 fused 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 416 42 1076 dog mandible 1 left 32 in over 20 pieces
2 1023 1 2737 61 1076 bird metacarpal 1 fused 3
2 1023 1 2738 61 1076 cattle teeth 1 1 pd 3
2 1023 1 2739 61 1076 cattle tibia 1 fused 0
2 1023 1 2782 67 1076 shrew skull 1 no side 1 in pieces
2 1023 1 2761 66 1078 mouse calcaneus 1 1
2 1023 1 2762 66 1078 mouse teeth 1 1 I
249
2 1023 1 2763 66 1078 pig phalanx 3 1 infant 1 inf

2 1023 1 2758 65 1079 unidentified ribs 1 0 burnt
2 1023 1 2526 31 1093 mouse mandible 1 left 1 Apodemus sylvaticus
2 1023 1 2527 31 1093 mouse atlas 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2530 31 1093 mouse ribs 2 20
2 1023 1 2531 31 1093 mouse scapula 1 30
2 1023 1 2532 31 1093 mouse sternum 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2533 31 1093 mouse ribs 2 0
2 1023 1 2534 31 1093 mouse teeth 1 0
2 1023 1 2535 31 1093 mouse mandible 1 0
2 1023 1 2538 31 1093 mouse metapodial 1 open 5
g gvsubsoil hc 1646 22 1098 cattle teeth 1 right 1 M 1/2
g gvsubsoil hc 1647 22 1098 cattle teeth 2 0 PM
g gvsubsoil hc 1648 22 1098 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
g gvsubsoil hc 1650 22 1098 cattle mandible 1 right 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1652 22 1098 cattle humerus 1 left fused 7 in 3 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 1662 22 1098 cattle teeth 3 0 M
g gvsubsoil hc 1663 22 1098 cattle teeth 7 0 M
g gvsubsoil hc 1664 22 1098 cattle teeth 1 0 pd 4
g gvsubsoil hc 1669 22 1098 cattle teeth 8 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1670 22 1098 cattle teeth 1 right 1 i/c
g gvsubsoil hc 1682 22 1098 cattle phalanx 2 1 fused fused 1
g gvsubsoil hc 1684 22 1098 cattle mandible 1 left 43
g gvsubsoil hc 1685 22 1098 cattle skull 1 right 42
g gvsubsoil hc 1651 22 1098 large ungulate mandible 4 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1653 22 1098 large ungulate humerus 2 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1655 22 1098 large ungulate ribs 1 0 filleting
g gvsubsoil hc 1656 22 1098 large ungulate ribs 3 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1657 22 1098 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side fused 20
250
g gvsubsoil hc 1658 22 1098 large ungulate vert cerv 2 no side 0

g gvsubsoil hc 1677 22 1098 pig teeth 1 0 M
g gvsubsoil hc 1678 22 1098 pig teeth 1 0 pd
g gvsubsoil hc 1679 22 1098 pig teeth 1 0 I
g gvsubsoil hc 1680 22 1098 pig teeth 1 0 female C
g gvsubsoil hc 1681 22 1098 pig teeth 1 left 1 male C
g gvsubsoil hc 1671 22 1098 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 0 M 3
g gvsubsoil hc 1672 22 1098 sheep/goat teeth 2 0 M 1/2
g gvsubsoil hc 1673 22 1098 sheep/goat teeth 2 0 M 1/2
g gvsubsoil hc 1674 22 1098 sheep/goat teeth 1 0 pd 4
g gvsubsoil hc 1675 22 1098 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 PM
g gvsubsoil hc 1683 22 1098 sheep/goat phalanx 2 1 fused fused 1 burnt
g gvsubsoil hc 1654 22 1098 small ungulate femur 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1659 22 1098 small ungulate shaft 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1687 22 1098 small ungulate vert thor 1 no side 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1649 22 1098 unidentified teeth 2 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1660 22 1098 unidentified unidentified 64 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1661 22 1098 unidentified unidentified 1 0 gnawed
g gvsubsoil hc 1688 22 1098 unidentified unidentified 1 0 burnt
g gvsubsoil 1 2516 24 1098 unidentified unidentified 2 0 burnt
g gvsubsoil hc 1964 46 1098 cattle calcaneus 1 left 21 in 2 pieces, 50%
g gvsubsoil hc 1965 46 1098 horse teeth 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1967 46 1098 large ungulate shaft 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1968 46 1098 large ungulate scapula 1 right 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1970 46 1098 pig pelvis 1 left 25
g gvsubsoil hc 1971 46 1098 rabbit teeth 1 1 I
g gvsubsoil hc 1962 46 1098 sheep/goat teeth 2 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1973 51 1098 cattle mandible 1 right 33,34,35 in 4 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 1974 51 1098 cattle mandible 1 left 33.34 in 2 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 1975 51 1098 cattle mandible 3 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1978 51 1098 cattle teeth 1 left 1 i
g gvsubsoil hc 1980 51 1098 cattle talus 1 left 1 GLl 59,7
g gvsubsoil hc 1981 51 1098 cattle metacarpal 1 right fused 1 GL 174 Bp 46,8 SD 27,1 DD 18,8 Bd 50,7
g gvsubsoil hc 1982 51 1098 cattle radius 1 right fused 2 in 2 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 1983 51 1098 cattle ulna 1 right 10
251
g gvsubsoil hc 1984 51 1098 cattle calcaneus 1 left 0 30 % middle

g gvsubsoil hc 1985 51 1098 cattle phalanx 2 1 6
g gvsubsoil hc 1994 51 1098 large ungulate scapula 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1995 51 1098 large ungulate pelvis 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1996 51 1098 large ungulate ulna 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1986 51 1098 pig scapula 1 left 31
g gvsubsoil hc 1987 51 1098 pig teeth 3 1
g gvsubsoil hc 1988 51 1098 pig skull 1 right 37 M3 B17,5
g gvsubsoil hc 1989 51 1098 sheep/goat humerus 1 left 12
g gvsubsoil hc 1991 51 1098 small ungulate ribs 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 1998 51 1098 unidentified skull 9 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2003 59 1098 cattle teeth 2 0 I, i
g gvsubsoil hc 2008 59 1098 cattle metapodial 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2006 59 1098 horse teeth 1 0 I
g gvsubsoil hc 2011 59 1098 pig metapodial 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2014 59 1098 rabbit humerus 1 left fused 6
g gvsubsoil hc 2015 59 1098 rat femur 1 right closing open 5
g gvsubsoil hc 2013 59 1098 small ungulate ribs 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2016 59 1098 unidentified shaft 2 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2017 59 1098 unidentified teeth 1 0 malformed cattle I?
g gvsubsoil hc 2021 62 1098 cattle scapula 1 right fused 31 in 4 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 2025 64 1098 cattle teeth 1 0 I
g gvsubsoil hc 2037 74 1098 cattle pelvis 1 left 24 burnt in 3 pieces, charred
g gvsubsoil hc 2039 74 1098 large ungulate skull 1 0 in 2 pieces, orbita
g gvsubsoil hc 2038 74 1098 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 M3
252
g gvsubsoil hc 2040 74 1098 unidentified unidentified 4 0 burnt charred (pelvis)

g gvsubsoil hc 2122 99 1098 cattle talus 1 right 1 gnawed other
g gvsubsoil hc 2123 99 1098 cattle axis 1 no side 20 in 3 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 2124 99 1098 cattle phalanx 1 1 open 9
g gvsubsoil hc 2125 99 1098 cattle phalanx 2 1 fused 1
g gvsubsoil hc 2130 99 1098 pig teeth 1 1 I
g gvsubsoil hc 2131 99 1098 pig phalanx 1 2 open 9
g gvsubsoil hc 2129 99 1098 sheep/goat skull 1 right 42
g gvsubsoil hc 2133 99 1098 unidentified skull 1 0
g gvsubsoil 1 2920 105 1098 mouse mandible 1 right 1
g gvsubsoil 1 2921 105 1098 unidentified unidentified 3 0
g gvsubsoil 1 2922 105 1098 unidentified unidentified 46 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2264 146 1098 cattle mandible 1 right 33
g gvsubsoil hc 2267 146 1098 cattle ct 1 1
g gvsubsoil hc 2268 146 1098 cattle skull 1 left 42 in 2 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 2269 146 1098 cattle skull 1 left 41 front part 30
g gvsubsoil hc 2271 146 1098 cattle humerus 1 left 0 in 2 pieces
g gvsubsoil hc 2272 146 1098 cattle humerus 1 right open 10
g gvsubsoil hc 2270 146 1098 horse humerus 1 left fused 12
g gvsubsoil hc 2273 146 1098 horse pelvis 1 left 26
g gvsubsoil hc 2274 146 1098 horse teeth 1 0 M
g gvsubsoil hc 2275 146 1098 horse teeth 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2282 146 1098 large ungulate scapula 3 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2284 146 1098 large ungulate skull 5 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2285 146 1098 large ungulate sacrum 3 no side 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2276 146 1098 sheep metacarpal 1 left open 14
g gvsubsoil hc 2277 146 1098 sheep/goat tibia 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2278 146 1098 sheep/goat tibia 1 0 gnawed
g gvsubsoil hc 2287 146 1098 small ungulate shaft 1 0 gnawed
g gvsubsoil hc 2397 179 1098 dog calcaneus 1 right fused 0 70%, very worn
253
g gvsubsoil hc 2396 179 1098 large ungulate pelvis 1 0

g gvsubsoil hc 2401 179 1098 large ungulate ulna 1 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2398 179 1098 sheep/goat talus 1 right 1 very worn
g gvsubsoil hc 2399 179 1098 sheep/goat metapodial 1 fused 0
g gvsubsoil hc 2431 188 1098 cattle calcaneus 1 left open 13
2 1023 1 2606 41 1099 bird vert 3 no side 1 tiny
2 1023 1 2608 41 1099 mouse teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2610 41 1099 mouse skull 1 39
2 1023 1 2611 41 1099 mouse teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2604 41 1099 sheep tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 24,7
2 1023 1 2607 41 1099 small ungulate ribs 1 infant 20 inf
2 1023 1 2613 41 1099 small ungulate shaft 1 0 burnt
2 1023 1 2614 41 1099 small ungulate ribs 1 0 burnt
2 1023 1 2601 40 1100 large ungulate femur 1 0
2 1023 hc 356 37 1101 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 358 37 1101 cattle teeth 1 left 0 I/C
2 1023 hc 363 37 1101 horse humerus 1 0
2 1023 hc 359 37 1101 pig phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 II / V
2 1023 hc 362 37 1101 pig teeth 1 1 i
2 1023 hc 357 37 1101 sheep/goat teeth 1 0 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 361 37 1101 sheep/goat talus 1 0
2 1023 hc 368 38 1103 cattle scapula 1 right fused 31 in three pieces
254
2 1023 hc 370 38 1103 cattle tibia 1 open 0

2 1023 hc 371 38 1103 cattle metatarsal 1 left 11 in two pieces
2 1023 hc 374 38 1103 large ungulate pelvis 1 right 0
2 1023 hc 376 38 1103 sheep/goat femur 1 left 12
2 1023 hc 380 38 1103 sheep/goat phalanx 1 1 fused 6
2 1023 hc 383 38 1103 sheep/goat phalanx 1 1 fused 3 blg tgt with 380?
2 1023 1 2712 59 1103 bird femur 1 fused 3 Coturnix coturnix
2 1023 1 2713 59 1103 bird femur 1 fused 4 passeriforme
2 1023 1 2714 59 1103 bird tibia 1 fused 4
2 1023 1 2715 59 1103 bird scapula 1 no side 0 furcula, passeriforme
2 1023 1 2716 59 1103 bird phalanx 1 1 1 from wing
2 1023 1 2730 59 1103 cattle tibia 1 right 0 in 2 pieces
2 1023 1 2718 59 1103 mouse humerus 1 open fused 9
2 1023 1 2719 59 1103 mouse radius 1 fused 5
2 1023 1 2720 59 1103 mouse pelvis 3 0
2 1023 1 2721 59 1103 mouse skull 1 37
2 1023 1 2723 59 1103 mouse vert 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2729 59 1103 pig radius 1 right fused 4 gnawed
2 1023 1 2724 59 1103 shrew femur 1 open 15
2 1023 1 2726 59 1103 small animal axis 1 no side 0
2 1023 1 2617 42 1111 mouse tibia 1 11
2 1023 hc 257 25 1112 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 256 25 1112 large ungulate radiusulna 1 right 12 Horse?
255

2 1023 hc 259 25 1112 sheep/goat horn core 1 right 33 dismembering
2 1023 1 2623 43 1113 bird vert 2 no side 1
2 1023 1 2624 43 1113 bird phalanx 3 1 1
2 1023 1 2625 43 1113 bird unidentified 1 0
2 1023 1 2784 71 1123 bird humerus 1 fused 2
2 1023 1 2785 71 1123 bird ulna 1 fused 7
2 1023 1 2786 71 1123 mouse skull 1 0
2 1023 1 2787 71 1123 mouse teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2788 71 1123 small mammal vert 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2789 71 1123 small mammal ribs 1 0 in 2 pieces
2 1023 1 2790 71 1123 small mammal metapodial 1 1 long and small
3 1124 1 2912 104 1125 bird metacarpal 1 fused fused 1 passeriforme
3 1124 1 2913 104 1125 bird shaft 3 0
3 1124 1 2915 104 1125 mouse teeth 4 1 I, M
3 1124 1 2917 104 1125 shrew humerus 1 open 13
3 1124 1 2916 104 1125 small mammal phalanx 1 1 1
2 1023 hc 275 26 1130 cat humerus 1 right open open 15
2 1023 hc 264 26 1130 cattle metatarsal 1 left fused 5 gnawed
2 1023 hc 272 26 1130 dog humerus 1 left 15 pathological
2 1023 hc 273 26 1130 dog teeth 1 left 0
2 1023 hc 274 26 1130 dog teeth 1 right 0
2 1023 hc 265 26 1130 pig ulna 1 right 10
2 1023 hc 266 26 1130 pig radius 1 right fused 3
2 1023 hc 267 26 1130 pig skull 1 right 39
2 1023 hc 268 26 1130 pig teeth 1 1 M2
2 1023 hc 269 26 1130 pig skull 1 0
2 1023 hc 276 26 1130 unidentified shaft 2 0 gnawed
256
2 1023 hc 278 26 1130 unidentified unidentified 1 0 burnt

2 1023 hc 279 26 1130 unidentified skull 1 0 inf ?
g natural 1 2943 117 1170 unidentified unidentified 17 0
2 1023 1 2822 76 1179 bird vert 2 no side 0
2 1023 1 2795 76 1179 mouse ulna 1 fused 5
2 1023 1 2796 76 1179 mouse calcaneus 3 1
2 1023 1 2797 76 1179 mouse vert lumb 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2799 76 1179 mouse talus 1 1
2 1023 1 2800 76 1179 mouse axis 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2803 76 1179 mouse pelvis 1 right 23
2 1023 1 2805 76 1179 mouse metapodial 1 open 5
2 1023 1 2806 76 1179 mouse phalanx 1 2 right fused 1
2 1023 1 2807 76 1179 mouse teeth 1 1
2 1023 1 2808 76 1179 mouse scapula 1 right fused 1
2 1023 1 2810 76 1179 mouse scapula 2 left fused 31
2 1023 1 2811 76 1179 mouse skull 1 0
2 1023 1 2812 76 1179 mouse teeth 3 1
2 1023 1 2813 76 1179 mouse ulna 1 15
2 1023 1 2814 76 1179 mouse femur 1 fused open 5
2 1023 1 2815 76 1179 mouse femur 1 open 6
2 1023 1 2816 76 1179 mouse vert 3 no side 1
2 1023 1 2817 76 1179 mouse teeth 6 0 I
2 1023 1 2818 76 1179 mouse mandible 1 left 1 mus musculus
2 1023 1 2819 76 1179 mouse skull 1 left 37 0 mus musculus
2 1023 1 2821 76 1179 shrew ulna 1 15
2 1023 1 2824 76 1179 small animal ribs 6 0
2 1023 1 2826 76 1179 unidentified ribs 1 infant 0 inf
2 1023 1 2828 77 1192 fish vert 1 no side 0
2 1023 1 2829 77 1192 shrew humerus 1 open fused 9
2 1023 hc 442 47 1197 cat vert thor 1 no side fused fused 1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 443 47 1197 cat vert lumb 2 no side fused fused 1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 444 47 1197 cat vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 18‐19 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 445 47 1197 cat vert lumb 1 no side 22 cat skeleton
257
2 1023 hc 446 47 1197 cat sacrum 1 no side fused 20 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 447 47 1197 cat vert cerv 1 no side fused fused 18 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 448 47 1197 cat vert caud 4 no side fused fused 1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 449 47 1197 cat sternum 1 no side 1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 450 47 1197 cat radius 1 right fused 3 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 451 47 1197 cat ulna 1 11 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 452 47 1197 cat tibia 1 right fused 4 Bp 19,6 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 453 47 1197 cat tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 15,1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 454 47 1197 cat fibula/malleolare 1 0 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 455 47 1197 cat femur 1 right fused fused 1 Bp 20,9 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 456 47 1197 cat humerus 1 left fused fused 1 GL 99,3 Bp16,4 Bd 19,9 SD 6,5 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 457 47 1197 cat ribs 2 21 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 459 47 1197 cat metacarpal 4 fused 4 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 460 47 1197 cat phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 461 47 1197 cat phalanx 1 1 fused 4 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 462 47 1197 cat metatarsal 1 fused fused 1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 463 47 1197 cat metatarsal 1 fused 4 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 464 47 1197 cat metatarsal 2 fused 7 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 465 47 1197 cat talus 1 right 1 cat skeleton
2 1023 hc 466 47 1197 cat unidentified 1 1 cat skeleton, c/t
2 1023 hc 435 47 1197 cattle scapula 1 right 0 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 436 47 1197 cattle teeth 1 right 1
2 1023 hc 438 47 1197 cattle pelvis 1 0
2 1023 hc 440 47 1197 dog skull 1 right 39 P4L 18,9 P4B 7,8 P4GB 10,3 M1L 13,6 M1B 16,1
2 1023 hc 441 47 1197 dog skull 1 left 39 P4L 19,1 P4B 8,0 P4GB 10,0
2 1023 hc 439 47 1197 unidentified horn core 5 0 small pieces
2 1023 1 2847 90 1197 bird vert 1 no side 0 piece of synsacrum
2 1023 1 2849 90 1197 mouse teeth 1 1 I
2 1023 1 2851 90 1197 shrew femur 1 fused 5
2 1023 hc 480 48 1198 dog teeth 5 1 C, 2 I, 2 PM, large
2 1023 hc 473 48 1198 horse pelvis 1 right 23 gnawed in 4 pieces
2 1023 hc 474 48 1198 horse vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 18
2 1023 hc 475 48 1198 large ungulate vert 1 no side fused fused 0 horse?
2 1023 hc 476 48 1198 large ungulate vert lumb 1 no side 22 horse?
258

2 1023 hc 487 49 1199 cat ulna 1 left 10 blg tgr with 451
2 1023 hc 482 49 1199 cattle mandible 1 left 32 in 3 piecs
2 1023 hc 486 49 1199 horse atlas 1 no side 1 in three pieces
2 1023 hc 484 49 1199 sheep/goat pelvis 1 right 23 in two pieces
2 1023 1 2865 93 1199 fish vert 3 no side 1
2 1023 1 2866 93 1199 mouse teeth 1 1
2 1023 hc 490 50 1200 cat tibia 1 left fused 4 Bp 19,7 blg tgt with 453
2 1023 hc 491 50 1200 small mammal tibia 1 right 11 cat?ext abraded
2 1023 1 2873 95 1200 cattle phalanx 1 1 fused 0
2 1023 1 2874 95 1200 cattle teeth 1 0
2 1023 1 2875 95 1200 small mammal vert cerv 1 no side 0
2 1023 1 2876 95 1200 small mammal ribs 1 0
2 1023 1 2853 92 1201 bird vert 2 no side 1
2 1023 1 2854 92 1201 bird femur 1 0
2 1023 1 2855 92 1201 bird humerus 1 15
2 1023 1 2858 92 1201 fish vert 1 no side 1
2 1023 1 2859 92 1201 mouse skull 1 37
2 1023 1 2863 92 1201 pig mandible 1 right 32 in 8 pieces
2 1023 1 2860 92 1201 small animal vert 3 0
2 1023 1 2834 81 1213 bird phalanx 1 1 1
2 1023 1 2835 81 1213 small mammal metapodial 1 1
259

g 1229 hc 2019 60 1230 mouse mandible 1 right 32
2 1023 1 2838 84 1234 shrew mandible 1 0
2 1023 hc 494 52 1236 cattle teeth 1 right 1 pd 4, in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 495 52 1236 dog vert cerv 1 no side fused 20
2 1023 hc 496 52 1236 dog vert cerv 1 no side 22
2 1023 hc 497 52 1236 dog vert thor 1 no side fused fused 18+19
2 1023 hc 521 53 1237 bird metatarsal 1 fused 5 Charadriiformes
2 1023 hc 499 53 1237 cattle teeth 2 0 M 1/2
2 1023 hc 513 53 1237 dog vert cerv 1 no side fused fused 1
2 1023 hc 514 53 1237 dog vert cerv 1 no side fused 21
2 1023 hc 515 53 1237 dog vert thor 2 no side fused fused 1
2 1023 hc 516 53 1237 dog vert thor 2 no side 22
2 1023 hc 504 53 1237 horse teeth 1 1 M / PM
2 1023 hc 505 53 1237 pig skull 1 0
2 1023 hc 506 53 1237 pig skull 1 left 37
2 1023 hc 507 53 1237 pig mandible 1 right 32 B 13,9
2 1023 hc 509 53 1237 pig phalanx 1 1 closing fused 1 II/V, blg tgh 510
2 1023 hc 510 53 1237 pig phalanx 2 1 fused fused 1 II/V, blg tgh 509
2 1023 hc 508 53 1237 sheep/goat radius 1 left 0 gnawed
2 1023 hc 511 53 1237 sheep/goat patella 1 1
2 1023 hc 518 53 1237 unidentified mandible 1 0
2 1023 hc 528 54 1238 dog mandible 1 right 32 M1L 23,3 M1B 9,0 M2L10,3 M2B 7,6 in 3 pieces
2 1023 hc 529 54 1238 dog ribs 1 10
2 1023 hc 530 54 1238 dog ribs 1 0
2 1023 hc 526 54 1238 horse axis 1 no side fused 20 in 2 pieces
2 1023 hc 525 54 1238 large ungulate vert 1 no side 0 gnawed horse axis?
2 1023 hc 527 54 1238 pig teeth 1 right 1 female
2 1023 hc 531 54 1238 unidentified vert 1 no side 0 gnawed
2 1023 1 2869 94 1239 bird metatarsal 1 9 9 fused 7 9 chop & 9
260

2 1023 1 2871 94 1239 bird shaft 2 0
2 1260 1 2518 26 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 1
2 1260 1 2519 26 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 i
2 1260 hc 671 65 1261 cattle teeth 1 left 1 M3
2 1260 hc 672 65 1261 cattle teeth 1 left 0 M3
2 1260 hc 677 65 1261 cattle teeth 4 0 M
2 1260 hc 680 65 1261 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1260 hc 696 65 1261 cattle teeth 1 0 I
2 1260 hc 701 65 1261 cattle skull 1 left 41
2 1260 hc 702 65 1261 cattle pelvis 2 left 24
2 1260 hc 703 65 1261 cattle pelvis 1 left 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 705 65 1261 cattle scapula 1 left 0
2 1260 hc 708 65 1261 cattle femur 1 right open 3
2 1260 hc 709 65 1261 cattle femur 1 right 14
2 1260 hc 710 65 1261 cattle humerus 1 right fused 7
2 1260 hc 711 65 1261 cattle tibia 1 left open 7
2 1260 hc 712 65 1261 cattle ulna 1 left open 10
2 1260 hc 713 65 1261 cattle tibia 1 right 9 gnawed
2 1260 hc 714 65 1261 cattle metacarpal 1 right 11
2 1260 hc 717 65 1261 cattle tarsi 2 1 Ct T2+3 blg tgh
2 1260 hc 730 65 1261 cattle patella 1 1
2 1260 hc 731 65 1261 cattle carpi 1 1 Cu
2 1260 hc 736 65 1261 cattle horn core 1 left 44
261
2 1260 hc 728 65 1261 dog pelvis 1 right 24

2 1260 hc 706 65 1261 large ungulate scapula 1 left 0
2 1260 hc 739 65 1261 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side fused fused 18+19 horse?
2 1260 hc 740 65 1261 large ungulate vert cerv 4 no side 0 horse?
2 1260 hc 741 65 1261 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side open 20
2 1260 hc 742 65 1261 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side 0 other
2 1260 hc 744 65 1261 large ungulate vert lumb 1 no side open open 18+19
2 1260 hc 697 65 1261 pig teeth 1 0 I, in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 698 65 1261 pig calcaneus 1 left 0 male
2 1260 hc 719 65 1261 pig scapula 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 725 65 1261 pig tibia 1 right 15 gnawed
2 1260 hc 726 65 1261 pig femur 1 left 15
2 1260 hc 681 65 1261 sheep mandible 1 left 32 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 727 65 1261 sheep metatarsal 1 right 12
2 1260 hc 733 65 1261 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 3 Glpe 32,3 Bd 9,6
2 1260 hc 738 65 1261 sheep horn core 1 right 1 polycerated
2 1260 hc 684 65 1261 sheep/goat mandible 7 0
2 1260 hc 691 65 1261 sheep/goat teeth 2 left 1 PM 3/4
2 1260 hc 694 65 1261 sheep/goat skull 1 left 37
2 1260 hc 732 65 1261 sheep/goat talus 1 left 1
2 1260 hc 751 65 1261 sheep/goat metapodial 1 0
2 1260 hc 720 65 1261 small ungulate scapula 1 right 31
262
2 1260 hc 734 65 1261 small ungulate skull 1 0

2 1260 hc 735 65 1261 small ungulate vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1
2 1260 hc 747 65 1261 small ungulate vert lumb 2 no side 0
2 1260 hc 757 65 1261 small ungulate ribs 1 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 722 65 1261 unidentified scapula 2 0
2 1260 hc 762 65 1261 unidentified femur 1 9 infant 11 foetal pig?
2 1260 hc 907 103 1261 cattle femur 1 right fused 2 dismembering
2 1260 hc 908 103 1261 cattle radiusulna 1 left fused 3 gnawed chopped ulna no epi, art surf
2 1260 hc 909 103 1261 cattle tibia 1 left 11 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 915 103 1261 horse metapodial 1 fused 3 in 2 pieces, II/IV
2 1260 hc 904 103 1261 large ungulate pelvis 1 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 920 103 1261 large ungulate ribs 1 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 913 103 1261 pig ulna 1 left open 15
2 1260 hc 916 103 1261 sheep horn core 1 right 1 40 8,0 41 25,8 42 20,9 43 83
2 1260 hc 901 103 1261 sheep/goat mandible 1 left 32+33 in 4 pieces
2 1260 hc 910 103 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left fused 2
2 1260 hc 911 103 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left 10 blg to 910?
2 1260 hc 914 103 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 12 blg to 911?
2 1260 hc 923 103 1261 sheep/goat radius 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 917 103 1261 unidentified tibia 1 0
2 1260 hc 918 103 1261 unidentified femur 1 0
2 1260 hc 1076 109 1261 bird pelvis 1 no side 1 Corvus frugilegus/corone
2 1260 hc 1077 109 1261 bird sternum 1 no side 1 Corvus frugilegus/corone
2 1260 hc 1080 109 1261 bird ulna 1 fused fused 1 Corvus frugilegus/corone
263
2 1260 hc 1081 109 1261 bird coracoid 2 fused fused 1 Corvus frugilegus/corone
2 1260 hc 1083 109 1261 bird scapula 2 fused fused 1 Corvus frugilegus/corone
2 1260 hc 1009 109 1261 cattle teeth 1 right 1 I/C
2 1260 hc 1010 109 1261 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1260 hc 1016 109 1261 cattle pelvis 1 right 0
2 1260 hc 1017 109 1261 cattle pelvis 1 right open 25 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1019 109 1261 cattle tibia 1 right fused 7 Bd 63,4
2 1260 hc 1020 109 1261 cattle tibia 1 left 12
2 1260 hc 1021 109 1261 cattle femur 1 open 0
2 1260 hc 1022 109 1261 cattle metapodial 1 open 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1054 109 1261 dog teeth 1 left 1 L 26,2 B 10,6 M 1
2 1260 hc 1055 109 1261 large ungulate ribs 1 20 other
2 1260 hc 1064 109 1261 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side open open 1 young, porous
2 1260 hc 1065 109 1261 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side open open 18+19 young, porous
2 1260 hc 1066 109 1261 large ungulate sacrum 2 no side 0 young, porous
2 1260 hc 1069 109 1261 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side 22 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1070 109 1261 large ungulate vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1072 109 1261 large ungulate vert 2 no side 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 1052 109 1261 pig skull 1 right open fused 9
2 1260 hc 1027 109 1261 sheep metacarpal 1 right fused open 5
2 1260 hc 1029 109 1261 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 33,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1030 109 1261 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 32,6 Bd 9,9
2 1260 hc 1031 109 1261 sheep scapula 1 right fused 31 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1032 109 1261 sheep scapula 1 left fused 31 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1033 109 1261 sheep humerus 1 left fused fused 1 GL 121 Bp 33,1 BT 26,3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1034 109 1261 sheep humerus 1 left fused 9 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1035 109 1261 sheep humerus 1 right fused 7 Bd 26,4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1036 109 1261 sheep ulna 1 right fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1037 109 1261 sheep pelvis 1 left 24+25 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1038 109 1261 sheep metacarpal 1 right fused fused 1 GL 117 Bp 23,5 SD 14,4 DD 9,4 Bd 25,5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1039 109 1261 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 34,1 Bd 11,5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1040 109 1261 sheep tibia 1 right fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1041 109 1261 sheep femur 1 right fused fused 1 GL 146 Bp 39,9 Bd 33,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1042 109 1261 sheep femur 1 left closing 7 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1050 109 1261 sheep horn core 1 left 1 alm inf, orbita
264

2 1260 hc 1023 109 1261 sheep/goat pelvis 1 right 23 male in three pieces
2 1260 hc 1024 109 1261 sheep/goat scapula 1 right fused 30
2 1260 hc 1025 109 1261 sheep/goat scapula 6 0
2 1260 hc 1026 109 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left open 12
2 1260 hc 1028 109 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 right 15 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1043 109 1261 sheep/goat vert thor 1 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1044 109 1261 sheep/goat vert thor 1 no side fused fused 18+19 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1045 109 1261 sheep/goat vert thor 2 no side closing closing 19 chopped
2 1260 hc 1046 109 1261 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 18 chopped
2 1260 hc 1047 109 1261 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1
2 1260 hc 1048 109 1261 sheep/goat pelvis 1 no side fused fused 1 chopped
2 1260 hc 1049 109 1261 sheep/goat vert thor 2 no side 22
2 1260 hc 1053 109 1261 sheep/goat sternum 1 no side 1 in 2 pieces, juv
2 1260 hc 1060 109 1261 sheep/goat ribs 2 20
2 1260 hc 1059 109 1261 small ungulate ribs 1 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1075 109 1261 unidentified fibula/malleolare 1 0 cat fibula?
2 1260 hc 1106 114 1261 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 1112 114 1261 pig skull 1 left 37
2 1260 hc 1121 114 1261 sheep horn core 1 left 44 polycerated
2 1260 hc 1107 114 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 M 3, very worn
2 1260 hc 1111 114 1261 sheep/goat mandible 1 left 32 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1119 114 1261 sheep/goat femur 1 left open open 5
2 1260 hc 1120 114 1261 sheep/goat skull 1 no side 0
2 1260 hc 1122 114 1261 sheep/goat pelvis 1 left 24+25 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1123 114 1261 sheep/goat pelvis 1 left 24+25 chopped in 3 pieces
265

2 1260 hc 1124 114 1261 small ungulate ribs 1 0 filleting
2 1260 hc 1175 117 1261 cattle humerus 1 right 10
2 1260 hc 1176 117 1261 cattle radius 1 0
2 1260 hc 1181 117 1261 cattle ct 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1179 117 1261 sheep metatarsal 1 left fused fused 1 Bd 22,2 Bp 18,1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1180 117 1261 sheep metapodial 1 left fused 4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1178 117 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left 11 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1182 117 1261 sheep/goat skull 1 right 0 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1223 120 1261 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 1224 120 1261 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 1239 120 1261 cattle radius 1 right fused 0 chopped blg tgh 1240
2 1260 hc 1240 120 1261 cattle ulna 1 right fused 3 blg tgh 1239
2 1260 hc 1241 120 1261 cattle metatarsal 1 left 13 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1243 120 1261 cattle tibia 1 left 14 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1245 120 1261 cattle calcaneus 1 left open 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1248 120 1261 cattle calcaneus 1 left fused 1 GL 121
2 1260 hc 1249 120 1261 cattle horn core 1 right 45 chopped very oval
2 1260 hc 1255 120 1261 cattle hyoideum 1 0
2 1260 hc 1263 120 1261 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 1265 120 1261 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side open open 1 young, porous
2 1260 hc 1266 120 1261 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side open 21
2 1260 hc 1267 120 1261 large ungulate vert lumb 1 no side open 21 chopped
2 1260 hc 1236 120 1261 pig skull 1 right 37 PM 3/4
2 1260 hc 1256 120 1261 pig hyoideum 1 no side 1
2 1260 hc 1257 120 1261 pig metapodial 2 fused open 5
266
2 1260 hc 1258 120 1261 pig ribs 1 20

2 1260 hc 1234 120 1261 sheep mandible 1 left 32 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1230 120 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 1
2 1260 hc 1250 120 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left 10
2 1260 hc 1251 120 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left 13
2 1260 hc 1252 120 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 23,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1253 120 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 23,8 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1482 129 1261 cattle teeth 1 right 1
2 1260 hc 1484 129 1261 cattle teeth 2 left 1 M
2 1260 hc 1491 129 1261 cattle humerus 1 right 12 chopped
2 1260 hc 1493 129 1261 cattle humerus 1 right fused 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 1498 129 1261 cattle phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 burnt
2 1260 hc 1499 129 1261 cattle talus 1 right 1
2 1260 hc 2180 129 1261 cattle teeth 2 0
2 1260 hc 2181 129 1261 cattle mandible 1 right 33 other
2 1260 hc 2182 129 1261 cattle talus 1 right 1 gnawed GLl 62,1 GLm 56,9 Bd 39,7
2 1260 hc 1500 129 1261 horse metatarsal 1 left fused fused 1 GL 259 Ll258 Bp 45,1 Bd 44,9 SD 28,2
2 1260 hc 1502 129 1261 large ungulate ribs 1 21 other
2 1260 hc 2186 129 1261 large ungulate scapula 1 0 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 2187 129 1261 large ungulate pelvis 1 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 2188 129 1261 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 2190 129 1261 large ungulate ribs 3 0 one in 2 pieces
267
2 1260 hc 1487 129 1261 pig mandible 1 left 32

2 1260 hc 1488 129 1261 pig mandible 1 left 32 B 15,1 M 3
2 1260 hc 1489 129 1261 pig skull 1 left 37
2 1260 hc 2184 129 1261 pig teeth 1 left 1 M3 L 34,2 M3 B 14,6
2 1260 hc 1490 129 1261 sheep/goat scapula 1 right 0
2 1260 hc 2185 129 1261 sheep/goat tibia 1 right 10 gnawed
2 1260 hc 2191 129 1261 small ungulate shaft 1 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 2192 129 1261 small ungulate shaft 1 0 filleting
2 1260 hc 533 65a 1261 cattle teeth 1 left 1 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 534 65a 1261 cattle teeth 4 0 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 535 65a 1261 cattle teeth 1 left 1 pd 4
2 1260 hc 536 65a 1261 cattle teeth 1 0 pd 4
2 1260 hc 537 65a 1261 cattle teeth 1 1 pd 3
2 1260 hc 538 65a 1261 cattle teeth 2 left 1
2 1260 hc 543 65a 1261 cattle teeth 1 0
2 1260 hc 544 65a 1261 cattle metacarpal 1 left fused fused 1 GL 182 Bp 51,3 Bd 52,7 SD 28,4 DD 20,3
2 1260 hc 545 65a 1261 cattle pelvis 1 right 23 filleting female me ed 7,6 in 3 pieces
2 1260 hc 547 65a 1261 cattle pelvis 1 left open 24
2 1260 hc 548 65a 1261 cattle skull 1 right 41
2 1260 hc 549 65a 1261 cattle skull 1 left 42
2 1260 hc 550 65a 1261 cattle radiusulna 1 right fused 8 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 551 65a 1261 cattle calcaneus 1 right 0
2 1260 hc 552 65a 1261 cattle mandible 1 right 0
2 1260 hc 553 65a 1261 cattle tarsi 1 1
2 1260 hc 555 65a 1261 horse teeth 1 left 1 alm no wear
2 1260 hc 546 65a 1261 large ungulate mandible 1 34
2 1260 hc 558 65a 1261 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side fused fused 1 horse ?
2 1260 hc 561 65a 1261 large ungulate ribs 1 0
2 1260 hc 554 65a 1261 pig skull 1 left 42
2 1260 hc 557 65a 1261 sheep tibia 1 left fused fused 1 GL * 173 Bd 23,6 in 2 pieces*
2 1260 hc 539 65a 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 540 65a 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 M 3
2 1260 hc 541 65a 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 542 65a 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 pd 4
2 1260 hc 556 65a 1261 sheep/goat femur 1 left open open 15 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 564 65a 1261 sheep/goat mandible 2 0
2 1260 hc 562 65a 1261 small ungulate ribs 2 0
2 1260 hc 559 65a 1261 unidentified skull 1 0
2 1260 hc 560 65a 1261 unidentified vert 1 no side 0 gnawed
268
2 1260 hc 563 65a 1261 unidentified ribs 1 0

2 1260 hc 565 65a 1261 unidentified unidentified 21 0
2 1292 hc 2029 70 1293 cattle teeth 1 0
2 1292 hc 2030 70 1293 cattle hyoideum 8 0
2 1292 hc 2031 71 1294 cattle femur 1 right 12 fossa plantaris
2 1292 hc 2035 72 1295 bird humerus 1 1 tiny
2 1292 hc 2036 72 1295 bird coracoid 1 1 tiny
2 1292 hc 2032 72 1295 cattle atlas 1 no side 1 in 2 pieces
2 1292 1 3020 129 1295 cattle femur 1 0 in 3 pieces
1 1302 hc 567 69 1304 pig mandible 1 left 0 male in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 571 73 1315 cattle teeth 1 left 1 I
1 1317 hc 573 73 1315 cattle teeth 1 0 I
1 1317 hc 575 73 1315 cattle scapula 1 left 31 in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 574 73 1315 horse teeth 1 1 I
1 1317 hc 578 73 1315 horse skull 1 right 1 in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 576 73 1315 large ungulate scapula 2 0 in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 592 73 1315 large ungulate ribs 3 0 filleting
1 1317 hc 588 73 1315 sheep/goat skull 2 no side 0
1 1317 hc 585 73 1315 small ungulate mandible 2 no side open 0
1 1317 hc 586 73 1315 small ungulate tibia 1 0
1 1317 hc 647 91 1315 large ungulate ribs 1 0 in 2 pieces
269

1 1317 hc 774 98 1315 cattle radius 1 left fused 3
1 1317 hc 776 98 1315 cattle metatarsal 1 left 14
1 1317 hc 777 98 1315 cattle metatarsal 1 fused 0
1 1317 hc 778 98 1315 large ungulate axis 1 no side 0
1 1317 hc 769 98 1315 pig mandible 1 right 32 male in 3 pieces
1 1317 hc 770 98 1315 pig mandible 1 right 32 pathological
1 1317 hc 771 98 1315 pig mandible 1 0
1 1317 hc 772 98 1315 pig teeth 1 left 1 male
1 1317 hc 779 98 1315 pig ulna 1 left open 14 in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 780 98 1315 pig humerus 1 right open open 15
1 1317 hc 781 98 1315 sheep/goat radius 1 right 11 gnawed
1 1317 hc 768 98 1315 small ungulate scapula 1 left 0 in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 974 106 1315 cattle teeth 2 right 1 i/c
1 1317 hc 978 106 1315 cattle teeth 1 0 M
1 1317 hc 979 106 1315 cattle teeth 4 0 M
1 1317 hc 985 106 1315 cattle pelvis 1 left 26 blg tgt with 985‐6?
1 1317 hc 986 106 1315 cattle radius 1 right open 10
1 1317 hc 988 106 1315 cattle tibia 1 left fused 8 in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 989 106 1315 cattle radius 1 left fused 3 dismembering blg tgh with 990
1 1317 hc 990 106 1315 cattle ulna 1 left 10 gnawed blg tgh with 989
1 1317 hc 991 106 1315 cattle calcaneus 1 left fused 1 GL 121 blg tgh with 992
1 1317 hc 992 106 1315 cattle talus 1 left 1 GLl 64,0 GLm 58,8 Bd 43,1 blg tgh with 991
1 1317 hc 981 106 1315 pig teeth 2 1 M
270
1 1317 hc 993 106 1315 pig metacarpal 1 left fused open 1 IV
1 1317 hc 995 106 1315 pig fibula/malleolare 1 0
1 1317 hc 980 106 1315 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 I /C
1 1317 hc 996 106 1315 sheep/goat femur 1 open 0
1 1317 hc 1002 106 1315 sheep/goat metapodial 1 infant 0 half of diaf, open
1 1317 hc 1001 106 1315 small mammal ribs 1 21
1 1317 1 2944 119 1315 bird phalanx 1 5 fused 1 Gallus gallus?
1 1317 1 2956 119 1315 bird radius 1 fused 3
1 1317 1 2947 119 1315 fish unidentified 1 0 and scale
1 1317 1 2946 119 1315 unidentified unidentified 13 0 bird sesamoids
1 1317 1 2949 119 1315 unidentified shaft 1 0 gnawed
1 1317 1 2951 119 1315 unidentified sacrum 1 open open 0 epi
1 1317 1 2975 125 1315 bird vert 2 no side 1 bigger than hen?
1 1317 1 2996 125 1315 cattle ulna 1 11
1 1317 1 2997 125 1315 cattle carpi 1 1 Ca
1 1317 1 2998 125 1315 cattle teeth 1 1
1 1317 1 2976 125 1315 fish vert 6 no side 1
1 1317 1 2977 125 1315 fish unidentified 6 0 ribs
1 1317 1 2999 125 1315 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side 0
1 1317 1 3000 125 1315 large ungulate vert 1 no side infant open 0
1 1317 1 3001 125 1315 large ungulate skull 3 0
1 1317 1 2983 125 1315 mouse teeth 6 1 I and M
1 1317 1 2984 125 1315 mouse skull 3 37
1 1317 1 2985 125 1315 mouse radius 1 open 15
1 1317 1 2987 125 1315 mouse calcaneus 1 1
1 1317 1 3006 125 1315 mouse teeth 1 1
1 1317 1 2991 125 1315 pig phalanx 2 1 fused 1
1 1317 1 2992 125 1315 sheep/goat carpi 1 1 Ci
271
1 1317 1 2979 125 1315 shrew pelvis 1 right 2

1 1317 1 2980 125 1315 shrew femur 1 fused open 5
1 1317 1 2988 125 1315 small mammal metapodial 1 fused 1
1 1317 1 3007 125 1315 small mammal metapodial 2 fused 1
1 1317 1 3008 125 1315 small mammal phalanx 1 1 fused 1
1 1317 1 3009 125 1315 small mammal vert caud 2 1
1 1317 1 3010 125 1315 small mammal vert cerv 1 0
1 1317 1 2994 125 1315 small ungulate ribs 1 0 filleting
1 1317 1 2995 125 1315 small ungulate scapula 1 0
1 1317 1 3005 125 1315 unidentified unidentified 1 0 other
1 1317 hc 871 88 1316 bird metatarsal 1 fused fused 1 male in two pieces
1 1317 hc 863 88 1316 cat radius 1 right open 13
1 1317 hc 847 88 1316 cattle teeth 1 0 M
1 1317 hc 854 88 1316 cattle metacarpal 1 right fused 3 in 2 pieces
1 1317 hc 855 88 1316 cattle metacarpal 1 fused 0 other
1 1317 hc 853 88 1316 horse teeth 1 1 PM / M
1 1317 hc 865 88 1316 large ungulate shaft 2 0 other
1 1317 hc 868 88 1316 large ungulate ribs 1 0 burnt
1 1317 hc 851 88 1316 pig teeth 1 left 1 L 33,2 B 18,3
1 1317 hc 852 88 1316 pig teeth 1 1 I
1 1317 hc 862 88 1316 pig tibia 1 right 11
272

1 1317 hc 873 88 1316 unidentified scapula 1 0 burnt
1 1317 1 2940 115 1316 large ungulate sacrum 1 0
1 1317 1 3014 126 1316 pig metapodial 1 0 McIV
1 1317 1 3015 126 1316 small mammal ribs 1 0
g SK069 hc 2041 75 1320 cattle phalanx 1 1 fused 1
g SK069 hc 2042 75 1320 cattle atlas 1 no side 0 40% left
g SK069 hc 2043 75 1320 cattle skull 1 left 41 60% middle
g SK069 hc 2044 75 1320 small ungulate shaft 1 0
g SK072 hc 2048 78 1328 cattle femur 1 left 14
g SK072 hc 2055 78 1328 cattle teeth 1 1 pd 3
g SK072 hc 2054 78 1328 pig teeth 1 right 1 almost complete
g SK072 hc 2053 78 1328 sheep horn core 1 right 1 in 2 pieces
g SK072 hc 2051 78 1328 sheep/goat tibia 1 left open 8 in 2 pieces
g SK072 hc 2052 78 1328 small ungulate vert thor 1 no side 22
g SK072 hc 2056 78 1328 small ungulate ribs 3 0
g SK072 hc 2049 78 1328 unidentified scapula 2 0
g SK072 hc 2050 78 1328 unidentified ribs 2 0
g SK072 hc 2057 78 1328 unidentified skull 2 0
1 1330 hc 2059 80 1329 cattle metatarsal 1 right 5
1 1330 hc 2060 80 1329 cattle teeth 1 0
1 1330 hc 2061 80 1329 cattle teeth 1 0
1 1330 hc 2062 80 1329 cattle skull 1 0 pars petrosa
1 1330 hc 2063 80 1329 cattle phalanx 3 1 3
1 1330 hc 2064 80 1329 cattle pelvis 1 left 32 male in 5 pieces
1 1330 hc 2065 80 1329 cattle tibia 1 right fused 0
1 1330 hc 2066 80 1329 pig mandible 1 right 33.32 M3 L 32,5 M3 B 14,6 in 4 pieces
1 1330 hc 2109 94 1329 cattle tibia 1 left 13 in 5 pieces
1 1330 hc 2112 94 1329 cattle teeth 1 0 M3, very worn
1 1330 hc 2113 94 1329 cattle metatarsal 1 12 in 2 pieces
1 1330 hc 2116 94 1329 small ungulate skull 1 0 pars petrosa
1 1330 hc 2111 94 1329 unidentified humerus 5 0
1 1330 hc 2114 94 1329 unidentified vert cerv 1 no side 22
273

1 1330 hc 2119 94 1329 unidentified tarsi 10 0
1 1330 hc 2120 95 1329 sheep horn core 1 right 1 40 84 41 29,1 42 23,4 43 95 same as next?
1 1330 hc 2121 95 1329 sheep horn core 1 left 1 40 81 41 28,3 42 22,2 43 90 same as above?
g SK075 hc 2046 77 1337 cattle teeth 1 1 pd 4
g SK075 hc 2047 77 1337 cattle ulna 1 left 2
2 1346 hc 2083 84 1349 small ungulate vert 1 no side open 0 burnt sacrum/caud
2 1346 1 2934 111 1351 large ungulate ribs 4 0 burnt
2 1346 1 2933 111 1351 unidentified unidentified 1 0 burnt human/animal
2 1260 hc 651 92 1353 cattle teeth 1 1 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 652 92 1353 cattle teeth 1 left 0 M 3
2 1260 hc 653 92 1353 cattle metacarpal 1 left fused 3 other path
2 1260 hc 654 92 1353 cattle pelvis 1 left 23 female me ed 4,9
2 1260 hc 649 92 1353 pig mandible 1 right 32 female in 5 pieces
2 1260 hc 655 92 1353 sheep metacarpal 1 left fused 8 Bd 24,9
2 1260 hc 658 92 1353 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 32,2 Bd 9,7 blg to 655
2 1260 hc 656 92 1353 sheep/goat mandible 1 right 0 with M 1/2
2 1260 hc 657 92 1353 sheep/goat skull 1 right 39
2 1260 hc 659 92 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 1 with epi
2 1260 hc 660 92 1353 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side open 20
2 1260 hc 661 92 1353 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side 0
2 1260 hc 662 92 1353 small ungulate vert caud 1 no side open open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 925 104 1353 cattle scapula 1 right 0 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 927 104 1353 cattle metatarsal 1 left 15
2 1260 hc 928 104 1353 cattle tibia 1 right 12 gnawed
2 1260 hc 930 104 1353 cattle radius 1 right 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 946 104 1353 goat horn core 1 left 1 young
2 1260 hc 929 104 1353 large ungulate radius 1 right 12 gnawed chopped
2 1260 hc 932 104 1353 large ungulate humerus 1 0
2 1260 hc 965 104 1353 pig ulna 1 right open 12
2 1260 hc 947 104 1353 sheep horn core 1 left 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 953 104 1353 sheep humerus 1 right fused 7 BT 27,5 sheep skeletons
274
2 1260 hc 954 104 1353 sheep radius 1 left fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 955 104 1353 sheep ulna 1 left 10 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 957 104 1353 sheep tibia 1 left open fused 9 Bd 22,5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 958 104 1353 sheep tibia 1 left open fused 1 Bd 22,4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 959 104 1353 sheep femur 1 right fused 7 Bd 34,1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 938 104 1353 sheep/goat skull 1 left 43 chopped
2 1260 hc 942 104 1353 sheep/goat skull 14 0 f e 4 pars petr
2 1260 hc 949 104 1353 sheep/goat pelvis 2 right 23 female sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 950 104 1353 sheep/goat pelvis 1 left 25 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 951 104 1353 sheep/goat scapula 1 right 0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 952 104 1353 sheep/goat atlas 1 no side 20 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 960 104 1353 sheep/goat femur 1 left open 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 961 104 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 962 104 1353 sheep/goat vert lumb 3 no side open open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 963 104 1353 sheep/goat calcaneus 1 left fused 0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 964 104 1353 sheep/goat tibia 1 0
2 1260 hc 970 104 1353 unidentified skull 14 0 sheep skull?
2 1260 hc 1835 108 1353 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side 22 porous
2 1260 hc 1836 108 1353 large ungulate vert cerv 2 no side 0 porous
2 1260 hc 1837 108 1353 large ungulate vert 2 no side 0 porous
2 1260 hc 1838 108 1353 large ungulate ribs 1 20 porous
2 1260 hc 1773 108 1353 sheep humerus 1 right fused fused 1 BT 25,4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1774 108 1353 sheep humerus 1 left closing fused 1 BT 27,4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1775 108 1353 sheep humerus 1 left open fused 9 BT 24,4 sheep skeletons
275
2 1260 hc 1776 108 1353 sheep radius 1 right fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1780 108 1353 sheep femur 1 right open 10 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1782 108 1353 sheep tibia 1 right fused fused 1 GL 177 Bd 23,3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1783 108 1353 sheep metacarpal 1 right fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1784 108 1353 sheep metacarpal 1 left fused fused 1 GL 112 Bp 21,9 SD 14,3 DD 10,2 Bd 24,1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1786 108 1353 sheep metacarpal 1 left fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1787 108 1353 sheep metacarpal 1 left fused 7 Bd 23,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1788 108 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused open 5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1789 108 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused 4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1790 108 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused fused 1 GL 117 Bp 20,1 SD 11,3 DD 9,7 Bd 22,1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1792 108 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 left fused fused 1 GL 118 Bp 17,9 SD 10,5 DD 9,2 Bd 21,7 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1793 108 1353 sheep talus 1 left 1 GLl 26,5 GLm 25,2 Bd 16,7 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1794 108 1353 sheep calcaneus 1 left fused 1 GL 50,5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1795 108 1353 sheep phalanx 1 1 open fused 9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1804 108 1353 sheep phalanx 1 1 fused fused 1 Glpe 33,4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1811 108 1353 sheep phalanx 3 1 fused fused 1 DLS 27,0 Ld 22,3 MBS 6,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1817 108 1353 sheep ct 2 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1819 108 1353 sheep patella 1 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1820 108 1353 sheep fibula/malleolare 1 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1821 108 1353 sheep carpi 4 1 Cr, Ci,Cu,C2+3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1822 108 1353 sheep tarsi 1 1 T2+3 sheep skeletons
276
2 1260 hc 1823 108 1353 sheep sesamoid 7 1 sheep skeletons

2 1260 hc 1824 108 1353 sheep vert thor 2 no side closing open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1825 108 1353 sheep vert lumb 3 no side fused fused 18+19 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1826 108 1353 sheep sacrum 1 no side fused fused 20 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1827 108 1353 sheep horn core 1 left 1 chopped pathological
2 1260 hc 1832 108 1353 sheep/goat vert thor 1 no side open open 19 chopped
2 1260 hc 1833 108 1353 small ungulate vert 11 no side 0
2 1260 hc 1840 108 1353 small ungulate tibia 1 open 0
2 1260 hc 1174 116 1353 bird metatarsal 1 fused 7 Gallus gallus
2 1260 hc 1152 116 1353 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1260 hc 1158 116 1353 cattle metatarsal 1 left fused 8 Bd 46,9
2 1260 hc 1172 116 1353 cattle skull 2 0
2 1260 hc 1164 116 1353 dog humerus 1 right fused fused 1 Dp 51,6 Bd 42,6 big in 5 pieces
2 1260 hc 1165 116 1353 dog talus 1 right 1 GL 31,9 big
2 1260 hc 1166 116 1353 dog vert caud 1 no side fused fused 1 big
2 1260 hc 1167 116 1353 dog ribs 9 20
2 1260 hc 1168 116 1353 dog ribs 3 21
2 1260 hc 1169 116 1353 dog ribs 6 0
2 1260 hc 1157 116 1353 large ungulate radius 1 left 11 eroded
2 1260 hc 1159 116 1353 sheep scapula 1 right fused 31
2 1260 hc 1162 116 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused fused 1 Bd 21,7 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1209 119 1353 cattle ulna 1 right 13
2 1260 hc 1210 119 1353 cattle radius 1 left 12 chopped
277

2 1260 hc 1212 119 1353 cattle phalanx 3 1 1 LDS 69,6 Ld 50,9 MBS 22,5
2 1260 hc 1217 119 1353 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side 22 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1214 119 1353 pig skull 1 left 40
2 1260 hc 1215 119 1353 pig metacarpal 1 left fused open 5 III
2 1260 hc 1213 119 1353 sheep metacarpal 1 right open 12
2 1260 hc 1204 119 1353 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 Pm
2 1260 hc 1362 122 1353 bird ulna 1 open 7 Corvus frugilegus/corone
2 1260 hc 1359 122 1353 carnivore ribs 1 0 dog?
2 1260 hc 1317 122 1353 cattle sacrum 1 left open 26
2 1260 hc 1318 122 1353 cattle femur 1 right fused 7 gnawed Bd 87
2 1260 hc 1322 122 1353 cattle atlas 1 no side 18
2 1260 hc 1386 122 1353 cattle femur 1 0
2 1260 hc 1915 122 1353 cattle teeth 1 1 M
2 1260 hc 1917 122 1353 cattle metapodial 1 fused 0
2 1260 hc 1321 122 1353 horse radius 1 left fused 8 Bd 70,6
2 1260 hc 1349 122 1353 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side open open 18+19 young, porous
2 1260 hc 1350 122 1353 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side open open 1 young, porous
2 1260 hc 1360 122 1353 large ungulate shaft 1 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1449 122 1353 large ungulate vert 3 no side 0 young, porous
278

2 1260 hc 1312 122 1353 sheep mandible 1 right 32
2 1260 hc 1323 122 1353 sheep horn core 1 left 44
2 1260 hc 1330 122 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 left fused 9 5
2 1260 hc 1331 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 right fused fused 1 GL 134 BT 27,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1333 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 left open 7 BT 27,7 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1334 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 left open 7 BT 25,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1336 122 1353 sheep tibia 1 left open 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1339 122 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1344 122 1353 sheep talus 1 right 1 GLl 27,4 GLm 26,6 Bd 17,8 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1389 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 left fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1390 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 right open 2 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1390 122 1353 sheep radius 1 left fused open 5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1391 122 1353 sheep ulna 1 right open 10 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1392 122 1353 sheep ulna 1 left open 10 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1393 122 1353 sheep ulna 1 left fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1394 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 right 23 male sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1395 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 left 24 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1399 122 1353 sheep femur 1 right open open 5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1401 122 1353 sheep femur 1 left open 10 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1403 122 1353 sheep tibia 1 left fused 4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1408 122 1353 sheep metacarpal 1 left fused fused 1 Bp 22,1 Bd 24,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1410 122 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused fused 1 Bd 23,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1411 122 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused 7 Bd 21,5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1412 122 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 left fused open 5 sheep skeletons
279
2 1260 hc 1434 122 1353 sheep axis 1 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1435 122 1353 sheep vert cerv 1 no side fused open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1707 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 left 26 female sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1709 122 1353 sheep scapula 1 left 0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1710 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 right open fused 9 BT 23,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1712 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 left open 2 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1713 122 1353 sheep radius 1 left open 6 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1714 122 1353 sheep radius 1 right fused fused 1 GL 128 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1716 122 1353 sheep femur 1 right fused 4 Bp 41,7 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1717 122 1353 sheep tibia 1 right fused 8 Bd 25,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1718 122 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 right fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1719 122 1353 sheep vert cerv 1 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1720 122 1353 sheep vert thor 2 no side open open 18+19 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1722 122 1353 sheep calcaneus 1 right fused 1 GL 51,4 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1724 122 1353 sheep phalanx 1 1 open fused 9 sheep skeletons
280
2 1260 hc 1733 122 1353 sheep phalanx 3 1 fused fused 1 DLS 24,8 MBS 5,2 Ld 20,6 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1844 122 1353 sheep mandible 1 right 32 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1845 122 1353 sheep mandible 1 right 32 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1846 122 1353 sheep mandible 1 left 32 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1847 122 1353 sheep mandible 1 no side 32 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1848 122 1353 sheep mandible 1 34 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1850 122 1353 sheep scapula 1 left 31 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1852 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 right 24+25 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1853 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 right 0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1854 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 left 23 male sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1855 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 left 23 male me ed 5,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1856 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 left 23 chopped male me ed 3,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1857 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 left 23 me ed 3,2 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1858 122 1353 sheep pelvis 1 left 24+25 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1859 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 right open 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1861 122 1353 sheep humerus 1 left fused 7 BT 28,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1863 122 1353 sheep radius 1 right fused open 5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1864 122 1353 sheep radius 1 left fused open 5 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1865 122 1353 sheep radius 1 left open 12 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1866 122 1353 sheep radius 1 left fused fused 1 GL 134 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1868 122 1353 sheep femur 1 left fused 7 Bd 33,3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1869 122 1353 sheep femur 2 open 0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1870 122 1353 sheep tibia 1 right 11 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1871 122 1353 sheep tibia 1 left fused fused 1 Bp 39,8 Bd 25,1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1872 122 1353 sheep tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 25,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1874 122 1353 sheep talus 1 left 1 GLl 25,8 GLm 24,9 Bd 16,9 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1875 122 1353 sheep calcaneus 1 right fused 0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1876 122 1353 sheep atlas 1 no side 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1878 122 1353 sheep axis 1 no side fused 21 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1879 122 1353 sheep vert cerv 4 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1880 122 1353 sheep vert thor 1 no side closing open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1881 122 1353 sheep vert thor 2 no side open open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1882 122 1353 sheep vert thor 1 no side open open 18+19 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1883 122 1353 sheep vert thor 2 no side 22 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1884 122 1353 sheep vert lumb 1 no side open open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1885 122 1353 sheep vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1886 122 1353 sheep vert lumb 2 no side closing open 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1887 122 1353 sheep sacrum 1 no side fused closing 20 sheep skeletons
281
2 1260 hc 1888 122 1353 sheep vert 5 no side 0 sheep skeletons

2 1260 hc 1889 122 1353 sheep teeth 5 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1890 122 1353 sheep teeth 2 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1891 122 1353 sheep skull 1 right 43 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1892 122 1353 sheep skull 1 left 43 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1899 122 1353 sheep skull 1 no side 0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1901 122 1353 sheep skull 1 no side 40 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1904 122 1353 sheep skull 1 right 40+44 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1905 122 1353 sheep horn core 1 right 1 chopped sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1906 122 1353 sheep horn core 1 left 1 chopped 40 70 41 26,0 42 18,6 43 76 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1907 122 1353 sheep horn core 3 0 chopped sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1324 122 1353 sheep/goat horn core 2 0
2 1260 hc 1325 122 1353 sheep/goat horn core 1 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 1326 122 1353 sheep/goat skull 1 no side 43 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1327 122 1353 sheep/goat skull 1 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1328 122 1353 sheep/goat skull 1 0
2 1260 hc 1329 122 1353 sheep/goat ulna 1 right open 9 10
2 1260 hc 1346 122 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 19 chopped
2 1260 hc 1347 122 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 18 chopped
2 1260 hc 1348 122 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side fused open 19 chopped
2 1260 hc 1353 122 1353 sheep/goat radius 1 left 11
2 1260 hc 1375 122 1353 sheep/goat teeth 2 0 M1/2
282

2 1260 hc 1379 122 1353 sheep/goat teeth 1 left 1 PM
2 1260 hc 1382 122 1353 sheep/goat skull 1 no side 43 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1436 122 1353 sheep/goat axis 1 no side 19
2 1260 hc 1437 122 1353 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side open open 1
2 1260 hc 1438 122 1353 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side fused 20 chopped
2 1260 hc 1439 122 1353 sheep/goat sternum 1 no side 0
2 1260 hc 1440 122 1353 sheep/goat horn core 1 45 chopped
2 1260 hc 1690 122 1353 sheep/goat mandible 1 right 32 other in 3 pieces
2 1260 hc 1701 122 1353 sheep/goat horn core 1 left 45 chopped
2 1260 hc 1702 122 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side fused open 19 chopped
2 1260 hc 1703 122 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open open 19
2 1260 hc 1704 122 1353 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open 21
2 1260 hc 1737 122 1353 sheep/goat humerus 1 0
2 1260 hc 1738 122 1353 sheep/goat femur 1 0
2 1260 hc 1740 122 1353 sheep/goat sternum 1 no side 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 1452 122 1353 small ungulate shaft 1 left 0
283

2 1260 hc 1523 130 1353 cattle pelvis 1 left open 25
2 1260 hc 1524 130 1353 cattle scapula 1 right open 31 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1525 130 1353 cattle femur 1 right open 12
2 1260 hc 1526 130 1353 cattle skull 1 right 40 calv
2 1260 hc 1551 130 1353 large ungulate vert thor 1 no side fused fused 18+19
2 1260 hc 1518 130 1353 pig mandible 1 left 32 female
2 1260 hc 1527 130 1353 pig skull 1 left 42
2 1260 hc 1531 130 1353 sheep humerus 1 right fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1533 130 1353 sheep humerus 1 left fused 3 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1535 130 1353 sheep radius 1 right fused fused 1 gnawed GL 141 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1536 130 1353 sheep ulna 1 right 10 gnawed sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1539 130 1353 sheep femur 1 right fused 7 chopped sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1544 130 1353 sheep tibia 1 right open 15 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1545 130 1353 sheep tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 23,7 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1547 130 1353 sheep vert lumb 2 no side closing open 1 sheep skeletons
284
2 1260 hc 1548 130 1353 sheep vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1514 130 1353 sheep/goat teeth 2 left 1 M3
2 1260 hc 1550 130 1353 sheep/goat pelvis 1 left 0
2 1260 hc 1522 130 1353 unidentified pelvis 1 0
2 1260 1 3022 137 1353 sheep metatarsal 1 fused 7
2 1260 1 3023 137 1353 small ungulate vert 1 no side 0
2 1359 hc 2072 81 1360 cattle femur 1 left open 10
2 1359 hc 2073 81 1360 cattle scapula 1 left 0 gnawed in 2 pieces
2 1359 hc 2154 105 1360 cattle metatarsal 1 right open 5
2 1359 hc 2155 105 1360 pig mandible 1 0
2 1359 hc 2156 105 1360 unidentified unidentified 2 0 other in 4 pieces
2 1359 hc 2157 111 1360 cattle teeth 1 1
285

2 1260 hc 1925 93 1367 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1260 hc 1927 93 1367 cattle scapula 1 left fused 31
2 1260 hc 1928 93 1367 cattle radius 1 right fused fused 1 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1929 93 1367 cattle metatarsal 1 left fused 5
2 1260 hc 1745 102 1367 cattle teeth 6 0 M
2 1260 hc 1746 102 1367 cattle teeth 2 0 M
2 1260 hc 1751 102 1367 cattle talus 1 left 0
2 1260 hc 1752 102 1367 cattle metacarpal 1 left fused 3 chopped
2 1260 hc 1749 102 1367 pig teeth 1 0 I
2 1260 hc 1750 102 1367 pig calcaneus 1 left open 0
2 1260 hc 1755 102 1367 pig tibia 1 left 0
2 1260 hc 1748 102 1367 sheep/goat teeth 3 1 M
2 1260 hc 1756 102 1367 sheep/goat humerus 1 right 12
2 1260 hc 1759 102 1367 small ungulate ribs 3 0 one in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1087 110 1367 cattle teeth 1 1 PM 2
2 1260 hc 1091 110 1367 cattle femur 1 left fused 3 path
2 1260 hc 1093 110 1367 cattle radiusulna 1 left fused 4 ulna only shaft
2 1260 hc 1094 110 1367 cattle horn core 1 left 1 chopped 44,174 45 67,2 46 43,5 47,179 very oval in form
2 1260 hc 1096 110 1367 sheep radius 1 right fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1095 110 1367 sheep/goat femur 1 right open 12
286

2 1260 hc 1140 115 1367 cattle tibia 1 left open fused 9 Bd 52,8 in 3 pieces
2 1260 hc 1141 115 1367 cattle tibia 1 left open 2 blg not 1140?
2 1260 hc 1142 115 1367 cattle humerus 1 left open 12 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1143 115 1367 cattle calcaneus 1 left 0
2 1260 hc 1145 115 1367 cattle talus 1 right 1 GLl 61,0 GLm 55,5 Bd 38,6
2 1260 hc 1149 115 1367 large ungulate shaft 1 0 5
2 1260 hc 1136 115 1367 pig teeth 1 0 blg 1137?
2 1260 hc 1137 115 1367 pig mandible 1 right 32 male
2 1260 hc 1144 115 1367 pig pelvis 1 left 23 in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1135 115 1367 unidentified hyoideum 1 0
2 1260 hc 1190 118 1367 cattle mandible 1 left 35 in 3 pieces
2 1260 hc 1192 118 1367 cattle pelvis 1 right 26 other female
2 1260 hc 1193 118 1367 cattle pelvis 1 left open 25
2 1260 hc 1194 118 1367 cattle pelvis 1 left 0 gnawed
2 1260 hc 1197 118 1367 sheep/goat vert thor 1 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1198 118 1367 small ungulate vert 1 no side 0
2 1260 hc 1275 121 1367 cattle teeth 4 0 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 1286 121 1367 cattle radius 1 left open 6
2 1260 hc 1289 121 1367 cattle axis 1 no side fused open 18+19
287

2 1260 hc 1283 121 1367 pig mandible 1 right 32 L 32,6 B 15,4 M 3
2 1260 hc 1284 121 1367 pig teeth 1 left 1 L 32,8 B 14,9 M3
2 1260 hc 1288 121 1367 pig tibia 1 right open 14 gnawed in 2 pieces
2 1260 hc 1294 121 1367 pig humerus 1 right 12
2 1260 hc 1296 121 1367 sheep tibia 1 right fused 7 Bd 23,0 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1281 121 1367 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 1 M3
2 1260 hc 1291 121 1367 sheep/goat phalanx 1 1 fused 7
2 1260 hc 1292 121 1367 sheep/goat talus 1 0
2 1260 hc 1293 121 1367 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 18+19
2 1260 hc 1295 121 1367 sheep/goat vert lumb 1 no side fused fused 1 sheep skeletons
2 1260 hc 1297 121 1367 sheep/goat tarsi 1 1 sheep skeletons, ct
2 1260 hc 1459 128 1367 cattle teeth 1 left 1 PM
2 1260 hc 1461 128 1367 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 1468 128 1367 cattle carpi 1 1 Ci
2 1260 hc 1469 128 1367 cattle tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 52,9
2 1260 hc 1475 128 1367 large ungulate shaft 1 0 chopped
2 1260 hc 1463 128 1367 pig teeth 1 1 M 1/2
2 1260 hc 1464 128 1367 pig teeth 1 1 M 1/2
288
2 1260 hc 1472 128 1367 pig humerus 1 left open 7 gnawed
1 1020 1 2957 120 1369 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 pd4
1 1020 hc 844 86 1370 cattle femur 1 right open 14 in 2 pieces, small
1 1372 hc 2098 89 1373 bird ulna 1 open open 1 blg tgh with 2 next?
1 1372 hc 2099 89 1373 bird femur 1 8 blg tgh with pre and next?
1 1372 hc 2100 89 1373 bird metatarsal 1 7 blg tgh with 2 above?
1 1372 hc 2101 89 1373 bird femur 1 left fused fused 1 hen?
1 1372 hc 2102 89 1373 bird humerus 1 right fused fused 1 hen?
1 1372 hc 2103 89 1373 bird humerus 1 left fused fused 1 hen?
1 1372 hc 2104 89 1373 bird radius 1 fused 8 hen?
1 1372 hc 2105 89 1373 bird ulna 1 fused fused 1 hen?
1 1372 hc 2106 89 1373 bird tibia 1 right fused fused 1 hen?
1 1372 hc 2107 89 1373 bird tibia 1 left fused fused 1 hen?
1 1372 hc 2085 89 1373 cattle teeth 1 0
1 1372 hc 2087 89 1373 cattle femur 1 0
1 1372 hc 2089 89 1373 pig femur 1 right open open 9 in 2 pieces
1 1372 hc 2092 89 1373 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side fused fused 1 articulates with 2093?
1 1372 hc 2093 89 1373 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side fused open 1 articulates with 2092?
1 1372 hc 2094 89 1373 sheep/goat vert cerv 1 no side open 0
1 1372 1 2962 122 1373 bird skull 4 no side 43 Gallus gallus
1 1372 1 2963 122 1373 bird vert 1 no side 1
1 1372 1 2964 122 1373 bird unidentified 1 0 articulare, gallus
g SK085/86 hc 2135 100 1384 cattle talus 1 right 1 other Bd 34,7 blg tgt with 2136?
289
g SK085/86 hc 2136 100 1384 cattle calcaneus 1 right 8 gnawed blg tgt with 2135?
g SK085/86 hc 2137 100 1384 cattle teeth 1 0
g SK085/86 hc 2138 100 1384 cattle phalanx 2 1 fused 1
g SK085/86 hc 2142 100 1384 large ungulate ribs 2 0
g SK085/86 hc 2141 100 1384 pig metapodial 1 0
g SK085/86 hc 2143 100 1384 pig ulna 1 0
g SK085/86 hc 2140 100 1384 sheep/goat teeth 1 0
g SK085/86 hc 2139 100 1384 small ungulate scapula 1 0
g SK085/86 hc 2144 100 1384 unidentified unidentified 3 0 gnawed
g SK085/86 hc 2145 100 1384 unidentified unidentified 52 0
g SK089 hc 2311 159 1386 cat skull 3 0 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2312 159 1386 cat mandible 1 right 1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2313 159 1386 cat vert cerv 1 no side fused fused 1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2314 159 1386 cat vert thor 1 no side fused closing 1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2315 159 1386 cat vert lumb 2 no side fused closing 1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2316 159 1386 cat vert caud 1 no side fused fused 1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2317 159 1386 cat sternum 1 no side 1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2318 159 1386 cat ribs 1 1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2322 159 1386 cat humerus 1 right fused 7 Bd 15,1 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2323 159 1386 cat humerus 1 right closing 3 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2324 159 1386 cat radius 1 right fused 3 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2325 159 1386 cat radius 1 right fused 7 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2326 159 1386 cat ulna 1 right fused 4 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2327 159 1386 cat ulna 1 left fused 3 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2328 159 1386 cat tibia 1 left fused 7 Bd 12,4 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2329 159 1386 cat calcaneus 1 right fused 1 GL 22,8 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2330 159 1386 cat metacarpal 4 0 grave cat
g SK089 hc 2331 159 1386 cat metatarsal 4 fused 1 gravecat
g SK089 hc 2332 159 1386 cat metapodial 1 0 gravecat
g SK089 hc 2301 159 1386 cattle teeth 2 0
g SK089 hc 2302 159 1386 cattle ct 1 0 30%
g SK089 hc 2307 159 1386 large ungulate skull 2 0
g SK089 hc 2308 159 1386 large ungulate shaft 6 0
g SK089 hc 2306 159 1386 pig humerus 1 left 12
g SK089 hc 2303 159 1386 sheep metatarsal 1 right 5
g SK089 hc 2304 159 1386 sheep/goat teeth 1 0
g SK089 hc 2305 159 1386 sheep/goat radiusulna 1 0
g SK089 hc 2309 159 1386 small ungulate mandible 2 0
g SK090 hc 2146 101 1387 cattle calcaneus 1 open 2
g SK090 hc 2149 101 1387 large ungulate shaft 1 0
g SK090 hc 2150 101 1387 large ungulate skull 1 0
g SK090 hc 2151 101 1387 large ungulate ribs 1 0
g SK090 hc 2152 101 1387 large ungulate ribs 1 21 in 3 pieces
290
g SK090 hc 2148 101 1387 sheep metacarpal 1 right closing 7 Bd 22,9
g SK090 hc 2147 101 1387 sheep/goat humerus 1 left closing 6
g SK 89 1 3019 128 1390 small ungulate vert 2 no side 0
3 1375 hc 2234 134 1396 cattle teeth 5 0
3 1375 hc 2235 134 1396 cattle teeth 3 0
3 1375 hc 2244 134 1396 rabbit humerus 1 right 12 rabbit elbow
3 1375 hc 2245 134 1396 rabbit radius 1 right fused 4 rabbit elbow
3 1375 hc 2246 134 1396 rabbit ulna 1 right 13 rabbit elbow
3 1375 hc 2247 134 1396 rabbit pelvis 1 right 1 rabbit rear end
3 1375 hc 2248 134 1396 rabbit pelvis 1 left 1 rabbit rear end
3 1375 hc 2249 134 1396 rabbit tibia 1 right fused 5 rabbit rear end
3 1375 hc 2239 134 1396 sheep/goat radius 1 left 14
3 1375 1 3033 139 1396 bird metatarsal 1 fused 6 bigger than hen?
3 1375 1 3032 139 1396 mouse teeth 1 1 I
3 1375 1 3034 139 1396 pig phalanx 2 1 open fused 9
3 1375 hc 2219 133 1397 cattle teeth 1 0
3 1375 hc 2220 133 1397 cattle teeth 1 0
3 1375 hc 2221 133 1397 cattle teeth 1 0
3 1375 hc 2222 133 1397 cattle metapodial 1 fused 0
3 1375 hc 2224 133 1397 cattle radius 1 left fused 0
3 1375 hc 2230 133 1397 pig talus 1 left 1 a bit broken.
291
g SK088 hc 2162 112 1409 cattle pelvis 1 left open 24 in 2pieces
g SK088 hc 2163 112 1409 cattle skull 1 left 41 50% front
g SK088 hc 2164 112 1409 cattle skull 1 0
g SK088 hc 2165 112 1409 unidentified shaft 1 0
g SK100 hc 2168 123 1437 cattle phalanx 2 1 fused 1
g SK100 hc 2171 123 1437 large ungulate ribs 1 0 filleting
g SK100 hc 2169 123 1437 sheep/goat metapodial 1 open 0
g SK100 hc 2172 123 1437 unidentified teeth 1 0
g SK102 hc 2176 124 1440 sheep metacarpal 1 12 in 2 pieces
3 1375 1 3049 145 1466 pig teeth 1 1 pd 4
3 1375 1 3037 140 1468 bird humerus 1 fused 5 wader‐sized modern?
3 1375 hc 2201 132 1472 cattle mandible 1 left 32 in 12 pieces
3 1375 hc 2202 132 1472 cattle teeth 4 0 M 1‐3
3 1375 hc 2204 132 1472 cattle skull 3 0
3 1375 hc 2205 132 1472 cattle skull 2 left 41 thus, 2 skulls
3 1375 hc 2206 132 1472 cattle skull 5 0
3 1375 hc 2207 132 1472 cattle horn core 1 left 44 juv
3 1375 hc 2208 132 1472 cattle femur 1 left 12 gnawed
3 1375 hc 2209 132 1472 cattle metatarsal 1 right 15 root etching?
3 1375 hc 2211 132 1472 cattle teeth 1 0
3 1375 hc 2212 132 1472 cattle talus 1 right 14
3 1375 hc 2215 132 1472 sheep/goat calcaneus 1 left 14
3 1375 hc 2217 132 1472 unidentified skull 26 0 cattle
3 1375 1 3041 142 1472 mouse teeth 1 1 I
3 1375 1 3043 142 1472 sheep/goat metatarsal 1 7
292

2 1475 hc 1562 149 1477 cattle teeth 3 0 M
2 1475 hc 1564 149 1477 cattle ulna 1 left 10
2 1475 hc 1567 149 1477 cattle calcaneus 1 left open 1
2 1475 hc 1569 149 1477 cattle pelvis 1 left 23 female me ed 5,4
2 1475 hc 1570 149 1477 horse teeth 1 1 almost unworn
2 1475 hc 1565 149 1477 pig mandible 1 left 33 in 3 pieces
2 1475 hc 1944 150 1477 cattle teeth 1 0 M
2 1475 hc 1947 150 1477 unidentified ribs 1 0 in 3 pieces
2 1475 hc 1579 154 1477 cattle teeth 1 0 M 1/2
2 1475 hc 1582 154 1477 cattle metacarpal 1 right fused fused 1
2 1475 hc 1583 154 1477 cattle tibia 1 right fused 8 Bd 55,9 in 2 pieces
2 1475 hc 1585 154 1477 horse scapula 1 right 0
2 1475 hc 1587 154 1477 pig skull 1 left 37 in 2 pieces
2 1475 hc 1588 154 1477 sheep horn core 1 right 44 chopped 40,156 41 57,9 42 42,4
2 1475 hc 2294 155 1477 sheep/goat humerus 1 left 12
293
g SK114 hc 2261 141 1508 cattle scapula 1 left 0 in 2 pieces

g SK115 hc 2262 145 1512 cattle mandible 1 left 32
g sk122 1 3054 148 1528 cattle teeth 1 0
g sk123 1 3055 148 1528 unidentified unidentified 1 0 burnt
g sk124 1 3056 148 1528 unidentified unidentified 6 0
g SK121 hc 2289 148 1531 cattle teeth 1 left 1 I
g SK121 hc 2290 148 1531 pig teeth 1 0
g SK121 hc 2291 148 1531 unidentified shaft 3 0
1 1534 1 3057 149 1533 sheep/goat teeth 2 0
1 1534 1 3058 149 1533 sheep/goat radius 1 left 0
g SK125 hc 2293 152 1543 pig metapodial 1 0
2 1346 hc 2076 83 1350+51 cattle teeth 4 0
2 1346 hc 2077 83 1350+51 cattle radius 1 right 11
2 1346 hc 2079 83 1350+51 pig mandible 1 right 32 male in 6 pieces
2 1346 hc 2080 83 1350+51 pig teeth 2 1 unerupted
2 1346 hc 2078 83 1350+51 unidentified ribs 1 0
2 1346 hc 2081 83 1350+51 unidentified skull 2 0
2 1346 hc 2082 83 1350+51 unidentified unidentified 9 0
g SK 018 hc 2360 171 SK 18 cattle teeth 2 0
g SK 018 hc 2359 171 SK 18 horse teeth 1 0
g SK 018 hc 2363 171 SK 18 large ungulate shaft 3 0
g SK 018 hc 2361 171 SK 18 pig mandible 1 0
g SK 018 hc 2362 171 SK 18 pig teeth 1 0
g SK105 hc 2298 157 SK105 cattle pelvis 1 0
g SK105 hc 2299 157 SK105 large ungulate shaft 2 0
g SK105 hc 2297 157 SK105 sheep atlas 1 no side 1
g SK107 hc 2296 156 SK107 pig teeth 1 1 I
g SK108 hc 2342 162 SK108 sheep/goat teeth 8 0 one tooth
g SK113 hc 2337 161 SK113 large ungulate ribs 2 0
g SK113 hc 2339 161 SK113 sheep/goat tibia 1 12 gnawed
g SK113 hc 2340 161 SK113 small ungulate shaft 1 0 gnawed
g SK113 hc 2341 161 SK113 small ungulate shaft 3 0
g SK115 hc 2300 158 SK115 cattle teeth 1 0
g SK116 hc 2345 166 SK116 cattle pelvis 1 left 0 chopped
g SK017 hc 2426 185 SK17 pig teeth 2 0
g SK003 hc 2412 184 SK3 cattle talus 1 left 1 GLl 55,0 GLm 50,2 Bd 34,4
g SK003 hc 2416 184 SK3 cattle metapodial 1 open 0
g SK003 hc 2418 184 SK3 large ungulate metatarsal 1 infant 0 half of shaft, unfused
g SK003 hc 2419 184 SK3 large ungulate vert cerv 1 no side 0
g SK003 hc 2420 184 SK3 large ungulate vert 1 no side 0
294

g SK003 hc 2424 184 SK3 large ungulate skull 3 0
g SK003 hc 2417 184 SK3 pig phalanx 3 1 0
g SK003 hc 2422 184 SK3 small ungulate ribs 1 0
g SK003 hc 2425 184 SK3 unidentified unidentified 62 0
g SK031 hc 2427 187 SK31 pig talus 1 left 0
g SK036 hc 2364 172 SK36 cattle teeth 1 right 0 i
g SK036 hc 2365 172 SK36 cattle teeth 1 left 1 i
g SK036 hc 2366 172 SK36 cattle metatarsal 1 right 12 gnawed in two pieces
g SK039 hc 2371 175 SK39 pig teeth 1 0 female C
g SK039 hc 2372 175 SK39 sheep/goat ribs 1 20
g SK042 hc 2369 174 SK42 cattle skull 1 left 43
g SK044 hc 2375 176 SK44 cattle metacarpal 1 fused 0
g SK044 hc 2376 176 SK44 sheep metacarpal 1 left 12
g SK044 hc 2378 176 SK44 small ungulate shaft 2 0
g SK044 hc 2379 176 SK44 unidentified shaft 1 0 in 2 pieces, inf?
g SK044 hc 2407 182 SK44 sheep/goat teeth 1 0
g SK047 hc 2381 177 SK47 cattle metapodial 1 0 in 3 pieces
g SK049 hc 2382 178 SK49 cattle calcaneus 1 left open 9
g SK049 hc 2383 178 SK49 cattle phalanx 1 1 fused 1
g SK049 hc 2384 178 SK49 cattle pelvis 1 left 25
g SK049 hc 2385 178 SK49 cattle calcaneus 1 left 0
g SK049 hc 2386 178 SK49 cattle metapodial 1 0
g SK049 hc 2388 178 SK49 pig phalanx 1 1 open 9
g SK049 hc 2387 178 SK49 sheep/goat scapula 1 left 0
g SK049 hc 2392 178 SK49 unidentified skull 1 0
g SK052 hc 2354 170 SK52 pig scapula 1 left 31
g SK052 hc 2356 170 SK52 sheep/goat humerus 1 right 13
295
g SK068 hc 2409 183 SK68 large ungulate scapula 1 0 in 2 pieces

g SK068 hc 2408 183 SK68 pig hyoideum 1 0
g SK068 hc 2410 183 SK68 unidentified mandible 1 0
g SK079 hc 2334 160 SK79 cattle talus 1 right 0 50% med
g SK079 hc 2335 160 SK79 large ungulate mandible 1 0
g SK084 hc 2343 164 SK84 cattle radius 1 left 11
g SK090 hc 2346 167 SK90 cattle phalanx 1 1 7
g SK090 hc 2348 167 SK90 unidentified skull 2 0
g SK090 hc 2350 168 SK90 horse teeth 1 0
g SK090 hc 2352 169 SK90 pig tibia 1 right fused 7

Table 44. Complete list of animal bones.
296
Appendix 16 Radiocarbon Dates

Notes
1. All of the sample material from Carrowkeel is unburnt human bone from inhumation burials,
apart from two samples of mouse bone recovered from the primary deposit of the main enclosure
ditch (1023).
2. The calibration programme for dates from Carrowkeel is: Reimer et al 2004.

Lab code Site Sample Yrs BP Calibrated date range
UB‐7410 Carrowkeel Foetus 499 ± 29 one sigma AD 1415–1436
two sigma AD 1400–1477
UB‐7411 Carrowkeel Child 1129 ± 31 one sigma AD 888–970
UB‐7412 Carrowkeel Adult 1186 ± 32 one sigma AD 781–885
UB‐7414 Carrowkeel Child 1156 ± 31 one sigma AD 783–960
two sigma AD779–971
UB‐7416 Carrowkeel Infant 1125 ± 31 one sigma AD 890–970
UB‐7417 Carrowkeel Adult 1228 ± 31 one sigma AD 717–865
UB‐7418 Carrowkeel Infant 1214 ± 31 one sigma AD 774–871
UB‐7420 Carrowkeel Adult 1264 ± 31 one sigma AD 689‐773
two sigma AD 667‐861
UB‐7422 Carrowkeel Foetus 815 ± 31 one sigma AD 1211‐1261
297
UB‐7424 Carrowkeel Child 1182 ± 32 one sigma AD 781‐887
UB‐7425 Carrowkeel Adolescent 1250 ± 34 one sigma AD 687‐802
UB‐7426 Carrowkeel Infant 830 ± 31 one sigma AD 1186‐1254
298
UB‐7447 Carrowkeel Foetus 1193 ± 33 one sigma AD 780‐881
UB‐7448 Carrowkeel Human bone 1249 ± 31 one sigma AD 688‐801
UB‐7482 Carrowkeel Human bone 1127 ± one sigma AD 889‐971
1432 two sigma AD 782‐991
SUERC‐ Carrowkeel Mouse Bone 1245 ± 45 one sigma AD 680‐820
14057 two sigma AD 670‐890
(GU‐
15326)
299
Appendix 14: General Site Matrix
(1000)
(1001)
PHASE 3
(1012)
(1004)
(1329)
[1003]
[1330] (1202)
(1362)
(1378)
(1289) (1324) (1290) (1312) (1287) (1306)
(1285)
[1288] [1323] [1291] [1311] [1286] [1305]
[1284]
PHASE 2C
(1125)
(1367)
(1415)
[1124]
(1261)
upper fill
(1420) upper fill
(1421) (1479) (1478) (1269)

main fill
PHASE 2B
(1360) (1353) (1476)
(1416) (1422) int slump See ditch extslump

matrix
(1417) (1423) int slump extslump
(1388) (1368) (1477) basal fill

PHASE 2A
(1014)
(1012)
(1013)
[1359] [1260] [1475] [1023]
PHASE 1 (1304)
(1021) (1303)
(1369) (1017)
(1315)
(1018) (1016) (1316) (1374)

(1370) (1536) (1533) (1373)
[1020] [1302] [1535] [1015] [1534] [1372]
(1002)
(1376)
(1472)
(1471)
(1470)
[1469]
(1466) (1468)
[1465] [1467]
(1377) (1056)
(1396) (1055)
(1063) (1483) (1366) (1280) (1230) (1065) (1044) (1069) (1067) (1503) (1481) (1499) (1495) (1497) (1486) (1501) (1364)
(1397) (1054)
(1464) [1062] [1482] [1365] [1279] [1229] [1053] [1064] [1043] [1068] [1066] [1502] [1480] [1498] [1494] [1496] [1485] [1500] [1363]
(1453)
(1474)
(1343) (1331) (1333) (1300) (1172) (1454)
[1473]
[1344] [1332] [1334] [1301] [1171] [1455]
[1375]
(1293)
(1294) (1347)
(1295) (1348)
(1296) (1349)
(1297) (1350)
(1298) (1351)
(1299) (1352)
[1292] [1346]
(1048) (1050) (1052) (1046)
[1047] [1049] [1051] [1045]

(1493)
[1492]
(1488) (1058)
(1505)
[1487] [1057] [1504]

Appendix 15: SK Area Matrix
Foetus & Perinate
Infant & Younger child
Older child & Adolescent
Young adult & Younger mid adu 1450 AD (1244)
Older mid adult & Older adult
1400-1447 [1169]
SK 15
Radiocarbon dates 1400 AD
PHASE 4
1350 AD
1300 AD
1250 AD
1200 AD
PHASE 3
SK 47
1150 AD
1100 AD
1050 AD
(1144) (1071)
SK 4 SK 25 SK 26
1000 AD
[1143] [1070]
PHASE 2
(1089)
950 AD 869-1015
SK 32 SK 16 (1177) (1131) (1128) (1161)
857 - 991 SK 31 SK 35 SK 36 SK 61 SK 34 857 - 989
[1088] (1085) (1087) (1163) (1141) (1168) SK 33 SK 10 SK 17 SK 18
900 AD SK 6 SK 7 SK 11 SK 12 SK 21 SK 29 SK 30 [1176] [1130] [1127] [1160]

SK 8
[1084] [1086] [1162] [1140] [1167]
(1206)
850 AD (1155) (1254) SK 43
770 - 899 765 - 890
SK 22 SK 52 761 - 884 SK 53
SK 51
[1154] [1253]
800 AD
[1205]
(1042)
678 - 832 (1081)
SK 1
PHASE 1 750 AD SK 3
[1040]
[1080]
(1061)
700 AD
SK 2
[1059]
650 AD
(1428)
1169-1269
(1246) SK 60
SK 44
SK 80 [1245]
SK 46 SK 67
(1390)
SK 134
1022-1156
SK 89 SK 76
[1389]
(1393)
SK 91 SK 39
[1392]
(1380)
885 - 999
SK 82
[1379] (1539) (1249) (1310)
(1083) 804 - 975 SK 123 SK 50 SK 66

SK 45 SK 19 SK 24 SK 28
SK 9 SK 40 [1538] [1248] [1309]
SK 20 SK 58
[1082] (1384) (1325)
(1277) (1543) (1409) (1437) 771 - 900
770 - 899 766 - 899 SK 49 767 - 898 SK 94 765 - 895 SK 70 SK 83
SK 85 SK 86 SK 125 SK 88 SK 100
[[1276]]
[1408] [1326]
[1542] [1436]
[1383] (1320)
682 - 872
(1440) (1449) SK 69
(1224)
668 - 827 SK 102 SK 106 [1319]
SK 87 (1263)
[1439] [1448] 667 - 783
[1223] SK 57 SK 132
[1262]
(1000)
(1395)
1038-1208
SK 79
(1458)
[1394] 1023-1158
SK 110
[1457]
SK 59
SK 62
(1531) SK 13
(1116)
SK 128
869-1015 SK 5 SK 14 SK 23
(1395) (1430) (1446) SK 121
[1115]
(1342) SK 130 (1414) SK 129 SK 135 [1530] (1546)
SK 75 SK 37 SK 38 SK 84 SK 99 SK 92 SK 95 SK 101 SK 97 SK 103 SK 105 SK 108 SK 109 SK 126 SK 131
[1341] [1394] [1413] [1429] [1445] [1545]

(1528)
(1491) (1512)
(1460) SK 104 775 - 903 771 - 900 SK 127
768 - 897 SK 113 SK 115 765 - 898
SK 107 SK 122
[1490] [1511]
[1459] SK 96 [1527]
(1508)
(1523)
658 - 773 660 - 772
SK 119 SK 114 SK 120
[1522] [1507] [1506]
(1002)
1340-1396
SK 54
(1371)
1159-1265
SK 74
[1339]
SK 117
(1518)
SK 133
1024-1161 1037-1192
SK 77 SK 78 (1463) SK 116
1024-1165
SK 111 [1517]
[1462]
SK 48 SK 55 SK 56 SK 59 SK 65 SK 71 SK 73 SK 118 SK 124 SK 136

859 - 991
SK 41
(1515) (1282) (1411)
SK 63 SK 64 SK 68 SK 90
[1283] [1281] [1410]
798 - 906
SK 27
764 - 890
SK 93 761 - 884
SK 42 SK 112
(1098)
(1328)
676 - 870
SK 72
[1327]
(1170) (1261) (1264)

Appendix 16: Main enclosure ditch matrix
(1000)
Topsoil (1001)
(1030) (1030) (1030)
(1031) (1031) (1031) (1031)
PHASE 2C
(1112)
(1027)
(1398)
(1029) (1029) (1029)
(1399) (1029) (1029)
(1113)
(1090) (1038) (1025) (1027)
PHASE 2B (1400) (1401) (1114)
(1091) (1092) (1093) (1027) (1026) (1025)
((1110)) ((1099)) ((1111))
Int. Ext.
Int. Ext. Int. Ext. Int. Ext.
Int. Ext.
PHASE 2A (1076) (1402) (1024) (1024) (1024) (1024)
(1026)
Int. slump
Slot 1 [1023] Slot 1a [1023] Slot 2 [1023] Slot 3 [1023] Slot 4 [1023] Slot 5 [1023]
(1030) (1097) (1030) (1030) (1188)
(1031) (1101) (1095) (1073) (1189) (1186)
(1126)
(1453)
(1096) (1185)
(1454)
(1029) (1190)
[1455] (1029) (1029) (1029)
(1029)
(1024)
(1034) (1183)
(1103) (1102) (1074) (1078) (1122) (1123)
(1035) (1032) Int. Ext. (1094) (1179) (1192)
(1077) (1075) (1079) (1120) (1121) (1181)
((1036)) ((1033)) (1076)
Int. Ext.
Int. Ext. Int. Ext. (1179)
Int. Ext.
Int.
(1037) (1076) (1076) (1191) (1178)
Slot 6 [1023] Slot 7 [1023] Slot 8 [1023] Slot 9 [1023] Slot 10 [1023]
SE facing section NW facing sec
(1000)
(1196) (1196) (1030)
(1235)
(1207) (1217) (1197) (1031) (1011)
(1236)
(1208)
(1231)
(1211) (1237)
(1198) (1029) (1009) (1010)
(1232) (1238)
(1215) (1208)
(1218) (1233) Int. Ext.
(1184)
(1008)
(1182)
(1214) (1239)
(1219) (1234) (1220) (1199) (1200) (1039) (1072) (1007)
(1213) (1199) (1200)
((1006))
Int. Ext. Int. Ext. Int. Ext.
(1180) Int. Ext. Int. Ext.
Ext.
(1036)
(1221) (1201) (1201) (1005)
(1210) (1212) (1037)
(1209)
Int. Ext.
Slot 11 [1023] Slot 12 [1023] Slot 13 [1023] Slot 14 [1023] Slot 15 [1023] Slot 16 [1023]
tion

Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (Volume 2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (Volume 2)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carrowkeel Early Med Cemetery (Volume 2)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Figure 2. Proportion of cattle (large ungulates), sheep or goat and

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Figure 4. Proportion of large and small ungulates in features and areas.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

base fill LU baseNW

tibia 26 4 23 6 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 70

51 1098 upper M3 17.5

958 104 1353 tibia l 22.4

1423 122 1353 ph 1 33.5 11.1

1093 16 17 33

sheep/goat 118 1367 1190 A P P j P k P g P g

pig 83 1350+51 2079 A A A P M M M f

1 1015 1 3065 152 1016 unidentified unidentified 6 0 burnt

1 1015 hc 41 6 1018 unidentified unidentified 12 0

1 1020 hc 817 85 1021 large ungulate scapula 1 right 0 small catt / Deer

1 1020 hc 644 87 1021 large ungulate ribs 5 0

1 1020 1 2931 109 1021 cattle hyoideum 1 0

2 1023 1 2515 18 1024 unidentified unidentified 52 0

2 1023 1 2646 47 1025 mouse vert thor 1 no side 1

2 1023 hc 29 4 1027 unidentified ribs 2 0

2 1023 hc 283 27 1029 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 1 M 3

2 1023 hc 100 10 1031 horse mandible 1 right 0 in 5 pieces

2 1023 1 2542 33 1031 unidentified unidentified 3 0 burnt

2 1023 1 2584 37 1037 unidentified unidentified 58 0

2 1023 1 2896 99 1072 mouse teeth 1 1 I

2 1023 1 2752 64 1075 bird tibia 1 fused 3

2 1023 1 2763 66 1078 pig phalanx 3 1 infant 1 inf

g gvsubsoil hc 1658 22 1098 large ungulate vert cerv 2 no side 0

g gvsubsoil hc 1984 51 1098 cattle calcaneus 1 left 0 30 % middle

g gvsubsoil hc 2040 74 1098 unidentified unidentified 4 0 burnt charred (pelvis)

g gvsubsoil hc 2396 179 1098 large ungulate pelvis 1 0

2 1023 hc 370 38 1103 cattle tibia 1 open 0

2 1023 hc 258 25 1112 sheep/goat teeth 1 right 1 M 1/2

2 1023 hc 278 26 1130 unidentified unidentified 1 0 burnt

2 1023 hc 479 48 1198 unidentified ribs 1 0

2 1023 1 2842 85 1220 unidentified unidentified 1 0 burnt

2 1023 1 2870 94 1239 bird metatarsal 1 fused 6

2 1260 hc 728 65 1261 dog pelvis 1 right 24

2 1260 hc 734 65 1261 small ungulate skull 1 0

2 1260 hc 1011 109 1261 sheep/goat teeth 1 1 M 1/2

2 1260 hc 1113 114 1261 small ungulate scapula 1 0

2 1260 hc 1258 120 1261 pig ribs 1 20

2 1260 hc 1487 129 1261 pig mandible 1 left 32

2 1260 hc 563 65a 1261 unidentified ribs 1 0

1 1317 hc 766 98 1315 cattle teeth 1 1 pd 4

1 1317 1 2979 125 1315 shrew pelvis 1 right 2

1 1317 hc 870 88 1316 unidentified ribs 2 0

1 1330 hc 2115 94 1329 unidentified mandible 1 0

2 1260 hc 1823 108 1353 sheep sesamoid 7 1 sheep skeletons

2 1260 hc 1211 119 1353 cattle humerus 1 right 0

2 1260 hc 1918 122 1353 large ungulate ribs 1 20 chopped

2 1260 hc 1888 122 1353 sheep vert 5 no side 0 sheep skeletons

2 1260 hc 1378 122 1353 sheep/goat teeth 2 left 1 M 1/2

2 1260 hc 1742 122 1353 small ungulate vert lumb 1 no side 0

2 1363 1 2930 108 1364 unidentified unidentified 4 0

2 1260 hc 1101 110 1367 unidentified unidentified 54 0

2 1260 hc 1303 121 1367 large ungulate vert cerv 2 no side 22

3 1375 1 3042 142 1472 small animal unidentified 2 0

g SK114 hc 2261 141 1508 cattle scapula 1 left 0 in 2 pieces