REID Journal

coursework
title
CW01 JOURNAL
FACULTY Faculty of Design & Technology SCHOOL The Scott Sutherland School COURSE(S) BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology BSc (Hons) Surveying MArch Architecture STAGE 1 ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012 SEMESTER 1 MODULE AC1002 : Introduction to Building Technology CO-ORDINATOR Bruce Newlands bruce.newlands@rgu.ac.uk DATE OF ISSUE Tuesday 27th September 2011 HAND IN
ANYTIME BEFORE FRIDAY JANUARY 9TH 2012

This front sheet with your details added MUST accompany your submission All work to be submitted as digital copies, originals must be retained by the student The University Regulations do not provide for late submissions, all work must therefore be submitted by the set date unless due to approved Mitigating Circumstances, details of Mitigating Circumstances should be intimated by accompanying letter and medical certificates should be submitted to the School Secretary in Room SC02.
INSTRUCTIONS Submit Digitally via MOODLE before 12:00PM on the above day
By submitting this work you are declaring that it is entirely your own work
(PRINT) Name. Matriculation No. Course Name Danielle-Louise Reid 1103533 BSc (HONS) Surveying
For Official Office Use Only Processed By. Date Mark Allocated
1 2 3 4 5 6
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal
JOURNAL
AC1002 - The Art of Building D.L. Reid - 1103533
Student Name: Danielle-Louise Reid Student Number: 1103533 Course: BSc (HONS) Surveying
Contents
Page Number Cover Sheet 1
Front Cover
Contents
3-4
Week 1 Observing - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Week 2 Nesting - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Week 3 Interior Environment - Lecture Notes Week 4 Materials - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Week 5 Built Heritage - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Week 6 Structure - Notes - Tutorial
5-6 7 - 13
14 - 18 19 - 26
27 29
30 - 31 32 - 53
54 - 55 56 - 60
61 - 64 65 - 67
Page Number Week 7 Timber Construction - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Week 8 Enveloping a Structure - Lecture Notes Week 9 Timber Frame - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Week 10 Massive Timber - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Week 11 Sustainability and U-Value - Lecture Notes - Tutorial Glossary References
68 - 77 78 - 80
81 - 86
87 - 91 92
93 - 95 96 - 98
99 - 100 101 - 102 103 - 105 106 - 110
Week One
Lecture 1 The Art of Building

There are five key aspects of any dwelling: location, shelter, environment, structure and construction Location includes weather, orientation, access, identity and resources. Shelter includes protection, accessibility, security and aesthetics. Environment includes comfort, light, temperature, ventilation and energy efficiency. Structure includes foundations, strength, robustness, safety and longevity. Construction includes durability, materials, weathering and technique and build ability.
Tutorial 1 The Art of Observing

The task was to choose ten buildings and discuss the different materials, structures, surfaces or construction techniques. My photographs and sketches are all of buildings within the village where I live, Comrie in Perthshire. ________________________________________________________________________
1. Cultybraggan Camp Cultybraggan is an former Prisoner of War camp set up in 1941. The camp is around 1 mile south of Comrie and has a series of huts which are now owned and used by local villagers and business people. The sketch here shows a front on view of a section of the hut. The huts are semi-circle shaped and have a corrugated iron roof which has been painted red. In the camp there are 100 of the huts therefore the simple shapes, concrete structures and corrugated iron roofing made these huts easy and cheap to build.
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 2. Comrie Medical Centre
The sketch shows one of the front posts which are used in the medical centres structure. The building uses a traditional timber post and beam structure. The building has a pebble dash finish applied to the exterior with a coat of white paint which contrasts with the green of the posts and beams. Due to the building being owned and funded by the NHS, the structure and materials used (timber frame and lime mortar exterior) are common throughout these types of buildings.
3. Natural slate roofing Ross Cottage The photograph shows natural slate (see material section for natural slate) being used as roofing on a cottage. Slate is a good material for roofing as it is waterproof and due to the thin, sheet like design of the slate it is easy to fit together. Slate is also a durable that can withstand rain, wind and frost and in the case that it does get damaged it can be replaced and the damages slate can be recycled. Most Scottish slate has been used therefore nowadays slate had to imported from Europe and other countries across the world.
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 4. Parish Church
The Parish Church is made from a dark brown-block stone named Whinstone. The brick work is rough with a slightly sandy texture but this may be due to the rain and wind starting to erode away at the stone. The picture above shows the regularity in the stone work which shows it must have been hand-built by skilled crafts men.
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 5. Rennie Mackintosh Building
This commercial property, which was formerly a wool shop and now an ironmonger, was designer for residential purposes by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. The most prominent feature of this building is the turret style member shown above. The structure of this is interesting as the rest of the building is designed with straight lines and flat edges. The choice of colour used on the building is very typical of Mackintosh with the simple black and white also used on buildings such as The Willow Tearoom in Glasgow.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 6. The Ross Bridge
The Ross Bridge which crosses the River Earn in the link between the Village and The Ross. The bridge is made from stone and sits on a stone foundation which rests on the river bed and the bankings.
7. The Ross House
The Ross House was built in 1914. The sketch opposite only shows a section of the house the dormer window. The exterior is a white coated pebble dash with terrecota painted timber frames around the dormers. The Window is where I focused on with this building as the traditional single glazed panes are still in use unlike the double or triple glazed which are used nowadays.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 8. Monument Cottage
Monument Cottage is one of the traditional cottages in the village. The cottage today is slightly different to how it was in the past with the addition of velux windows, as shown in the picture, which may have been added to make room for a family to live in the building. The traditional exterior structure and windows and doors remain as they were (with the addition of new coats of paint). The dwelling is stone built with a natural slate roof.
9. Materials Royal Bank of Scotland Building The image opposite shows to different materials side by side. The one on the left is red granite and on the right is grey granite. The two materials are the same in terms of durability, texture (smooth) etc, the only difference is the colour. The rest of the building is made from sandstone.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 10. Door Handle Ross Cottage This door handle shown in the photograph opposite is the traditional door handle which was installed when the cottage was first built. There are examples of this door knob style handle around the village. The handle is made from metal and coated with black paint.
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Week Two
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Lecture 2 Meso-Climate and Micro-Climate

Meso-climate The climate of a small area on the Earths surface which may differ from the general climate of the district Mark McCracken, 2005-2011, www.teachmefinance.com/Scientific-Terms/Mesoclimate.html, [accessed 28/11/2011] Micro-climate The climate of a small, specific place within an area as contrasted with the climate of the entire area Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009, www.thefreedictionary.com/microclimate, [accessed 28/11/2011] Location Location is one of the most important factors to consider when building. It is also important to look at how the site may change and check the layout of the previous structures of buildings. When it comes to what influences the choice of any site for building, culture has as much of as input as contours - which means more and more people are looking for attractive plots of land. Contours The closer the contours are together then the steeper the slope. Although it may be easier to build on flat land, floodplains may be an issue therefore must be carefully surveyed before building. Hill sides, especially those which are facing the prevailing south westerly winds, can be very blustery therefore the choice of material, the height of the building, the geometry etc. will be influenced by this factor. At the bottom of the steep slopes are the valley floors, which only a limited amount of the suns rays are able to access causing them to become darker and cooler compared to those on the hillside or out of the valley itself. One advantage of the valley floors in terms of building is that they can house transport networks such as rail and road because the valley floor is flat therefore easy to build these systems. When choosing to develop a new building, not only the physical site is important. Services and safety Sites must have services to make them worth building on for example, transport links, gas and water supply, electricity, drainage (preferably to the mains system), rubbish collection etc. It is also important to make sure that the services are of quality, and reliable in terms of rubbish collection. Sites must also have good fire safety points and exit routes if they are needed in an emergency. This covers not only any buildings on the site but the physical site itself e.g. the site must have good exit points via roads or paths which lead away from site. Most dwellings nowadays that are built for human habitation must be universally accessible which means that there must be suitable disabled access around the interior and exterior of the building. There are many factors to consider when choosing a location to build therefore we are able to come to the conclusion that there is in fact no perfect site. For this reason, dome factors may have to be made higher priority than others e.g. a site may have good road
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal access and suitable fire safety point but be on a slope which means the land will have to be leveled before building starts. It is up to us as part of the construction team to decide which factors are of a higher priority than others and they will not always be the same therefore we must be careful and thoughtful when choosing them. Some factors, such as weather, are more influential than others and can limit the choice on the choice of material, the style of building etc. Protection and shelter Some housing patterns e.g. Cul-de-Sacs, are very safe and offer a high level of protection and shelter. Reasons for this are that in cul-de-sacs almost all the houses face one another which creates a central are where problems and crimes may occur but the risk of this is lowered by this pattern offering constant surveillance. The pattern of the houses and roads make it difficult for cars to speed around therefore the traffic is calmed by this. Ground conditions Rock -> soil -> vegetation Rock is a strong high, durable material with a good bearing capacity therefore acts as a good base to build upon, but it is very expensive to excavate and move especially when it is needed to be excavated for the installation of water and gas pipes, telephone cables etc. The soil may be of a good quality and be relatively clean but in many circumstances (especially in areas which are rich in nutrients and resources) the soil can be contaminated by different mental ores which is an expensive process to extract, cleaning the soil. Woodland The UK has only a small percentage of trees which grow naturally e.g. Scots Pine as others have been grown for fast growing timber e.g. Hybrid Larch. Some woodland e.g. Sitka Spruce may be classed as a crop due to the growing technique which is similar to that of barley. The UK's timber has a high value to the environment and the economy. Moving landscape The landscape can modified to accommodate what is wanted or required on a specific site e.g. Railways need flat ground therefore the process of "moving the landscape" can be used to flatten the land. There are many reasons why moving the landscape may be needed, one of which is gravitational pull. Density The density of the surrounding area e.g. woodland, trees and shrubs, buildings etc. will affect the solar access - how much of the suns rays make it to a specific area. Shadowing on a site will occur where there are tall objects surrounding. Density is also classed as how close the surrounding buildings and trees are to the site. Climate Macro climate is the climate of the chosen site (plot of land). The macro climate is commonly determined by the surroundings and nature of the site e.g. the distance from the equator. The macro climate can also be influenced by vegetation e.g. the amount of
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal solar access. The macro climate will not only be influenced but also influence the way which buildings on the site are designed e.g. in coastal towns, such as Stonehaven, buildings which are next to the sea front have been designed to not have over-hanging gutters and drains as the strong upward wind may rip them off or damage them. Climate in general can cause a lot of problems when trying to construct a building, so you need to think carefully and logically. Temperature When choosing a site it is best to try and find one which has a close average temperature. (a temperature of around 15.5 degree's Celsius would be ideal. Reasons for this are that the chosen materials etc. will withstand all seasons suitably. Solar gain The latitude influences the amount of solar gain which is released onto an area. The higher the latitude is i.e. further away from the equator, the more widespread the suns rays will be but they will be less intense than at the equator. The sun provides energy in the form of both heat and light. When designing a building, using geometry can make the most use of the sun throughout the entire year. AZIMUTH - this is the angle which the sun hits a certain location. In terms of buildings, solar (light and heat) will determine many factors e.g. the windows in term of location, size and strength - double or triple glazed. Trees and Shrubs In the summer, trees can be used to help shade homes, lessening the chance of them suffering the greenhouse effect. There are two types of trees - evergreen (coniferous) and deciduous. Deciduous trees would be useful as there leaves would provide shade in the summer when sun is strong and in the winter when the leaves are sparse, they would allow the low sun through to allow the limited light and heat to reach the building. Evergreen trees such as Scots Pine would not be very useful as the thick leaves would stop any of the suns rays from coming through, leaving the property in darkness. The use of deciduous trees as shade works very well especially for South facing windows as in Britain that is where the sun would sit for the most part of the day. Humidity Humidity is the amount of water vapour which is present in the air. It can be very destructive to buildings if the materials chosen have a low tolerance to water vapour e.g. some woods. It may also affect the internal temperature of the building as wind will flow through any small holes or cracks in the buildings entire structure therefore the building must be fully air tight. An example of where building must be designed to deal with high levels of humidity is the Amazon. Materials must be carefully chosen in terms of their tolerance with water vapour. Humidity is almost impossible to change therefore needs to be considered throughout the building process. Wind Wind as a force can be extremely destructive to buildings therefore needs to be taken into consideration when designing a building. It may also affect the internal temperature of the
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal building as wind will flow through any small cracks of holes in the building structure therefore the entire building must be air tight. An example of where buildings must be designed to be tolerant against wind is Stonehaven. Being a coastal town the wind comes off the sea strong and upwards therefore houses must be designed without any overhang e.g. gutters, eves etc. which may get destroyed by wind. Fresh Air This is very important to consider when building, especially in cities where smog is likely to occur.
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Tutorial 2 Nesting Student Services Building

There were two main tasks set for this tutorial. The first was to conduct a site analysis on a chosen building on the Garthdee Campus. I chose the Student Services Building next to Scott Sutherland School as my building. The second was to identify a site where a bird hide could be placed along the river at Garthdee. Our chosen site lies just behind the student accommodation at Garthdee. ________________________________________________________________________
Site analysis
Buildings Nearby To the right of the student services building is The Scott Sutherland School. To the South, there is the Round Tower (student accommodation on Garthdee Campus). The closest building to East is Aberdeen Business School. None of these buildings intrude on the site of Student Services in any way.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Services As a relatively new building, when planning, service provision is very important. The building has a fresh water supply, electric, telephone and internet access. This would have been reasonably easy as the Campus already has building fully equipped with these services and all are networked together.
Noise Pollution Although traffic is constant on Garthdee Road, the site is far enough away from the road that the noise does not directly affect it. The only noise within the boundary of the site would be from students passing by which is mainly between 8am and 6pm.
Local Amenities On mampus there are various places to get food and drink but at the bottom of Garthdee Road there is an Asda and a Sainsburys (both with large parking facilities). Other than that, amenities are limited but it is only a short journey, around 2 and a half miles [calculated on Google maps using the get directions function]. ASDA
Student Services Building Sainsburys
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Access There is good access to the Student Services building by foot, car and bus. There are bus stops on either side of the road at no more than 500m that directly come from/go to Union Street. The building itself is only 100 yards (approx.) off of Garthdee Road. There are car parks situated above the building which can be accessed via the entrance by Grays Art School as the road works on a one way system. On a wider scale, Garthdee Road leads onto the A90 (southbound) which allows easy commuting for students or staff who live south of Aberdeen. In terms of universal access the building has a ramp which leads directly off the main pavement that allows people in wheelchairs, or who find it difficult to use stairs, to reach the building easily and safely.
Ramp with banisters to allow safe and easy access. Main Pavement leading to and from Garthdee road.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Vegetation The front of the building (the main door) is north facing therefore is not affected by the sunlight. At the back of the building there is a great deal of trees, both coniferous and deciduous (as shown in the picture below). This is beneficial as the back of the building is in the sun path right throughout the day but the trees provide shade.
Deciduous trees to shade at mid-day when sun it high and almost directly behind the building.
Evergreen trees (coniferous) which will shade sun from morning to mid-day as they are facing east. These will shade all year round as they do not shed leaves.
Around the building itself, there is a road which passes round the front and side. The back and east side of the building is green cover with a large grass area out the back and more deciduous trees out the front and shrubbery.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Contours The campus site lies on a slope but this has been rectified laying a level foundation.
FOUNDATION
The sketch above shows the level foundation of the building which is stone built. The foundation has been made from concrete bricks which are light in colour and harmonise with the exterior decoration of the building. The slope increases south therefore the back of the building, unlike the front which is only on one level, is on two (shown in the photograph below).
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Tutorial 2 Nesting Bird Hide Site analysis

After choosing a site for the bird hide, we then conducted a short site analysis to ensure that the site was infact suitable. We looked at 7 factors as outlined below and these are indicated by the numbers on the site plan on page 26. The final site can be seen as a black shaded box on the plan on the banks of the River Dee.
Analysis Points 1. Access and transport 2. Solar path 3. Noise pollution 4. Views 5. Shelter 6. Services 7. Wind
Buildings Grays (Grays art school) SSS (Scott Sutherland School) RT (Round Tower) SS (Student Services) ABS (Aberdeen Business School) RGU:Sport
Access and transport The access to the site is relatively easy but it is not universally acceptable due to the lack of suitable paths along the riverside. Access via road can be obtained by Garthdee Road and onto the through road where parking is available (as indicated on the site plan). Paths are indicated by the (- - -) dashed line. These lead all over the campus and down to the site of the bird hide. Solar path The site analysis provides information on the amount of solar energy which the site will be exposed to. The site is out of the shade on the south facing side where the solar path follows which means that throughout the day the bird hide will gain heat and light from the sun. It will continue to do this throughout the entire year as the low sun rays will still be able to reach the site because of the lack of vegetation. Noise pollution The site is relatively quiet as it is away from any major building (the closest is the round tower approx. 20m north) which means that it is the perfect spot for viewing birds because they will not be distracted by noise. Views The views are spectacular with full views of the river. This will be beneficial as the whole idea of the bird hide is to get outdoors and watch the birds. This is also a good site as the water and the woodland area across the water are great feeding and living grounds for the birds therefore will serve the purpose.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Shelter and vegetation Shelter is limited on the south face of the bird hide but on the north, east and west sides, vegetation such as shrubbery and tress provide good shelter from the elements. The trees
around are deciduous therefore do not spoil the view and even when in full bloom, only a small part of the river is blocked from view. Local services and service provisions The main services are sited around a mile away at the East end of Garthdee road. At that point there are supermarkets therefore for anything else, a 3 mile trip into Aberdeen city centre will be needed. In terms of service provisions there will be no mains water or electricity supply. Wind The arrows at the bottom of the plan show the wind coming in from a south westerly direction. This will not directly affect the bird hide as there will be shelter provided by the surrounding vegetation.
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Week Three
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Lecture 3 Interior Environment

Environmental science relates to the comfort of humans within buildings dependant on the performance. Human comfort covers thermal, air quality, humidity, low allergy and energy. Thermal comfort Thermal comfort can be achieved by proper ventilation which will remove any of the extra heat created by the human metabolism to keep a close average temperature with the environment. Heat conduction, convection and radiation and evaporative heat loss all affect the level of thermal comfort as they are examples of how heat is either created or dissipated. Insulation Regulations say that a minimum of 300mm of insulation must be installed in homes in the UK. Timbers must be a minimum thickness of 240mm. Levels are said to reach 500mm of insulation and 300mm of timber as minimums in the next 4-5 years. This will be beneficial as there will be a lesser chance of heat loss and energy wastage but the consumer will be paying more for the increase in materials. Insulation is also preferably made from non-toxic materials such as wood chip, whey and soda which will create natural toxin free insulation. In previous years insulation has been made from glass fiber which can be an irritant therefore gloves and masks must be worn when installing. Indoor air quality Nowadays, the air inside our homes has a high risk of being more dangerous than that outdoors. Reasons for this may be an increase in products made from toxins or just a lack of ventilation. Ventilation is the best way to make sure that the air indoors does not become stale. Air infiltration rates are at their best so far at 0.6. This means that in 1 hour 0.6 of the air in the room will be moved out. Experts say that the more air tight the building the less chance there is of unwanted toxins entering. Ventilation There are two types of ventilation; natural or uncontrolled ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation Chimneys, open windows, window vents. Forms of natural ventilation are wind driven ventilation, pressure driven flows and stack ventilation. All forms happen in a chimney. Mechanical ventilation Fans (including extractor fans) in bathrooms and kitchens. In future years, houses may be installed with fans which will measure the same size as 415 shoe boxes and pipes will be installed into each room to help ventilate the home.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Toxins Microbial contaminants (mold and bacteria) Gases (Carbon Monoxide, Radon and Volatile compounds) - Both of these toxins pose a risk to the quality of air in the home. An example of this is glass fiber as insulation in the loft. This requires a mask and gloves when installing as the high level of toxins can cause irritation. The materials that we specify affect the toxin levels therefore must take careful consideration when deciding what to use.
Chimneys Factfile Effectively a hole in the building which increases heat and air loss. Beneficial to asthma sufferers as they natural ventilate the indoor air, refraining it from going stale. Not all bad as the "hole" effect helps to ventilate reducing the amount of bad toxins. Chimneys will ventilate but not lose a massive amount of heat. Hybrid chimneys will achieve a high level of ventilation and a low level of heat loss making them 92% effective but at the moment they are still in production.
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Week Four
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Lecture 4 Materials
Material Selection Material selection is important because the materials must be able to withstand the outdoor environment e.g. climate, humidity, wind etc. Materials must be suitable for human habitation whilst also being suitable for the purpose. The choice of materials is also important to the sustainability and the source - and its effect on the environment. You must also ensure proper specification as it is illegal to specify any non-FSC accredited timber. Traditional Materials New materials
These are also known as composites (mixing two materials together to create a stronger more capable material).
Material Descriptors
New Material Characteristics
Wood Animal Products Plants Clay Stone
Lime Cement Concrete Hydraulic Cement Wrought Iron Steel
Strength/Durability Processing Method Appearance (colour, texture etc.) Weight
Thermal Conductivity (a) Water Vapour resistance (b) Embodied energy (c) Lifecycle impact of the material Carbon Footprint (d)
Source (renewable/availability) Aluminum Density (weight and Chain of custody dimensions combined) FSC etc. Plywood Malleable Ethical Purchasing* Mineral Fiber Insulation Plastic Weather Proofing Elasticity * Not from a country where human rights are abused or child labour in the products location. Useful Formulas Thermal Conductivity (a) Also known as "K" Measured by - watts/meter x degrees kelvin Embodied Energy (c) Measured in joules 'J' x weight 'kg'
Water Vapour Resistance (b) Also known as "G" Measured by - resistivity 'r' x thickness 'm' Carbon Footprint (d) Measured in carbon "kg" / weight "kg"
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Tutorial 4 Materials
The aim of this task was to collect information on as many materials as possible and create fact sheets on each of them. ________________________________________________________________________
Name Douglas Fir
Appearance Light in colour with a darker, orangey grain. Uses Joinery- exterior- interior, cladding, structural work, flooring Thermal Conductivity 0.1100 (W/mK) Embodied 7.4 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 0.46 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Dimensions 25x150mm and varies in (mm) length Weight 530 (kg / unit) Density 530 (kg/m3)
Durability Moderately durable
Notes
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Name Sitka Spruce
Appearance A medium-dark shiny finish with a smooth close grain. Uses Boat and ship construction, pallets, packing boxes, board manufacture and paper making
Dimensions Varies (mm) Weight 525 (kg / unit) Density 525 (kg/m3)
Durability Moderatley
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied 7.4 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 0.87 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes Uses - http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5NLEJ6
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Oak (European)
Appearance Light and shiny with a dark grain and often has knots and grooves. Uses Heavy structural use, cladding, exterior and interior joinery, furniture, flooring, sleepers, decking
Dimensions (mm) Weight 672 - 720 (kg / unit) Density 720 (kg/m3) +/- 20%
Durability Strong
Thermal Conductivity 0.23 (W/mK) Embodied 10.21 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 0.59 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Scots Pine
Appearance A variation between light and dark within the wood. Almost parallel grain which is darker than the rest of the wood. Uses Interior and exterior joinery, structural use, decking, cladding, mouldings
Dimensions (mm) Weight 510 (kg / unit) Density 510 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
Notes
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Larch
Appearance A medium wood with dark straight grain. Uses Cladding, flooring, exterior joinery, structural uses
Dimensions (mm) Weight 590 (kg / unit) Density 550 (kg/m3) Slightly to moderately durable
Durability
Notes
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Plywood
Appearance A smooth finish with a similar grain throughout which forms a sort of V shape. Light in colour with a darker grain. Uses Can be used for interior wall lining.
Dimensions 1200x2400 (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 540 - 700 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
0.1 15.00 1.07
2.7
Notes
http://www.hobartlaserables.com/images/categories/Birch%20plywood%20%20laser%20grade.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard)
Appearance Light in colour with almost no grain. Very smooth and sleek finish. Uses Can be used for interior wall lining.
Dimensions 1200x2400 (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 680 760 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
0.05 11.00 0.72
4.5
Notes
http://www.skirtingboards.org/wpcontent/themes/skirtingboards/img/mdf_image.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Plasterboard
Appearance Paper-like outer coat with a chalky middle. Outside is usually grey while inners are white. Uses It is used for wall and ceiling panelling Thermal Conductivity 0.21 (W/mK) Embodied 6.75 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 0.38 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Dimensions 1200x2400 (mm) Weight Lightweight (kg / unit) Density 800 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
Notes http://www.soundproofyourhome.com/assets/dave-shot-4d4bdfee75783.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Iron
Appearance Dull silver tone. No shine or reflection and bulky. Uses Can be used for roofing.
Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 7870 (kg/m3)
Durability Strong
Thermal Conductivity 83.50 (W/mK) Embodied 25 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 1.91 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
http://image.made-in-china.com/4f1j00fMZEQultBGUi/Corrugated-IronSheet.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Stainless Steel
Appearance A smooth finish with a shine but not reflective. Light silvery colour. Uses
Dimensions Varies (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 7850 (kg/m3)
Durability Strong
16.27 56.70 6.15
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Notes http://www.boiler-tubes.com/pic/Seamless-Stainless-Steel-tubing.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Copper
Appearance Almost orange in colour. Shiny with a slight reflection which polished (as above) but dull when not (coins). Uses Piping in homes for plumbing systems.
Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 8600 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
Thermal Conductivity 384 (W/mK) Embodied 42 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 2.60 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes http://www.hailiang.us/upfiles/1235734352water-tube.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Sheep Wool
Appearance Soft but thick texture. An off grey with a hint of brown though it. Uses It is used for insulating roofs walls and ceilings and also as a impact sound insulation
Dimensions Comes in large rolls of (mm) usually 1000mm Weight Lightweight (kg / unit) Density 20- 80 (kg/m3)
Durability N/A
0.40 20 0.98
90%
Notes http://uk.sheepwoolinsulation.com/images/products_comfort.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Glass Wool
Appearance Cotton wool like texture. Light yellow in colour but can be darker. Uses Insulation a mineral insulation commonly used in UK homes
Dimensions Various sizes in large rolls (mm) Weight Lightweight (kg / unit) Density 60 (kg/m3)
Durability N/A
Thermal Conductivity 0.040 - 0.031 (W/mK) Embodied 2.800 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 1.35 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Glass_wool_insulation.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Wood Fibre
Appearance Somewhat soft texture for wood. Can be a variety of colours depending on type of wood but most commonly a light brown-yellow. Uses It is used for floors, walls, ceilings and roofs and for impact sound insulation.
Thickness- 6-80 Dimensions Width 400-1220 (mm) Length 1200-2500 Weight (kg / unit) Density 130 450 (kg/m3)
Durability Good
Thermal Conductivity 0.045 - 0.060 (W/mK) Embodied 17 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
http://www.proctorgroup.com/Portals/0/graphics/thermalinsulation/sylvactis/sylvactis-profile.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Clay Brick
Appearance Orange in colour and looks rough but can be smooth if finished well. Uses Used for general brickwork
Dimensions 215 102.5 65 (mm) Weight 2.7 (kg / unit) Density 1700 (kg/m3)
Durability Durable
Notes
http://www.cambridgemosqueismoving.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2011/08/bricks_pile.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Limestone
Appearance Looks rough but smooth and mainly bumpy texture. Light grey in colour with a hint of green in some parts. Uses Flooring for bathrooms and kitchens usually.
Dimensions Tile - 305x305x10 mm (mm) Weight 7.5 (kg / unit) Density 2180 (kg/m3)
Durability High
0.5000 0.85 0.017
1.2
Notes http://www.clipshamstone.co.uk/images/cilp_block.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Natural Slate
Appearance Dark grey but weathering can cause them to discolour orange or green. Rain will cause some slates to also lighten. Smooth in texture with graduated edges. Uses Roof sarking and flooring in homes
Depends but generally Dimensions around 200x300mm (mm) (individual slate) Weight 1.4 (kg / unit) Density 1680 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
Thermal Conductivity 2.5 (W/mK) Embodied 0.1 1.0 Energy (MJ/kg) Embodied Carbon (Co2 kg / 0.006 0.058 Material kg) Typical Water Vapour Permeability (MNs/g)
Notes
http://img.ehowcdn.co.uk/article-page-main/ehow/images/a08/5s/cp/reroofslate-800x800.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Concrete Block
Appearance Bumpy texture. Light grey in colour but can be darker. Uses Can be used for foundations or cheap wall material i.e. in large projects such as student accommodation.
Dimensions 440mm x 100mm x 215mm (mm) Weight 18-19 (kg / unit) Density 1450 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
Notes
http://www.greengates.co.uk/images/pictures/blocks/hollow-block-(pagepicture-large).jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Clay Tiles
Appearance Can be smooth or have an almost sand like texture. Orangey-brown in colour with smooth edges and curves on the surface. Uses Roof sarking
Dimensions Depends but generally (mm) 170x270mm (individual tiles) Weight 1.1 (kg / unit) Density 1900 (kg/m3)
Durability High
Notes
http://roofing-services-supermarket.com/image-library/assets/images/roofingservices-supermarket.com-til6.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Glass
Appearance Transparent with a smooth finish. When layered can appear green in colour. Uses Windows and any spaces where transparency is needed.
Dimensions Varies (mm) Weight Varies (kg / unit) Density 2500 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
1.1300 15.00 0.85
N/A
Notes
http://images.glassinchina.com/TradeImage/20113%5Cp2011-3-2-10-3835.JPG
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
Appearance Usually white in colour and can have a glossy or matte finish to it. Uses Window finishes
Dimensions Varies (mm) Weight Varies (kg / unit) Density 1380 (kg/m3)
Durability Strong
Notes
http://www.upvcwindowsuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/PVC-WindowsUPVC-Windows-ZH-EW-005--300x300.jpg
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name OSB (orientated strand board)
Appearance Rough in texture as lots of different pieces of wood is glued together. Usually light brown with other shades scattered through from the difference pieces. Uses It is used for panelling, weather proofing, exterior of load bearing/ reinforcing walls.
Dimensions 1200x2400 (mm) Weight 5-7.5 kn/m3 (kg / unit) Density 640 (kg/m3)
Durability Meduim
Notes http://www.one-stop-diy.co.uk/Scripts/OSB-Sterling-board-northampton.jpg
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Week Five
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Lecture 5 Built Heritage

Built heritage is any building which as a society, we place value on. It can be prehistoric or 20th century (or anywhere in-between). Built heritage is not just building but archeological sites, whole settlements, monument and landscapes. Built heritage can be classes under one of four statuses: Scheduled ancient monument (SAM) World heritage site (WHS) Listed building (LB) Conservation area (CA) SAM - A building or part of a building e.g. ruin, which has been classed as nationally important. No changes can be made unless authorised by quango body, Historic Scotland. WHS - A site of world importance which is maintained by the International World Heritage Programme. In Scotland, Edinburgh's old town (Princess Street) is a world heritage site. LB - The most common of built heritage statuses. A building can be listed as different grades, dependent on the level of significance. In Scotland buildings are listed as A, B and C - A being of the highest significance and generally applied to churches, castles, and town halls etc. CA - Applies mainly to settlements within a town or city which will be preserved as it has historical value or architectural importance. In Scotland, Footdee fishing village in Aberdeen is an example of a conservation area. Why built heritage is important Built heritage is important because it helps to protect the remaining visual examples of how Scotland used to be, not only hundreds but thousands of years ago. It also allows us to see how constructive and building techniques have changed over time. Learning from built heritage The environment around us is dynamic, it is constantly changing and it is important to understand how the changes are made and consider the techniques used to build throughout the years.
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Tutorial 5 Built Heritage Footdee visit

The task set was to visit the historic fishing town of Footdee, Aberdeen (locally knows as Fitee) and study the different features of the settlement. his area, situated at the southern end of Aberdeens main beach is a conservation area which protects the particular heritage and architecture of the area. It was recommended to record details about the windows, chimneys, surfaces (e.g. stone and brick work), guttering patterns etc. ________________________________________________________________________
Aerial plan of Footdee village
Footdee Village To the Beach >
Sea
North
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The high wall and the low buldings act as protection from the wind coming off the sea. The wall has a concave shape which also helps to prevent flooding from the high tide. As you can see there are also no windows on the wall of this building as this to prevent drafts coming in where the stone has been cut to fit them in.
These vents are used to take the stale air from the bathroom and kitchen where the spaces may become humid. The furthest away vent is bending towards the building. The reason for this is draft prevention. This allows the stale air to escape whilst stopping the cold sea air being able to come in.
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The roofing material on this building is Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal natural slate. This photograph shows the difference between the two ages of slate. The darker slate is newer. We can tell this from the damage and wear on the other slates from the salt spray from the sea and the chips from corners etc where the win has been forceful.
This is an example of wind destruction. This photos was taken of an easterly face. The wind comes in strong off the sea and the damaging effects can be seen here where the overhang has been destroyed.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal The front of this building is easterly facing but this is one of the central buildings therefore the windows will not create a massive draft as shelter is provided by the surrounding buildings. One thing to point out about this building is how the roof is completely flush against the wall. Reasons for this is that this is a wind tunnel therefore an overhang at the side would potentially be dangerous and destroying.
To the right is this picture the cobbled sloping area has a drainage purposes. This takes away any rainwater which has gathered and drains it away into the sea.
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East Facing Side
The East facing side has minimum windows and doors as it is exposed to the elements e.g. wind and rain as another method of draft prevention. The roof and wall of the annex is also flush to prevent the uplift of the wind destroying the guttering and roof. The west side is a little less, yet still exposed and this is shown by the small windows. The door is situated at the north face of the building where it is guarded from the elements.
West Facing Side
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Week Six
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Lecture 6 Structure
Structure is very important and depending on which structure is chosen, different forces can happen. There is a process that can happen within structures;
Loads create forces Forces create stresses Stresses create deformation
Due to this, we must consider structure and material together to ensure that the material will be able to deal with the loads and forces exerted on them to lessen the chance of stress (thus deformation) on the structure. There are four main types of internal forces; compression which is to do with atoms, tension which is routed but uplifted, shear which is what occurs when something dramatically fails (similar to breaking a bar of chocolate) and bending which is tension and compression combined. We need to bear in mind that all materials have a bending point where it will be able to bend so far without breaking. We also need to remember that this bending point different between materials and some have a higher bending capacity than others e.g. wood and rubber. When compression is the main force being exerted, stress comes from the centre line also known as axial forces. We always build with the central line of force in mind. Tension is the level of the pulling force. This type of force is very commonly found in structures such as suspension bridges, where fibrous materials such as rope of steel cable are used. Tension is the opposite of compression. Bending stress is where stress is applied constantly yet equally and perpendicularly along a beam. A floor is a good example of bending stress, where most stress in the middle creating a parabola/curve effect. Engineers design structures with a higher bearing capacity than is generally needed, usually 1.5 above the required. Any more than 2 above would be unnecessary and would increase the buildings overall cost due to the amount of material being used.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal A cantilever is a bream which is tied down at one end and is built to resist bending and sheer stress e.g. diving board. A cantilever allows buildings to have dramatic over hanging features. The Forth Rail Bridge is a good example of where a cantilever is used.
When constructing a structure, there are rules that apply. Cantilever The greater the span, the greater the bending. Tower The greater the height, the greater the bending (Diagonal braces may be used to stiffen the structure. Tapering off the top of the structure will also stiffen.) A few points to remember when constructing a structure; Beams are designed to bend slightly; about 20mm of movement is built into the structure. Walls generally drop by 5mm and timber drops by 40mm when weight is applied and forces are exerted. Heat causes concrete bricks to expand. No material has a static form; they all change depending on conditions. Sky scrapers can cause dents in the earths crust due to the amount of compression.
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TENSION
C O M P R R E S S I O N
SHEAR
BENDING
BENDING \
COMPRESSION TENSION
Cantilever
CANTILEVER
CANTILEVER
Tower
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Tutorial 6 Straw Tower

The task was to work in groups (of around 10-15) and build a tower out of paper straws. The aim was to build the tallest free standing tower. This would be achieved by using structural techniques (such as those on the previous sheet). ________________________________________________________________________ For this task we were given a limited amount of equipment 140 Straws Sellotape Paper or card Part 1 of the task was to plan the tower by drawing out ideas and discussing them as a group. Our final tower used all the straws given and reached a height of around 2.7 metres but did not withstand rigorous shaking from the lecturers which was used to demonstrate how wind would affect our tower. After the first test, we were told to try and reinforce out towers by adding paper or card to add support to the sides. We went for the approach of adding whole sheets of paper to the sections of our tower but failed to add enough support to keep the tower standing freely. This task taught us how simple crossbracing (if added correctly and distributed equally) can help to stabilise the tower a great deal. By referring to page 37, we can see that the tower suffered from compression which made the tower fall in on itself due to lack of side support. The test to see how it would cope in the wind was an example of lateral force which towers often have to deal. Ways to deal with this lateral force are shown below:
Diagonal braces may be used to stiffen the structure.
Tapering off the top of the structure will also help stiffen.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal The annotations and sketches below show the planning process of tutorial 6. The planning was done as a group but notes and sketches were done separately. The tower was planned in three parts as shown:
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Final Tower Design This image board shows the final tower as a scetch and the separate components of the tower and joining methods as photographs.
This photograph shows the technique of using the smaller hexagon and triangles to create the tapered top which will help stabilise the tower. The width of the tower changed hugely at this stage, maybe to suddenly for this type of building.
This photograph reveals the idea of the larger hexagons at the bottom of the tower to add stability. This was not fully achieved and maybe by making the bottom hexagon wider than the next, so on, then it would help to balance it out.
The use of Sellotape may not have been the ideal choice as you can see from the photo it is rather bulky and adds weight. The Sellotape was also not ideal as it didnt hold the uprights in place meaning they would lose strength and bend causing the tower to bend.
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Week Seven
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Lecture 7 Timber Construction

In the UK, timber was the first building material for tradition housing. Nowadays the only different in timber construction is the manufacture method. The timber is not manufactured manually but mechanically as the high demand cannot be met by hand manufactured timber. Timber is more regularised in terms of size, length and availability. Today, we use timber frame construction. This is where frames are factory manufactured. Larch, Oak and Douglas Fir are the most common timbers used for this type of construction. Forces of frames Lateral force is the most destructive force to a crux frame. The joints pull all other members and cause them to buckle which eventually causes collapse. (Tension and Compression) These braces placed in the top corners are beneficial to the structure as they allow space for a window to be installed. Braces to not necessarily need to stretch across the entire structure but they do need to be made from a durable and strong material. A rule of thumb concerning bracing in timber frames is the shorter the length of material, the stronger it will be. An alternative to corner bracing could be tension rod bracing. This mirrors the design of cross bracing with the difference that steel can be used, generally aesthetic purposes but timber can also be used for tension rod bracing. A solid partition wall may also be used to stabilise the structure this was shown in the tower tutorial (week 6) where sheets of paper were added to the structure and jointed to the posts and beams (straws). As an aesthetic factor, timber frame may be external;
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Joints The sketches on this page and the following show different example of joints which can be used when constructing a timber frame. These methods of joings still require nailing or glueing but just offer neat finishes to the timber frame once completed.
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Lecture 7b Post and Beam

Post and beam construction is beneficial in the fact that it can deal well with hilly land as the length of the posts can be made to fit around contours on the land. Balconies and other viewing platforms can be easily constructed with posts and beams. There are problems surrounding the construction of post and beam buildings; - The size and availability of timber - The module (sizing) of sheets e.g. plywood or plasterboard - Quality of available timber (the strength, knots and grain) Post and Beam is all about grids. All the individual posts and beams are planned our on a grid before any formal construction begins. After the initial structure has been planned and drawn on the grid all other details e.g. purlins, are added. This grid is also known as the Tartan Grid as it ends up resembling the criss-cross pattern of Tartan.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal The way to start a post and beam design is to; 1. Plan the grid layout 2. Design in the primary structure 3. Design the secondary structure
There are three parts of a post and beam structure; 1. Primary structure the grid inc. the posts, beams and roof 2. Secondary structure joists, purlins and bracing 3. Tertiary structure floor (sheathing), roof (sarking) and walls (framing and lining)* *this includes packer, cripple, double header, cripple stud, dwang support and sole plate.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal This sketch below shows the structure of internal frame within the wall. The packers are used to cover up any fitting e.g. nails. The cripple or jack stud is a vertical member that supports the header in an opening of a bearing or supporting wall. The header or double header is a horizontal structural member that supports the load over a window or door opening this is also known as a lintol. The sole plate, also sometimes referred to as the sill plate, the mud sill, or the base plate, is the main supporting beam of a wall.
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Lecture 7b Timber Frame Cladding

Lightweight timber cladding is the best way to protect timber structure from the outdoor elements such as wind and rain. Timber for cladding purposes can come from all over the world therefore there is a lot to choose from and choosing the right one can prove difficult. For cladding, durability is the most important factor. Colour, texture, moisture content and working qualities are also important in their own rights but not the most important. For cladding in Scotland we are most interested in Opepele, Iroko, European oak and Western red cedar. Others include Larch and Douglas fir but these are not so common for full cladding purposes. Scots pine and Spruce are not suitable due to them not being durable enough to resist the elements, especially in Scotland. All cladding must be treated e.g. thermabond, painting etc. There are changes happening especially to do with cladding for large scale social housing projects. 1. Western red cedar lignum (not glue) and tanning will be used but this can cause rusting to the nail and may corrode lead roofs. 2. Green oak (undried) this has a high moisture content therefore when it dries it may move and change shape this would be very apparent on a faade with extensive boards therefore must be avoided. A loose fixing (washer and bolt) will need to be made to allow tolerance to move. 3. Shingle cladding this is easy to replace if one bit gets damaged as all in single tiles and also cheap to replace. It is also very aesthetically pleasing. 4. Shingle wall both the wall itself and fixings are aesthetically pleasing. Horizontal batons also ensure ventilation. Two examples of styles of cladding are Tongue and Groove and Shiplapped claddling.
Tongue and Groove Interlacing pattern
Shiplapped Overlapping
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Tutorial 7 Post and Beam The main aim of this tutorial was to design and build a simple post and beam model of the bird hide (developed from week 2). To start with we designed a post and beam grid specifying where the posts and beams would go.
Beam Length 3.6 meters Beam Length 2.4 meters Beam Length 2.4 meters
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This image shows the initial stages of the model where it began to first take shape. The model was scale 1:10 and the posts were situated at 60mm centres. This is the primary structure of the building.
We started to design the roof trusses at this point as we has the rafters on. We decided on a traditional pitched roof no particular reason.
The trusses are now starting to get joined onto the main structure. These have also been placed at 60mm centres. The purlins were added shortly after this stage to complete the secondry structure.
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This photograph shows out final model. The entire primary structure is complete but as you can see only partial the secondry structure (bracing, rafters etc) and tertiary structure (flooring, bracing and sheathing) This was done to show all parts of the structure on the one single model to take away the need for an extensive amount of models.
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Week Eight
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Lecture 8 Enveloping a Structure

The envelope of a building is everything that separates the indoors from the outdoors. This includes the exterior walls, insulation, roofing, foundation and flooring, windows and doors. [www.blueegg.com/Green-Glossary/Building-evelope.html, accessed 16/11/2011] The envelope can be used for drainage, as an air barrier, water vapor management and thermal resistance. The key idea and purpose of the envelope is to keep water and draughts out via flooring and walls. Air Barriers Generally, they are membranes and most commonly plasterboard. Water Vapor Controllers These are VCLs (Vapor Control Layers) which may be a DPM (damp proof membrane) or DPL (damp proof layer). Insulation This is the thermal resistance layer. This can be natural insulation e.g. sheep wool, straw, wood chip or man-made e.g. mineral fibre (glass wool). All of factors outlined above, have to meet high standards standards which increase around 30% each 10 years. The problem with water vapor in particular is that when the vapor will eventually turn to water droplets which will percolate the timber causing it to rot or when the temperature drops below 0 degrees celsius, the droplets will begin to freeze and the expansion of the frozen water will cause the wood to split. This can be stopped by installing a VCL; therefore increasing the indoor air quality. In Scotland, it is common to use a brick skin to protect the envelope. The bricks will protect the timber frames and insulation which goes between the timber posts. A technology which has been newly introduced to the building industry is Gore-Tex. The Gore-Tex acts like a jacket and goes over the timber frame. The purpose off the material is to allow water vapour to travel out without harming the timber. This will effectible be the vapour control layer. Foil membrane is commonly installed between the roof purlins and the external roof finish to keep heat within the building, This works by the foil creating an infrared effect and therefore bouncing the heat between the foil, trapping the heat. This has a thermal advantage, insulation can also be used for thermal purposes. There are different forms of insulation; therma-fleece (sheep wool), which is a natural fibre, glass wool which is a mineral fibre, hemp, wood fibre, old newspapers, jeans/denim (most commonly used in the United States) and straw bales but these can prove to be very expensive. Insulation can also be added to the outer structure to keep the structure warm. This is
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal done to stop thermal bridging. Thermal Bridging Thermal bridging, or cold bridging, is where heat is transferred through one material to another causing heat loss e.g. from the inside of a building to the outside. Thermal bridging occurs when poor insulators e.g. glass and metal. One way to help stop a thermal bridge it so insulate around the poor insulators but this will not completely eliminate the bridge. The only way to do this is to either create a smaller cross section or to build the wall with materials which are better insulators. Another method would be to r with installed a section of material with low thermal conductivity between metal components to retard the passage of heat through a wall or window assembly, called a thermal break. A thermal break is beneficial to the building. A complete coat of insulation the whole way through the building will help to stop the process of thermal bridging. Sheathing boards are the outer skin of the building.. In Scotland, the sheathing is commonly brick but in Europe they have discovered a material which can act as sheathing and insulation; wood fibre. An advantage I this is that it can be rendered directly onto the plywood surface (or any other material) which reduces the need for an extra layer. Indoor membrane The problem with indoor membrane is sockets (plugs). When the membrane is applied directly to the timber frame on top of the insulation then there is no area where electrical wires, pipes etc can run therefore to fix this problem , an extra batten or beam can be added. The batten or beam will allow the membrane to be attached, with the advantage if being able to leave a gap behind, wide enough for sockets and all the wires associated to fir behind. This area between the membrane and insulation is called the service space. External cladding External cladding such as bricks are applied to the outer of the building and act as the skin (the main method of shelter). The rule of thumb is that there must be at least a 50mm cavity between the sheathing and cladding itself. The reason for this is to prevent moisture penetrating to the internal face of the wall therefore causing dampness on the inside of the building. Another name for the common cavity wall is the inner leaf and outer leaf wall.
Inner Leaf Outer leaf
50mm Cavity
Quick Material Fact file 6.4mm panel line board acts as sheathing and a VCL. This type of board has vapour resistance, and even though it is low it allows the vapour to move safely and naturally through it.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal The law dictates all thermal standards and they increase around 30% every 5 years, This means an increase in the amount of materials which must be used, therefore an increase in the price. Year 1995 Wall Section Changes
2005
1. No VCL as a 6.4mm panel-line has been installed instead. 2. In the previous section OSB and a breather membrane were shown but in 2005 it was replaced with panelvent board which had the same effect. 3. Insulation has been increased from 95mm to 145mm. This is the beginning of the government having tougher regulations.
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2015
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 1. As it had changed before from OSB and breather membrane to panelvent, the breather membrane has been reintroduced but this time alongside woodfibre. 2.The amount of insulation has also increased from 145mm to 195mm.
2016
1. Another increase in the insulation from 195 to cellulose fill. 2. Instead of single stud, a beam with bearers has been added to try and lessen the thermal bridge. 3. Panevent board has been reintroduced and the breather membrane has been removed.
*The new stud and sheet system is produced in Forres and Inverness. This means we are tying to get the most out of local materials meaning even as the thickness of the overall wall increases, therefore the material quantity, the material price should not rise excessively. In the future, all that will change with this wall will be the increasing thickness of the wood fibre layer, which will increase to meet the energy conservation regulations.
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Week Nine
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Lecture 9 Timber Frame

Timber frame construction makes up 80% of the housing market in Scotland, 30% in England and 35% in Wales. This type of construction is suitable for single to 4 and 5 storey buildings. Historically, there are two types of timber frame Balloon framing and platform framing.
Balloon framing
Wild west style design. This type of framing allows more than one storey to be constructed at a time. Not common in the UK but common in the United States and Canada, as the availability of long and strong pieces of timber are needed for this type of frame and timber of this nature is readily available in Canada. This is where the frame is built one storey at a time. This is more popular in the UK because shorter pieces of timber can be used due to the height of individual storeys.
Platform Framing
This is where the frame is built one storey at a time. This is more popular in the UK because shorter pieces of timber can be used due to the height of individual storeys.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Nowadays in the UK, we use platform framing. This has changed over the years in terms of the types of panelling. It has changed from open to closed panel. Open panelling is where the beams, studs and sheathing are put together to create a low level prefabricated wall. Closed panelling is where the wall is fitted offsite with the same componemnts as an open wall as well as the essential service provisions e.g. plumbing, electricity, insulation, cladding etc. The final product is a high level prefabricated wall. Timber frame is different from post and beam. Post and beam extends the posts to the suitable heights to make the building level whereas with timber frame, a concrete foundation is used to create a level base for the frame to sit on. This is known as a pad foundation. With this method the timber must be at least 150mm above the ground level not to rot from the moisture of ground water in the earth. In order to protect the entire timber frame structure, a DPM (damp proof membrane) may be used or DPC may be used. Wet Timber The problem with wet timber is that it will move due to the non-static nature of it. It will expand and split as the water freezes and thaws. The main issue with wet timber is that when it is built into a timber frame structure, the moisture can spread and cause the entire structure to rot leaving it unstable and unsafe. For timber a moisture content of 20% is acceptable, anything above this will be deemed as too wet.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Roofing Systems There are different types of roofing systems available
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Flooring systems There are different ways of flooring a building. The most common type is a floating floor. This is not specifically the type of floor, it refers to the method of installation. A floating floor is where the separate planks, boards, tiles or any other floor covering is attatched to each other either by glue, cement etc. These do not attach on to the sub-floor or under lay which has previously been installed. The best way to look at it is like a jigsaw puzzle where the pieces fit together to create one single, large sheet. Laminated flooring is an excellent example of this type of flooring method. Advantages of a floating floor The floor is able to move and change shape according to the humidity. Easier to install by non-skilled workers due to the lack of professional tools needed e.g. nail gun, as the floor can just be easily glued/snapped together. Disadvantages of a floating floor It is thinner therefore weaker than traditional flooring meaning it will be less liable to resist wear and tear over time. Another type of floor which is becoming more popular is screed flooring. Screed is a finish which is applied to the flooring then the floor covering e.g. carpet, tiles, linoleum. When under floor heating is installed small holes are drilled through the concrete floor where the heat radiated from the pipes is allowed to escape. The heat reaches the final layer of scree and this is absorbed which then heats the entire floor. Advantages of screed flooring Relatively cheap Can be laid and dried ready for use within 24 hours Liquid floor screed can be force dried if needed A large area can be heated easily and quickly due to the material being a good conductor of heat Disadvantages of screed flooring Cannot be laid in humid areas as needs dry air to aid the drying process The floor is likely to be uneven, even when laid by a skilled screeder An acoustic resilient layer must be applied, which can be expensive and time consuming If a problem occurs in the heating underneath it may be difficult and expensive to fix due to the large span of concrete and not single floor boards for example. Another type of flooring is intermediate flooring. Intermediate flooring is used for more elaborate designs i.e. where stairs are present. Intermediate flooring can be used in timber frame buildings and applied where there is more than two storeys as it is also named "mezzanine which comes from the Italian middle.
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Tutorial 9 Eaves Warm and Cold
A cold roof only has insulation running horizontally. Whereas a warm roof has insulation running both horizontally and vertically up the roof section.
Cold Eave
Warm Eave
The eaves of a building are the panels directly under the roof that run along the side of the building. The eaves overhang and house the guttering system which drains away the waste rainwater. The main idea of the aim is to stop water running down the windows and the building surface to eliminate the risk of any major leakage. The main difference between a warm and cold eave is the insulation. A warm roof is where insulation is placed between the ceiling joists. This means that in the attic space where the rafters are, it is at a colder temperature to the rest of the building. A cold roof is where the insulation is on the outside and the structural elements such as the rafters are on the inside of the building. The warm roof is becoming more and more popular nowadays and is far more improved than the traditional cold roof design.
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Week Ten
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Lecture 10 Massive Timber Construction

Massive Timber Construction (MTC) is relatively new to the UK but has been used in Europe, in different formats, for the last 20-30 years. MTC is beneficial due to the fact that up to 12 storey buildings can be constructed using this structural method, compared to the traditional timber frame where buildings can only reach 4-5 storeys. MTC has a good fire rating and good acoustic performance which in buildings where there are multiple storeys, it is a great advantage. In terms of roofing, a warm roof is more suited to this type of construction. There are two types of MTC 1. Brettstaple 2. Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Brettstaple Brettstaple is the original type of MTC used to construct bridges in Germany. This type of MTC was traditionally held together with an untidy system of nails. Brettstaple takes away the need for beams, posts and joists and effectively becomes a structure with 0mm centres. The second way of joining is using dowels. These dowels are usually hardwood which are put into a high moisture content softwood. When the hardwood is put into the softwood, it begins to soak up the moisture causing it to expand. The expansion of the dowel will make the fit very tight which take away then need to use glue. The third way of joining, but only one manufacturer in Europe can do this, is 45o internal cross bracing within the timber. Brettstaple is not used for small structures but is very suited to building anything with long spans e.g. lecture chambers, university campuses etc. The reason for this is when using MTC you are not limited by size, when connecting timber almost anything is possible especially due to the Germans knowledge in MTC from bridge building. Brettstaple starts to become like prefabricated concrete when the size of timber becomes larger, therefore health and safety becomes heavily involved. MTC was traditionally used for commercial purposes but is increasingly becoming more popular for domestic purposes. Napier University, Edinburgh, have created test panels of MT using Scottish timber as a research project. There are advantages of MTC construction is sped up due to the fact it can be manufactured off site therefore it reduces the risk of poor weathering causing construction to halt. Another advantage is because it is a laminated form, it can be any format (it is very flexible does not just have to be long parallel sections). MTC also takes away the need for the 1200mm module (600mm centres), which saves time in the design process. Time is also saved as the designs can be sent straight to a CNC router and it will be cut out by a machine which means productivity can be 24/7.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal MTC is the equivalent to flat-packed furniture in the construction industry. 60 years ago, concrete panels would have been used but today, MTC has taken its place. MTC is more like masonry opposed to post and beam and timber frame construction. Hybrids of MTC (walls and post and beam or timber frame) allow features such as large corner windows. When it comes to the aesthetics of the building, plasterboard may be used to line the interior walls of the building or it may be left bare. An advantage of leaving the timber is that the timber will absorb the moisture as well as insulating. Timber is also breathable, therefore no VCL is needed. Using MT walls also allows nails etc. to be inserted along the wall without damaging the vapour control limit of the wall. One major thing to remember is that planning is definitely needed, as problems can occur with service points etc. To overcome this, service batons may be installed. Another way to overcome this is to use two different sizes of timber and a service space will be created where the smaller boards have been installed. Timber is an ait tight layer therefore one does not need installed. The natural air tight layer can hit 0.4, where timber frames with an air tight layer installed will only manage to reach 5, at the lowest. Within the structure of the Brettstaple, there are minimal thermal bridges. In this particular example there in a linear thermal bridge opposed to a point thermal bridge.
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Tutorial 6 Massive Timber Construction Brettstaple

Brettstaple is a form of massive timber construction, invented by the Germans used to build bridges across Europe. This methods does not require any glue or nails purely wood. Long planks are joined together using dowels. This enables whole wall sections to be created allowing more flexible means of construction. In this tutorial, we were asked to construct a section of Brettstaple. We were given the planks of wood and has to find the right dowels to fit. Holes were cut through the planks to create spaces for the dowels to be placed into. The way Brettstaple works is the softwood planks have a higher moisture content than the hard wood dowels. When the dowels are hammered into the holes cut, they begin to soak up the moisture and this causes them to expand created an extremely tight fit, meaning the timber planks will remain together as they would with the use of glue or nails. An advantage of Brettstaple is that it uses 100% natural wood meaning that there are not any toxins within the wood creating a healthy residential environment. It will be beneficial to use this in residential buildings for this reason. Another advantage is that Brettstaple has the ability to store heat and insulate meaning it takes away the need for extensive insulation, meaning costs are cut when initially building the house. Timber is also breathable which takes away the need for a breather membrane which will cut costs and improve the U-Value of the wall. The U-Value is improved as the dense wood will insulate the heat - meaning the heat loss is at a minimum. This type of construction is also very fire retardant making it safer than other methods of construction approximately 3-5 times better than timber frame or metal stud. This method also provides good acoustic performance meaning it is good for both public and residential buildings. A high level of protection from radiation is also obtained meaning that the humans inside are safe from radio waves emitted by masts etc.
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The images below show the Brettstaple created during the tutorial.
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Week Eleven
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Lecture 11 Sustainability
There is a lot of propaganda surrounding climate change, but most scientists agree that human activity is a major factor. Although only small changes occur on a regional scale, they affect the world greatly. Due to the temperature increase ice caps are melting causing sea levels to rise and the result of this is that coastal areas are beginning to floor and there is an increase in severe weather e.g. tsunamis and tonadoes. One way which we as humans can help to reduce the effect of global warming is to create a low carbon economy which can be achieved by ceasing deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels diesel, petrol etc. Hydrocarbons are fossil fuels and when burned they release CO2 (carbon dioxide). In Western economy, we are said to use between 3 and 6 planets worth of resources therefore specifying we live in a highly unsustainable world. Right now in 2011-2012 we were expected to be in mid ice-age (the severity of which is unknown), but humans have caused this natural cycle to change. One way we can help stop this in the built environment is by carefully choosing the materials that we use. Timber is one sustainable material. Trees also remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it as carbon. Timber is the oldest, most previlant form of building material and has been predominantly used as fuel for cooking and heating within the home. As timber is such a versatile and important material we are lucky that it is sustainable and we are able to commercially produce it on mass for these purposes. The built environment is responsible for 50% of the planets carbon emissions. We are responsible for this particularly in the transport of materials, equipment and labour as well as the prefabricated components (if required) to the site. Specifically in terms of materials, there are many factors which determine how energy efficient it is. A case study of two timbers is shown below.
A new development in the North East of Scotland is beginning and the main building will be created using a timber frame structure. The decision is not yet made whether to use local Scottish timber or Siberian Timber. Scottish Timber Transported primarily by road Grown commercially Mechanically cut in saw mills Grown using fertiliser 2 = High CO Siberian Timber Transported primarily by sea Grown naturally Manually cut by hand = Lower CO
2
A rule of thumb would be that sourcing your materials locally will keep levels of CO down but the example above shows that this is not always correct. This makes choosing materials difficult.
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Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Insulation in terms of sustainability More heat was wasted 30 years ago due to the lack of insulation and single glazed window and because of this, the government set standards to which buildings had to adhere to. When we talk about this we specifically look at Scotland = the Northern hemisphere/latitudes. The way we build will change depending on where we are on both small scale (UK) and large scale (World). Reasons for this is that there is 20% less solar radiation in Scotland than there is in Dorset, on the South coast of England. When graduate in the next 4 years, the standards in terms of windows will change. Triple glazing will be a standard requirement and monitors will be displayed in homes to display in kw/hours the level of energy being used in terms of electricity, gas and water (only in England). One important thing to consider these days is the air tightness. Architects are planning new designs to gain air tight details. In the past 2 year, air tightness levels have decreased from 10 to 7 then to 5, which is a 50% improvement in 2 years. Passive houses are said to be 20 times more air tight then the average residential home. Thermal Mass Thermal Mass is the ability of a material to absorb and store heat. The use of it within a home prevents temperature fluctuations. A heavy material has a high thermal mass. An example of this is the flooring is a conservatory. The clay tiles on the floor are a heavy material which soaks up most of the solar energy which enters through the glass panes. They let the heat escape slowly so as that at night time the room will still remain relatively warm. We as humans are also generators of heat we consume heat through eating food and expel the energy in the form of heat. Sunspaces can also be used in the same way as conservatories. They are situated at the south of the building (in the UK) as the sun comes from the south. Sunspaces are fully glazed to gain the most solar energy along the suns path throughout the day. In order to retain heat, houses are commonly built near to each other or to trees. Semidetached and terraced houses are the warmest as they have at least one wall against another building which will have the indoor temperature of around 20 oc, opposed to the outdoor temperature of around 0oc. Trees can also be used, not as effectively as other buildings, but it will help to retain a good percentage of heat. Square (cube) shaped buildings are more efficient opposed to rectangular houses e.g. bungalows, as there is a smaller area to retain heat. Ventilation Mechanical ventilation will be installed in most homes in the future. This will take away the need for separate fans in the bathroom, kitchen, utility room etc. This will be made possible by one main fan, either in a loft, cupboard and storage room, being installed and separate ducts will feed into each room taking away stale air and introducing new, fresh air. This will massively improve the air quality of the building which is beneficial to the residents especially if they suffer from asthma or breathing related problems. One problem of this system is the space for the ducts on both floors which need to go horizontally and vertically.
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Lecture 11b U-Values

U-values were introduced in the 1980s. They are used to calculate the heat loss rate of a material. This can be done using lambda the thermal conductivity of the material and d the thickness of the material.
The formula for working out the U-Value is -
The government recently set worse case values where walls must meet a U-Value of between 2 and 2.2. Insulation must be looked at as an investment and what we are mainly looking for is the best insulating material through the thinnest volume and this will gain the best U-Value. A basic rule of thumb is that 300-400mm of mineral fibre = a U-Value of 0 but right now we are only at 150mm of insulation because there are not larger studs available to house the greater amounts of insulation. 1 of the ways to improve the final U-Value is to improve the quality of the insulation used to either cellulose or mineral as it is less hydroscopic. Another way may be to use a 200mm stud opposed to a 145mm stud. Although this will make the house smaller, it is a compromise which must be made in order to gain a better U-Value. Another way may be to swap panel vent with 50mm of wood fibre as this acts as insulation and will remove thermal bridging. Again, a problem with this is that it is expensive and needs imported but will also act as insulation. This is what we must understand, that low U-Values can be achieved but it is a compromise which we have to make.
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U-Value and Heat Loss Calculations

The formula for U-Value is U = U-Value d = thickness of the material = thermal conductivity The way to calculate the U-Value is to find out d (thickness) and k (conductivity).
Next, you work out r by calculating 1/k e.g. 1/0.250 = 4.00.

Next, you work out R by calculating r x (d/1000) e.g. 4.00 x (12.5/1000) = 0.050. Carry this out for each material then calculate all of R to get the sum of resistance. Allowance for thermal bridging then must be found which is 15% of R e.g. 4.435/15 x 100 = 0.665. Next, the actual R can be found by the sum of R thermal bridging value gained before. Lastly, 1/R will give you the final UValue e.g. 1/3.769 = 0.27.
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Glossary and References

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References
Used for Definition Reference www.teachmefinance.com/Scientific-Terms/Mesoclimate.html, [accessed 28/11/2011] www.thefreedictionary.com/microclimate, [accessed 28/11/2011] http://maps.google.co.uk/, [accessed 10/11/2011] http://www4.rgu.ac.uk/graphics/studentservices-resize1.JPG [accessed 15/12/2011] http://edboyden.org/constants.html [accessed 28/11/2011] http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-sole-plate.htm[accessed 04/01/2012] http://www.homebuildingmanual.com/Glossary.htm [accessed 27/12/2011] http://www.greenspec.co.uk/ [accessed various dates] http://www.british-gypsum.com/pdf/SB07_Timber_stud_03.pdf [accessed 16/11/2011] http://www.ihsti.com.ezproxy.rgu.ac.uk/tempimg/28F9E31CIS888614800296845.pdf [accessed 14/11/2011] http://www.trada.co.uk/ [accessed various dates] Harris, C. (2007), Whole House Book, 2d ed., Centre for Alternative Technology Ching, F.K. (2008), Building Construction illustrated, Wiley Irvine, W.H. (2006), Surveying for Construction, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill Education Newlands B, (2011), Module Introduction, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887472, [accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011), The Art of Building, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887473,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011), Mesoclimate, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887477,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, Microclimate, (2011), http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887478,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Indoor Environment,
Definition Image Materials Glossary Definition Glossary Materials Glossary Materials Materials General research General research General research Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture
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notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes Lecture notes
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887484,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Material Characteristics, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887485,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Our Built Heritage, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887491,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Build Heritage Characteristics, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887492,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Introduction to Structure, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1909468,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Timber Construction, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887503,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Post and Beam 1, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887504,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Envelope, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887509,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Timber Frame 1, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887510,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Timber Frame 2, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887514,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Massive Timber, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887515,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Strawbale Construction, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887507,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Why Sustainability?, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1914278 Newlands B, (2011),Envelope Heat Loss, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887517,[accessed various dates] Newlands B, (2011),Exam Preperation, http://campusmoodle.rgu.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=1887518,[accessed various dates]
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Glossary
Cill Egress Beam resting on the ground into which all posts are mortised. Timber, brick or stone base of an opening. A means of exiting the home. An egress window is required in every bedroom and basement. Normally a 4' X 4' window is the minimum size required The strength of a material over time The deformation of structurally elastic bodies in response to aerodynamic The point where the roof meets Framed walls (generally over 10' tall) that run the entire vertical length from the floor sill plate to the roof. This is done to eliminate the need for a gable end truss. Narrow strips of wood used to cover joints or as decorative vertical members over plywood or wide boards Distance between one cross-frame (truss) and another. Horizontal timber A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight. A type of thatched house, usually made of turf, formerly found in the highlands and islands of Scotland Cladding which is taken 10mm further than the timber frame in order to protect the window. Diagonal timber between vertical & horizontal members of a frame. A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses. Generally comes in long rolls An overhang. Where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation wall. For example at a fireplace location or bay window cantilever. Normally, not extending over 2 feet. The amount of emissions produced by a person or project. Subsidiary member in a framed wall, spaced approx. the same as stud widths. Spaces between timbers are filled in e.g. rooms Transverse beam connecting the mid-points of the sloping rafters of a pitched roof. Where there is only horizontal insulation i.e. in the floor.
Durability Aero elastic Apex Balloon framed wall
Batten
Bay Beam Bearing Point Bearing Wall Black House Blink Brace Building paper
Cantilever
Carbon Footprint Close Studdings Closed Truss Colar Cold eave
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Composites Compression Conduction Conductivity Construction drywall
Contours Cripple Damp proofing Diagonal bracing Dormer
DPC (Damp proof course) DPM (Damp proof membrane) Drywall (or Gypsum Wallboard (GWB), Sheet rock or Plasterboard)
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal A mix of two materials to make a new one. Vertical forces acting against each other through a beam or a column. The direct transfer of heat energy through a material The rate at which heat is transmitted through a material A type of construction in which the interior wall finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in the form of sheet materials or wood paneling as contrasted to plaster The different lines of height of the land Short vertical "2 by 4's or 6's" frame lumber installed above a window or door. The black, tar like waterproofing material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall a member of a wooden case or crate placed at an angle to adjacent members to add strength An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings The product comes as a huge roll of tape and is a rubberised water proof layer which must be installed in all UK buildings. The same as a DPM Wall board or gypsum- A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size. The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in bathrooms and other "wet areas". The heating system. Usually round or rectangular metal pipes installed for distributing warm (or cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the home. Also a tunnel made of galvanized metal or rigid fiberglass, which carries air from the heater or ventilation opening to the rooms in a building. A horizontal timber (or steel) section used in the construction of a building. The horizontal exterior roof overhang. the energy consumed and also the resultant carbon emissions associated with the production / manufacture of all the materials used in the construction of a new building The amount of human and mechanical enrgy used to produce the product Horizontal boards attached to rafter/truss ends at the
Ducts
Dwang Eaves Embodied carbon
Embodied energy Fascia
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Fink Truss Flashing Floating Wall
Foundation Framing Members FSC (Forest Stewardship Certified) Gable Gusset Guttering Heartwood Hot eave Hybrid roof Hydroscopic
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal eaves and along gables. Roof drain gutters are attached to the fascia A symmetrical roof truss which can span long lengths Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to protect a building from water seepage A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull apart if the concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on basements and garage slabs. The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor construction, or below grade, including the footings. Individual parts of the frame e.g. cripples, studs, soleplate etc Sets forest management standards for the UK and provides an information service The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof. Used to increase the strength of a joint The system used to drain the waste rainfall away from the roof etc Wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay Where there is only horizontal and vertical insulation i.e. in the floor and in the roof. Ventilated warm roof. Most commonly used where there is a room in the roof e.g. loft conversion Moisture inside is gained and when dry outside the moisture escapes (in terms of Massive Timber Construction) The space into the window Any material high in resistance to heat transmission that, when placed in the walls, ceiling, or floors of a structure, and will reduce the rate of heat flow Horizontal, parallel timbers supporting floor boards and/or ceilings. Typically considered to be those which act parallel to the ground plane Addition at end/side of building under a lean-to roof A vertical member that supports the header in an opening of a bearing or supporting wall. The header or double header is a horizontal structural member that supports the load over a window or door opening Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder. Normally, any wall that has a double horizontal top plate To change in form
Ingo Insulation
Joists Lateral Force Lean-to Lintol
Load Bearing Wall
Metamorphic
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Modular Natural ventilation
Non-Bearing Wall Open Truss OSM
Packers Pad foundation Panel Panel-vent Passive house Permeability Post
Post and Beam
Purlin R Value
Rafter
Rail Reflective Breather Membrane Sarking Screed/Concrete Service Zone Sheathing/Sheeting
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Employing or involving a module or modules in design or construction (e.g. the tartan grid) Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space without using mechanical systems i.e. through windows A wall supporting no load other than its own weight Spaces between timbers are left open e.g. barns Off-site manufacture. Main objective is to encourage light weight timber frame and move away from heavy stone masonry They are used to hide fixings e.g. nails and screws Used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column Subdivision of a bay A 9.2mm thick external sheathing board A passive house is a low energy, efficient house originally introduced in Germany. A measure of the ease with which water penetrates a material A vertical framing member usually designed to carry a beam. Often a 4" x 4", a 6" x 6", or a metal pipe with a flat plate on top and bottom. A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and beams to support an entire structure. Contrasts with stud framing Longitudinal roof timber supporting rafters between apex and wall plate. A measure of insulation. A measure of a materials resistance to the passage of heat. The higher the R value, the more insulating "power" it has Lumber used to support the roof sheeting and roof loads. Generally, 2 X 10's and 2 X 12's are used. The rafters of a flat roof are sometimes called roof joists. Horizontal member of a wall frame or panel A shiny layer which achieves thermal advantage and reduces the need for more insulation To level off concrete to the correct elevation during a concrete pour A space where services .e.g plumbing, electricity, telephone cables etc are kept. The structural wood panel covering, usually OSB or plywood, used over studs, floor joists or rafters/trusses of a structure The bottom, horizontal framing member of a wall that's attached to the floor sheeting and vertical wall studs The area of ground that lies inside the walls or
Sole Plate Solum
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Stud Tension Thermal bridge (cold bridging)
Thermal conductivity (k) Tie-Beam Truss
Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal foundations of a building Subsidiary member of a framed wall or partition. The opposite of compression forces pulling against each other Where heat is transferred through one material to another causing heat loss e.g. from the inside of a building to the outside. Thermal bridging occurs when poor insulators e.g. glass and metal The property of a material's ability to conduct heat Beam connecting the two slopes of a roof across at its foot, usually at wall plate level. An engineered and manufactured roof support member with "zig-zag" framing members. Does the same job as a rafter but is designed to have a longer span than a rafter A building product installed on exterior walls and ceilings under the drywall and on the warm side of the insulation. It is used to retard the movement of water vapor into walls and prevent condensation within them. Normally, polyethylene plastic sheeting is used. This reduces the diffusion of moisture vapour into the insulation of a warm roof system. A timber which is laid along the top of a wall to receive the ends of rafters, tie beams and ceiling joists. Used to transfer the force of the wind through the structure
Vapour Barrier
VCL (Vapour Control Layer) Wall plate Wall Tie
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coursework

ANYTIME BEFORE FRIDAY JANUARY 9TH 2012

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

99 - 100 101 - 102 103 - 105 106 - 110

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Lecture 1 The Art of Building

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Tutorial 1 The Art of Observing

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 2. Comrie Medical Centre

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 4. Parish Church

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 5. Rennie Mackintosh Building

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 6. The Ross Bridge

7. The Ross House

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal 8. Monument Cottage

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Lecture 2 Meso-Climate and Micro-Climate

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Tutorial 2 Nesting Student Services Building

Student Services Building Sainsburys

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Tutorial 2 Nesting Bird Hide Site analysis

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Lecture 3 Interior Environment

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

New Material Characteristics

Wood Animal Products Plants Clay Stone

Lime Cement Concrete Hydraulic Cement Wrought Iron Steel

Strength/Durability Processing Method Appearance (colour, texture etc.) Weight

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Name Douglas Fir

Durability Moderately durable

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal

Name Sitka Spruce

Notes Uses - http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-5NLEJ6

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Oak (European)

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Scots Pine

Dimensions (mm) Weight 510 (kg / unit) Density 510 (kg/m3)

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Larch

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Plywood

0.1 15.00 1.07

0.05 11.00 0.72

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Plasterboard

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Iron

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 7870 (kg/m3)

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Stainless Steel

Dimensions Varies (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 7850 (kg/m3)

16.27 56.70 6.15

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Copper

Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg / unit) Density 8600 (kg/m3)

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Sheep Wool

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Glass Wool

Introduction to Building Technology AC1002 Journal Name Wood Fibre