3-2

1. Plan
Objectives
1 To use a transversal in proving lines parallel Using Theorems 3-5 and 3-6 Using Algebra Real-World Connection

3-2
What Youll Learn
To use a transversal in
proving lines parallel

Proving Lines Parallel

Check Skills Youll Need
x Algebra Solve each equation.
1. 2x + 5 = 27 2. 8a - 12 = 20 11 4
2

GO for Help

page 30 and Lesson 2-1

Examples
1 2 3

. . . And Why
To show how to paint parallel lines on a parking lot, as in Example 3

3. x - 30 + 4x + 80 = 180 26 4. 9x - 7 = 3x + 29 6 Write the converse of each conditional statement. Determine the truth value of the converse. 56. See back of book. 5. If a triangle is a right triangle, then it has a 90 angle. 6. If two angles are vertical angles, then they are congruent. 7. If two angles are same-side interior angles, then they are supplementary. If two ' are supp., then they are same-side int. '; false.

Math Background
Euclids discussion of parallelism in The Elements introduced the topics in this text in a different order and proved the converse of the Corresponding Angles Postulate as a theorem. Thus the only postulate that required acceptance without proof for proving lines parallel was the Corresponding Angles Postulate.

New Vocabulary ow proof

Using a Transversal
On window blinds like those shown here, you move the tilt bar to let in or shut out the light. When you move the bar, the slats tilt at the same angle. This keeps them parallel and illustrates the converse of the Corresponding Angles Postulate.

More Math Background: p. 124C

Lesson Planning and Resources

See p. 124E for a list of the resources that support this lesson.
PowerPoint

Bell Ringer Practice

Check Skills Youll Need
For intervention, direct students to:

Key Concepts

Postulate 3-2

Converse of the Corresponding Angles Postulate

m 2 1

Solving Linear Equations

Algebra Review, page 30

If two lines and a transversal form corresponding angles that are congruent, then the two lines are parallel. O6m

Converses
Lesson 2-1: Examples 5, 6 Extra Skills, Word Problems, Proof Practice, Ch. 2

In Lesson 3-1, you proved four theorems based on the Corresponding Angles Postulate. You can also prove theorems that are based on its converse. In fact, Theorems 3-5 and 3-6 happen to be converses of the two theorems from Lesson 3-1, Theorems 3-1 and 3-2.

134

Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Special Needs

L1

Below Level

L2

Review the fact that the converse of a statement is written by interchanging the hypothesis with the conclusion. Then compare the postulates and theorems in Lessons 3-1 and 3-2.

Begin the proof of Theorem 3-5 by substituting values for 1 and 2. Generalize the proof only after it is understood for specific values.

134

learning style: verbal

learning style: visual

Key Concepts

Theorem 3-5

Converse of the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

m 1 4 2

2. Teach
Guided Instruction
Error Prevention!
Students may incorrectly use a conditional statement to justify an answer when its converse should be used. Discuss as a class how to determine which to use.

If two lines and a transversal form alternate interior angles that are congruent, then the two lines are parallel. If &1 > &2, then 6 m. Theorem 3-6

Converse of the Same-Side Interior Angles Theorem

If two lines and a transversal form same-side interior angles that are supplementary, then the two lines are parallel. If &2 and &4 are supplementary, then 6 m.

Alternative Method
You have seen two forms of proofparagraph and two-column. In a third form, called ow proof, arrows show the logical connections between the statements. Reasons are written below the statements.

Proof

Proof of Theorem 3-5

If two lines and a transversal form alternate interior angles that are congruent, then the two lines are parallel. Given: &1 > &2 Prove: 6 m
1 2 Given 1 3 Vertical ' are . m 1 2 3

To check students understanding, have the class prove the Converse of the Corresponding Angles Postulate using the Converse of the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem as a postulate.

EXAMPLE

Teaching Tip

Whenever possible, mark the congruent angles on a diagram on the board to help students relate angles and parallel lines.
PowerPoint

3 2 Transitive Property of

m Corres. ' are .

Additional Examples
1 Use the diagram from Example 1. Which lines, if any, must be parallel if &3 * and ) *&2) are supplementary? EC n DK

You will write a ow proof of Theorem 3-6 in Exercise 40. Theorems 3-6, 3-5, and Postulate 3-2 now provide you with three ways to prove that two lines are parallel.

EXAMPLE

Using Theorems 3-5 and 3-6

3 C 4K 2

Which lines, if any, must be parallel if &1 > &2? Justify your answer with a theorem or postulate. DE 6 KC by Theorem 3-5, the Converse of the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem: If alternate interior angles are congruent, then the lines are parallel.

) *

E D1

Quick Check

1 Which lines, if any, must be parallel if &3 > &4? Explain. 4 4 EC zz DK; Conv. of Corr. ' Post.

Theorems 3-3 and 3-4 allow you to make conclusions about alternate exterior angles and same-side exterior angles. Theorems 3-7 and 3-8 on the next page are converses of these two theorems. Like Theorems 3-5 and 3-6, they too can be used to prove that two lines are parallel.
Lesson 3-2 Proving Lines Parallel

135

Advanced Learners

L4

English Language Learners ELL

While looking at a flow proof together, point out that the statements in a flow proof are written in a box and the justifications are written underneath. The arrows show the flow of the statements and reasons.

Ask students to write the postulates and theorems in Lessons 3-1 and 3-2 as biconditionals.

learning style: verbal

learning style: visual

135

PowerPoint

Additional Examples
2 Find the value of x for which 6 m. 40
(5x 66) m

Key Concepts

Theorem 3-7

Converse of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem

a b 3 2 1

If two lines and a transversal form alternate exterior angles that are congruent, then the two lines are parallel. If &1 > &2, then a 6 b.

(14 + 3x)

Theorem 3-8

Converse of the Same-Side Exterior Angles Theorem

If two lines and a transversal form same-side exterior angles that are supplementary, then the two lines are parallel.
3 A rectangular wooden frame has a diagonal metal brace. The angles indicated were measured to be equal. Which sides are parallel? Explain. The top and bottom sides, or AB and CD, are parallel. By the Converse of the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, the lines that contain AB and CD are parallel.

If &1 and &3 are supplementary, then a 6 b.

Here is a two-column proof of Theorem 3-7. You will prove Theorem 3-8 in Exercise 27.

Proof

Proof of Theorem 3-7

If two lines and a transversal form alternate exterior angles that are congruent, then the two lines are parallel. Given: &1 > &2 Prove: a 6 b Statements Reasons 1. 2. 3. 4. Given Vertical angles are congruent. Transitive Property of Congruence If two lines and a transversal form congruent corresponding angles, then the lines are parallel. &1 > &2 &1 > &4 &2 > &4 a6b
a 1 4 b 2

Resources Daily Notetaking Guide 3-2 L3 Daily Notetaking Guide 3-2 L1 Adapted Instruction

1. 2. 3. 4.

You can use algebra along with Postulates 3-1 and 3-2 and Theorems 3-1 through 3-8 to help you solve problems involving parallel lines.

Closure
Name five methods this lesson gives to prove that two lines are parallel. Show that corresponding angles are congruent, alternate interior angles are congruent, same-side interior angles are supplementary, alternate exterior angles are congruent, or same-side exterior angles are supplementary.

EXAMPLE

Using Algebra
m
Subtract 6 from each side. Divide each side by 2.

Algebra Find the value of x for which O 6 m. The two angles are corresponding angles. O 6 m when 2x + 6 = 40. 2x + 6 = 40 2x = 34 x = 17

40 (2x + 6)

Quick Check

2 Find the value of x for which a 6 b. Explain how you can check your answer. 18; 7 18 - 8 = 118, and 62 + 118 = 180.

a (7x 8) b 62

136

Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

9. The corr ' are O, so the lines are n by the Conv. of Corr. ' Post.

10. a n b; if two lines and a transversal form sameside int. ' that are suppl., then the lines are n.

11. a n b; if two lines and a transversal form sameside int. ' that are suppl., then the lines are n.

136

3. ml3 120; the lines will be zz by the Conv. of Same-Side Ext. ' Thm.

EXAMPLE

Real-World

Connection

3. Practice
Assignment Guide
1 A B 1-40
C Challenge 41-45 46-50 51-65

Parking Two workers are painting lines for angled parking spaces. The rst worker paints a line so that m&1 = 60. The second worker paints a line so that m&2 = 60. Explain why their lines are parallel. The angles are congruent alternate exterior angles. By the Converse of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem, the lines are parallel. 3

Test Prep Mixed Review

Quick Check

3 If the second worker uses &3, what should m&3 be for parallel lines? Explain.

Homework Quick Check

To check students understanding of key skills and concepts, go over Exercises 2, 6, 22, 24, 32.

EXERCISES
A
Practice by Example Example 1
(page 135)

For more exercises, see Extra Skill, Word Problem, and Proof Practice.

Practice and Problem Solving

Visual Learners
Which lines or segments are parallel? Justify your answer . 1.
B C 45 E G K 45 A P R Q M

Exercises 14 Draw the diagrams

H

2.

GO for Help

CA n HR; Conv. of Corr. ' Post.

on the board, coloring each transversal differently to help students identify the parallel lines or segments more easily.

3. 3. JO zz LM; if two lines and a transversal form same-side int. ' that are suppl., then the lines are zz.

4 4 BE n CG; Conv. of Corr. ' Post. L

4.

O N M S T mJ mL 180 PQ zz ST ; Conv. of Alt. Int. ' Thm. See left. Example 2 x 2 Algebra Find the value of x for which < n m. (page 136) 95 5. 6. 55 50 30 (2x 5) m (x 25) m m

GPS Guided Problem Solving

Enrichment Reteaching Adapted Practice Practice
Name Class Date

L3 L4 L2 L1 L3

Practice 3-2
1. Developing Proof Complete the paragraph proof for the gure shown. Given: RQT and QTS are supplementary. TSV and SVU are supplementary. * ) * ) Prove: QR 6 UV Proof Because RQT and QTS are supplementary, RQT and QTS are a. 9 angles. By the Same-Side Interior Angles Theorem, b. 9 6 c. 9 . Because TSV and SVU are supplementary, * ) * ) TSV and SVU are d. 9 angles. By the e. 9 Theorem, TS 6 UV . * ) * ) * ) * ) Because QR and UV both are parallel to f. 9 , QR 6 UV by Theorem g. 9 .
Which lines or segments are parallel? Justify your answer with a theorem or postulate.

Proving Lines Parallel

Q T

R S

7. 59

(3x 33) (2x 26)

8. 31

105

2.

m 65

3.

i o

4.

B 125 55 A 100

(3x 18)
5. A

115 70

110

R 30 T 70 H 30 U

6.

B E

7.

a 96 84 101 79 d
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

b c

Algebra Find the value of x for which a n t.

Example 3
(page 137)

9. Drafting An artist uses the drawing tool in the diagram at the right. The artist draws a line, slides the triangle along the at surface, and draws another line. Explain why the drawn lines must be parallel. See margin.
Flat 30-60-90 surface triangle
Lesson 3-2 Proving Lines Parallel

8.
93

t (x 44)

9.

a (x 20)

10.
(3x) a t (2x 10)

(x 20)

11.

(x 30) a

12.
80 130 (x 20) t a

13.

(2x 75)

a t

70 t

(x 35)

(2x 20)

137
19. a n b; Conv. of Corr. ' Post. 20. none 21. < n m; Conv. of Alt. Int. ' Thm.

12. a n b; if two lines and a transversal form same side ext. ' that are suppl., then the two lines are n. 13. none

14. a n b; Conv. of Corr. ' Post. 15. none 16. a n b; Conv. of Alt. Int. ' Thm.

17. < n m; Conv. of Corr. ' Post. 18. a n b; if two lines and a transversal form alt. ext. ' that are congruent, then the two lines are n.

137

Auditory Learners
Exercises 1021 Do some of these exercises as a class, and make sure that students explain what theorems or postulates they used to justify their conclusions.

Apply Your Skills

Developing Proof Using the given information, which lines, if any, can you conclude are parallel? Justify each conclusion with a theorem or postulate. 1021. See margin pp. 137138. 10. &2 is supplementary to &3. 11. &6 is supplementary to &7. 12. &1 is supplementary to &4. 13. m&7 = 70, m&9 = 110 14. &1 > &3 16. &3 > &6 18. &1 > &8 15. &9 > &12 17. &2 > &10 19. &8 > &6
1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 m 9 11 a 10 12 b

Error Prevention!
Exercises 24, 25 Point out that
diagrams and word problems sometimes contain information that is not needed. Ask: What information in each diagram is not needed to solve for the value of x? the angle marked 27x in Exercise 24; the angle marked 5x in Exercise 25

20. &11 > &7

21. &5 > &10

22. Developing Proof Complete this paragraph proof of Theorem 3-6. If two lines and a transversal form supplementary same-side interior angles, then the two lines are parallel.
3 1 l1 2 Proof: &2 is a supplement of a. 9 and &3 is m l a supplement of b. 9 . Since supplements of b. 1 the same angle are congruent, c. 9 > d. 9. c. l2 d. l3 Since &2 and &3 are also corresponding angles, O 6 m by the e. 9 Postulate. Converse of Corr. ' 23. Carpentry A T-bevel is a tool Locking lever used by carpenters to draw congruent angles. By loosening the locking lever, the carpenter can adjust the angle. Explain how the carpenter knows that two lines drawn using the T-bevel are parallel. The corr. ' he draws are O. x 2 Algebra Find the value of x for which < n m.

Exercise 26 Ask: What is meant

by the phrase not deduce? Find the answer choice that does not follow as a logical conclusion from the given information.

Given: &1 and &2 are supplementary. Prove: O 6 m

Diversity
Exercise 32 Have students
who are familiar with this sport demonstrate how to row and the importance of rowing in unison.

24. 5

m 27x

25. 20
5x 2x (5x + 40) f 12 3 4 m

GPS
Real-World Connection
19x 17x
Careers A carpenter must
draw angles precisely to ensure good t.

26. Multiple Choice Lines f and g are parallel. Which statement can you not deduce from this information? C &1 > &8 m/2 1 m/5 5 180 &4 > &7 m/3 1 m/8 5 180
Proof

g 56 7 8

27. Prove Theorem 3-8. If two lines and a transversal form same-side exterior angles that are supplementary, then the lines are parallel. See margin. Given: m/1 1 m/3 5 180 Prove: O 6 n

GO

nline

1 2 3

Homework Help
Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: aue-0302

138

Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

9. The corr. ' are O, so the lines are n by the Conv. of Corr. ' Post.

27. ml ml3 180 (Given). ml1 ml2 180 (l Add. Post). ml1 ml3 ml1 ml2 (Substitution). ml3 ml2 (Subt. Prop. of ).

I n n (Conv. of Corres. ls Post.)

138

x 2 Algebra Determine the value of x for which r n s. Then nd ml1 and ml2.
28. m&1 = 80 - x, m&2 = 90 - 2x 10; ml1 ml2 70 r 1 29. m&1 = 60 - 2x, m&2 = 70 - 4x 5; ml1 ml2 50 s 2 30. m&1 = 40 - 4x, m&2 = 50 - 8x 2.5; ml1 ml2 30 31. m&1 = 20 - 8x, m&2 = 30 - 16x 1.25; ml1 ml2 10 32. Crew If the rowing crew at the left strokes in unison, the oars sweep out angles of equal measure. Explain why the oars on each side of the shell stay parallel. The corr. ' are O, and the oars are zz by the Conv. of Corr. ' Post. Open-Ended In each exercise, information is given about the gure below. State another fact about one of the given angles that will guarantee two lines are parallel. Tell which lines will be parallel and why. 3336. See margin. k 1 33. &1 > &3 4 2 j 3 34. m&8 = 110, m&9 = 70 35. &5 > &11 36. &11 and &12 are supplementary.
9 12 10 11 5 8 6 7

4. Assess & Reteach

PowerPoint

Lesson Quiz
b 5 3 6 4 2 1 a

Using the diagram above and the given information, which lines, if any, are parallel? Justify your answer with a theorem or postulate. 1. &6 &3 m n n by Converse of Corres-ponding Angles Post. 2. &1 and &4 are supplementary. a n b by Converse of SameSide Interior Angles Th. 3. &2 &4 No lines must be parallel. Suppose that m&1 = 3x + 10, m&2 = 3x + 14, and m&6 = x + 58 in the diagram above. 4. Find the value of x for which a 6 b. 24 5. Find the value of x for which m 6 n. 26

Exercise 32
Proof

37. Reasoning If &1 > &7 in the diagram, what theorem or postulate can you use to show that O 6 n? Conv. of Alt. Ext. ' Thm. n For Exercises 3839, use the diagram above and write a two-column proof. 38. Given: O 6 n, &12 > &8 Prove: j 6 k 39. Given: j 6 k, m/8 1 m/9 5 180 Prove: O 6 n 3839. See back of book. 40. Rewrite this paragraph proof of Theorem 3-6 as a ow proof. If two lines and a transversal form supplementary same-side interior angles, then the two lines are parallel. See back of book. Given: &1 and &2 are supplementary. Prove: O 6 m
3 1

Proof

2 Proof: It is given that &1 and &2 are m supplementary. &1 and &3 are also supplementary, so &2 > &3. Since &2 and &3 are corresponding angles, O 6 m.

Challenge

Which sides of quadrilateral PLAN must be parallel? Explain. PL zz NA and PN zz LA 41. m&P = 72, m&L = 108, m&A = 72, m&N = 108 by Conv. of Same-Side Int. ' Thm. 42. m&P = 59, m&L = 37, m&A = 143, m&N = 121 PL zz NA by Conv. of Same-Side Int. ' Thm. 43. m&P = 67, m&L = 120, m&A = 73, m&N = 100 none 44. m&P = 56, m&L = 124, m&A = 124, m&N = 56 PN zz LA by Conv. of Same-Side Int. ' Thm. 45. Prove the following statement is true by following the steps below: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then the bisectors of two corresponding angles are parallel. a. Draw and label a diagram on paper. ae. See back of book. b. State what is given and mark the diagram to keep track of the information. c. State what you are to prove. d. Write a plan for proof. e. Follow your plan and write the proof.

Alternative Assessment
Have partners work with protractors and rulers. Have one student draw a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides and 120, 120, 60, and 60 angles. Have the other student draw a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides and 120, 120, 60, and 60 angles. Students should explain how they know the sides are parallel.

Proof

lesson quiz, PHSchool.com, Web Code: aua-0302

Lesson 3-2 Proving Lines Parallel

139
36. Answers may vary. Sample: l3 and l12 are suppl.; j n k by the Conv. of Corr. ' Post.

33. Answers may vary. Sample: l3 O l9; j n k by Conv. of the Alt. Int. ' Thm.

34. Answers may vary. Sample: l3 O l9; j n k by Conv. of the Alt. Int.' Thm. and < n m by Conv. of Same-Side Int. ' Thm.

35. Answers may vary. Sample: l3 O l11; < n m by Conv. of the Alt. Int. ' Thm. and j n k by Conv. of Corr. ' Post.

139

Test Prep
Resources
For additional practice with a variety of test item formats: Standardized Test Prep, p. 193 Test-Taking Strategies, p. 188 Test-Taking Strategies with Transparencies

Test Prep
Multiple Choice
46. If a, b, c, and d are coplanar lines and a 6 b, b ' c, and c 6 d, then which statement must be true? C A. d ' c B. c 6 a C. d ' a D. d 6 b Use the diagram for Exercises 4749. 47. For what value of x is c 6 d? F F. 21 G. 23 H. 43 J. 53 48. If c 6 d, what is m&1? B A. 24 B. 44 C. 136 D. 146

a 136 1

b c (x 21) 2x d

Short Response

49. Suppose a 6 b in the diagram above. ab. See margin. a. Write and solve an equation to nd the value of x. b. Write and solve an equation to nd whether c 6 d. Explain your answer. 50. Two lines, a and b, are cut by a transversal t. &1 and &2 are any pair of corresponding angles. &1 and &3 are adjacent angles. m&1 = 2x - 38, m&2 = x, and m&3 = 6x + 18. ab. See back of book. a. Draw and label a diagram for the gure described. b. Determine whether lines a and b are parallel. Justify your answer.

Extended Response

Mixed Review

GO for Help

Lesson 3-1

Find ml1, and then ml2. Justify each answer. 51.

W X 110 2 Z 1 Y

51. ml1 70 since it is a supp. of the 110 l. ml2 110 since same-side int. ' are supp.

52. ml1 66 52. because alt. A 94 int. ' are O. ml2 180 94 B 86 because 66 same-side int. ' are supp.

1 D

49. [2] a. 136 (x 21) 180 so x 23 (OR equivalent equation resulting in x 23). b. x 21 2x so x 21. Lines c and d are not n because x cannot both 21 and 23 (OR equivalent explanation). [1] incorrect equations OR incorrect solutions 53. If you are west of the Mississippi River, then you are in Nebraska. Original statement is true, converse is false. 54. If a circle has a radius of 4 cm, then it has a

Lesson 2-1

Write the converse of each conditional statement. Determine the truth values of the original conditional and its converse. 5357. See margin. 53. If you are in Nebraska, you are west of the Mississippi River. 54. If a circle has a diameter of 8 cm, then it has a radius of 4 cm. 55. If a line intersects a pair of parallel lines, then same-side interior angles are supplementary. 56. If you add ed to a verb, you form the past tense of a verb. 57. If it is raining, then there are clouds in the sky.

Lesson 1-9

Find the area of each circle. Round to the nearest tenth. 58. r = 8 in. 2 201.1 in. 62. d = 2.8 m 6.2 m2 59. d = 62cm 28.3 cm 63. r = 1.2 m 4.5 m2 60. d = 92ft 63.6 ft 64. d = 4.75 ft 17.7 ft2 61. r = 5 in. 78.5 in.2 65. r = 0.6 m 0.3 m2

140

Chapter 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

diameter of 8 cm. Both are true. 55. If same-side int. ' are supp., then a line intersects a pair of n lines. Both are true.

56. If you form the past tense of a verb, then you add ed to the verb. Original statement is false, converse is false.

57. If there are clouds in the sky, then it is raining. Orginal statement is true, converse is false.

140