VNIT, Nagpur

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

CDMA Basics, IS 95 System Forward and Reverse Link

Vishal R. Satpute

Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics engineering, VNIT, Nagpur.

VNIT, Nagpur

CDMA

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

CDMA Basics, CDMA Forward Link and, CDMA Reverse Link.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

CDMA [1]

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) In CDMA, codes are assigned to each user because entire channel is allotted for entire time duration. These codes must be orthogonal means their dot product is zero.
Ex. Two codes (chips) as given below are orthogonal to each other. {-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} and {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} Dot product of these two codes come out to be zero.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

CDMA [2]

How CDMA works?

Suppose, we allot these two codes to two different users say user A and B. Let, Ak = { -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} i.e. key for user A. Let, Bk = {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} i.e. key for user B. Check for orthogonal code? Now assume that A and B wants to send a binary (Ad) logic 1 and (Bd) logic 0 respectively. Hence, say logic 1 = +1 and logic 0 = -1. Then system spreads these logic levels using the keys given above i.e. Ak and Bk. The transmitted signal for A and B will be: AS = Ad * Ak = +1 * { -1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} = {-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} BS = Bd * Bk = -1 * {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} = {-1, -1, +1, -1, +1, -1} Both signals are then transmitted using same channel and at same time.
V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 4

Sunday, January 01,

VNIT, Nagpur

CDMA [3]

At the receiver side a new signal i.e. C which is received which is addition of two different signals AS and BS. C = AS + BS = {-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0}. At the receiver side, again to detect the original bits, the same key assigned to user A and B is applied in the following manner. To detect Ad:
Ad = C * Ak = {-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0} * {-1, +1, -1, -1, +1, +1} = 6 (>0) Bd = C * Bk = {-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0} * {+1, +1, -1, +1, -1, +1} = -6 (<0) Since received energy is Ad = 6 it can be treated as logic 1 and Bd = -6 it can be treated as logic 0.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

CDMA [4]

If B transmits the information with a higher signal level say C = AS + 5 * BS, then at the receiver side, information received will be Bd = - 30 and Ad = +6. Since, Ad and Bd ratio is very large, it is difficult to detect Ad while Bd can be easily detected. To avoid these issues which occurs because of same band and same time, power control information is required to be given to every MS within the cell so that power level received from individual MS will be same at BTS. In CDMA system, over 1000 times per sec power level information is required to be sent which unnecessarily increase system complexity and consumes lot of energy.

Code sequence in IS 95 system is 242 1 bits long.

Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 6

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [1]

IS = Interim Standard IS 95 allows each user within a cell to use same radio channel and users in adjacent cells also the same radio channel because it is using direct sequence spread spectrum CDMA. The vocoder available in IS 95 system uses voice activity detection and reduces the data rate to 1200 bps when there is silence period. In IS 95, the forward and reverse links are separated by 45 MHz of spectrum and IS 95 is also compatible with AMPS system. IS 95 uses 824 849 MHz for reverse and 869 849 MHz for forward links respectively.
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 7

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [2]

In IS 95, the forward and reverse links are different. on the forward link the user data is encoded with rate convolution encoder While for reverse link it is rate 1/3 convolution encoder. For both base station and the subscriber, RAKE receivers are used. In IS 95, 64 bit Walsh codes are used which are orthogonal to each other.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [3]

Modulation Parameters for IS 95 Forward Channel

Parameter
User data rate Coding Rate User data repetition period Base-band coded data rate PN chips/coded data bit PN chips rate (Mcps) PN chips/bit Sunday, January 01, 9600 1 19,200 64 1.2288 128

Data rate (bits / sec)

4800 2 19,200 64 1.2288 256 2400 4 19,200 64 1.2288 512 1200 8 19,200 64 1.2288 1024 9

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [3]

Note here that: 19200 * 64 = 1.2288 Mcps

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

10

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [4]

Forward Link (BTS MS)

Band allotted to operator = 50 MHz. Forward Link = 869 to 894 MHz = 25MHz Each channel is 1.25 MHz wide. One channel means 64 different users. Entire 1.25 MHz is given to all users. One channel is further subdivided into 4 sub-channels 1. Pilot:
Timing Phase Reference for Coherent Demodulation Means for Signal Strength Comparison

2. Sync:
Broadcasts future state of the long code register (Data rate = 1200bps)

3. Paging:
Call Control Information (Data rate = 9.6, 4.8, and 2.4kbps)

4. Forward Traffic:
Voice Data (includes power control sub channel, Data rate = 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, and 1.2kbps)

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

11

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [5]

Data on forward traffic channel is grouped into 20msec frames. User data rate is adjusted and always the chip rate is 1.2288Mcps.(Mcps = Million Chips Per Second) Chips per bit may change depending upon bit rate.
1.2288Mcps No. of chips per bit Bit Rate Bit rate = 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, and 1.2kbps (kbps = kilo bits per second)
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 12

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [6]

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

13

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [7]

Convolutional Encoder and Repetition

Adds redundancy to data transmission for error robustness. Rate, r = , where r = input bits / output bits, Rate means for every 1 input bit it gives 2 output bits. Maintains an output data rate of 19.2kbps regardless of input rate.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

14

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [8]

Convolutional Encoder and Repetition

To maintain a constant rate of 19.2kbps, repetition of data block is done in the following manner. Repetition Factor = 19.2kbps/ data rate Ex. If data rate = 2.4kbps then repetition factor is = 4 i.e. original data + 3 times repeated data. Block Interleaving: It adds the symbols into a frame of 20msec i.e. it puts the symbols into a frame of 24 by 16 array. Per second we have 1/20ms = 50 such frames. Thus (24*16) per frame * 50 frames/sec = 19200 bits/sec It adds transmission robustness by interleaving of data.
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

15

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [9]

Long PN Sequence:
The long PN code is assigned to every user in a repeated manner with a period of 242 - 1 time interval. The long code in IS-95 is given as:

p( x) x 42 x35 x33 x31 x 27 x 26 x 25 x 22 x 21 x19 x18 x17 x16 x10 x7 x6 x5 x3 x 2 x1 1

Each PN sequence is generated by modulo-2 addition inner product of a 42-bit mask and a 42bit state vector of sequence generator.
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 16

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [10]

1 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 41 continuous zeros

Initial state of the generator is taken as:

Two types of masks are used in the long code generator.

Public Mask: For ESN of device Private Mask: For Mobile Station Identification (MIN)

All CDMA calls are initiated using Public Mask and then private mask is given after authentication.
V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 17

Sunday, January 01,

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [11]

Public code is specified follows:

M41 to M32 = 11000 11000 and ESN number is permuted as follows: ESN = {E31, E30,..E0} Permuted ESN =
{E0,E31,E22,E13,E4,E26,E17,E8,E30,E21,E12,E3,E25,E16,E7,E29,E2 0,E11,E2,E24,E15,E6,E28,E19,E10,E1,E23,E14,E5,E27,E18,E9} Hence, Public code is

11000 11000 {Permuted ESN}

11000 11000 {E0,E31,E22,E13,E4,E26,E17,E8,E30,E21,E12,E3,E25,E16,E7,E29, E20,E11,E2,E24,E15,E6,E28,E19,E10,E1,E23,E14,E5,E27,E18,E9}

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

18

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [12]

Power Control Sub-Channel:

To minimize BER for each user, IS-95 strives to force each user to provide the same power level at base station. Power control are sent to each subscriber using bit 0 to tell user to increase power level by 1dB and bit 1 to decrease of power by 1dB. Since signal and interference continuously varies hence, power level control information is necessary and transmitted to each subscriber at an interval of 1.25msec. In a frame of 20msec, 16 power control bits are sent. In a 1.25msec duration, 24 data symbols are transmitted. Power control bits are transmitted using puncturing method. During a 1.25 msec period, twenty four data symbols are transmitted. IS-95 transmits power control bits in sixteen different combinations. Last 4-bits are used to locate power control bits information.
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 19

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [13]

Ex. Suppose bit positions {23,22,21,20} are {1011} During transmission the pattern is:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

20

21

22

23

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

1.25msec = 24 traffic data bits

1 Power control bit = 2 Data bits

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

20

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [14]

Orthogonal Covering:
Orthogonal covering is performed following the data scrambling on the forward link. Each traffic channel transmitted on the forward CDMA channel is spread with a Walsh function at a fixed chip rate of 1.2288Mcps. Walsh function comprises of 64 orthogonal codes and are generated using Hadamard matrix.

H1 [0] 0 0 H4 0 0
Sunday, January 01,

0 1 0 1

0 0 H2 0 1 0 0 H 0 1 ; H 2 N N H 1 1 N 1 0

HN HN

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

21

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [15]

Orthogonal Covering:
After orthogonal covering, symbols are spread in Quadrature and In phase components. The In-phase and Quadrature equations are,
15 13 9 8 7 5

PI ( x) x x x x x x 1 PQ ( x) x15 x12 x11 x10 x 6 x5 x 4 x 3 1

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

22

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [16]

I and Q Mapping in forward CDMA channel:

I and Q are mapped according to following rule.

I 0 1 1 0

Q 0 0 1 1

Phase /4 3/4 -3/4 -/4

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

23

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [17]

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

24

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [18]

The pilot channel:

Provide a reference signal for all MSs that provides the phase reference for coherent demodulation 4-6 dB stronger than all other channels Used to lock onto other channels Obtained using all zero Walsh code; i.e., contains no information except the RF carrier Spread using the PN spreading code to identify the BS. (512 different BS*64 offsets) No power control in the pilot channel
V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

Sunday, January 01,

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [19]

The pilot channel (IS 95)

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [20]

The Sync channel (IS 95)

Used to acquire initial time synchronization Synch message includes system ID (SID), network ID (NID), the offset of the PN short code, the state of the PN-long code, and the paging channel data rate (4.8/9.6 Kbps) Uses W32 for spreading Operates at 1200 bps
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [21]

The Sync channel (IS 95)

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [21]

IS 95 Paging Channel Used to page the MS in case of an incoming call, or to carry the control messages for call set up Uses W1-W7 There is no power control Additionally scrambled by PN long code, which is generated by LFSR of length 42 The rate 4.8 Kbps or 9.6Kbps
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Forward Link [22]

IS 95 Paging Channel

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [1]

Reverse Link (MS BTS)

Band allotted to operator = 50 MHz. Forward Link = 824 to 849 MHz = 25MHz Each channel is 1.25 MHz wide. One channel means 64 different users. Entire 1.25 MHz is given to all users. One channel is further subdivided into 2 sub-channels 1. Access Channels: (Fixed data rate = 4800 bps)
Used by mobile to initiate a communication with base station and to respond to paging channel message.

2. Reverse Traffic channel. (Variable data rate)

Reverse traffic channel may contain 32 access channels. Data rate = 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, and 1.2kbps.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

31

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [2]

Data on Reverse traffic channel is grouped into 20msec frames. User data rate is adjusted and always the chip rate is 1.2288Mcps. Per 6-bits of user one 64 bit Walsh code is transmitted.
1.2288Mcps No. of chips per bit Bit Rate

User bit rate = 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, and 1.2kbps

Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 32

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [3]

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

33

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [4]

Convolutional Encoder and Repetition

Adds redundancy to data transmission for error robustness. Rate, r=1/3, where r = input bits / output bits; k = 9. Generator vector is g0, g1, and g2 = 557 (octal), 663 (octal) and 771 (octal). Maintains an output data rate of 28.8 kbps (9.6 kbps * 3 ) kbps regardless of input rate by repeating. In reverse channel six encoded bits are replaced by a 64 bit Walsh code.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

34

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [5]

Convolutional Encoder and Repetition

To maintain a constant rate of 28.8kbps, repetition of data block is done in the following manner.
Repetition Factor = 28.8 kbps data rate

Block Interleaving:
It adds the symbols into a frame of 20msec i.e. it puts the symbols into a frame of 32 by 18 array. It adds transmission robustness by interleaving of data. Code symbols are written into matrix by columns and read out by rows.
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 35

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [6]

Variable Data Rate Transmission:

Variable data rate are sent on reverse CDMA channel Data rate varies from 9600 bps to 1200 bps One frame on reverse channel = 20msec When data rate = 9600 bps then all interleaver output bits are transmitted that is 100% transmission When data rate = 4800 bps then 50% transmission When data rate = 2400 bps then 25% transmission When data rate = 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps then some power control groups are gated-ON while others are gated-OFF During gated OFF, mobile stations reduces its EIRP by 20dB with respect to power of the previous gated-ON period.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

36

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [7]

Data burst randomizer generates a masking pattern of 0s and 1s that randomly masks the redundant data generated by the code repetition process. A block of 14 bits taken from long code determines the masking pattern. Last 14 bits of the 2nd to last power control group of previous frame is taken for masking pattern. These bits are represented as: b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13 where b0 and b13 are first and last bits respectively.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

37

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [8]

If data rate is 9600 bps then transmission occurs on all sixteen power control groups. If data rate is 4800 bps then transmission occurs on following 8 power control groups. b0 2+b1 4+b2 6+b3 8+b4 10+b5 12+b6 14+b7 If data rate is 2400 bps then, transmission occurs on only four power control groups.
Sr. No.
1 2 3 4

If
b8 = 0 b9 = 0 b10 = 0 b11 = 0

Then
0 + b0 4 + B2 8 + B4 12 + B6

Else
Else Else Else Else

If
b8 = 1 b9 = 1 b10 = 1 b11 = 1

Then
2 + B1 6 + B3 10 + B5 14 + B7
38

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [9]

If data rate is 1200 bps then transmission occurs on only two power control groups.
(If b8 = 1 and b12 = 0) then b0 or (If b8 = 1 and b12 = 1) then 2 + b1 OR (If b9 = 0 and b12 = 1) then 4 + b2 or (If b9 = 1 and b12 = 1) then 6 + b3 (If b10 = 0 and b13 = 0) then 8 + b4 or (If b10 = 1 and b13 = 0) then 10 + b5 OR (If b11 = 0 and b13 = 1) then 12 + b6 or (If b11= 1 and b13 = 1) then 14 + b7

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

39

VNIT, Nagpur

IS 95 Reverse Link [10]

Direct Sequence Spreading:

Reverse traffic channel is spread by long code PN sequence which operates at a rate of 1.2288Mcps. Each Walsh chip is spread by a factor of 4 (1228.8/307.2)

Quadrature Modulation:
On Reverse traffic channel, OQPSK (offset QPSK) is used. The delay element D has a delay of 406.901nsec delay with respect to I channel pilot. OQPSK has it's own advantages.
Sunday, January 01, V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur 40

VNIT, Nagpur

References

Wireless Communication: Principles and Practices, 2nd Edition, Theodre S. Rappaport, Pearson Education. Mobile Communication, 2nd edition, Jochen Schiller, Pearson Education. Wireless Network Evolution: 2G to 3G, Vijay K. Garg, Pearson Education.

Sunday, January 01,

V. R. Satpute, Asst. Prof., VNIT, Nagpur

41