Guide Du Soudage Des Aciers Inoxydables

Technical Handbook
Stainless Steel Welding

Welding consumables for joining and cladding stainless steels and nickel-base alloys
Rev.1/07 2011
STRENGTH THROUGH COOPERATION
Its all here

A complete range of welding and cutting equipment, filler materials and accessories for the stainless steel industry? Weve got it. The expertise and application experience to share with you? Absolutely. A worldwide network of sales offices and distributors to give you service and support wherever you are? Positive. Its all here to help you boost your welding productivity. All from a single dependable source. From ESAB. Visit us at www.esab.com
Contents
Overview stainless steel consumables Consumable selection by parent material Covered electrodes for MMA welding Solid wires for MIG/MAG welding Welding of exhaust systems. Wires for TIG Welding Orbital-TIG a great way to join pipes Tubular cored wires for MIG/MAG welding Construction of chemical tankers with cored wires Fluxes for submerged arc welding and cladding The stainless steel cladding process Facts about stainless steels Ferrite in weld metal Joining of dissimilar steels Storage and handling Global manufacturing page 4 8 10 42 50 51 57 58 66 67 75 76 82 86 90 91 DISCLAIMER
Whilst all reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this handbook at the time of going to press, ESAB gives no warranty with regard to its accuracy or completeness. It is the responsibility of the reader to check the accuracy of the information contained in this handbook, read product labels and equipment instructions and comply with current regulations. If the reader is in any doubt with regard to the proper use of any technology they should contact the manufacturer or obtain alternative expert advice. ESAB accepts no responsibility or liability for any injury, loss or damage incurred as a result of any use or reliance upon the information contained in this handbook.
Corrosion 81
Overview stainless steel consumables
Covered electrodes for MMA welding

Typical chemical composition (%) Classification Euronorm OK 61.20 OK 61.25 OK 61.30 OK 61.35 OK 61.35 Cryo OK 61.50 OK 61.80 OK 61.81 OK 61.85 OK 61.86 OK 62.53 OK 63.20 OK 63.30 OK 63.34 OK 63.35 OK 63.41 OK 63.80 OK 63.85 OK 64.30 OK 67.13 OK 67.15 OK 67.20 OK 67.43 OK 67.45 OK 67.50 OK 67.51 OK 67.52 OK 67.53 OK 67.55 OK 67.56 OK 67.60 OK 67.62 OK 67.70 OK 67.71 OK 67.75 OK 68.15 OK 68.17 OK 68.25 OK 68.37 OK 68.53 OK 68.55 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 NF A 81-383 EN 1600 EN 1600 E 19 12 3 L R 1 1 E 19 12 3 L R 1 2 E 19 12 3 L R 1 1 E 19 12 3 L B 2 2 E 19 12 3 L R 5 3 E 19 12 3 Nb R 3 2 E 19 12 3 Nb B 4 2 E 19 13 4 N L R 3 2 E 25 20 R 1 2 E 25 20 B 2 2 E 23 12 2 L R 1 1 E 18 8 Mn B 1 2 E 18 8 Mn B 4 2 E 22 9 3 N L R 3 2 E 22 9 3 N L R 5 3 E 18 8 Mn B 8 3 E 22 9 3 N L R 1 2 E 22 9 3 N L B 2 2 E Z 23 7 N L R E 23 12 L R 3 2 E Z 23 12 L R 7 3 E 23 12 2 L R 3 2 E 23 12 2 L R 5 3 E 23 12 L B 4 2 E 13 B 4 2 E 13 4 R 3 2 E 13 4 B 4 2 E Z 17.4.1.B 20 E 25 9 4 N L R 3 2 E 25 9 4 N L B 4 2 A5.4 A5.4 E2594-16 E2594-15 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 E309L-17 E309-26 E309L-17 E309LMo-26 E309L-15 E410-15 E410NiMo-16 E410NiMo-15 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 E316L-16 E316L-17 E316L-16 E316L-15 E316L-26 E318-17 E318-15 E317L-17 E310-16 E310-15 (E309LMo-16) (E307-16) (E307-15) E2209-17 E2209-26 (E307-25) (E2209-16) E2209-15 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 E 19 9 L R 1 1 E 19 9 H B 2 2 E 19 9 L R 1 2 E 19 9 L B 2 2 E 19 9 L B 2 2 E 19 9 H R 1 2 E 19 9 Nb R 1 2 E 19 9 Nb R 3 2 E 19 9 Nb B 2 2 E 19 9 Nb R 1 2 AWS/SFA A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 E308L-16 E308H-15 E308L-17 E308L-15 E308L-15 E308H-17 E347-17 E347-16 E347-15 E347-17 C 0.026 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.04 <0.03 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.12 0.10 0.02 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 Si 0.7 0.03 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.16 0.6 0.6 Mn 0.7 1.7 0.7 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.6 1.7 1.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.6 0.7 0.6 1.6 0.7 1.9 2.0 0.8 5.4 6.3 0.8 0.7 7.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.7 0.9 Cr 19.2 18.8 19.3 19.5 18.7 19.8 19.5 20.2 19.5 19.0 23.1 18.4 18.1 18.7 18.3 18.2 18.2 17.9 18.4 25.6 25.7 22.9 18.4 18.8 22.6 22.7 17.7 23.7 23.2 23.7 23.7 23.7 22.5 22.9 23.5 12.9 12.0 12.2 16.0 25.2 25.2 4.6 4.5 5.0 10.3 10.4 0.6 0.6 0.43 4.0 4.3 0.25 0.24 42 45 Ni 9.6 9.8 10.0 9.8 10.5 10.0 10.0 9.7 10.2 10.4 10.4 11.5 11.0 11.8 12.6 12.5 11.5 13.0 13.1 20.5 20.0 13.1 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.9 8.5 9.3 9.1 6.9 12.4 12.7 13.4 13.3 12.9 2.8 2.6 3.4 3.2 0.4 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 3.0 3.0 0.16 0.16 2.9 0.13 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 3.6 Mo N 0.10 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.08 Nb: 0.31 Nb: 0.55 Nb: 0.29 Nb: 0.72 Nb: 0.61 Nb: 0.50 others FN 5 4 4 6 3 4 7 5 5 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 7 4 8 0 0 15 0 <5 45 45 45 45 45 45 15 15 18 15 15
Classification Euronorm OK 68.81 OK 68.82 OK 69.25 OK 69.33 OK 310Mo-L OK 92.05 OK 92.15 OK 92.18 OK 92.26 OK 92.35 OK 92.45 OK 92.55 OK 92.58 OK 92.59 OK 92.60 OK 92.78 OK 92.86 OK 94.25 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN 1600 EN ISO 14 172 EN ISO 14 172 EN ISO 1071 EN ISO 14 172 EN 14 700 EN ISO 14 172 EN ISO 14 172 EN ISO 1071 EN ISO 14 172 EN ISO 1071 EN ISO 1071 EN ISO 14 172 DIN 1733 E 29 9 R 3 2 E 29 9 R 3 2 E 20 16 3 Mn N L B 4 2 E20 25 5 Cu N L R 3 2 E 25 22 2 N L R 1 2 E Ni 2061 (NiTi3) E Ni 6133 (NiCr16Fe12NbMo) E C Ni-CI 3 E Ni 6182 (NiCr15Fe6Mn) E Z Ni2 E Ni 6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) E Ni 6620 (NiCr14Mo7Fe) E C NiFe-CI-A 1 E Ni 6059 (NiCr23Mo16) E C NiFe-1 3 E C NiCu 1 E Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti) EL-CuSn7 A5.11 ENiCu7 AWS/SFA A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.4 A5.11 A5.11 A5.15 A5.11 A5.11 A5.11 A5.11 A5.15 A5.11 A5.15 E312-17 (E312-17) E316LMn-15 E385-16 (E310Mo-16) ENi-1 ENiCrFe-2 ENi-CI ENiCrFe-3 (ENiCrMo-5) ENiCrMo-3 ENiCrMo-6 ENiFe-CI-A ENiCrMo-13 ENiFe-CI
Typical chemical composition (%) C 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.038 0.04 0.03 1.0 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05 1.5 0.01 0.9 0.35 0.01 0.3 Si 0.7 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.45 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.5 Mn 0.9 0.6 6.5 1.0 4.4 0.4 2.7 0.8 6.6 0.9 0.2 3.0 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.9 2.1 0.35 22.0 53.0 65.0 66.0 15.8 15.5 21.7 12.9 16.1 Cr 28.9 29.1 19.0 20.5 24.2 Ni 10.2 9.9 16.0 25.5 21.7 96.0 69.0 94.0 66.9 57.5 63.0 69.4 51.0 61.0 15.2 16.4 9.3 6.2 1.9 3.0 4.8 2.4 0.15 0.08 0.14 Ti: 1.5, Al: 0.10, Fe: 0.4 Nb: 1.9, Fe: 7.7 Fe: 4 Nb: 1.7, Fe: 8.8 W: 3.5, Fe: 5.5 Nb: 3.3, Fe: 2.0 Nb: 1.3, W: 1.6, Fe: 5.0 Al: 1.4, Fe: 46 W: 0.25, Fe: 0.8 Fe: 44, Cu: 0.9, Al: 0.4 Cu: 32, Fe: 2.2 Cu: 29, Fe: 1.6, Ti: 0.2 Cu: 93, Sn: 6.5 Cu: 1.7 Mo N others FN 50 50 <0.5 0 0
Solid wires for MIG/MAG welding

Classification Euronorm OK Autrod 308H OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 309L OK Autrod 309Si OK Autrod 309LSi OK Autrod 309MoL OK Autrod 310 OK Autrod 312 OK Autrod 316L OK Autrod316LSi OK Autrod 317L OK Autrod 318Si OK Autrod 347Si OK Autrod 385 OK Autrod 409Nb OK Autrod 410NiMo OK Autrod 430LNb OK Autrod 430LNbTi OK Autrod 430Ti OK Autrod 16.95 OK Autrod 2209 OK Autrod 2307 OK Autrod 2509 OK Autrod 19.81 OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 19.83 OK Autrod 19.85 OK Autrod 19.92 OK Autrod 19.93 EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 G 13 4 G Z 17 L Nb G Z 18LNbTi G Z 17 Ti G 18 8 Mn G 22 9 3 N L G 23 7 NL G 25 9 4 N L G Ni6059 (NiCr23Mo16) G Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) A5.9: A5.14: A5.14: ER2594 ERNiCrMo-13 ER NiCrMo-3 ERNiCrMo-4 ERNiCr-3 ERNi-1 ERNiCu-7 A5.9: ER307LSi ER2209 EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A G 19 9 H G 19 9 L G 19 9 LSi G 23 12 L G 22 12 H G 23 12 LSi G 23 12 L G 25 20 G 29 9 G 19 12 3 L G 19 12 3 LSi G 18 15 3 L G 19 12 3 Nb G 19 9 Nb G 20 25 5 Cu L AWS/SFA A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: ER308H ER308L ER308LSi ER309L ER309Si ER309LSi (ER309MoL) ER310 ER312 ER316L ER316LSi ER317L ER318 ER347 ER385 ER409Nb Typical chemical composition (%) C 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.02 <0.03 0.08 0.04 0.01 <0.08 0.015 0.015 <0.025 0.09 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.01 <0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 Si 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.35 0.03 0.1 0.06 0.1 0.3 0.3 Mn 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 6.5 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.15 0.1 0.8 3.0 0.4 3.0 Cr 19.5 20.0 20.0 23.5 24.0 24.0 21.5 25.0 29.0 18.5 18.5 19.5 19.0 19.0 20.0 12.0 12.0 18.5 18.5 18.0 18.5 23.0 23 25.0 22.7 22.0 15.5 20.0 Ni 9.0 10.0 10.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 14.5 20.0 8.5 12.0 12.0 14.0 12.0 9.8 25.0 0.5 4.2 0.2 <0.3 0.3 8.5 9.0 7.0 9.8 bal bal >50 bal 93.0 64.0 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.7 0.1 4.7 0.4 0.5 0.06 <0.3 0.1 0.1 3.0 <0.5 4.0 15.4 9.0 16 <0.08 0.1 0.14 0.25 Al: 0.15 Nb+Ta: 3.65, Fe<2 W: 4.0, Co: <2.5, Fe: 6.0 Nb+Ta: 2.5, Ti<3 Ti: 3 Cu: 28, Ti: 2 45 40 40 <0.3 0.01 Nb>12xC Nb: Min 0.05+7x(C+N) Ti: 0.3 <0.08 <0.08 Nb: 0.7 Nb: 0.6 Cu: 1.4 Nb: >10xC 7 5-10 0 <0.08 <0.08 8 7 0.1 2.6 <0.09 8 8 0.05 0.1 0.1 <0.08 <0.08 <0.11 5-10 8 9 Mo N others FN
S Ni 6276 (NiCr15Mo16Fe6W4) A5.14: G Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) G Ni 2061 (NiTi3) G Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti) A5.14: A5.14 A5.14
Overview stainless steel consumables

Wires for TIG welding
OK Tigrod 308H 308L 308LSi 309L 309LSi 309MoL 310 312 316H 316L 316LSi 317L 318Si 347 347Si 385 410NiMo 430Ti 16.95 2209 2307 2509 19.81 19.82 19.85 19.92 19.93 Classification Euronorm EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 W 19 9 H W 19 9 L W 19 9 LSi W 23 12 L W 23 12 Lsi W 23 12 2 L W 25 20 W 29 9 W 19 12 3 H S 19 12 3 L S 19 12 3 LSi W 18 15 3 L W 19 12 3 NbSi W 19 9 Nb S 19 9 Nb W 20 25 5 Cu L W 13 4 W Z 17 Ti W 18 8 Mn W 22 9 3 N L W 23 7 NL W 25 9 4 N L S Ni6059 (NiCr23Mo16) S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) S Ni 2061 (NiTi3) S Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti) A5.9: ER2594 A5.9: (307LSi) ER2209 A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: ER347 ER347 ER385 Typical chemical composition (%) AWS/SFA A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: ER308H ER308L ER308LSi ER309L ER309LSi (ER309MoL) ER310 ER312 ER316H ER316L ER316LSi ER317L C 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.01 0.01 <0.03 0.04 <0.08 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.02 <0.02 0.002 0.02 <0.1 0.02 0.03 Si 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.35 0.03 0.1 <0.5 0.1 0.3 Mn 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.8 0.7 0.4 6.5 1.6 0.5 0.4 Cr 20 20.0 20.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 25.0 29.0 19.0 18.5 18.0 19.5 19.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 12.3 17.5 18.5 22.5 23 25.0 Ni 9.3 10.0 10.0 13.0 13.0 14.5 20.0 9.0 12.0 12.0 0.3 14.0 12.5 10.0 10.0 25.0 4.5 <0.4 8.5 8.5 7.0 9.8 bal bal >67 93.0 64.0 2.3 2.5 0.1 3.5 2.5 <0.3 0.1 4.5 0.5 <0.3 0.1 3.2 <0.5 4.0 15.4 9.0 <0.08 0.15 0.4 0.25 Al=0.15 Nb+Ta=3.65, Fe<2 Nb+Ta=2.5, Ti<3 Ti=3 Cu=28, Ti=2, Fe=2 40 <0.3 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 Nb=0.5 Nb=<1.0, Cu: <0.3 Nb=0.7 Cu=1.5 Tot<0.5 Ti=0.5 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 45 7 0 7 <0.08 <0.08 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.7 <0.08 <0.08 <0.11 <0.09 Mo N others Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 Cu: <0.3 Tot<0.5 Tot<0.5 8 7 9 8 9 9 8 FN
A5.14: ERNiCrMo-13 A5.14: ER NiCrMo-3 A5.14: ERNiCr-3 A5.14: ERNi-1 A5.14: ERNiCu-7
0.15 22.7 0.1 3.0 0.4 3.0 22.0 20.0
Tubular cored wires for MIG/MAG welding

Classification Euronorm Shield-Bright 308L X-tra Shield-Bright 309L X-tra EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A T 19 9 L R C 3 / T 19 9 L R M 3 T 23 12 L R C 3 / T 23 12 L R M 3 T 23 12 2 L R C 3 / T 23 12 2 L R M 3 T 19 12 3 L R C 3 / T 19 12 3 L R M 3 T 19 9 Nb R M 3 T 19 9 L P M 2 / T 19 9 L P C 2 T 23 12 L P C 2 / T 23 12 L P M 2 AWS/SFA A5.22: A5.22: A5.22: A5.22: A5.22: A5.22: A5.22: A5.22: EN ISO 17633-A T 19 12 3 L P M 2 / T 19 12 3 L P C 2 A5.22: A5.22: EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A T 23 7 N L P M21 2 T 22 9 3 N L P M 2 / T 22 9 3 N L P C 2 A5.22: E2209LT1-4 / E2209LT1-1 E308LT0-1 / E308LT-4 E309LT0-1 / E309LT0-4 E309LMoT0-1 / E309LMoT0-4 E316LT0-1 / E316LT0-4 E347T0-1 / E347T0-4 E308LT1-1 / E308LT1-4 E309LT1-1 / E309LT1-4 E309LMoT1-1 / E309LMoT1-4 E316LT1-1 / E316LT1-4 E347LT1-1 / E347LT1-4 Typical chemical composition (%) C 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A T 22 9 3 N L R C 3 / T 22 9 3 N L R M 3 A5.22: T 19 9 L M M 2 T 19 12 3 L M M 2 T 18 8 Mn M M 2 E2209T0-1 / E2209T0-4 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.10 Si 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 Mn 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.2 6.7 Cr 19.6 24.5 23.5 18.5 19.0 19.0 24.0 23.5 18.5 19.5 23.7 22.6 25.2 21,7 18.8 17.6 18.5 Ni 9.9 12.5 13.5 12.0 9.6 10.0 12.5 13.5 12.0 10.0 8.4 9.0 9.2 8,6 9.8 11.6 8.7 3.0 3.9 2.8 0.1 2.7 0.1 Mo 0.1 0.1 2.5 2.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.5 2.7 0.1 0.12 0.15 0.25 0.13 Nb:0.8 N others
Shield-Bright 309LMo X-tra EN ISO 17633-A Shield-Bright 316L X-tra Shield-Bright 347 X-tra Shield-Bright 308L Shield-Bright 309L Shield-Bright 309LMo Shield-Bright 316L Shield-Bright 347 Shield-Bright 2307 OK Tubrod 14.27 OK Tubrod 14.28 OK Tubrod 14.37 OK Tubrod 15.30 OK Tubrod 15.31 OK Tubrod 15.34 EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A EN ISO 17633-A
Wires for Submerged Arc Welding

Classification Euronorm OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308H OK Autrod 347 OK Autrod 316L OK Autrod 317L OK Autrod 316H OK Autrod 16.38 OK Autrod 318 OK Autrod 309L EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A S 19 9 L S 19 9 H S 19 9 Nb S 19 12 3 L S 18 15 3 L S 19 12 3 H S 20 16 3 Mn L S 19 12 3 Nb S 23 12 L S 23 12 L S 20 25 5 Cu L S 25 20 S 22 9 3 N L S 25 22 2 N L S 23 7 N L S 25 9 4 N L S 18 8 Mn S Ni6059 (NiCr23Mo16) S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) S Ni 6276 (NiCr15Mo16Fe6W4) S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) AWS/SFA Typical chemical composition (%) C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N others FN
A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.14: A5.14: A5.14: A5.14:
ER308L ER308H ER347 ER316L ER317L ER316H ER318 ER309L (ER309MoL) ER385 ER310 ER2209 (ER310MoL) (ER307) ERNiCrMo-13 ER NiCrMo-3 ER NiCrMo-4 ERNiCr-3
0.02 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05
0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.3
1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 6.9 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 4.5 1.3 0.4 6.5 0.2 0.2 0.8 3.0
20.0 21.0 19.3 18.5 19.0 19.3 19.9 18.5 23.4 21.4 20.0 25.9 23.0 25.0 23.0 25.0 18.5 23.0 22.0 15.5 20.0
10.0 10.0 10.0 12.2 13.5 12.5 16.5 11.5 13.4 15.0 25.0 20.8 8.6 21.9 7.0 9.5 8.2 Bal. Bal. Bal. Bal.
0.2 0.2 0.1 2.7 3.6 2.6 3.0 2.5 0.1 2.7 4.4 0.1 3.2 2.0 0.3 3.9 0.1 16.0 9.0 15.5 0.1
0.05 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.18 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.25 Cu: 0.2 Cu: 1.5 Nb: 0.8 Nb: 0.8
7 8 8
9 9 8
OK Autrod 309MoL EN ISO 14343-A OK Autrod 385 OK Autrod 310 OK Autrod 2209 EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A
45
OK Autrod 310MoL EN ISO 14343-A OK Autrod 2307 OK Autrod 2509 OK Autrod 16.97 OK Autrod 19.81 OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 19.83 OK Autrod 19.85 EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274
50 40
Al: 0.3, Fe: 1.0 Nb: 3.5, Fe 1.0 W: 4.0, Co: 2.0, Fe 5.0 Nb: 2.6, Fe 1.0
Strips for Submerged Arc Strip Cladding and Electroslag Strip Cladding
Classification Euronorm OK Band 308L OK Band 347 OK Band 316L OK Band 309L OK Band 309LNb OK Band 309L ESW OK Band 309LNb ESW OK Band 309LMo ESW OK Band 430 OK Band NiCr3 OK Band NiCrMo3 EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 14343-A EN ISO 18274 EN ISO 18274 B 19 9 L B 19 9 Nb B 23 12 L B 23 12 L B 23 12 L Nb B 21 11 L B 21 11 L Nb (B 23 13 3 L) B 17 S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) A5.14: A5.14: ERNiCr-3 ER NiCrMo-3 AWS/SFA A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: A5.9: EQ308L EQ347 EQ316L EQ309L Typical chemical composition (%) C 0.015 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.04 < 0.1 < 0.1 Si 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 Mn 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.7 3.0 0.3 Cr 20.0 19.5 18.5 23.5 24.0 21.0 21.0 20.5 17.0 20.0 22.0 67.0 58.0 9.0 Ni 10.5 10.0 13.0 13.5 12.5 11.5 11.0 13.5 2.9 2.9 Mo N 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 Nb: 2.5, Fe 3.0 Nb: 4.0, Fe 2.0 Nb: 0.6 Nb: 0.8 Nb: 0.5 others FN 12 11 8 13 22 11 15 13
Consumable selection by parent material
EN Standard Ferritic EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 Austentic EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1
Designation
No.
AISI (UNS)
X2CrNi12 X6Cr13 X6Cr17 X2CrMoTi18-2 -
1.4003 1.4000 1.4016 1.4521 1.4762
S41050 403 430 S44400 446
OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.35 OK 67.15
OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 308L, 308LSi, 430Ti, 430LNb, 430 OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 310
X2CrNi18-9 X10CrNi18-8 X2CrNiN18-10 X5CrNi18-10 X8CrNiS18-9 X6CrNiTi18-10 X6CrNiNb18-10 X3CrNiMo17-13-3 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 X2CrNiMo17-12-2 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 X2CrNiMoN17-13-3 X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 X6CrNiMoNb17-12-2 X12CrMnNiN17-7-5 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 X1CrNiMoN25-22-2 X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5 X2CrNiMo18-15-4 X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7 X1NiCrMoCu31-27-4 -
1.4307 1.4310 1.4311 1.4301 1.4305 1.4541 1.4550 1.4436 1.4401 1.4404 1.4435 1.4429 1.4571 1.4580 1.4372 1.4435 1.4466 1.4539 1.4438 1.4547 1.4563 1.4562
304L 301 304LN 304 303 321 347 316 316 316L 316L S31653 316Ti 316Nb 201 S31603 310MoLN N08904 S31703 S31254 N08028 S32654
OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK 61.20, OK 61.30, OK 61.34, OK 61.35, OK 61.35 Cryo OK 68.81 OK 61.80, OK 61.81, OK 61.85, OK 61.86 OK 61.80, OK 61.81, OK 61.85, OK 61.86 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK 63.20, OK 63.30, OK 63,34, OK 63.35, OK 63.41 OK 63.80, OK 63.85 OK 63.80, OK 63.85 OK 67.43, OK 67.45, OK 67.52 OK 69.25 OK 310Mo-L OK 69.33 OK 64.30 OK 92.45 OK 92.45 OK 92.59
OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 308L, OK Autrod 308LSi OK Autrod 312 OK Autrod 347Si OK Autrod 347Si OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSi OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSi OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSi OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSi OK Autrod 316L, OK Autrod 316LSi OK Autrod 318Si OK Autrod 318Si OK Autrod 16.95
OK Autrod 310 OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 19.81 OK Autrod 19.81
Heat resistant austenitic EN 10095 EN 10095 EN 10095 Austenitic-Ferritic EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 EN 10088-1 X2CrNiN23-4 X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 X2CrNiMoN25-7-4 X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 1.4162 1.4362 1.4462 1.4410 1.4501 S32101 S32304 S31803 S32750 S32760 OK 67.56 OK 67.56 OK 67.50, OK 67.53, OK 67.55 OK 68.53, OK 68.55 OK 68.53, OK 68.55 OK Autrod 2307 OK Autrod 2307 OK Autrod 2209 OK Autrod 2509 OK Autrod 2509 X15CrNi23-13 X8CrNi25-21 X9CrNiSiNCe21-11-2 1.4833 1.4845 1.4835 309S 310S24 S30815 OK 67.70, OK 67.75 OK 67.13, OK 67.15 OK 62.53 OK Autrod 309LSi, OK Autrod 309MoL OK Autrod 310
Tubular cored wires for MIG/MAG
Wires for SA welding
OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi LNbTi OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi, OK Tigrod 430Ti OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi OK Tigrod 310
Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30
OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 310
OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi OK Tigrod 308L, OK Tigrod 308LSi OK Tigrod 312 OK Tigrod 347Si OK Tigrod 347Si OK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi OK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi OK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi OK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi OK Tigrod 316L, OK Tigrod 316LSi OK Tigrod 318Si OK Tigrod 318Si OK Tigrod 16.95
Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30 Shield-Bright 308L, Shield-Bright 308L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.30
OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 308L OK Autrod 312
Shield-Bright 347, Shield-Bright 347 X-tra Shield-Bright 347, Shield-Bright 347 X-tra Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31 Shield-Bright 316L, Shield-Bright 316L X-tra, OK Tubrod 15.31
OK Autrod 347 OK Autrod 347 OK Autrod 316L OK Autrod 316L OK Autrod 316L OK Autrod 316L OK Autrod 316L OK Autrod 318 OK Autrod 318 OK Autrod 16.97
OK Tigrod 310 OK Tigrod 385, OK Tigrod 19.82 OK Tigrod 385, OK Tigrod 19.82 OK Tigrod 19.82 OK Tigrod 19.81 OK Tigrod 19.81 Shield-Bright 317L, Shield-Bright 317L X-tra
OK Autrod 310MoL OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 385, OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 19.82 OK Autrod 19.81 OK Autrod 19.81
OK Tigrod 309LSi, OK Tigrod 309MoL OK Tigrod 310
Shield-Bright 309L, Shield-Bright 309L X-tra
OK Autrod 309L OK Autrod 310
OK Tigrod 2307 OK Tigrod 2307 OK Tigrod 2209 OK Tigrod 2509 OK Tigrod 2509
Shield-Bright 2307 Shield-Bright 2307 OK Tubrod 14.27, OK Tubrod 14.37 OK Tubrod 14.28 OK Tubrod 14.28 OK Autrod 2307 OK Autrod 2209 OK Autrod 2509 OK Autrod 2509
Deoxidants These components in the coating are responsible for removing oxygen from the weld metal and are often added as ferro alloys such as ferro manganese and ferro silicon. Arc stabilisers Components in the coating that create ionisation in the arc, stabilising the arc. Electrode types Covered electrodes for stainless steel
Principle of manual metal arc werlding.
welding are catagorised according to their coating composition into rutile, basic and high deposition types. Many welders prefer rutile types. They are easier to use, due to a smooth and stable arc on both AC and DC, minimal spatter and a very fine spray metal transfer. Striking properties are very good and the bead appearance and slag removal are excellent. Basic types are usually used in more demanding applications e.g. high impact toughness at cryogenic temperatures and high restraint. The quick freezing weld metal offers exceptional good welding performance in all positions. Basic components in the coating provide a clean weld metal. Therefore, these types give the best protection against porosity and hot cracking. High deposition electrodes are those containing high amounts of iron powder in the coating and are used to obtain high productivity. Deposition rates increase with the amount of iron powder in the coating. High deposition types have a recovery exceeding 130%. The weld pools are larger and welding is conducted only in a down hand or flat position.
Over the last few decades a significant amount of applications that were traditionally welded with covered electrodes have been transferred to more productive methods such as submerged arc welding and flux cored arc welding. However, for applications where flexibility is essential, the covered electrode is often the best solution. The covered electrode consists of a core wire and a coating which in combination fulfil several functions: All weld metal The core wire provides the weld metal and the coating provides the weld with additional alloying elements or iron powder. Slag Several components in the coating help form and control the slag, which protects, shapes and supports the weld pool during welding. Gas shielding Components in the coating generate a gas shield which protects the weld deposit from the surrounding atmosphere.
10
Vertical down welding requires a specially coated electrode. A thin rutile coating provides excellent welding characteristics in vertical down welding of thin plate, with minimum distortion due to the high welding speed. Packaging VacPac All ESAB stainless and nickel-based covered electrodes are supplied in VacPac vacuum packaging. 2.5mm: packed in quarter packs containing about 0.7kg each. Each carton contains 6 packages.
3.2mm: packed in half packs containing about 2kg each. Each carton contains 3 packages 4.0mm: packed in half packs containing about 2kg each. Each carton contains 3 packages Plastic capsules The main stainless types are also supplied in plastic capsules. 2.5mm: packed in quarter packs containing about 0.7kg each. Each carton contains 9 packages. 3.2mm: packed in half packs containing about 2kg each. Each carton contains 6 packages
VacPac is available in various packaging sizes to suit fabricators individual consumption of MMA electrodes.
11
Classifications & approvals

OK 61.20 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 105-108% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 L R 1 1 AWS/SFA 5.4 E308L-16
Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

C 0.026 Si 0.7 Mn 0.7 Cr 19.2 Ni 9.6 Mo N 0.10 Other FN 5
Rutile coated electrode for welding 19Cr10Ni -type steels. Also suitable for welding stabilised steels of similar composition, except when the full creep resistance of the base material is to be met. The electrode is especially designed for welding thin walled pipes. Diameters 1.6 - 2.5mm can be used in all positions including vertical down.

OK 61.25 Type of coating Basic Recovery 104% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 H B 2 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E308H-15 Seproz

Basic coated stainless electrode of the 308H-type especially designed for high temperature applications.

OK 61.30 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 105% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 L R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E308L-17 CSA W48 E308L-17 ABS, CE, CWB, DB, DNV, Seproz, TV

Extra low carbon stainless steel electrode for welding steels of the 19 Cr 10 Ni-type. Also suitable for welding stabilised stainless steels of similar composition, except when the full creep resistance of the base material is to be met.

OK 61.35 Type of coating Basic Recovery 100% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 L B 2 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E308L-15 Seproz, TV

Basic stainless electrode of the 308L-type designed for positional welding such as piping. Suitable for applications where requirements concerning mechanical properties are demanding. Lateral expansion of min. 0.38 mm is met down to -120 C.
12
Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 430 Rm (MPa) 560 A4 (%) 45 CVN (oC/J) +20/70
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 1.6 x 300 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300
Current
(A) 23 - 40 25 - 60 28 - 85 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 85 75 - 110 80 - 160 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 430 Rm (MPa) 560 A5 (%) 43 CVN (oC/J) +20/70 -60/49
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 1.6 x 300 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 35 - 45 35 - 65 50 - 90 70 - 130 90 - 180 140 - 250 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
6 6 6 6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 460 Rm (MPa) 610 A4 (%) 40 CVN (oC/J) +20/100 -120/70 -196/40
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 85 80 - 120 80 - 180 160 - 210 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6
13

OK 61.35 Cryo Type of coating Basic Recovery 100% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 L B 2 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E308L-15 TV

A basic stainless stick electrode of the 308L-type especially designed for cryogenic applications. Provides a controlled low ferrite content to ensure lateral expansion of min. 0.38 mm at -196C.

OK 61.50 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 101% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 H R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E308H-17

C 0.05 Si 0.7 Mn 0.7 Cr 19.8 Ni 10 Mo N 0.10 Other FN 4
OK 61.50 is a stainless steel electrode for welding 19Cr 9 Ni austenitic stainless steels with a carbon content >0.04%. Especially designed for high temperature applications.

OK 61.80 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 103% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 Nb R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E347-17 CE, GL, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.7 Mn 0.6 Cr 19.5 Ni 10 Mo N 0.09 Nb 0.29 FN 7
OK 61.80 is a niobium-stabilised, stainless-steel, LMA electrode with a low carbon content for welding stainless types 321 and 347. It is resistant to intergranular corrosion up to 400C.

OK 61.81 Type of coating Rutile Recovery 104 - 106% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 Nb R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E347-16 CE, DNV

C 0.06 Si 0.7 Mn 1.7 Cr 20.2 Ni 9.7 Mo N 0.08 Nb 0.72 FN 5
Nb-stabilised MMA-electrode for welding Nb- or Ti-stabilised stainless steel of the 19Cr10Ni-type.
14

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 85 80 - 120 80 - 180 160 - 210 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 85 70 - 110 110 - 165 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 90 70 - 130 90 - 180 140 - 250 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 2
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 40 - 60 50 - 80 75 - 115 80 - 160 140 - 210 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
6 6 6 6 6
15

OK 61.85 Type of coating Basic Recovery 100 - 107% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 Nb B 2 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E347-15 Seproz, TV

C 0.04 Si 0.4 Mn 1.7 Cr 19.5 Ni 10.2 Mo N 0.07 Nb 0.61 FN 5
OK 61.85 is a basic coated, niobium stabilised electrode of the E347 type, specially designed for welding niobium or titanium stabilised steels. OK 61.85 has outstanding welding properties in the vertical and overhead positions, making it particularly suited for pipe welding.

OK 61.86 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 98 - 101% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 9 Nb R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E347-17 Seproz

C <0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 0.7 Cr 19.0 Ni 10.4 Mo N 0.09 Nb 0.50 FN 4
Low carbon, niobium stabilised stainless steel electrode for welding niobium or titanium stabilised steels of the 19Cr 10Ni-type. Specially designed for use in applications where heat treatment is required.

OK 62.53 Type of coating Rutile Recovery 100% Redrying 300C/2h Seproz

C 0.07 Si 1.6 Mn 0.6 Cr 23.1 Ni 10.4 Mo 0.12 N 0.16 Other FN 8
Rutile coated stainless electrode especially designed for heat resisting applications. The weld metal has a scaling temperature of about 1150 C. OK 62.53 is recommended for welding Avesta 253 MA, steels such as AISI 309 and W.Nr 1.4828.

OK 63.20 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 100% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 12 3 L R 1 1 AWS/SFA 5.4 E316L-16 CSA W48 E316L-16 CE, CWB, Seproz, TV

C 0.02 Si 0.7 Mn 0.7 Cr 18.4 Ni 11.5 Mo 2.8 N 0.11 Nb FN 4
Rutile coated electrode for welding 18Cr12Ni3Mo-type steels. Also suitable for welding stabilised steels of similar composition. The electrode is especially designed for welding thin walled pipes. Diameters 1.6-2.5mm. can be used in all positions including vertical down.
16

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 500 6000C/16h: 500 Rm (MPa) 620 640 A5 (%) 40 40 CVN (oC/J) +20/100 -60/70 +20/80 -60/40
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 85 75 - 110 80 - 150 150 - 200 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 60 - 90 70 - 120 120 - 170 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 90 70 - 110 85 - 150 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 1.6 x 300 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350
Current
(A) 15 - 40 18 - 60 25 - 80 55 - 110 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 6 4 6
17

OK 63.30 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 102% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 12 3 L R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E316L-17 CSA W48 E316L-17 ABS, BV, CE, CWB, DB, DNV, GL, LR, Seproz, TV

Extra low carbon stainless steel electrode for welding steels of the 18Cr 12Ni 2.8Mo-type. Also suitable for welding of stabilised stainless steels of similar composition, exept when the full creep resistance of the base metal is to be met. Classifications & approvals
OK 63.34 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 100% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 12 3 L R 1 1 AWS/SFA 5.4 E316L-16 CSA W48 E316L-16 CWB, Seproz, TV

OK 63.34 is a stainless electrode of the 19Cr12Ni2.8Mo type, designed for the vertical-down welding of steels of similar composition. OK 63.34 produces beads with a very good finish and a smooth transition to the joint edges. The slag volume is fairly small and is easy to manipulate and easy to remove. Classifications & approvals
OK 63.35 Type of coating Basic Recovery 105% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600 E 19 12 3 L B 2 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E316L-15 CSA W48 E316L-15 ABS, CWB, Seproz, TV

OK 63.35 is a low carbon stainless steel electrode of the 18Cr12Ni3Mo type, with basic coating. It is suitable for applications with high mechanical requirements. It provides good impact toughness levels. A minimum lateral expansion of 0.38mm is met down to -120C. The same requirement is obtained at -196C when the ferrite content is at the low end of the specification i.e. FN 3 - 4.

OK 63.41 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 150% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600 E 19 12 3 L R 5 3 AWS/SFA 5.4 E316L-26 CE, DNV, LR, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 0.7 Cr 18.2 Ni 12.5 Mo 2.8 N 0.09 FN 4
High-efficiency low carbon stainless steel electrode for welding steels of the type 18 Cr 12 Ni 2-3 Mo.
18

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 1.6 x 300 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 30 - 45 45 - 65 45 - 90 60 - 125 70 - 190 100 - 280 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
6 6 6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350
Current
(A) 70 - 90 80 - 130 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 430 Rm (MPa) 560 A4 (%) 40 CVN (oC/J) +20/95 -60/75 -120/60 -196/35
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 85 80 - 120 80 180 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 450 5.0 x 450
Current
(A) 60 - 90 80 - 130 110 - 180 170 - 240 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 2 3 2 3 2
19

OK 63.80 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 110% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 19 12 3 Nb R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E318-17 CE, Seproz, TV

C 0.02 Si 0.8 Mn 0.6 Cr 18.2 Ni 11.5 Mo 2.9 N 0.08 Nb 0.31 FN 7
Acid rutile covered MMA-electrode for welding Nb or Ti stabilised steels of the CrNiMo 18-12-3 type.

OK 63.85 Type of coating Basic Recovery 115% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600 E 19 12 3 Nb B 4 2 AWS/SFA 5.4 E318-15 Seproz, TV

C 0.04 Si 0.5 Mn 1.6 Cr 17.9 Ni 13.0 Mo 2.7 N 0.06 Nb 0.55 FN 4
Basic MMA-electrode for welding Nb-stabilised stainless steels of 18Cr 12Ni 3Mo-type.

OK 64.30 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 103 - 110% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 19 13 4 N L R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E317L-17 Seproz, TV

C 0.02 Si 0.7 Mn 0.7 Cr 18.4 Ni 13.1 Mo 3.6 N 0.08 FN 8
OK 64.30 is an acid-rutile electrode for welding 19Cr 13Ni 3.5Mo (317L) austenitic stainless steels. The high Mo content provides better resistance to acid and pitting corrosion compared with 316L types. OK 64.30 is easy to weld in all positions and gives smooth runs on both AC and DC

OK 67.13 Type of coating Basic Rutile Recovery 95 - 100% Redrying 250C/2h EN 1600: E 25 20 R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E310-16

C 0.12 Si 0.5 Mn 1.9 Cr 25.6 Ni 20.5 Mo N FN 0
OK 67.13 is an austenitic, stainless-steel electrode for welding 25Cr20Ni steels. The weld metal resists scaling up to a temperature of 1100-1150C and does not contain any measureable ferrite. OK 67.13 can also be used for welding certain air-hardening steels such as armour plate and for welding stainless to unalloyed steel.
20

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 45 - 65 60 - 90 80 - 120 120 - 170 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 65 - 120 75 - 160 145 - 210 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 60 - 120 80 - 170 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 85 65 - 120 70 - 160 150 - 220 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6
21

OK 67.15 Type of coating Basic Recovery 100 - 105% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600: E 25 20 B 2 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E310-15 CE, DB, Seproz, TV

C 0.10 Si 0.4 Mn 2.0 Cr 25.7 Ni 20.0 Mo N FN 0
Basic coated MMA-electrode for welding 25Cr 20Ni-steels. Also suitable for welding armour steels, austenitic manganese steels and for joining dissimilar steels.

OK 67.20 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 105% Redrying 250C/2h EN 1600: E 23 12 2 L R 1 1 AWS/SFA 5.4: (E309LMo-16)

C 0.02 Si 1.1 Mn 0.8 Cr 22.9 Ni 13.1 Mo 2.9 N 0.13 FN 15
OK 67.20 is a thin-coated, acid rutile electrode of 23Cr13Ni3Mo type. It has been designed for positional welding, including vertical down. Weld metal crack resistance is very high. Commonly used for dissimilar welds between stainless and mild or low alloy steel.

OK 67.43 Type of coating Rutile Basic Recovery 95 - 100% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 18 8 Mn B 1 2 EN 14 700: EFe10 AWS/SFA 5.4: (E307-16) CE, DB, Seproz, TV

C 0.08 Si 0.8 Mn 5.4 Cr 18.4 Ni 9.1 Mo N FN 0
Austenitic stainless steel MMA-electrode giving a weld metal of the CrNiMn-type. The weld metal, which contains a small amount of uniformly distributed ferrite, is tough and has an excellent crack resistance. Suitable for joining 13%Mn type steels to other steels. Also suitable for welding other steels with very poor weldability.

OK 67.45 Type of coating Lime Basic Recovery 100% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600: E 18 8 Mn B 4 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: (E307-15) ABS, Seproz, TV

C 0.09 Si 0.3 Mn 6.3 Cr 18.8 Ni 9.1 Mo N FN <5
Austenitic stainless steel electrode producing a weld metal with less than 5% ferrite. The tough weld metal has excellent crack resistance, even when welding steels with very poor weldability. Suitable for joining 12-14% Mn type steels to itself or other steels. Also suitable for depositing buffer layers before hardfacing.
22

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 45 - 55 50 - 85 60 - 115 70 - 160 130 - 200 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 75 - 110 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 450
Current
(A) 60 - 80 90 - 115 100 - 150 130 - 210 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 3
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 450
Current
(A) 50 - 80 70 - 100 80 - 140 150 - 200 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6
23

OK 67.50 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 103 - 108% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E2209-17 CSA W48:E2209-17 ABS, BV, CE, CWB, DNV, GL, Seproz, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 0.8 Cr 22.6 Ni 9.0 Mo 3.0 N 0.16 FN 45
Acid rutile coated MMA electrode for welding of austenitic-ferritic stainless steels of CrNiMoN 22 5 3 and CrNiN 23 4-types.

OK 67.51 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 142% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L R 5 3 AWS/SFA 5.4: E2209-26 DNV

C 0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 0.7 Cr 22.7 Ni 8.9 Mo 3.0 N 0.16 FN 45
High recovery stainless electrode for welding ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels, e.g. UNS S31803 or similar. Also excellent for joining duplex to CMn steels.

OK 67.52 Type of coating Zirconium Basic Recovery 170 - 190% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 18 8 Mn B 8 3 AWS/SFA 5.4: (E307-25) EN 14 700: E Fe10 Seproz

C 0.09 Si 0.9 Mn 7.0 Cr 17.7 Ni 8.5 Mo N FN <3
Synthetic high efficiency stainless steel electrode of the 18Cr8Ni6Mn-type for repair welding and joining 13% Mn-steel, welding steels of reduced weldability, cladding carbon steels etc.

OK 67.53 Type of coating Rutile Recovery 97 - 105% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: (E2209-16) DNV, TV

C 0.03 Si 1.0 Mn 0.7 Cr 23.7 Ni 9.3 Mo 3.4 N 0.16 FN 40
OK 67.53 is a rutile coated electrode designed for welding ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel pipes, e g UNS 31803 and 1.4462. The electrode has a thin coating which is ideal for root runs and positional welding.
24

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 30 - 65 50 - 90 80 - 120 90 - 160 150 - 220 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350
Current
(A) 60 - 100 80 - 130 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 350 3.2 x 450 4.0 x 450 5.0 x 450
Current
(A) 90 - 115 120 - 165 150 - 240 200 - 340 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 1

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350
Current
(A) 25 - 60 30 - 80 70 - 110 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
25

OK 67.55 Type of coating Basic Recovery 102 - 106% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600: E 22 9 3 N L B 2 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E2209-15 DNV, Seproz, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.7 Mn 1.0 Cr 23.2 Ni 9.1 Mo 3.2 N 0.15 FN 45
OK 67.55 is a basic coated electrode specially designed for the welding of duplex stainless steel, e.g. UNS S31803. The deposited weld metal gives very high ductility down to -50C/-60C. Particularly suitable for welding duplex pipes in offshore applications.

OK 67.56 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 113 - 117% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600:E Z 23 7 N L R CE

C 0.03 Si 0.9 Mn 0.7 Cr 23.7 Ni 6.9 Mo 0.4 N 0.15 FN 45
Acid rutile coated MMA electrode for welding lean ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels. This electrode provides excellent mechanical properties combined with medium corrosion resistance. It is suited for welding the majority of lean duplex stainless steel types, such as S32001 (1.4482), S82011, S32101 (1.4162), S32202 (1.4062), S32304 (1.4362). It can also be used to weld grade S32003, if slightly undermatching corrosion resistance is accepted. It is less suited for 1.4655 type material where Cu alloying is required. Typical applications are desalination plants, pipes, storage tanks, flood gates, foot bridges and containers.

OK 67.60 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 115% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 23 12 L R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E309L-17 CSA W48: E309L-17 CE, CWB, Seproz, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 0.9 Cr 23.7 Ni 12.4 Mo N 0.09 FN 15
Acid-rutile coated MMA electrode giving an over-alloyed weld metal. Suitable for welding stainless steel to mild and low alloyed steels. Also suitable for welding transition layers when surfacing mild steel with stainless steel weld metal.

OK 67.62 Type of coating Rutile Recovery 170 - 175% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E Z 23 12 L R 7 3 AWS/SFA 5.4: E309-26 BV, DNV, GL, LR, Seproz, TV

C 0.04 Si 0.8 Mn 0.6 Cr 23.7 Ni 12.7 Mo N 0.09 FN 15
OK 67.62 is a synthetic, stainless, high recovery electrode of the 24Cr12Ni type for welding stainless steel to unalloyed steel. The composition is balanced to produce good crack resistance when welding stainless steel to mild steel. The bead appearance is outstanding in both butt welds and fillet welds.
26

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 60 - 100 80 - 140 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 60 - 120 100 - 170 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 3
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 45 - 65 45 - 90 65 - 120 85 - 180 110 - 250 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
6 6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 3.2 x 450 4.0 x 450 5.0 x 450
Current
(A) 110 - 165 150 - 230 200 - 310 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
27

OK 67.70 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 106 - 110% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 23 12 2 L R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E309LMo-17 CSA W48: E309LMo-17 ABS, BV, CE, CWB, DNV, LR, RINA, Seproz, TV

C 0.02 Si 0.8 Mn 0.6 Cr 22.5 Ni 13.4 Mo 2.8 N 0.08 FN 18
Acid rutile MMA electrode giving an over-alloyed weld metal. Suitable for welding acid resistant stainless steels to mild and low-alloyed steels. Also suitable for welding buffer layers when surfacing mild steel with acid resistant stainless steel weld metal.

OK 67.71 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 150% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 23 12 2 L R 5 3 AWS/SFA 5.4: E309LMo-26 DNV, TV

C 0.04 Si 0.9 Mn 0.9 Cr 22.9 Ni 13.3 Mo 2.6 N 0.08 FN 15
OK 67.71 is an over-alloyed, high recovery electrode for welding transition layers when surfacing mild steel with stainless and joining stainless steel to other types of steel. The ferritic-austenitic weld metal is very crack resistant.

OK 67.75 Type of coating Basic Recovery 120% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600: E 23 12 L B 4 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E309L-15 ABS, DNV, LR, Seproz, TV

C 0.04 Si 0.3 Mn 0.2 Cr 23.5 Ni 12.9 Mo N 0.06 FN 15
OK 67.75 is a basic coated, stainless electrode for welding steels of the 24Cr13Ni type, for welding buffer layers when surfacing mild steel with stainless, for joining dissimilar steels and welding root runs in the stainless side of clad steels.

OK 68.15 Type of coating Lime Basic Recovery 108-118% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600: E 13 B 4 2 EN14 700: E Fe7 AWS/SFA 5.4: E410-15 Seproz

C 0.04 Si 0.4 Mn 0.3 Cr 12.9 Ni Mo N FN
OK 68.15 is a stainless steel electrode which deposits a ferritic 13Cr weld metal. OK 68.15 is designed for welding steels of similar composition, when CrNi-alloyed austenitic stainless steel electrodes cannot be used, e.g. when exposed to aggressive sulphuric gases. Depending on the welding parameters, the structure and consequently the mechanical properties of untreated weld metal can vary within relatively large limits.
28

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 40 - 60 50 - 90 60 - 120 85 - 180 110 - 250 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
6 6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 450 5.0 x 450
Current
(A) 60 - 130 110 - 170 170 - 230 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V
Welding positions
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 80 - 110 80 - 150 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 370 (PWHT: 750C/1h) Rm (MPa) 520 A4 (%) 25 CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 350 3.2 x 450 4.0 x 450
Current
(A) 65 - 115 90 - 160 120 - 220 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2
29

OK 68.17 Type of coating Rutile Basic Recovery 115 -118% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 13 4 R 3 2 EN 14 700: E Fe7 AWS/SFA 5.4: E410NiMo-16 Seproz

C 0.02 Si 0.4 Mn 0.6 Cr 12.0 Ni 4.6 Mo 0.6 N FN
A rutile-basic electrode for welding martensitic 13Cr4Ni-Mo type steels

OK 68.25 Type of coating Basic Recovery 117 -121% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 13 4 B 4 2 EN 14 700: E Fe7 AWS/SFA 5.4: E410NiMo-15 Seproz

C 0.04 Si 0.4 Mn 0.6 Cr 12.2 Ni 4.5 Mo 0.6 N FN
Basic coated electrode for welding corrrosion resistant martensitic and martensitic-ferritic rolled, forged and cast steels, for example castings of 13Cr4NiMo-type.

OK 68.37 Type of coating Basic Recovery 120% Redrying 250C/2h NF A 81-383: E Z 17.4.1.B 20

C 0.05 Si 0.16 Mn 1.1 Cr 16.0 Ni 5.0 Mo 0.43 N FN
Basic coated electrode for joining and repairing of corrosion resistant martensitic rolled, forged and cast steels, for example hydro turbine runners of the 17Cr4Ni type.

OK 68.53 Type of coating Basic Rutile Recovery 106% Redrying 250C/2h EN 1600: E 25 9 4 N L R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E2594-16 DNV, Seproz, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.6 Mn 0.7 Cr 25.2 Ni 10.3 Mo 4.0 N 0.25 FN 42
OK 68.53 is a coated electrode for welding austenitic-ferritic steels of super duplex types, e.g. SAF 2507 and Zeron 100. It has good welding characteristics in all positions and the slag is easily detachable.
30

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 650 (PWHT: 600C/2h + 600C/8h) Rm (MPa) 870 A5 (%) 17 CVN (oC/J) +20/45 -10/45 -40/40
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 350 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 450
Current
(A) 55 - 100 65 - 135 90 - 190 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 680 (PWHT: 600C/8h) Rm (MPa) 900 A5 (%) 17 CVN (oC/J) +20/65 0/60 -20/55
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 3.2 x 450 4.0 x 450 5.0 x 450
Current
(A) 90 - 150 110 - 190 140 - 250 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 710 (PWHT: 600C/3h) Rm (MPa) 950 A5 (%) 14 CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 350 3.2 x 450 4.0 x 450
Current
(A) 55 - 80 100 - 120 135 - 170 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 700 Rm (MPa) 850 A5 (%) 30 CVN (oC/J) -40/40
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 85 70 - 110 80 - 150 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6
31

OK 68.55 Type of coating Basic Recovery 107 - 109% Redrying 250C/2h EN 1600: E 25 9 4 N L B 4 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E2594-15 DNV

C 0.04 Si 0.6 Mn 0.9 Cr 25.2 Ni 10.4 Mo 4.3 N 0.24 FN 45
OK 68.55 is a basic coated electrode for welding austenitc-ferritic steels of the super duplex type, e. g. SAF 2507 and Zeron 100. OK 68.55 deposits a weld metal with high ductility.

OK 68.81 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 125% Redrying 350C/2h EN 1600: E 29 9 R 3 2 EN 14 700: E Fe11 AWS/SFA 5.4: E312-17 Seproz

C 0.13 Si 0.7 Mn 0.9 Cr 28.9 Ni 10.2 Mo N FN 50
High recovery, high alloy stainless electrode of unusual versatility, giving a ferritic-austenitic duplex weld metal with an approximate ferrite content of FN 50. The weld metal is resistant to stress corrosion attack and highly insensitive to dilution from the parent metal. Good scaling resistance up to 1150 C. Typical applications: joining of HWT steels, dissimilar steels, surfacing rails, rolls, alforging dies, hot work tools, dies for plastics etc.

OK 68.82 Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 105% Redrying 300C/2h EN 1600: E 29 9 R 3 2 EN 14 700: E Fe11 AWS/SFA 5.4: (E312-17) Seproz

C 0.13 Si 1.1 Mn 0.6 Cr 29.1 Ni 9.9 Mo N FN 50
High alloy stainless electrode of unusual versatility, giving a ferritic-austenitic duplex weld metal with an approximate ferrite content of FN 50. The weld metal is resistant to stress, corrosion attack and highly insensitive to dilution from the parent metal. Good scaling resistance up to 1150 C. Applications: joining of HWT steels, dissimilar steels, welding steels of poor weldability eg spring steels, surfacing rails, rolls forging die hot work tools, die for plastics, etc.

OK 69.25 Type of coating Basic Recovery 115 - 117% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600: E 20 16 3 Mn N L B 4 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E316LMn-15

C 0.04 Si 0.5 Mn 6.5 Cr 19.0 Ni 16.0 Mo 3.0 N 0.15 FN < 0.5
Basic coated stainless electrode for welding corrosion resistant, non-magnetic and cryogenic stainless steels. The electrode gives a fully austenitic Cr-Ni-Mo weld metal with increased Mn- and N-content.
32

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 60 - 100 100 - 140 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 40 - 60 50 - 85 60 - 125 80 - 175 150 - 240 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 60V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.0 x 300 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 40 - 60 50 - 85 55 - 120 75 - 170 140 - 230 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 70 - 100 100 - 140 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6
33

OK 69.33 Type of coating Basic-Rutile Recovery 110 - 120% Redrying 250C/2h EN 1600: E 20 25 5 Cu N L R 3 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: E385-16

C 0.03 Si 0.5 Mn 1.0 Cr 20.5 Ni 25.5 Mo 4.8 N 0.08 Cu 1.7 FN 0
OK 69.33 is a stainless steel electrode which deposits a fully austenitic weld metal with increased resistance to sulphuric acid. The weld metal of OK 69.33 also has good resistance to intergranular and pitting corrosion.

OK 310Mo-L Type of coating Acid Rutile Recovery 100% Redrying 200C/2h EN 1600: E 25 22 2 N L R 1 2 AWS/SFA 5.4: (E310Mo-16)

C 0.038 Si 0.4 Mn 4.4 Cr 24.2 Ni 21.7 Mo 2.4 N 0.14 FN 0
Rutile-basic electrode for the joining and cladding of steel containing 25% Cr 22% Ni 2% Mo N. The weld metal has an excellent resistance to very agressive corrosive media, such as in urea plants. The fully austenitic weld metal is insensitive to hot cracking. OK 310Mo-L is approved for the construction and repair of urea plants using the stamicarbon process. The electrode is regularly used for routine repair works on AISI 316L in urea plants to gain superior resistance to corrosive attack.

OK 92.05 Type of coating Lime Basic Recovery 90% Redrying 250C/2h EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 2061 (NiTi3) AWS/SFA 5.11: ENi-1

C 0.04 Si 0.7 Mn 0.4 Cr Ni 96 Ti 1.5 Al 0.10 Fe 0.4
A stick electrode for joining commercially pure nickel in wrought and cast forms. Also for joining dissimilar metals such as nickel to steel, nickel to copper and copper to steel. The electrode can also be used for surfacing steel.

OK 92.15 Type of coating Basic Recovery 110% Redrying 250C/2h EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6133 (NiCr16Fe12NbMo) AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrFe-2 ABS, Seproz

C 0.03 Si 0.45 Mn 2.7 Cr 16.1 Ni 69 Mo 1.9 Nb 1.9 Fe 7.7
Nickel based electrode for welding Inconel 600 and similar alloys, cryogenic steels (e.g. 9% and 5% Ni steel), martensitic to austenitic steels, dissimilar steels, heat resisting steel castings of limited weldability etc. Good weldability in all positions, including overhead.
34

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 60 - 85 85 - 130 95 - 180 160 - 240 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 65V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 2

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 300 4.0 x 300
Current
(A) 55 - 70 70 - 100 100-140 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 330 Rm (MPa) 470 A5 (%) 30 CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350
Current
(A) 70 - 95 90 - 135 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 80 70 - 105 95 - 140 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6
35

OK 92.18 Type of coating Basic Special Recovery 105 - 107% Redrying 200C/2h EN ISO 1071: E C Ni-CI 3 AWS/SFA 5.15: ENi-CI Seproz

C 1.0 Si 0.6 Mn 0.8 Ni 94 Fe 4
A nickel-cored electrode for joining normal grades of cast iron, such as grey, ductile and malleable irons. It is also suitable for the rectification and repair of these grades and for joining them to steel. Deposition is done on cold or slightly preheated cast iron. Weld metal is well machinable.

OK 92.26 Type of coating Basic Recovery 110% Redrying 200C/2h EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6182 (NiCr15Fe6Mn) AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrFe-3 ABS, Seproz

C 0.03 Si 0.5 Mn 6.6 Cr 15.8 Ni 66.9 Nb 1.7 Fe 8.8
Basic nickel-based electrode for welding Inconel 600 and similar Inconel alloys, cryogenic steels, martensitic to austenitic steels, dissimilar steels, heat resisting steel castings of limited weldability.

OK 92.35 Type of coating Rutile basic Recovery 185-190% Redrying 350C/2h EN 14 700: E Z Ni2 AWS/SFA 5.11: (ENiCrMo-5)

C 0.05 Si 0.5 Mn 0.9 Cr 15.5 Ni 57.5 Mo 16.4 W 3.5 Fe 5.5
Nickel-based electrode for welding Inconel 600 and similar Inconel alloys, cryogenic steels, martensitic to austenitic steels, dissimilar steels, heat resisting steel castings of limited weldability.

OK 92.45 Type of coating Basic Recovery 94 - 105% Redrying 200C/2h EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6625 (NiCr22 Mo9Nb AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrMo-3 Seproz, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.4 Mn 0.2 Cr 21.7 Ni 63 Mo 9.3 Nb 3.3 Fe 2.0
OK 92.45 is a NiCrMoNb-based electrode for welding nickel alloys of the same or similar type, like Inconel 625, and for welding 5Ni and 9Ni steel. OK 92.45 is also suitable for welding UNS S31254 steel.
36

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) 300 A4 (%) CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 110 80 - 140 100 - 190 AC/DC+/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 70 65 - 105 75 - 150 120 - 170 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 3
6 6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 515 Rm (MPa) 750 A5 (%) 17 CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 65 - 110 110 - 150 160 - 200 190 - 250 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 350 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55-75 65-100 80-140 120-170 DC+
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
6 6 6
37

OK 92.55 Type of coating Basic Recovery 136% Redrying 300C/1-2h EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6620 (NiCr14Mo7Fe) AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrMo-6 ABS, BV, DNV

C 0.05 Si 0.3 Mn 3.0 Cr 12.9 Ni 69.4 Mo 6.2 W 1.6 Nb 1.3 Fe 5.0
OK 92.55 is an all-positional, basic coated electrode which deposits a NiCr-based alloy with additions of Mo, W and Nb. The electrode is specifically designed for welding 9%Ni steels for cryogenic applications down to -196C.

OK 92.58 Type of coating Basic Special Recovery 105% Redrying 200C/2h EN ISO 1071: E C NiFe-CI-A 1 AWS/SFA 5.15: ENiFe-CI-A Seproz

C 1.5 Si 0.7 Mn 0.8 Ni 51 Al 1.4 Fe 46
A nickel-iron cored electrode for joining normal grades of cast iron, such as grey, ductile and malleable irons. It is also suitable for the rectification and repair of these grades and for joining them to steel. Deposition is done on cold or slightly preheated cast iron. Weld metal is well machinable. The electrode produces a weld metal stronger and more resistant to solidification cracking than that of the nickel electrode type, also used for welding of cast iron. Because of this, it is specially used for high duty welds in ductile irons and for welding grey irons with increased contents of sulphur and phosphorous.

OK 92.59 Type of coating Basic Recovery 100% Redrying 200C/2h EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 6059 (NiCr23Mo16) AWS/SFA 5.11: ENiCrMo-13

C 0.01 Si 0.2 Mn 0.2 Cr 22 Ni 61 Mo 15.2 W 0.25 Fe 0.8
OK 92.59 is designed for welding of Alloy 59, C-276 and 625 Ni-base materials. Also for welding superaustenitic steels type AISI/ASTM S31254 and S32654.

OK 92.60 Type of coating Basic Special Recovery 110% Redrying 200C/2h EN ISO 1071: E C NiFe-1 3 AWS/SFA 5.15: ENiFe-CI Seproz

C 0.9 Si 0.5 Mn 0.6 Ni 53 Fe 4.4 Cu 0.9 Al 0.4
A nickel-iron electrode for welding normal grades of cast iron and for joining these to steel. A special iron jacketed Ni-core wire gives the electrode a good current carrying capacity. The weld metal is stronger and more resistant to solidification cracking than pure nickel electrode types.
38

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) >690 A4 (%) >35 CVN (oC/J) -196/>70
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 350 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 65-115 70-150 120-200 150-240 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 55V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 3 4 3 3
6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) 375 A4 (%) CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 55 - 75 70 - 100 85 - 160 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 50V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 430 Rm (MPa) 770 A5 (%) 40 CVN (oC/J) -60/70 -196/60
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 70 60 - 90 80 -120 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
6 6 6

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 380 Rm (MPa) 560 A5 (%) >15 CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350 5.0 x 350
Current
(A) 60 - 100 80 - 150 100 -200 150 - 250 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 45V
Welding positions
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 3 3
39

OK 92.78 Type of coating Basic Special Recovery 95% Redrying 80C/2h EN ISO 1071: E C NiCu 1

C 0.35 Mn 0.9 Ni 65 Cu 32 Fe 2.2
A nickel-copper cored electrode of monel type for welding normal grades of cast iron such as grey, ductile and malleable irons. Deposition is done on cold or slightly preheated material. The weld metal is well machinable and the colour is very similar to that of cast iron.

OK 92.86 Type of coating Basic Recovery 105% Redrying 200C/2h EN ISO 14 172: E Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti) AWS/SFA 5.11:ENiCu7 Seproz

C 0.01 Si 0.3 Mn 2.1 Cr Ni 66 Mo Cu 29 Fe 1.6 Ti 0.2
A nickel-copper electrode for welding NiCu alloys to themselves and to steels and for corrosion-resistant surfacing. The weld metal of OK 92.86 is crack resistant and ductile and meets rigorous requirements relating to corrosion resistance in sea water and in reducing and oxidising acids. OK 92.86 is used for welding corrosion-resistant Monel alloys within the petroleum and ammonium sulphate industry and in power plants.

OK 94.25 Type of coating Basic Recovery 95% Redrying 300C/2h DIN 1733: EL-CuSn7 Seproz

C Si Mn 0.35 Cr Ni Mo Cu 93 Sn 6.5
Electrode for welding copper and bronzes, especially tin bronzes. It is also suited for cladding steels and for smaller repair work on weldable cast iron.
ESAB MMA electrodes for positional welding of thin stainless pipe and sheet
ESAB introduces three new rutile MMA electrodes with excellent all-positions arc control at very low welding currents OK 61.20, OK 63.20 and OK 67.53. They have been developed in co-operation with the petrochemical and paper and pulp industry - in response to the increasing use of thin-walled stainless pipe and sheet to extend the lifecycle of installations. They are
40
also applied in the petrochemical, energy and food processing industries. Stable arc at low currents A stable, soft arc at very low current and voltage makes them suitable for both up Productive welding Reduced post weld cleaning Good corrosion resistance in demanding environments

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) 325 A5 (%) 15 CVN (oC/J)
Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 100 60 - 125 90 -140 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 45V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 300 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 50 - 70 70 - 120 120-140 DC+/AC/min. OCV: 70V
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
6 6

Diameter x length
(mm x mm) 2.5 x 350 3.2 x 350 4.0 x 350
Current
(A) 60 - 90 90 - 125 125-170 DC+
Welding positions
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
and downhill welding of pipes with a wall thickness in the region of 2 mm. The slag system allows a long pull-out length, reducing electrode change time loss. Low spatter, good slag release and good wetting minimise time loss in post-weld cleaning. Corrosion resistance meets the requirements of demanding environments found in, for example, the petrochemical and shipbuilding industries.
OK 61.20 used for the vertical down welding of water supply piping in the pipeshop at a paper and pulp plant (AISI 304, 2.5 mm wall thickness). The remote control on the CaddyArc portable inverter is used to prevent burn-through by controlling the arc which is directed at the root of the joint. Welding is carried out in the two oclock position while the pipe is rotated upwards, manually. 41
Solid wires for MIG welding
Welding Data MIG welding can be performed with three techniques; short arc (dip transfer), spray arc and pulsed welding. Short arc welding is used for thin materials, for root runs in thicker materials and for positional welding. Short arc welds are made with lower voltage and current settings than spray arc welds. Metal is transferred across a short arc to the molten pool by short-circuiting droplets. In spray arc welding, metal transfer occurs as a fine spray of droplets, which do not short-circuit the arc. This technique is more productive and is best suited for downhand welding of material with thickness of 3 mm and upward. In pulsed arc welding, the metal transfer is controlled by a suitable voltage pulse, which is super-imposed onto the constant base voltage. This creates an artificial spray arc with one drop of metal per pulse within the normal short arc range. The average current is significantly lower than in ordinary spray arc welding; an obvious benefit when welding many types of stainless steels. Pulsed arc welding can be used in all positions and controls the heat input. Shielding gas In addition to general shielding of the arc and weld pool, the shielding gas performs a number of important functions: forms the arc plasma
stabilises the arc root on the material surface ensures smooth transfer of molten droplets from the wire to the weld pool Thus, the shielding gas will have a substantial effect on the stability of the arc and metal transfer and the behaviour of the weld pool, in particular, its penetration. General purpose shielding gases for MIG welding are mixtures of argon, oxygen and carbon dioxide, and special gas mixtures may contain helium. The gases, which are normally used for stainless, are: argon + 1 - 2% oxygen argon + 2 - 3% carbon dioxide argon + helium + carbon dioxide + hydrogen An inert gas alone, argon or an argon + helium mixture is only recommended for welding high nickel-alloyed steels and nickel-based alloys. When MIG welding stainless steel, the arc is very unstable with inert gas alone. A small quantity of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the argon shield improves the arc stability as well as the fluidity and wetting of the weld metal. The addition also minimises undercut, which is a problem when welding with argon alone. In the case of welding ELC steels (steels with a maximum of 0.03 % carbon) an increase in the carbon content is not permitted. Generally, argon with up to 5% CO2 behaves in a neutral manner, but a possible increase in carbon content when welding ELC steels should be taken into account. Argon with 2% carbon dioxide adds about 0.01% carbon to the weld metal when welding with spray arc transfer. A four gas mixture can offer advantages in
Current and voltage recommendations.

Diam, mm 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.6 Arc voltage, V 16-22 16-24 20-28 24-28 Current, A 50-140 80-190 180-280 250-350
42
short arc welding. Helium in the gas mixture can give better shielding in positional welding and also improves penetration. However, hydrogen in the shielding gas must be avoided when welding a non austenitic stainless steel. Delivery forms Most OK Autrod wires are available on standard spools, No. 98-0 (EN 759: BS 300) with an outer diameter of 300 mm. Net weight of the spool is 15 kg. The wire is precision wound and the spool is used without adapter. Some grades in smaller diameters are also available in 5 kg spools, No. 46 (EN 759: S200), a plastic spool with an outer diameter of 200 mm. The majority of wires are also available in ESAB bulk wire system, Marathon Pac. This package promotes lean manufacturing through reduced downtime, process stability and efficient consumables handling. It saves on handling time and spool disposal costs. Marathon Pac has built in lifting straps and a range of accessories that simplify on-site handling from goods-in to workstation. Once empty, the octagonal drum packs flat to save space and ease disposal. The Pac is also 100% recyclable. The table on this page reviews the complete Marathon Pac family. Marathon Pac can also be delivered in Endless Pac, this is two standard, or two Jumbo Pacs, joined together. Before the Marathon Pac finishes, the wire from a second Pac is joined to the first, using a special butt welding device. The clever changeover mechanism then automatically transfers the feed from the first drum into the second drum while the robot continues to weld faultlessly.
Wire diameters available are 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.6 mm. Matt wire The most common grades are produced with a matt wire surface, due to a special manufacturing process. This technique produce wires that give a better welding quality, greater arc stability and higher production output. Because the manufacturing process produces a wire with improved stiffness, a more constant current flow without voltage fluctuations is obtained. The matt surface is finished with a special feed-aid that does not accumulate within the feeding system or welding gun.
ESAB matt stainless steel MIG wire
The Marathon Pac family

Description Mini Marathon Pac Standard Marathon Pac Jumbo Marathon Pac Weight 100 kg, 250 kg, 475 kg, WxH 513 x 500 mm 513 x 830 mm 595 x 935 mm
43
Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)

OK Autrod 308H EN ISO 14343-A G 19 9 H AWS/SFA A5.9 ER308H C 0.04 Si 0.4 Mn 1.8 Cr 19.5 Ni 9 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN 5-10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Min 350 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) Min 550 Min 30
A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel wire for welding austenitic chromium-nickel alloys of the 18% Cr-8% Ni type. OK Autrod 308H has good general corrosion resistance. The alloy has a high carbon content, making it suitable for applications used at higher temperatures. The alloy is used in chemical and petrochemical plants for the welding of pipes, cyclones and boilers. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 308L EN ISO 14343-A G 19 9 L AWS/SFA 5.9 ER308L C 0.02 Cu 0.05 Si 0.4 Mn 1.6 Cr 20 Ni 10 Mo N Other FN 5-10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 450 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 620 36 -20/110 -60/90 -196/60
0.05 <0.08 Tot <0.5
A continuous solid corrosion resistant chromium-nickel wire. OK Autrod 308L has a good general corrosion resistance. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes this alloy particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The alloy is widely used in the chemical and food processing industries as well as for pipes, tubes and boilers. For joining of stainless steels of 18% Cr 8% Ni-type and Nb-stabilised steels of the same type if the service temperature will not exceed 350C.

OK Autrod 308LSi EN ISO 14343-A G 19 9 LSi AWS/SFA A5.9 ER308LSi CE, DB, DNV, TV, CWB C 0.01 Si 0.8 Mn 1.8 Cr 20 Ni 10 Mo 0.1 N Other FN 8

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 370 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 620 36 +20/110 -60/90 -196/60
<0.08 Tot <0.5
A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel wire for welding austenitic chromium-nickel alloys of the 18 Cr-8% Ni type. OK Autrod 308LSi has good general corrosion resistance. The alloy has a low carbon content, making it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties such as wetting. The alloy is widely used in the chemical and food processing industries, as well as for pipes, tubes and boilers. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 309Si EN ISO 14343-A G 22 12 H AWS/SFA 5.9 ER309Si C
0.06

N Other FN Rp 0.2 (MPa) 440 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 620 36 +20/100 -60/80 -110/60
Si
0.8
Mn
1.8
Cr
24.0
Ni
13.0
Mo
A continous, solid, corrosion resisting, chromium-nickel wire for joining stainless steels to non- or low-alloyed steels, as well as the welding of austenitic stainless alloys of the 24% Cr, 13% Ni, high C type. OKAutrod309Si has a good general corrosion resistance. The higher silicon content improves welding properties, such as wetting. When used for joining dissimilar materials the corrosion resistance is of secondary importance. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 309L EN ISO 14343-A G 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9 ER309L CE C 0.03 Si 0.4 Mn 1.5 Cr Ni Mo 0.1 N <0.11 Other Tot <0.5 FN 9

23.5 13
A continuous solid corrosion resistant chromium-nickel wire for welding similar steels, wrought and cast steels of 23% Cr-12% Ni types. The alloy is also used for the welding of buffer layers on CMn steels and the welding of dissimilar joints. When using the wire for buffer layers and dissimilar joints, it is necessary to control the dilution of the weld. OK Autrod 309L has a good general corrosion resistance. When used for joining dissimilar materials, the corrosion resistance is of secondary importance.
44

OK Autrod 309LSi EN ISO 14343-A G 23 12 LSi AWS/SFA 5.9 ER309LSi DB, CE, TV, CWB C 0.02 Si 0.8 Mn 1.8 Cr 24 Ni 13 Mo 0.1 N Other FN 8

<0.09 Tot <0.5
A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel wire for welding steels with a similar composition, wrought and cast steels of the 23% Cr -12% Ni types. The alloy is also used for welding buffer layers on CMn steels and welding dissimilar joints. When using the wire for buffer layers and dissimilar joints, it is necessary to control the dilution of the weld. OK Autrod 309LSi has good general corrosion resistance. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties such as wetting. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 309MoL EN ISO 14343-A G 23 12 2 L TV C 0.01 Si 0.3 Mn 1.8 Cr 21.5 Ni Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN 8

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 400 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 600 31 +20/110
14.5 2.6
A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant wire of the 309LMo type. OK Autrod 309MoL is used for the overlay welding of unalloyed and low-alloyed steels and for welding dissimilar steels, such as 316L, to unalloyed and low-alloyed steels when Mo is essential.

OK Autrod 310 EN ISO 14343-A G 25 20 AWS/SFA 5.9 ER310 C 0.1 Si 0.4 Mn 1.7 Cr 25 Ni 20 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 390 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 590 43 +20/175 -196/60
A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel wire for welding heat resistant austenitic steels of the 25% Cr, 20% Ni type. OK Autrod 310 has good overall oxidation resistance, especially at high temperatures, due to its high Cr content. The alloy is fully austenitic and is therefore sensitive to hot cracking. Common applications include industrial furnaces and boiler parts, as well as heat exchangers.

OK Autrod 312 EN ISO 14343-A G 29 9 AWS/SFA 5.9 ER312 C 0.1 Si 0.5 Mn 1.7 Cr 29 Ni 8.5 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel wire for welding stainless steels of the 29% Cr, 9% Ni type. OK Autrod 312 has good oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to its high content of Cr. The alloy is widely used for joining dissimilar steels, especially if one of the components is fully austenitic, and steels that are difficult to weld, i.e. machine components, tools and austenitic-manganese steels.

OK Autrod 316L EN ISO 14343-A G19 12 3 L AWS/SFA A5.9 ER316L C 0.02 Si 0.4 Mn 1.8 Cr Ni Mo 2.5 N Other FN 8

18.5 12
<0.08 Tot <0.5
A continuous solid corrosion resistant chromium-nickel-molybdenum wire for welding of austenitic stainless alloys of 18% Cr, 8% Ni and 18% Cr - 10% Ni - 3% Mo-type. OK Autrod 316L has good overall corrosion resistance, particularly against corrosion in acid and chlorinated environments. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The alloy is widely used in the chemical and food processing industries as well as in shipbuilding and various types of architectual structures.
45

OK Autrod 316LSi EN ISO 14343-A G 19 12 3 LSi AWS/SFA A5.9 ER316LSi CE, DB, DNV, TV, CWB C 0.02 Si 0.8 Mn 1.8 Cr Ni Mo 2.5 N Other FN 7

18.5 12
<0.08 Tot <0.5
A continuous, solid , corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel-molybdenum wire for welding austenitic stainless alloys of the 18% Cr -8% Ni and 18% Cr -10% Ni -3% Mo type. OK Autrod 316LSi has good overall corrosion resistance; in particular, the alloy has very good resistance to corrosion in acid and chlorinated environments. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties such as wetting. The alloy is widely used in the chemical and food. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 317L EN ISO 14343-A G 18 15 3 L AWS/SFA 5.4 ER317L C <0.03 Si 0.5 Mn Cr Ni Mo 3.5 N Other FN

2.0 19.5 14.0
A continous, solid, corrosion resisting, chromium-nickel-molybdenum wire for the welding of austenitic stainless alloys of the 19% Cr, 13% Ni, 3% Mo type. OKAutrod317L has good resistance to general corrosion and pitting, due to its high content of molybdenum. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The alloy is used in severe corrosion conditions, such as in the petrochemical, pulp and paper industries. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 318Si EN ISO 14343-A G 19 12 3 NbSi AWS/SFA 5.4 E316L-16 DB, TV, CE C 0.08 Cu 0.1 Si 0.8 Nb 0.7 Mn 1.5 Cr 19 Ni 12 Mo 2.7 N Other FN 7

<0.08 Tot <0.5
A continuous, solid corrosion resistant stabilised chromiumnickel-molybdenum wire for welding of Cr-Ni-Mo and Cr-Ni stabilised or non-stabilised steels. OK Autrod 318Si has a good overall corrosion resistance. The alloy is stabilised with niobium to improve the resistance against intergranular corrosion of the weld metal. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties, such as wetting. Due to stabilisation of niobium this alloy is recommended for service temperatures up to 400 C. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 347Si EN ISO 14343-A G 19 9 NbSi AWS/SFA A5.9 ER347Si DB, TV, CE C 0.04 Cu 0.1 Si 0.7 Nb 0.6 Mn 1.7 Cr 19 Ni 9.8 Mo 0.1 N Other FN 7

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 440 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) 640 37 CVN (oC/J) +20/110 -60/80
<0.08 Tot <0.5
A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel wire for welding austenitic chromium-nickel alloys of the 18% Cr-8% Ni type. OK Autrod 347Si has good overall corrosion resistance. The alloy is stabilised with niobium to improve resistance to the intergranular corrosion of the weld metal. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties such as wetting. Due to the niobium content, this alloy is recommended for use at higher temperatures. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 385 EN ISO 14343-A G 20 25 5 CuL AWS/SFA 5.9 ER385 TV C 0.01 Si 0.3 Mn 1.6 Cr 20 Ni 25 Mo 4.7 Cu 1.4 Other Tot <0.5 FN 0

A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel-molybdenum-copper wire for welding austenitic stainless alloys of the 20% Cr, 25% Ni, 5% Mo, 1.5% Cu, low C types. OK Autrod 385 weld metal has good resistance to stress corrosion and intergranular corrosion and shows very good resistance to attack in non-oxidising acids. The resistance to crevice corrosion is better than that of ordinary 18% Cr, 8% Ni, Mo steels. The alloy is widely used in many applications related to the process industry.
46

OK Autrod 409Nb SFA/AWS A5.9: ER409Nb C <0.08 Si 0.8 Mn Cr Ni 0.5 Mo 0.4 N Other Nb: >10xC FN
Typical mechanical properties all weld metal*

Rp 0.2 (MPa) >250 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) >450 >15
0.6 12.0
A ferritic, stabilised, stainless, solid welding wire of the 12% Cr and 0.4% Nb type. OKAutrod409Nb is used for the welding of equivalent steels in applications, such as catalytic converters and mufflers.
* Mechanical properties after heat treatment 850C/2h.

OK Autrod 410NiMo EN ISO 14343-A G 13 4 C 0.015 Si 0.4 Mn 0.7 Cr 12 Ni 4.2 Mo 0.5 N <0.3 Other Tot <0.5 FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 600 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 840 17 -10/80
A continuous, solid welding wire of the 12% Cr, 4.5% Ni, 0.5% Mo type. OK Autrod 410NiMo is used for welding similar martentsitic and martensitic-ferritic steels in different applications, such as hydro turbines.
* Mechanical properties after heat treatment 600C/8h.

OK Autrod 430LNb EN ISO 14343 G Z 17 L Nb C 0.015 Nb>12xC Si 0.5 Mn 0.5 Cr Ni Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 275 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 420 26
18.5 0.2
0.06 0.01
A continuous ferritic, stainless, solid wire with a low carbon content, 18% Cr and stabilised with Nb, for welding similar and matching steels. OK Autrod 430 LNb has been developed and designed for the automotive industry and is used in the production of exhaust systems. The wire should be used when very good resistance to corrosion and thermal fatigue is required. Comments: Typical mechanical properties of weld assembly, base material AISI (EN 1.4512) 1.5mm.

OK Autrod 430LNbTi EN ISO 14343-A G Z 18LNbTi C <0.025 Si 0.7 Mn Cr Ni Mo Other Nb: Min 0.05+7x(C+N) FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J)
0.5 18.5 <0.3 <0.3
A ferritic, stainless, solid wire with low carbon content and excellent welding properties. Contains 18% Cr and is stabilised with Nb and Ti, for welding equivalent and matching steels. OK Autrod 430LNbTi is developed and designed for the automotive industry and used for the production of exhaust systems. The wire should be used when there is a need for very high resistance to corrosion and thermal fatigue.

OK Autrod 430Ti EN ISO 14343-A G Z 17 Ti C 0.09 Si 0.9 Mn 0.4 Cr 18 Ni 0.3 Mo 0.1 Ti 0.3 Other Tot <0.5 FN

A ferritic, stainless, solid wire with a content of 18% Cr and stabilised with 0.5% Ti for welding similar and matching steels. The alloy is also used for cladding on unalloyed and low-alloyed steels. OK Autrod 430Ti is also widely used in the automotive industry for the welding of manifolds, catalytic converters and exhaust pipes.
* Mechanical properties after heat treatment 780C/0.5h.
47

OK Autrod 16.95 EN ISO 14343-A G 18 8 Mn CE, DB, TV C 0.1 Si 1.0 Mn 6.5 Cr Ni Mo 0.1 N Other FN

18.5 8.5
<0.08 Tot <0.5
A continuous solid, corrosion resistant chromium-nickel-manganese wire for welding austenitic stainless alloys of 18% Cr, 8% Ni, 7% Mn types. OK Autrod 16.95 has an overall corrosion resistance similar to that of the corresponding parent metal. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties, such as wetting. The product is a modified variant of ER307, basically with a higher Mn content to make the weld less sensitive to hot cracking. When used for joining dissimilar materials, the corrosion resistance is of secondary importance. The alloy is used in a wide range of applications across the industry, such as the joining of austenitic, manganese, work hardenable steels as well as armourplate and heat resistant steels. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 2209 EN ISO 14343-A G 22 9 3 NL AWS/SFA 5.9 ER2209 DNV, TV, GL C 0.01 Si 0.6 Mn 1.6 Cr 23 Ni 9 Mo 3 N 0.1 Other FN 45

A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, duplex wire for welding austenitic-ferritic stainless alloys of the 22% Cr, 5% Ni, 3% Mo type. OK Autrod 2209 has high overall corrosion resistance. In media containing chloride and hydrogen sulphide, the alloy has a high resistance to intergranular corrosion, pitting and especially to stress corrosion. The alloy is used in a variety of applications across all industrial segments.

OK Autrod 2307 EN ISO 14343-A G 23 7 NL C 0.02 Si 0.4 Mn 0.5 Cr 23 Ni 7.0 Mo <0.08 N <0.5 Other FN 40

A continous, solid, corrosion resistant duplex wire for welding austenitic-ferritic stainless alloys of the 21% Cr 1% Ni or 23% Cr, 4% Ni type. This lean duplex type is used for civil engineering, storage tanks, containers, etc. Welding should be done as for ordinary austenitic steels, but high amperages should be avoided and the interpass temperature should not exceed 150C.

OK Autrod 2509 EN ISO 14343-A G 25 9 4 NL AWS/SFA 5.9 ER2594 C 0.01 Si 0.35 Mn 0.4 Cr 25 Ni 9.8 Mo 4 N 0.25 Other FN 40

A continuous, solid, corrosion resistant, super duplex wire for welding austenitic-ferritic, stainless alloys of the 25% Cr, 7% Ni, 4% Mo, low C type. OK Autrod 2509 has high intergranular-corrosion, pitting and stress-corrosion resistance. The alloy is widely used in applications in which corrosion resistance is of the utmost importance, such as the pulp & paper, the offshore and gas industries. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 19.81 EN 18274 S Ni 6059 (NiCr23Mo16) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCrMo-13 TV C Si Mn 0.2 Cr 22.7 Ni bal Mo 15.4 N Other Tot <0.5 FN

0.002 0.03 Co 0.02 Al 0.15
A continuous solid Ni-Cr-Mo electrode for welding high alloyed Ni-base materials, 9 %Ni steel and super austenitic steels of the 20Cr-25Ni with 4-6 % Mo type. Can also be used for welding carbon steel to Ni-based steel. The weld metal has a very good toughness and is corrosion resistant over a wide range of applications in oxidising and reducing media.
48

OK Autrod 19.82 EN 18274 S Ni 6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCrMo-3 TV, DNV C 0,01 Cu <0.5 Si 0,1 Al <0.4 Mn 0,1 Fe <2 Cr Ni Mo 9 N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 500 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 780 45 -105/130 -196/110
22.0 bal Ti Nb+Ta <0.4 3.65
A continuous, solid, corrosion and heat resistant, Ni-Cr electrode for welding high-alloyed, heat resistant and corrosion-resistant materials, 9% Ni steels and similar steels with high notch toughness at low temperatures. It is also suitable for joining dissimilar metals of the types mentioned above. The weld metal has very good mechanical properties at high and low temperatures. Good resistance to pitting and stress corrosion. Also suited for welding alloy EN-ISO 18274, S Ni 6625 (NiCr21Mo9Nb), Wnr. 2.4831 - used for exhaust systems. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 19.83 EN 18274 S Ni 6276 (NiCr15Mo16Fe6W4) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCrMo-4 C <0.02 Si 0.06 Mn Cr Ni >50 Mo 16 N Other FN

0.8 15.5
OK Autrod 19.83 is a corrosion and heat resistant, nickel-chromium wire for the submerged arc welding of high alloyed steel, heat resistant steel, corrosion resistant steel, 9Ni steels and similar steels with high notch toughness at low temperatures. Good resistance to stress corrosion. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 19.85 EN 18274 S Ni 6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCr-3 TV C 0.02 Cu <0.5 Si 0.1 Fe <0.7 Mn 3.0 Ti <3 Cr 20,0 Nb+Ta 2.5 Ni bal Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

A nickel-based, corrosion and heat resistant, 20% Cr, 3% Mo, 2.5% Nb electrode for the GMAW of high-alloyed steel, heat resistant steel, corrosion resistant steel, 9% Ni and similar steels with high notch toughness at low temperatures. It is also suitable for joining dissimilar metals of the type mentioned above. OK Autrod 19.85 is usually welded with pure Ar as the shielding gas. Also suited for welding alloy EN-ISO 18274, S Ni 6625 (NiCr21Mo9Nb), Wnr. 2.4831 - used for exhaust systems. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 19.92 EN 18274 S Ni 2061 (NiTi3) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNi-1 TV C 0.02 Cu 0.1 Si 0.3 Al 0.1 Mn 0.4 Ti 3 Fe 0.2 Cr Ni 93 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) >200 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) >410 >25 +20/>130
A continuous, solid nickel-based electrode alloyed with about 3% Ti for welding of high purity nickel (min 99.6%Ni), ordinary wrought nickel and nickel with reduced C content. The weld metal can be used in a wide range of applications involving corrosive media. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Autrod 19.93 EN 18274 S Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCu-7 TV C 0.03 Nb 0.1 Si 0.3 Cu 28 Mn 3 Al 0.03 Ti 2 Cr Ni 64 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

A continuous, solid nickel-based electrode alloyed with 30 % Cu for welding base materials of the same type. Can also be used to join these alloys to steel. The weld metal has good resistance to flowing seawater, high strength and toughness over a wide temperature range. Has also good resistance to hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, alkalis etc. Can be used for welding similar types of base materials which are age-hardenable with small additions of Ti and Al. Usable for cladding on carbon steel with an intermediate layer of OK Autrod 19.92.
49
Welding of exhaust systems.
Todays automotive exhaust systems can be divided into two parts. The hot end includes the exhaust manifold, downpipe, flexible coupling and catalytic converter. The cold end includes the resonator, intermediate pipe, silencer and tail pipe. The ferritic 11% Cr alloys are popular choices for many exhaust components and systems. However, for the long-term durability, the higher chromium (1720% Cr) ferritic stainless steel grades are often used. Welding stations may be designed for semiautomatic, mechanised, or fully robotic welding applications. The MIG/MAG-process using solid or metal cored stainless wires has evolved as one of the favourites for welding automotive exhaust systems. Although todays car fuels are very low in sulphur, a certain amount of sulphur dioxide remains present in the exhaust gases. Together with the condense water, it forms sulphurous or sulphuric acid that deposits in the exhaust system. Ferritic stainless steels resist these acids very well, and have good heat resistance. They are increasingly preferred over austenitic stainless steels for exhaust systems, table 1. Ferritic stainless steels are sensitive to the heat cycle generated by welding. Grain growth and hardening due to martensite formation can reduce the toughness of the steel and increase the risk of cracking in the heat-affected zone of the weld. This can be avoided by using special filler materials and the correct welding procedure. In general, preheating is needed when the carbon content of the steel is above 0.08% and the thickness of the steel exceeds 3mm. Welding should be carried out with the lowest possible heat input (pulsed arc). Un-stabilised steels require a post weld
50
heat treatment at 700-750C to avoid inter crystalline corrosion. Steels stabilised with titanium or niobium (columbium) do not need a post weld heat treatment. Ferritic stainless steels can be welded with either austenitic or ferritic filler materials. The austenitic filler metal composition 18 8Mn (1.4370/ER 307, see table 2) is commonly applied. However, this type of welding consumable is sensitive to corrosion in sulphur containing media and can therefore only be used for exhaust systems when extremely low sulphur content fuels are used. Ferritic filler materials, such as type G13, G17 and G18 (EN440) provide the advantages of fatigue strength and corrosion resistance. The thermal expansion coefficient and the carbon content of both steel and weld metal are the same. Unfavourable stress peaks along the fusion line, and the diffusion of carbon, are therefore avoided. ESAB offers a comprehensive range of filler materials for ferritic stainless steels, see table 2.
Table 1: ferritic stainless steels. W-Nr. 1.4002 1.4003 1.4006 1.4016 1.4511 1.4512 1.4513 Composition X6CrAl13 X2Cr11 X12Cr13 X6Cr17 X3CrNb17 X2Ti12 X2CrMoTi17-1 AISI/SAE 405 410 430 409 -
Table 2: ESAB welding consumables for ferritic stainless steels. ESAB OK Autrod 430LNb OK Autrod 430Ti OK Autrod 409Nb OK Autrod 16.95 OK Tigrod 430Ti OK Tigrod 16.95 OK Autrod 430LNbTi EN ISO 14343-A G Z 17 L Nb G Z 17 Ti (G 13 Nb) G 18 8 Mn WZ17Ti W 18 8 Mn G Z 18 LNbTi AWS A5.9 ER430LNb ER430Ti ER409Nb ER307 ER430Ti ER307 ER430LNbTi
Welding data Stainless steel is TIG welded with direct current, straight polarity, i.e. with the electrode negative. Pulsed arc welding can be employed in order to obtain good control of the heat input. This is particularly advantageous for welding thin stainless steel sheet and for positional welding. A general rule for determining the arc current is 30-40 A per mm of material thickness. TIG welding is particularly suitable for lighter materials; metals as thin as 0.3 mm can be welded successfully. For heavier materials, more than 5 to 6 mm thick, the TIG method is sometimes used to make root runs before filling with MIG or covered electrodes. The electrode used in TIG welding of stainless steel can be made of pure tungsten or tungsten alloyed with thoriumoxide or lanthanum-oxide, which gives the electrode a better current carrying capacity than a pure tungsten electrode. Electrodes alloyed with zirconium are preferably used for welding of aluminium. Shielding gas In TIG welding, the inert gases argon and/or helium are used. For manual TIG welding pure argon is recommended. For mechanised TIG a pure helium gas is
sometimes used in order to increase the welding speed. For the same reason argon may also be mixed with helium or even a reducing gas. However, hydrogen is only permitted when the steel is austenitic. When pickling cannot be performed and welding is done with non-slag electrodes for root runs of single sided welds, the root side of the weld must also be shielded from the atmosphere. If the gas shield is insufficient the bead and surrounding metal will be badly oxidised and possibly porous. Here either an inert gas or a reducing gas mixture can be used. An example of a reducing gas mixture is hydrogen in nitrogen. The amount of hydrogen is small, only 5-10%. Sometimes it is practical to use the same gas for shielding and backing. It should be taken into account that nitrogen in the backing gas can affect the ferrite content in the weld. Nitrogen stabilises the austenitic structure and the ferrite content in the weld should not drop below two in order to minimise the risk for hot cracking. Delivery forms All OK Tigrod rods are supplied in round cardboard boxes with a net weight of 5 kg. This solution is a rigid fibre tube with a plastic lid that can be closed again after breaking the seal. The tube is PE-coated and gives very good resistance against moisture. The the bottom is octagonal to prevent the tube from rolling when stored.
Recommended current ranges.

Diam, mm Electrode 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 40-130 130-230 160-310 275-450 Pure tungsten Alloyed tungsten electrode 60-150 170-250 225-330 350-480
51

OK Tigrod 308H EN ISO 14343-A W 19 9 H AWS/SFA A5.9 ER308H C 0.05 Si 0.4 Mn 1.8 Cr 20 Ni 9.3 Mo Cu Other Tot <0.5 FN

<0.3 <0.3
Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel rods for welding austenic chromium-nickel alloys of the18% Cr-8% Ni type. OK Tigrod 308H has good general corrosion resistance. The alloy has a high carbon content, which makes it suitable for applications at higher temperatures. The alloy is used in the chemical and petrochemical industries for the welding of tubes, cyclones and boilers. Classifications & approvals
OK Tigrod 308L EN ISO 14343-A W 19 9 L AWS/SFA A5.9 ER308L CE, DNV, TV, CWB
Typical chemical composition wire (%)

C 0.01 Cu 0.01 Si 0.4 Mn 1.6 Cr 20 Ni 10 Mo 0.1 N <0.08 Other Tot <0.5 FN 9

Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel TIG rod. OK Tigrod 308L has good general corrosion resistance. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The alloy is widely used in the chemical and food processing industries, as well as for pipes, tubes and boilers. Suitable for the joining of stainless steels of the18% Cr-8% Ni type with a low carbon content and Nb-stabilised steels of the same type if the service temperature does not exceed 350C. It can also be used for welding Cr steels, except in sulphur rich environments. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Tigrod 308LSi EN ISO 14343-A W 19 9 LSi AWS/SFA A5.9 ER308LSi CE, DB, DNV, TV C 0.01 Si 0.8 Mn 1.8 Cr 20 Ni 10 Mo 0.1 N <0.08 Other FN 8

Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel rods for welding austenitic chromium-nickel alloys of the18% Cr-8% Ni type. OK Tigrod 308LSi has good overall corrosion resistance. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties such as wetting. The alloy is widely used in the chemical and food processing industries, as well as for pipes, tubes and boilers. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Tigrod 309L EN ISO 14343-A W 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9 ER309L CE, TV, CWB C 0.015 Si 0.4 Mn 1.7 Cr 24 Ni 13 Mo 0.1 N <0.11 Other Tot <0.5 FN 9

Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel welding rod for welding 24%Cr, 13%Ni-alloyed types of steel. The alloy is also used for welding buffer layers on CMn steels and welding dissimilar joints. When using the wire for buffer layers and dissimilar joints, it is necessary to control the dilution of the weld. OK Tigrod 309L has good overall corrosion resistance. When used for joining dissimilar materials, the corrosion resistance is of secondary importance. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Tigrod 309LSi EN ISO 14343-A W 23 12 LSi AWS/SFA 5.9 ER309LSi CE, TV C 0.02 Si 0.8 Mn 1.8 Cr 23 Ni 13 Mo 0.1 N <0.09 Other Tot <0.5 FN 9

Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel welding rod for welding steels with similar composition, wrought and cast steels of the 23% Cr-12% Ni type. The alloy is also used for welding buffer layers on CMn steels and for welding dissimilar joints. When using the wire for buffer layers and dissimilar joints, it is necessary to control the dilution of the weld. OK Tigrod 309LSi has good overall corrosion resistance. The higher silicon content improves the welding properties such as wetting.
52

OK Tigrod 309MoL EN ISO 14343-A W 23 12 2 L DNV C 0.01 Si 0.3 Mn 1.6 Cr 22 Ni 14.5 Mo 2.7 N Other Tot <0.5 FN 8

Bare, corrosion resistant rod of the 309LMo type. OK Tigrod 309MoL is used for the overlay welding of unalloyed and low-alloyed steels and for welding dissimilar steels such as 316L to unalloyed and low-alloyed steels when Mo is essential.

OK Tigrod 310 EN ISO 14343-A W 25 20 AWS/SFA 5.9 ER310 C 0.1 Si 0.4 Mn 1.7 Cr 25 Ni 20 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel welding rod for welding heat resistant austenitic steels of the 25Cr-20Ni type. The wire has a high Cr content and provides good oxidation resistance at high temperatures. Applications include industrial furnaces and boiler parts, as well as heat exchangers.

OK Tigrod 312 EN ISO 14343-A W 29 9 AWS/SFA 5.9 ER312 C 0.1 Si 0.5 Mn 1.7 Cr 30 Ni 9 Mo <0.3 N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel welding rod for welding materials of the 29% Cr, 9% Ni type. OK Tigrod 312 has good oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to its high content of Cr. The alloy is widely used for joining dissimilar steels, especially if one of the components is fully austenitc, and for steels that are difficult to weld, i.e. machine components, tools and austeniticmanganese steels.

OK Tigrod 316H EN ISO 14343-A W 19 12 3 H AWS/SFA A5.9 ER316H C 0.06 Si 0.5 Mn 1.8 Cr Ni Mo N Other Cu: <0.3 FN

19.0 12.0 2.3
Bare, corrosion resisting, chromium-nickel-molybdenum rod for welding austenitic stainless alloys of the 17% Cr, 12% Ni, 3% Mo type. OK Tigrod316H has good general corrosion resistance. The alloy has a high carbon content which makes it suitable for applications at higher temperatures. The alloy is used in the chemical and food processing industries, as well as for pipes, tubes and boilers.

OK Tigrod 316L EN ISO 14343-A W 19 12 3 L AWS/SFA A5.9 ER316L CE, DNV, TV, CWB C 0.01 Si 0.4 Mn 1.6 Cr Ni Mo 2.5 N <0.08 Other Tot <0.5 FN 8

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 470 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) 650 32 +20/175 -60/150 -110/120 -196/75
18.5 12
Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel-molybdenum rod for welding austenitic stainless alloys of the 18% Cr-8% Ni and 18% Cr-10% Ni-3% Mo type. OK Tigrod 316L has good overall corrosion resistance, particularly to corrosion in acid and chlorinated environments. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The alloy is widely used in the chemical and food-processing industries, as well as in shipbuilding and various architectual structures.
53

OK Tigrod 317L EN ISO 14343-A W 18 15 3 L AWS/SFA A5.9 ER317L C <0.03 Si 0.5 Mn 1.8 Cr Ni Mo N Other FN

19.5 14.0 3.5
Bare corrosion resisting, chromium-nickel-molybdenum rod for the welding of austenitic stainless alloys of the 19% Cr, 9% Ni, 3% Mo type. OK Tigrod 317L has good resistance to general corrosion and pitting, due to its high content of molybdenum. The alloy has a low carbon content which makes it particularly recommended when there is a risk of intergranular corrosion. The alloy is used in severe corrosion conditions, such as in the petrochemical, pulp and paper industries. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Tigrod 318Si EN 12072 W 19 12 3 NbSi DB, TV, CE C 0.04 Cu 0.1 Si 0.8 Nb 0.5 Mn 1.5 Cr 19 Ni 12 Mo 2.5 N <0.08 Other Tot <0.5 FN 7

Bare, corrosion resistant, stabilised, chromium-nickel-molybdenum wire for welding Cr-Ni-Mo and Cr-Ni stabilised or non-stabilised steels. OK Tigrod 318Si has good overall corrosion resistance. The alloy is stabilised with niobium to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion of the weld metal. The higher silicon content improves welding properties. such as wetting. Due to stabiliation by niobium, this alloy is recommended for service temperatures up to 400C. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Tigrod 318Si EN 12072 W 19 12 3 NbSi DB, TV, CE C 0.04 Cu 0.1 Si 0.8 Nb 0.5 Mn 1.5 Cr 19 Ni 12 Mo 2.5 N <0.08 Other Tot <0.5 FN 7

Bare, corrosion resistant, stabilised, chromium-nickel-molybdenum wire for welding Cr-Ni-Mo and Cr-Ni stabilised or non-stabilised steels. OK Tigrod 318Si has good overall corrosion resistance. The alloy is stabilised with niobium to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion of the weld metal. The higher silicon content improves welding properties. such as wetting. Due to stabiliation by niobium, this alloy is recommended for service temperatures up to 400C. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Tigrod 347 EN ISO 14343-A W 19 9 Nb AWS/SFA A5.9: ER347 C <0.08 Si 0.5 Mn 1.4 Cr Ni Mo N Other Nb=<1.0, Cu: <0.3

20.0 10.0 <0.3 <0.08
Bare corrosion resisting, chromium-nickel rods for the welding of stabilised austenitic chromium nickel alloys of the 18% Cr -8% Ni-type. The rods are stabilised with niobium, which gives a good resistance to intergranular corrosion of the weld metal. Due to the niobium content this alloy is recommended for use at higher temperatures.

OK Tigrod 347Si EN ISO 14343-A W 19 9 NbSi AWS/SFA A5.9 ER347Si TV C 0.04 Cu 0.1 Si 0.8 Nb 0.7 Mn 1.5 Cr 20 Ni 10 Mo 0.1 N <0.08 Other Tot <0.5 FN 7

Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel rod for welding austenitic chromium nickel alloys of the 18% Cr-8% Ni type. OK Tigrod 347Si has good overall corrosion resistance. The alloy is stabilised with niobium to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion of the weld metal. The higher silicon content improves welding properties, such as wetting. Due to the niobium content, this alloy is recommended for use at higher temperatures.
54

OK Tigrod 385 EN ISO 14343-A W 20 25 5 CuL AWS/SFA 5.9 ER385 TV C 0.01 Si 0.4 Mn 1.8 Cr 20 Ni 25 Mo 4.5 Cu 1.5 Other Tot <0.5 FN 0

Bare, corrosion resistant welding rod for welding austenitic stainless steels of the 20Cr-25Ni-4.5Mo-1.5Cu type. The weld metal has good resistance to stress corrosion and intergranular corrosion and shows very good resistance to attack in non-oxidising acids. The resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is better than that of ordinary 18Cr-8Ni-Mo steels.

OK Tigrod 410NiMo EN ISO 14343-A W 13 4 C 0.01 Si 0.3 Mn 0.7 Cr 12.3 Ni 4.5 Mo 0.5 Cu <0.3 Other Tot <0.5 FN

Bare welding rod of the 420NiMo type alloyed with 13% Cr, 4.5% Ni and 0.5% Mo. This alloy is used for welding similar composition martensitic and martensitic-ferritic steels in different applications, such as hydro turbines. Stress relieved 600 oC, 8h.

OK Tigrod 430Ti EN ISO 14343-A W Z 17 Ti C 0.09 Si 0.7 Mn 0.4 Cr 17.5 Ni 0.3 Mo 0.1 Ti 0.5 Other FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) >300 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) >450 >15
A ferritic stainless solid rod with a content of 18% Cr and stabilised with 0,5% Ti for welding similar and matching steels. The alloy is also used for cladding on unalloyed and low-alloyed steels. OK Tigrod 430Ti is also widely used in the automotive industry for the welding of manifolds, catalytic coverters and exhaust pipes.

OK Tigrod 16.95 EN ISO 14343-A W 18 8 Mn DB, TV, CE C 0.08 Si 0.7 Mn 6.5 Cr Ni Mo 0.1 N <0.08 Other Tot <0.5 FN

18.5 8.5
Bare, corrosion resistant, chromium-nickel-manganese welding rod for welding austenitic stainless alloys of the 18% Cr, 8% Ni, 7% Mn type. OK Tigrod 16.95 has overall corrosion resistance similar to the corresponding parent metal. The higher silicon content improves welding properties, such as wetting. When used for joining dissimilar materials, the corrosion resistance is of secondary importance. The alloy is used in a wide range of applications across the industry, such as the joining of austenitic, manganese, workhardenable steels, as well as armour plate and heat resistant steels.

OK Tigrod 2209 EN ISO 14343-A W 22 9 3 NL AWS/SFA 5.9 ER2209 TV C 0.01 Si 0.5 Mn 1.6 Cr Ni Mo 3.2 N 0.15 Other Tot <0.5 FN 45

22.5 8.5
Bare, corrosion resistant, duplex welding rods for welding austenitic-ferritic stainless alloys of the 22% Cr, 5% Ni, 3% Mo type. OK Tigrod 2209 has high overall corrosion resistance. In media containing chloride and hydrogen sulphide, the alloy has high resistance to intergranular corrosion, pitting and especially to stress corrosion. The alloy is used in a variety of applications across all industrial segments.
55

OK Tigrod 2307 EN ISO 14343-A W 23 7 NL C 0.02 Si 0.4 Mn 0.5 Cr 23 Ni 7.0 Mo N Other FN

<0.5 0.4
A continous, solid, corrosion-resistent duplex wire for welding austenitic-ferritic stainless alloys of the 21% Cr 1%Ni or 23% Cr, 4% Ni types of lean duplex stainless steel used in civil engineering, storage tanks, containers, etc.

OK Tigrod 2509 EN ISO 14343-A W 25 9 4 NL AWS/SFA 5.9 ER2594 TV C 0.01 Si 0.35 Mn 0.4 Cr 25 Ni 9.8 Mo 4 N 0.25 Other FN 40

Bare, corrosion resistant, super duplex rod for welding austenitic-ferritic stainless alloys of the 25% Cr, 7% Ni, 4% Mo, low C type. OK Tigrod 2509 has high intergranular corrosion, pitting and stress corrosion resistance. The alloy is widely used in applications where corrosion resistance is of the utmost importance, such as the pulp & paper, offshore and gas industries. Classifications & approvals Typical chemical composition wire (%)
OK Tigrod 19.81 EN 18274 S Ni 6059 (NiCr23Mo16) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCrMo-13 TV C 0.002 Co 0.02 Si 0.03 Al 0.15 Mn 0.15 Fe 0.5 Cr 22.7 Ni bal Mo 15.4 N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Bare Ni-Cr-Mo rod for welding high-alloyed materials of the 20Cr-25Ni type with 4-6% Mo and Ni-based alloys of a similar type. It can also be used for welding carbon steels to Ni base steels. The weld metal has very good corrosion resistance over a wide range of applications in oxidising and reducing media.

OK Tigrod 19.82 EN 18274 S Ni 6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCrMo-3 TV C 0,02 Cu <0.5 Si 0.1 Mn 0.1 Cr Ni Mo 9 N Other Tot <0.5 FN

22.0 bal Ti Nb+Ta <0.4 3.65
Al Fe <0.4 <2
A nickel-based, corrosion and heat resistant 22% Cr, 9% Mo, 3.5% Nb rod for the GTAW of high-alloyed steel, heat resistant steel, corrosion resistant steel, 9% Ni steels and similar steel with high notch toughness at low temperatures. It is also suitable for joining dissimilar metals of the types mentioned above. OK Tigrod 19.82 is normally welded with pure Ar as the shielding gas.

OK Tigrod 19.85 EN 18274 S Ni 6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCr-3 TV C 0,02 Cu <0.5 Si 0,1 Mn 3 Cr 20 Ni >67 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Ti Fe <0.7 <3
A nickel-based, corrosion and heat resistant 20% Cr, 3% Mn, 2.5% Nb rod for the GTAW of high-alloyed steel, heat resistant steel, corrosion resistant steel, 9% Ni steels and similar steels with good notch toughness at low temperatures. It is also suitable for joining dissimilar metals of the types mentioned above. OK Tigrod 19.85 is usually welded with pure Ar as the shielding gas.
56

OK Tigrod 19.92 EN 18274 S Ni 2061 (NiTi3) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNi-1 TV C 0.02 Cu 0.1 Si 0.3 Al 0.1 Mn 0.4 Ti 3 Fe 0.2 Cr Ni > 93 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) >200 Rm (MPa) A4/A5 (%) CVN (oC/J) >410 >25 +20/>130
A bare nickel based rod alloyed with about 3% Ti for the welding of high purity nickel (min 99.6 % Ni), ordinary wrought nickel and nickel with reduced C content. The weld metal can be used in a wide range of applications involving corrosive media.

OK Tigrod 19.93 EN 18274 S Ni 4060 (NiCu30Mn3Ti) AWS/SFA 5.14 ERNiCu-7 TV C 0.03 Cu 28 Si 0.3 Al 0.03 Mn 3 Ti 2 Cr Ni 64 Ta Fe 0.01 2 Mo N Other Tot <0.5 FN

Bare nickel based welding rods alloyed with 30 % Cu for the welding of base materials of the same type. Can also be used to join these alloys to carbon steel. The weld metal has good resistance to flowing seawater and has high strength and good toughness over a wide temperature range. It also has good resistance to hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, alkalis etc. Can be used for welding similar types of base materials which are age-hardenable with small additions of Ti and Al.
Orbital-TIG a great way to join pipes

ESAB supplies a complete range of orbital TIG-equipment, including power, for the mechanised welding of pipes. Although pipes have been welded using mechanised systems since the 1960s, the TIG-process still accounts for a considerable amount of manual welding. Yet, there are many good reasons to explore the use of orbital TIG-welding for applications ranging from single-run welding of thin-walled stainless pipes to multi run welding of thick-walled pipes, and even narrow-gap welding: Young welders are difficult to recruit. Operator ergonomics are improved significantly. Remote control and video control options. Increased duty cycle - higher productivity. Welding procedures repeatable - resulting in a consistent weld quality. Good control of the heat input. Stationary vs. orbital. There are two main categories of mechanised welding systems: Stationary: the welding head has a fixed position while the pipe rotates. Orbital: the pipe has a fixed horizontal or vertical position while the welding head rotates.
57

Traditionally, the most popular processes for the welding of stainless steels have been manual arc followed by MIG, TIG and submerged arc. Solid wire is faster than manual arc, but can lack appeal due to spatter levels, a heavily oxidised weld deposit or fusion defects related to low current positional welding using dip transfer. The use of TIG and submerged arc will continue due to their particular attributes for certain applications. The range of available cored wires offer the fabricator a genuine opportunity for increased quality and productivity over solid wire MAG and manual arc electrodes. The benefits can be summarised as: Up to 30% increase in weld metal deposition rate over solid wire and four times that of manual arc, resulting in faster welding speeds which in turn reduce distortion. With regard to productivity, the 1.2mm types Wires to permit welding of all the common grades of stainless steels both for the downhand / horizontal-vertical and out of position welding. Moisture regain is minimal ensuring that start porosity is eliminated. The rutile types are designed for use with Ar/CO2 or CO2 shielding gas. The latter serves to reduce gas costs and radiated heat is also significantly lower giving greater operator comfort. Individual batch testing of weld metal composition means that the most stringent of quality standards are met. Shield-Bright wire series The range of wires within the Shield-Bright
58
series have been especially designed to produce superior operability for all-positional welding applications. Regardless of position, the weld deposit will be flat, which is a quality provided by the faster freezing slag. In having a rutile based slag system they always operate in the spray transfer mode and can be used at high currents and hence give high deposition rates. Slag release is not a problem even in V butt joints and when not totally self releasing, the slag can be removed with the very minimum of chipping. The spatter levels are almost non-existent which allows for additional savings in cleaning time. This is due to the extremely stable arc action under spray transfer conditions which ensures that the maximum possible efficiency is achieved from the wire. Typical efficiencies will be 80-85% depending on the diameter and current used.
are in excess of three times faster than 3.2mm manual arc electrodes and almost twice as fast as 0.9mm solid wires in the vertical position. Shield-Bright X-tra wire series It is not possible to produce a consumable that operates with equal performance in every position and the Shield-Bright X-tra range was introduced especially for welding in the flat and horizontal vertical positions. This range complements the Shield-Bright range by designation and composition to produce an exceptional partnership for stainless steel welding. The Shield-Bright X-tra series can in fact be used for vertical upwards welding, but their more fluid slag, which is for optimum downhand operation, does impose certain
limitations. Single pass or narrow deposits are not possible using the vertical-up technique due to excessive heat build up. The weaving technique is excellent on thicker plate when there is greater heat sink and additional dissipation from the weaving. Single passes for fillet welding and the root areas of butt joints should be completed using the vertical downwards technique, but there is a reduction in depth of penetration. This technique is restricted to the 1.2mm sizes, and can also be used to advantage for rapid welding of sheet material. The operability of the Shield-Bright X-tra wires is exceptional combining extreme ease of use, high performance with regard to metal deposition and a weld appearance comparable to the latest generation of manual arc electrodes. As with rutile based C/Mn types the spray transfer mode is used at all acceptable current levels even down to 100A with the 1.2mm size. Such a facility affords high welding speeds, reduced operator fatigue, better fusion and a low risk of defects when compared to solid wire.
Although normally used at higher current levels than the Shield-Bright series, spatter is still virtually non-existent and the thin slag is generally self releasing leaving a bright smooth weld finish. This is an obvious advantage on fabrications where subsequent dressing and polishing is required, especially in the case of fillet joints. Shielding gases A variety of shielding gases can be used with the flux cored types due to the greater tolerance available, although the higher the CO2 content the higher the carbon content and the lower the alloy and ferrite content. However, the changes are marginal with C increasing by 0.01% and Cr decreasing by 0.1% progressively between pure Ar through to pure CO2. The influence of shielding gas on mechanical properties is also minimal to the extent that the changes may be disregarded. With regard to running characteristics the CO2 content should not be less than 20% as a lower content will produce inferior arc manipulation.
59

Shield-Bright 308L X-tra Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 and 1.6 EN ISO 17633-A T 19 9 L R C 3 T 19 9 L R M 3 AWS/SFA A5.22 E308LT0-1 E308LT0-4 ABS, DNV, LR, TV

C 0.02 Si 0.9 Mn 1.4 Cr 19.6 Ni 9.9 Mo 0.1 Cu 0.15

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 410 Rm (MPa) 580 A4/A5 (%) 40
Shield-Bright 308L X-tra is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet) welding of stainless steels containing 18-20%Cr/8-12%Ni. In addition to the 304L and 308L varieties, it is also suitable for welding the stabilised 321 and 347 types. Shield-Bright 308L X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. It is a "welderfriendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.

Shield-Bright 309L X-tra Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 and 1.6 EN ISO 17633-A T 23 12 L R C 3 T 23 12 L R M 3 AWS/SFA A5.22 E309LT0-1 E309LT0-4 ABS, DNV, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 1.4 Cr 24.5 N Mo Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 480 Rm (MPa) 600 A4/A5 (%) 35
12.5 0.1
Shield-Bright 309L X-tra is a rutile cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet) welding of stainless steels to carbon or low alloy steels and for the first layer cladding of carbon and low alloy steels. Shield-Bright 309L X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/1525%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.

Shield-Bright 309LMo X-tra Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 23 12 2 L R C 3 T 23 12 2 L R M 3 AWS/SFA A5.22 E309LMoT0-1 E309LMoT0-4

C 0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 1.2 Cr Ni Mo Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 550 Rm (MPa) 690 A4/A5 (%) 30
23.5 13.5 2.5
Shield-Bright 309LMo Xtra is a flux-cored, tubular wire for use in the downhand and horizontal-vertical positions, producing weld metal of the 309+ MoL type composition. The austenitic-ferritic weld deposit has an exceptionally high resistance to hot cracking when welding dissimilar steels. Applications of this kind include the welding of buffer layers for acid-resistant clad steels and surfacing. It is also ideally suited to the welding of mild and low-alloy steels to a wide range of stainless steels. Shield-Bright 309LMo X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/1525%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.
60

Shield-Bright 316L X-tra Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 and 1.6 EN ISO 17633-A T 19 12 3 L R C 3 T 19 12 3 L R M 3 AWS/SFA A5.22 E316LT0-1 E316LT0-4 ABS, LR, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.6 Mn 1.3 Cr 18.5 Ni 12 Mo 2.7 Cu 0.15

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 450 Rm (MPa) 580 A4/A5 (%) 36
Shield-Bright 316L X-tra is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet) welding of 316 low-carbon type 18-20Cr10-14Ni2-3Mo steels. The composition also ensures that the stabilised types can be welded with equal success. Shield-Bright 316L X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.

Shield-Bright 347 X-tra Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 19 9 Nb R M 3 AWS/SFA A5.22 E347T0-1 E347T0-4

C 0.04 Nb 0.8 Si 0.5 Mn 1.6 Cr 19 Ni 9.6 Mo 0.1 Cu

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) 610 A4/A5 (%) 41
0.04 460
Shield-Bright 347 X-tra is a rutile cored wire designed for the downhand and horizontal-vertical (fillet) welding of 321 and 347 steels. Shield-Bright 347 X-tra has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources with Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. It is a welder-friendly wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.

Shield-Bright 308L Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 19 9 L P M 2 / T 19 9 L P C 2 AWS/SFA A5.22 E308LT1-1 E308LT1-4 ABS, CWB, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.9 Mn 1.2 Cr 19 Ni 10 Mo 0.1 Cu 0.15

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 410 Rm (MPa) 580 A4/A5 (%) 44
Shield-Bright 308L is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of stainless steels containing 18-20%Cr/8-12%Ni. In addition to the 304L and 308L varieties, it is also suitable for welding the stabilised 321 and 347 types. Shield-Bright 308L has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.
61

Shield-Bright 309L Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 23 12 L P C 2 T 23 12 L P M 2 AWS/SFA A5.22 E309LT1-1 E309LT1-4 ABS, GL, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.9 Mn 1.3 Cr 24 Ni Mo Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 480 Rm (MPa) 600 A4/A5 (%) 35
12.5 0.1
A flux-cored, tubular wire depositing weld metal of the 309L type for use in all welding positions. Apart from joining these steels, the weld metal ferrite content ensures that it is suitable for dissimilar applications, as well as joining difficult-to-weld steels. Shield-Bright 309L has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.

Shield-Bright 309LMo Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 AWS/SFA A5.22 E309LMoT1-1 E309LMoT1-4

C 0.03 Si 0.8 Mn 1.2 Cr Ni Mo Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 480 Rm (MPa) 620 A4/A5 (%) 30
23.5 13.5 2.5
Shield-Bright 309LMo is a rutile cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of 316 clad steels on the first pass in cladding steels or for welding dissimilar steels such as Mo containing austenitic steels to carbon steels. Shield-Bright 309LMo has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources with Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.

Shield-Bright 316L Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 19 12 3 L P M 2 / T 19 12 3 L P C 2 AWS/SFA A5.22 E316LT1-1 E316LT1-4 ABS, CWB, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.6 Mn 1.3 Cr 18.5 Ni 12 Mo 2.7 Cu 0.15

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 450 Rm (MPa) 580 A4/A5 (%) 40
Shield-Bright 316L is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of 316 low-carbon type 18-20Cr10-14Ni2-3Mo steels. The composition also ensures that the stabilised types can be welded with equal success.. Shield-Bright 316L has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.
62

Shield-Bright 347 Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 AWS/SFA A5.22 E347LT1-1 E347LT1-4

C 0.03 Si 0.9 Mn 1.2 Cr 19.5 Ni Mo Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 520 Rm (MPa) 650 A4/A5 (%) 35
10.0 0.1
Shield-Bright 347 is a rutile cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of 321 and 347 stainless steel. It can also be used for the welding of 302, 304 and sometimes 304L grades. Shield-Bright 347 has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources with Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires no silica islands are produced therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at high speeds.

Shield-Bright 2307 Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 23 7 N L P M21 2

C Si Mn Cr Ni 8.4 N 0.12 FN

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) 774 A4/A5 (%) 33 CVN (C/J) -20/62 -30/63
0.028 0.72 0.78 23.7
35 - 65 626
Shield-Bright 2307 is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of lean duplex stainless steels. It has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a welder-friendly wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.

OK Tubrod 14.27 Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 22 9 3 N L P M 2 T 22 9 3 N L P C 2 AWS/SFA A5.22 E2209LT1-4 / E2209LT1-1 ABS, DNV, LR, TV

C 0.03 Si 0.9 Mn 1.0 Cr 22.6 Ni 9 Mo 3 Cu 0.15 N 0.15

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 637 Rm (MPa) 828 A4/A5 (%) 26
OK Tubrod 14.27 is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of duplex stainless steels. Ideally suited for the all-positional welding of SAF 2205, FAL223, AF22, NK Cr22. and HY Resist 22/5 duplex steels. OK Tubrod 14.27 has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.
63

OK Tubrod 14.28 Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 Size (mm) 1.2

C 0.03 Si 0.6 Mn 0.9 Cr Ni Mo 3.9 Cu 0.15 N

Rp 0.2 (MPa) Rm (MPa) 870 A4/A5 (%) 18
25.2 9.2
0.25 700
OK Tubrod 14.28 is a rutile flux-cored wire designed for the all-positional welding of super duplex stainless steels. The weld metal composition gives a high resistance to pitting corrosion. OK Tubrod 14.28 has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 shielding gas. The fast freezing slag supports the weld metal in positional welding, allowing deposition rates that can not be equaled by stick electrodes or solid wires (up to 4kg/h in PF, 3F position). It is a "welder-friendly" wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds. This cored wire provides high X-Ray quality welds. One-sided root runs in open joints can be welded on ceramic weld metal supports at a very high productivity rate.

OK Tubrod 14.37 Type Rutile Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/15-25%CO2 or CO2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 22 9 3 N L R C 3 T 22 9 3 N L R M 3 AWS/SFA A5.22 E2209T0-1 / E2209T0-4

C 0.03 Si 0.7 Mn 0.9 Cr 22.6 Ni 8,9 Mo 3.1 N 0.13

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 556 Rm (MPa) 735 A4/A5 (%) 32
OK Tubrod 14.37 is a rutile flux cored wire designed for downhand and horizontal / vertical (fillet) welding of duplex stainless steels. It has excellent weldability on conventional non-pulsing power sources, using Ar/15-25%CO2 or pure CO2 shielding gas. It is a welder-friendly wire, always operating in the favourable spray arc mode. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration and a very smooth wetting onto the plate edges. Unlike solid wires, no silica islands are produced, therefore time is saved on cleaning the welds.

OK Tubrod 15.30 Type Metal cored Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/2%O2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 19 9 L M M 2 DB, TV, CE

C 0.02 Si 0.7 Mn 1.3 Cr 18.8 Ni 9.8 Mo 0.1 Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 340 Rm (MPa) 550 A4/A5 (%) 45
OK Tubrod 15.30 is a stainless 308L grade metal cored wire designed for high deposition welding of 301, 302 304 and 304L grades. The wire produces no slag, only small silica islands, and little spatter making it suitable for mechanised and robotic welding. For welding in the spray mode of arc transfer with with Ar/2%O2 shielding gas.
64

OK Tubrod 15.31 Type Metal cored Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/2%O2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 19 12 3 L M M 2 DB, DNV, LR, TV

C 0.02 Si 0.7 Mn 1.2 Cr 17.6 Ni 11.6 Mo 2.7 Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 416 Rm (MPa) 575 A4/A5 (%) 37
OK Tubrod 15.31 is a stainless 316L grade metal cored wire designed for high deposition welding. The wire produces no slag, only small silica islands, and little spatter making it suitable for mechanised and robotic welding. For welding in the spray mode of arc transfer with with Ar/2%O2 shielding gas.

OK Tubrod 15.34 Type Metal cored Polarity DC+ Shielding gas Ar/2%O2 Size (mm) 1.2 EN ISO 17633-A T 18 8 Mn M M 2 DB, TV

C 0.10 Si 0.7 Mn 6.7 Cr 18.5 Ni 8.7 Mo 0.1 Cu 0.10

Rp 0.2 (MPa) 430 Rm (MPa) 635 A4/A5 (%) 39
OK Tubrod 15.34 is a stainless 307 grade metal cored wire designed for the high deposition welding of armour steel, austenitic-manganese steels and dissimilar steels. The wire produces no slag, only small silica islands, and little spatter making it suitable for mechanised and robotic welding. For welding in the spray mode of arc transfer with with Ar/2%O2 shielding gas.
65
Construction of chemical tankers with cored wires
The ESAB series of cored wires for standard duplex stainless steel consist of the allposition type, OK Tubrod 14.27 and the downhand type, OK Tubrod 14.37. They both provide fabricators with optimal welding characteristics and productivity for manual or mechanised welding. OK Tubrod 14.27 is a very versatile consumable, suited for all welding positions, including pipe welding in combination with the TIG process for rooting. Very fast vertical down welding of fillet welds is possible for parts that allow to be attached without secure root penetration. Many fabricators will
standardise on this type, when the majority of the work involves positional welding. Both types have very clear advantages compared with MMA and GMAW, reviewed below. Advantages over MMA Higher productivity in general due to higher duty cycle Deposition rate in positional welding almost 3 times higher. Very economic deposition of root passes, with less welder skill needed No stub-end waste. Advantages over GMAW Up to 150% higher productivity in positional welding Excellent performance with conventional power sources; no expensive pulsed arc equipment needed. Use of normal 80%Ar/20%CO2 shielding gas; use of expensive high Ar mixtures is avoided. Fabricators have an option to standardise on one gas when welding both unalloyed and stainless steels. Less oxidation of weld surface due to protective action of slag No grinding or sealing needed for the reverse side of the root
66
Fluxes for submerged arc welding and cladding

Definition Submerged are welding (SAW) is a method in which the heat required to fuse the metal is generated by an arc formed by an electric current passing between the electrode and the work-piece. A layer of granulated mineral material, known as submerged arc welding flux, covers the tip of the welding wire, the arc and the work-piece. There is no visible arc and no sparks, spatter or fume. The electrode may be a solid or cored wire or a strip. SAW is normally a mechanised process. The welding current, Flux wire and strip packages ESAB delivers fluxes in 25 kg paper bags, some types in 20 kg paper bags. Each bag has a polyethylene inlay in order to prevent the flux from moisture pick-up from the surrounding atmosphere. The palettes with flux bags again are protected against moisture by wrap or shrink foil. For a more robust package ESAB can supply fluxes in steel buckets with 20 to 25 kg flux. Buckets have a soft rubber band in the lid which makes them moisture tight. The packing material is fully recyclable and thus environmentally friendly. The majority of the bag packing material is recycled as paper. Stainless and Ni based SAW welding wires are usually delivered on 25 kg wire baskets. SAW welding wires in diameters 1.6 - 2.0 mm can also be delivered in 475 kg octagonal cardboard drums, Marathon pac. Wire is pre-twisted for straight delivery. No decoiling stand
67
arc voltage, and travel speed all affect the bead shape, depth of penetration and chemical composition of the deposited weld metal. Since the operator cannot observe the weld pool, great reliance is placed on parameter setting and positioning of the electrode.
needed. All packaging materials are non-returnable, but fully recyclable. The strip electrodes are delivered in cold rolled condition in 25 kg or 50 kg and 100 200 kg coils with an inner diameter of 300 mm. The standard thickness is 0.5 mm with widths normally 30, 60 and 90 mm. Other weight of coils or dimensions of strips are available on request.
Fluxes for submerged arc strip cladding

OK Flux 10.05 Basicity index 1.1 Density ~ 0.7 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.6mm Slag type Slightly Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer none EN 760: SA CS 2 DC With OK Band 309L EN ISO 14343-A: B 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ309L TV With OK Band 308L* EN ISO 14343-A: B 19 9 L AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ308L With OK Band 347* EN ISO 14343-A: B 19 9 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ347 With OK Band 316L* EN ISO 14343-A: B 19 12 3 L AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ316L TV
*2nd layer on mild steel *1st layer on mild steel (buffer layer)

C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N FN Others
0.02
0.6
1.0
19.0 10.5
0.03
*2nd layer on mild steel
0.02
0.7
1.1
19.0 10.5
0.03
Nb=0.35
0.02
0.7
1.1
18.0 13.0
2.5
0.02
OK Flux 10.05 is a aluminate basic, agglomerated flux designed for submerged strip cladding with Cr, CrNi, CrNiMo and stabilised stainless strips of the AWS EQ300 type. OK Flux 10.05 is ESABs standard flux for internal overlay welding on mild or low alloyed steel. It has very good welding characteristics, gives a smooth bead appearance and easy slag removal.For chemical and petrochemical plants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, nuclear power generation, pulp and paper, civil constructions, etc.

OK Flux 10.06, OK Flux 10.06F Basicity index 1.0 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.4mm Slag type Neutral Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer Cr, Ni and Mo-alloying EN 760: SA CS 2 CrNiMo DC With OK Band 309L* EN ISO 14343-A: B 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ309L With OK Band 309L** EN ISO 14343-A: B 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ309L

*1rd layer cladded with OK Band 309L 0,5x60 mm and OK Flux 10.06F.
0.03
0.6
0.8
18.6 11.9
2.5
0.05
6.7
**1rd layer cladded with OK Band 309L 0,5x90 mm and OK Flux 10.06.
0.03
0.6
0.8
18.6 11.9
2.5
0.05
6.7
OK Flux 10.06 and OK Flux 10.06F are neutral Cr, Ni and Mo-alloying agglomerated fluxes designed for submerged strip cladding at high welding speed with an AWS EQ309L strip. They produce 316L overlay weld metal in one layer e.g. for internal overlay welding of paper fibre digester drums. The slag is self-lifting or easily detached, leaving a clean and flat overlay. OK Flux 10.06F is especially designed for welding with 60 mm wide strip, OK Flux 10.06 for 90 mm wide strip. For chemical plants, paper production, storage tanks, etc.

OK Flux 10.07 Basicity index 1.0 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.4mm Slag type Neutral Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer Ni and Mo-alloying EN 760: SA CS 3 NiMo DC With OK Band 430* EN ISO 14343-A: B 17

*2rd layer cladded with OK Band 430 0.5x60 mm.
0.05
0.6
0.15
13.0 4.0
1.0
OK Flux 10.07 is a neutral Ni and Mo-alloying agglomerated flux designed for submerged strip cladding with an AWS EQ430 strip producing an overlay weld metal of 14Cr-4Ni-1Mo and a hardness of 370-420 HB. It produces a ferritic weld metal with an enhanced toughness and cracking resistance during service. For cladding on shafts, pistons, continuous cast rolls and other parts of repair and maintenance segment.
68

OK Flux 10.10 Basicity index 4.0 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.2-1.0mm Slag type High Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer none EN 760: Not applicable With OK Band 309L ESW* EN ISO 14343-A: B 21 11 L Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: Not applicable With OK Band 309LNb ESW* EN ISO 14343-A: B 21 11 L Nb AWS/SFA Not applicable TV With OK Band 309LMo ESW* EN ISO 14343-A: (B 23 13 3 L) AWS/SFA Not applicable

* 1rd layer, welded on 2.25Cr1Mo steel
0.03
0.4
1.2
19.0 10.0
0.05
0.03
0.4
1.3
19.0 10.0
0.05
Nb=0.4
0.03
0.4
1.1
18.0 12.5
2.8
0.04
OK Flux 10.10 is a high basic, agglomerated flux designed for electroslag strip cladding with austenitic stainless strips. OK Flux 10.10 is the ESAB standard flux for electroslag cladding with various strips, for instance, OK Band 309L ESW. The flux, developed for high roductivity strip cladding, gives a smooth bead appearance, very good welding properties and easy slag removal. Can be used for single or multi layer cladding. However, the process requires a special welding head and a power source of at least 1600 A. For chemical and petrochemical plants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, nuclear reactor components and power generation.

OK Flux 10.11 Basicity index 5.4 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.2-1.0mm Slag type Very High Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer none EN 760: SA AF 2 DC OK Band NiCrMo3* EN ISO 18274 S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA 5.14: ER NiCrMo-3 OK Band NiCrMo3** EN ISO 18274: S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA 5.14: ER NiCrMo-3

*1st layer on mild steel
0.025
0.45 0.07 19.6 Bal.
8.1
0.01
Nb+Ta=2.9, Fe=7
**2nd layer on mild steel
0.02
0.5
0.03 21.0
Bal.
8.1
0.01
Nb+Ta=3.2, Fe=4
OK Flux 10.11 is a high basic, agglomerated flux designed for electroslag strip cladding with stainless, fully austenitic and Ni-based strips. Can be used for single or multi layer cladding with higher welding speed. Ok Flux 10.11 has very good welding characteristics, gives a smooth bead appearance and easy slag removal.For the chemical processing industry, pollution control equipment, marine equipment, nuclear reactor components, pump shafts.

OK Flux 10.14 Basicity index 4.4 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.2-1.0mm Slag type High Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer none EN 760: Not applicable With OK Band 309LNb * EN ISO 14343-A: B 23 12 L Nb (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA 5.9:

* 1rd layer, welded on mild steel.
0.03
0.5
1.6
19.0 10.0
0.02
Nb=0.6
OK Flux 10.14 is a high basic, agglomerated flux designed for electroslag strip cladding with austenitic stainless strips, especially OK Band 309LNb. It is flux for very high productivity strip cladding, up to about 35 cm/min. Can be used for single or multi layer cladding, gives a smooth bead appearance, very good welding properties and easy slag removal. However, the process requires a water cooled welding head and a power source of at least 2400 A. For chemical and petrochemical plants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, nuclear reactor components and power generation.
69
Fluxes for submerged arc welding

OK Flux 10.16 Basicity index 2.4 Density ~ 1.2 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.6mm Slag type Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer None EN 760: SA AF 2 DC With OK Autrod 19.82 EN ISO 18274: S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCrMo-3 With OK Autrod 19.85 EN ISO 18274: S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCr-3 With OK Band NiCrMo3* EN ISO 18274: S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCrMo-3 With OK Band NiCr3* EN ISO 18274: S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCr-3

C Si Mn Cr Ni Mo N Other FN

0.01 0.3
0.3
21
Bal.
Nb+Ta=3 Fe=3
425
700
40
+20/130 -196/80
0.01 0.3
3.2
19
Bal.
0.5
Nb=2.5
360
600
35
+20/140 -196/100
0.01 0.2
1.1
21
Bal.
0.026 Nb+Ta=2.8 Fe=4
0.02 0.5
20
Bal.
Nb=2.5
OK Flux 10.16 is an agglomerated, non-alloying flux for submerged arc welding specially designed for butt welding with nickelbased alloyed wire. Can also be used for overlay welding with Ni-based strips. The well-balanced flux composition minimises silicon transfer from the flux to the welding metal, provides good mechanical properties, particularly good impact properties, and reduces the risk of hot cracking. OK Flux 10.16 can only be used on DC when butt welding with nickel-based alloy wires. Has also good weldability in the 2G position. Single layer and multi-layer welding of unlimited plate thickness. Flux is suitable for strip cladding with all grades of Ni based strips. For chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore constructions, marine equipment, pressure vessels, storage tanks, etc.

OK Flux 10.90 Basicity index 1.7 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.6mm Slag type Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer Cr compensating, Ni and Mn alloying EN 760: SA AF 2 CrNi DC With OK Autrod 19.81 EN ISO 18274: S Ni6059 (NiCr23Mo16) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCrMo-13 With OK Autrod 19.82 EN ISO 18274: S Ni6625 (NiCr22Mo9Nb) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCrMo-3 DNV With OK Autrod 19.83 EN ISO 18274: S Ni 6276 (NiCr15Mo16Fe6W4) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCrMo-4 With OK Autrod 19.85 EN ISO 18274: S Ni6082 (NiCr20Mn3Nb) AWS/SFA5.14: ERNiCr-3


0.01 0.2
22
Bal.
14.0
Fe=3
5-10
470
675
46
+20/65 -196/70
0.01 0.2
1.5
21
Bal.
8.5
Nb+Ta=3, Fe=3
440
720
33
+20/130 -196/90
0.01 0.2
1.9
15
Bal.
14
W=3.5, Fe=7
480
700
35
+20/85 -196/60
0.01 0.5
3.5
20
Bal.
0.5
Nb=2.5
400
600
35
OK Flux 10.90 is an agglomerated fluoride basic flux for the submerged arc welding of 9 % Ni steels, other high alloyed steels and Ni-based alloys, using Ni-based wires. OK Flux 10.90 is the answer to your LNG welding problems. Flux is chromium compensating, manganese and slightly nickel adding, thereby minimising the risk of hot cracking when welding with nickel-based alloys. Primarily for multi-run welding. The low Si addition during welding provides good mechanical properties, particularly good impact properties. Has good slag detachability and nice bead appearance and also very good weldability in the 2G position. Works very well on DC current. Single and multi-layer welding of unlimited plate thickness. For chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore constructions, pressure vessels, storage tanks, etc.
70

OK Flux 10.92 Basicity index 1.0 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.6mm Slag type Neutral Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer Cr compensating EN 760: SA CS 2 DC With OK Autrod 308L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER308 TV With OK Autrod 347 EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: ER347 TV With OK Autrod 316L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 12 3 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER316L TV With OK Autrod 318 EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 12 3 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: ER318 TV With OK Autrod 309MoL EN ISO 14343-A: S 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9: (ER309MoL) TV With OK Band 308L* EN ISO 14343-A: B 19 9 L AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ308L TV With OK Band 347* EN ISO 14343-A: B 19 9 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ347 TV With OK Band 316L* EN ISO 14343-A: B 19 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9: EQ316L TV


<0.03
0.9
20.0 10.0
365
580
38
-60/60 -196/50
0.04
0.7
0.9
19.8 9.7
470
640
35
+20/65 -60/55 -110/40
0.02
0,8
19.1
11.9
2.7
385
590
36
-60/55
<0.03
0.5
1.2
18.5 12
2.6
Nb=0.5
440
600
42
+20/100 -60/90 -110/40
0.02
0.8
1.5
21
15
400
600
38
+20/120
* 3rd layer on 2.5Cr1Mo steel 0.02 1 0.7 20.6 9.8 12
* 3rd layer on 2.5Cr1Mo steel 0.02 1.3 0.7 20.6 9.5 15 Nb=0.5
* 3rd layer on 2.5Cr1Mo steel 0.02 0.9 0.7 18.5 12.3 2.8 8
OK Flux 10.92 is a neutral, agglomerated Cr-compensating flux designed for strip cladding, butt and fillet welding of stainless and corrosion resistant steel types with AWS ER300 type of wires. Works well on DC current for single and multi-layer welding of unlimited plate thickness. Good welding characteristics and easy slag removal. If used for strip cladding with austenitic stainless welding strips, OK Flux 10.92 gives a smooth bead appearance. For chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore constructions, pressure vessels, storage tanks, chemical tankers, power generation, nuclear, pulp and paper, civil constructions, transport industries, etc.
71

OK Flux 10.93 Basicity index 1.7 Density ~ 1.1 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.6mm Slag type Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer none EN 760: SA AF 2 DCC With OK Autrod 308L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER308L DNV 308L, TV, DB, CE, ABS With OK Autrod 308H EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 H AWS/SFA 5.9: ER308H With OK OK Autrod 347 EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: ER347 TV, DB, CE With OK Autrod 316L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 12 3 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER316L DNV 316L, TV, DB With OK Autrod 317L EN ISO 14343-A: S 18 15 3 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER317L With OK Autrod 316H EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 12 3 H AWS/SFA 5.9: ER316H With OK Autrod 16.38


<0.03
0.6
1.4
20
10
0.06
400
560
38
+20/100 -60/65 -110/55 -196/40
0.05
0.6
1.5
20
9.6
10
0.04
0.5
1.1
19
9.6
Nb=0.5
455
635
35
-60/85 -110/60 -196/30
<0.03
0.6
1.4
18.5 11.5
2.7
390
565
35
-60/90 -110/75 -196/40
<0.04
0.6
1.5
19
13.5
3.5
440
615
28
+20/80 -60/50
0.05
0.6
1.5
18.5 11.5
2.7
EN ISO 14343-A: S 20 16 3 Mn L 0.02 RINA N50M With OK Autrod 318 EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 12 3 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: ER318 TV, DB, CE With OK Autrod 309L EN ISO 14343-A: S 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER309L DNV 309L, LR, TV, CE, ABS With OK Autrod 309MoL EN ISO 14343-A: S 23 12 L AWS/SFA 5.9: (ER309MoL) With OK Autrod 385 EN ISO 14343-A: S 20 25 5 Cu L <0.03 AWS/SFA 5.9: ER385 TV With OK Autrod 310 EN ISO 14343-A: S 25 20 AWS/SFA 5.9: ER310 With OK Autrod 2209 EN ISO 14343-A: S 22 9 3 N L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER2209 ABS, BV, DNV, GL, LR, TV, RINA, CE With OK Autrod 2307 EN ISO 14343-A: S Z 23 7 N L CE With OK Autrod 310MoL EN ISO 14343-A: S 25 22 2 N L AWS/SFA 5.9: (ER310MoL) With OK Autrod 2509 EN ISO 14343-A: S 25 9 4 N L TV With OK Autrod 16.97 EN ISO 14343-A: S 18 8 Mn AWS/SFA 5.9: (ER307) DNV 0.06 <0.03 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.02 <0.03 <0.04
0.7
5.4
20
15.5
2.5
0.13
410
600
44
-60/70 -110/60 -196/40 +20/100 -60/90 -110/40 +20/90 -60/70 -110/60 -196/35 +20/120
0.6
1.2
18.5 12
2.6
Nb=0.5
440
600
42
0.6
1.5
24
12.5
430
570
33
0.5
1.5
21
15
400
600
38
0.6
1.5
19
25
Cu=1.5
310
530
35
+20/80 -196/35
0.5
1.1
26
21
390
590
45
+20/170
<0.025 0.8
1.3
22
0.15
45
630
780
30
+20/140 -60/110 -110/80
0.7
1.1
22.5 7.5
0.12
50
560
725
35
+20/145 -40/95 +20/120
0.1
24.5 22
2.1
0.12
335
575
42
0.5
0.6
24.5 9.5
3.5
0.15
40
640
840
28
+20/85
1.2
6.3
18.0 18
400
600
45
+20/95 -110/40
OK Flux 10.93 is an agglomerated basic flux for the submerged arc welding of stainless steels, primarily multi-run. Designed for the butt and fillet welding of standard austenitic stainless steels and higher alloyed stainless steels. The low Si addition during welding provides good mechanical properties, particularly good impact properties. Has also very good weldability in the 2G position. Works very well on DC current. Single and multi-layer welding of unlimited plate thickness. The slag is self lifting or easily detached leaving clean and flat welds with good penetration. For chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore constructions, pressure vessels, storage tanks, chemical tankers, power generation, nuclear, pulp and paper, civil constructions, transport industries, etc. A flux specially suitable for joining duplex 2205 stainless steels, e.g. in chemical tankers.
72

OK Flux 10.94 Basicity index 1.7 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.6mm Slag type Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer Cr compensating EN 760: SA AF 2 Cr DC With OK Autrod 308L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER308L With OK Autrod 347 EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: ER347


0.02
0.5
1.4
20.2 9.7
0.06
11
400
560
40
+20/85 -60/60 +20/100 -60/70 -110/50 -196/30 +20/80 -196/35 +20/90 -60/50
0.04
0.5
1.0
19.6 9.6
Nb=0.5 9
455
620
38
With OK Autrod 316L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 12 3 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER316L With OK Autrod 2509 EN ISO 14343-A: S 25 9 4 N L <0.04 0.5 0.5 25.5 9.5 3.5 0.2 50 625 830 28 0.02 0.6 1.2 19.5 11.5 2.7 430 570 36
OK Flux 10.94 is a basic, chromium-compensating, agglomerated flux for the butt welding of stainless steels, primarily multi-run. Low Si addition during welding provides good mechanical properties. Works well on DC current. Single and multi-layer welding of unlimited plate thickness. The slag is self lifting or easily detached, leaving clean and flat welds. For chemical and petrochemical plants, pressure vessels, storage tanks, chemical tankers, etc. Specially recommended for joiningsuper duplex 2507 stainless steels, e.g. in offshore applications. Classifications & approvals
OK Flux 10.95 Basicity index 1.7 Density ~ 1.0 kg/dm3 Grain size 0.25-1.6mm Slag type Basic Polarity DC+ Alloy transfer Cr compensating EN 760: SA AF 2 Ni DC With OK Autrod 308L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER308L <0.03 0.6 1.4 20.0 11.0 0.06 3 400 540 40 +20/88 -60/80 -110/70 -196/50


With OK Autrod 308H EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 H AWS/SFA 5.9: ER308H With OK Autrod 347 EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 9 Nb AWS/SFA 5.9: ER347 0.04 0.5 1.0 19.0 10.0 Nb=0.5 6 455 620 38 +20/100 -60/70 -110/50 -196/40 -60/50 -110/75 -196/40 <0.08 0.4 1.8 20.5 10.0 0.05 8 270 520 55
With OK Autrod 316L EN ISO 14343-A: S 19 12 3 L AWS/SFA 5.9: ER316L <0.03 0.6 1.4 18.5 11.5 2.7 390 565
OK Flux 10.95 is basic, nickel alloying, agglomerated flux for submerged arc butt and fillet welding of austenitic stainless steels with AWS ER 300 type of wires. A flux specially suitable for applications requiring a lower ferrite content of max. 3-8%. Specially recommended for welding stainless steels when impact strength at low temperatures is required. Primarily for multi-run welding. Works very well on DC current. The weld beads produced with OK Flux 10.95 provide neat weld surfaces, very good welding properties and easy slag removal. For chemical and petrochemical plants, offshore constructions, pressure vessels, storage tanks, civil constructions, transport industries, etc.
73
74
The stainless steel cladding process

Stainless steel strip cladding is a flexible and economical way of depositing a corrosion-resistant, protective layer on a load-bearing mild or low-alloy steel. Two cladding processes Submerged arc welding (SAW) is the most frequently used process, but if higher productivity and restricted dilution rates are required, electroslag welding (ESW) is recommended. Both proceses are characterised by a high deposition rate and low dilution. They are suitable for surfacing flat and curved objects such as heat exchanger tube sheets or pressure vessels of different kinds. SAW strip cladding The well-known SAW method has been widely used with strip electrodes since the mid-1960s. A strip electrode, normally measuring 60 x 0.5 mm or 90 x 0.5 mm, is used as the (usually positive) electrode and an electric arc is formed between the strip and the workpiece. Flux is used to form a molten slag to protect the weld pool from the atmosphere and helps to form a smooth weld bead surface. ESW strip cladding Electroslag strip cladding, which is a further development of submerged arc strip cladding, has quickly established itself as a reliable high deposition rate process. ESW strip cladding relates to the resistance welding processes and is based on the ohmic resistance heating in a shallow layer of liquid electroconductive slag. The heat generated by the molten slag pool ESW features Compared to submerged arc strip cladding the electroslag cladding process shows the following features: Increased deposition rate by 60% to 80%. Only half of the dilution from the base material due to less penetration (about 10-15% dilution). Lower arc voltage (2426 V). Higher amperage and current density (about 10001250 A with strips of 60 mm width, corresponding to 3342 A/mm ).
2
melts the surface of the base material and the strip electrode end, which is dipping in the slag and the flux. The penetration is less for ESW than for SAW since there is no arc between the strip electrode and the parent material. Fluxes for ESW strip cladding are high basic, with a high share of fluorides. To increase the cladding speed at corresponding high welding currents, it is necessary to use fluxes producing a slag of even higher electrical conductivity and lower viscosity.
high productivity purposes can be welded with amperage in excess of 2000 A which corresponds to a current density about 70 A/mm2. Increased welding speed (50%200% higher), resulting in a
Figure 1.Principles of electroslag strip cladding.
higher area coverage in m2/h. Comparable heat input. Lower flux consumption (about 0.4-0.5 kg/kg strip). The solidification rate of the ESW weld metal is lower, improving the degasification and the resistance to porosity. Oxides can rise easier out of the molten pool to the surface; the overlay metal is cleaner from a metallurgical point of view and thus less sensitive to hot cracking and corrosion.
Specially developed fluxes for

75
Facts about stainless steels

The large and steadily growing family of stainless steels can offer unique combinations of corrosion resistance and properties.
Stainlessness Stainless is a term coined, early in the development of these steels for cutlery products. It was adopted as a generic name and, now, covers a wide range of steel types and grades for corrosion or oxidation resistant applications. Stainless steels owe their corrosion resistance to the presence of a passive, chromium-rich, oxide film that forms naturally on the surface. Although extremely thin and invisible, this protective film adheres firmly, and is chemically stable under conditions which provide sufficient oxygen to the surface. Furthermore, the protective oxide film is self-healing provided there is sufficient oxygen available. Therefore, even Table 1. Main stainless steel types.
Chemical composition (%) Applications Standard grades <0.08 C* Ferritic 10.5-19 Cr 0-2.5 Ni 0-2.5 Mo + Ti, Nb 0.1-0.5 C 11-17 Cr Martensitic 0-2.5 Ni 0-1 Mo <0.08 C* (typically <0.03 C) Austenitic 16-19 Cr 6-16 Ni 0-5 Mo <0.03 C* Duplex (AusteniticFerritic) 18-30 Cr 1.5-8 Ni 1-5 Mn 0-4 Mo 0.1-0.3 N - increased Cr, Mo, N - sometimes Cu, W Oil, gas, chemical industry, pulp and paper industries, heat exchangers, chemical tankers. - increased Ni, Mo, C - very low C for weldability, - sometimes Nb, Ti, V - precipitation hardening with e.g. Cu, Al - increased Cr,Mo, Ni, - stabilisation with Nb, Ti, - sometimes Cu, N - improveded machinability with S Tools and machine parts, oil & gas industry, chemical industry, hydropower applications Equipment, vessels and pipelines within chemical, food, power, oil, gas, pulp and paper industries. Special grades - increased Cr, Mo, - extra low C and N (ELI) Household machines, automotive parts, chemical industry
when the steel is scratched, dented or cut, oxygen from the air immediately combines with the chromium to reform the protective layer. As an example, over a period of years, a stainless steel knife can literally be worn away by daily use and by being re-sharpened but remains stainless. Families of stainless steels It is fortunate that corrosion resistance can be obtained in an iron-based system simply by the addition of chromium, since, by appropriate adjustment of other alloying elements such as nickel and carbon, a wide range of microstructures can be developed. Hence, stainless steels can offer a remarkable range of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance and are produced
Stainless Steel Type
* typically higher C-content in creep and heat resistant grades 76
77
in numerous grades. Properties such as corrosion resistance, formability, weldability, strength and cryogenic toughness are largely determined by the microstructure. Stainless steels are therefore typically classified into a number of general groups according to their microstructure. The major families of stainless steel are listed in table 1. Super-austenitic or super-duplex grades have enhanced pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared with the ordinary austenitic or duplex types. This is thanks to further additions of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen. Super-martensitic steels have a very low carbon content improving weldability greatly. Heat and creep resistant versions of many steels are also available. These have
a slightly modified composition and when intended for creep applications in particular a somewhat higher carbon content.
Properties and weldability

Ferritic stainless steels Ferritic stainless steels have properties similar to mild steels but with better corrosion resistance, due to the addition of typically 11-17% chromium. They are comparatively inexpensive due to their low Ni-content and have good resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking. The more highly alloyed grades, in particular, show poor toughness at low temperatures and are prone to embrittlement at high temperatures.
78
Weldability of ferritic stainless steel varies depending upon the composition. Modern grades with controlled martensite formation and limited carbide precipitation in the heat affected zone (HAZ). are reasonably weldable. However, all ferritic stainless steels suffer from grain growth in the HAZ resulting in loss of toughness. Consequently, interpass temperature and heat input must be limited. Preheating is sometimes required to prevent cracking during cooling for thicknesses above 3 mm for grades forming some martensite. Consumables for the welding of ferritic stainless steels can be ferritic with a composition matching the parent metal or austenitic. Ferritic stainless steels are resistant to corrosion in sulphur containing atmospheres. The use of austenitic consumables is not recommended for this kind of application.
slow cooling is therefore normally required. If this is ignored, there is a significant risk of cold cracking in the hard and brittle HAZ region. Martensitic-austenitic and supermartensitic grades require less or no preheating and PWHT. Matching composition martensitic consumables are used when weld metal properties need to match those of the parent material. However, austenitic consumables are typically preferred as they decrease the risk of cracking. When complicated structures are to be welded a buttering technique can be used. The groove faces are then covered with austenitic filler metal and heat treated as necessary to restore HAZ toughness. The buttered layer is thick enough to ensure no structural change occurs in the parent metal when completing the joint. Austenitic stainless steels
Martensitic stainless steels Martensitic grades can be hardened by quenching and tempering, like plain carbon steels. They have moderate corrosion resistance and contain, typically, 11-13% chromium with a higher carbon content than ferritic grades. Martensitic stainless steels are used because of their mechanical strength, hardness and corrosion resistance. The strength of precipitation hardening grades can be increased further through special heat treatments. The toughness of martensitic stainless steel is limited and decreases with increasing carbon content. However, martensitic-austenitic grades, alloyed with significant amounts of nickel, have improved toughness and weldability. Supermartensitic stainless steels with very low carbon content, improving corrosion resistance and weldability, have recently been introduced. Weldability is comparatively poor, and becomes worse with increasing carbon content, as there is always a hard and brittle zone in the parent metal adjacent to the weld. Preheating, welding with a wellcontrolled minimum interpass temperature followed by cooling, tempering and finally
Austenitic stainless steels have a nickel content of at least 6% to stabilise the structure and provide ductility, a large range of service temperatures, non-magnetic properties and good weldability. This is the most widely used group of stainless steels found in numerous applications. A large number of steel grades have been developed starting from the classical base composition 18%Cr/8%Ni. Some commonly used variants are those which contain Mo to provide improved pitting corrosion resistance, those with Nb or Ti to stabilise against Cr-carbide precipitation causing intergranular corrosion and higher strength N-alloyed grades. Corrosion resistance is very good to excellent, depending on alloying content and environment. In particular the level of Cr-, Mo- and N-alloying has a large effect on corrosion resistance with the most highly alloyed grades usually termed superaustenitic. A further division into e.g. standard, stabilised, fully austenitic, nitrogen alloyed, heat resistant grades and steels with improved machinability is common.
79
Austenitic stainless steels have in most cases excellent weldability and any of the main welding processes can be applied. They are not hardenable, but excessive heat input and preheating should be avoided to minimise the risk of hot cracking, distortion and for non-stabilised grades with carbon levels above about 0.03% also to avoid sensitisation to intergranular corrosion. Precipitation of intermetallic phases can occur in the more highly alloyed grades. Austenitic stainless steels are welded with consumables with a similar or over-alloyed chemical composition with respect to the parent metal. Over-alloying is required for the more highly alloyed grades to optimise corrosion resistance by compensating for segregation effects in the weld metal. Highly alloyed nickel-based consumables are generally used for superaustenitic steels.
Duplex (Austenitic-Ferritic) stainless steels Duplex stainless steels have a mixed structure with approximately equal proportions of ferrite and austenite, hence the term duplex. They are alloyed with a combination of nickel and nitrogen to produce a partially austenitic lattice structure and improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. There is a wide range of duplex grades all offering an attractive combination of high strength and good corrosion resistance. Having grown to a large family, the duplex stainless steels now range from the lean grades, that are cost efficient and compete with the standard austenitic grades, to the highly alloyed superduplex grades for more demanding applications Generally, duplex stainless steels have good
The steels are normally supplied with a single-phase austenitic structure. However, during welding ferrite can form in the weld metal and in the HAZ. Ferrite can affect properties and weldability in a number of ways as described in more detail in Ferrite in weld metals. On the positive side ferrite tends to prevent hot cracking, something which is more of a problem with fully austenitic stainless steels and weld metals. On the negative side ferrite can be selectively attacked in some environments and can easier than austenite transform into sigma phase at high temperatures. Filler metals for the welding of standard austenitic stainless steels are therefore generally designed to form some ferrite in the weld metal. In applications where a fully austenitic weld deposit is required hot cracking can be avoided by alloying the filler metal with Mn.
weldability and can be welded using a wide range of techniques. Welding consumables are of the duplex type but typically slightly different in composition compared to the corresponding steel grade. In particular they need to be higher in elements promoting austenite formation, usually Ni, to avoid excessively high weld metal ferrite contents that otherwise impair properties. Welding without filler metal is therefore usually not recommended. Preheat is not necessary but the heat input has to be within certain limits depending on grade. Too low a heat input leads to a high cooling rate and high ferrite levels. On the other hand, too high a heat input can result in precipitation of deleterious phases in particular in the highly alloyed superduplex grades. In both cases toughness and corrosion resistance will suffer.
Literature EN 1011-3, 2000, Welding Recommendations for welding of metallic materials Part 3: Arc welding of stainless steels.
80
Corrosion
Stainless steels A very thin layer of chromium-rich oxide film, which is formed spontaneously on the surface in the presence of oxygen, protects stainless steels against corrosion. However, stainless steels cannot be considered to be indestructible. The passive state can be broken down under certain conditions and corrosion can result as briefly discussed below. It is therefore important to carefully select the appropriate grade for a particular application. Effects of welding and handling on corrosion resistance also have to be considered. Uniform corrosion This is a type corrosion that proceeds at more or less the same velocity over the entire surface. Attack by uniform corrosion occurs mainly in acids or in strongly alkaline solutions. The resistance against uniform corrosion is typically improved by increasing the content of Cr and Mo in the steel. Intergranular corrosion A localised attack at and adjacent to the grain boundaries is called intergranular corrosion. Stainless steels can become sensitive to intergranular corrosion when exposed to elevated temperatures (500-850C). Local consumption of Cr at the grain boundaries by carbide precipitation then results in depleted regions with inferior corrosion resistance. Precipitation of chromium carbides can be prevented either by a low C-content or by adding stabilising elements like Nb or Ti. Pitting corrosion This is a type of localised corrosion, which is highly destructive, ultimately resulting in holes. Pitting attack in stainless steel is most common in neutral or acidic chloride containing environments. The resistance against pitting improves with increasing Cr-, Mo- and N-contents. A Pitting Resistance Equivalent, PREN,
is commonly used to qualitative compare the pitting resistance of different alloys:
PREN = %Cr + 3.3 %Mo + 16%N.

Care should be taken, though, when comparing steels and weld metals since the inevitable segregation of alloying elements occurring during solidification makes weld metals less resistant for comparable compositions. Crevice corrosion Crevice corrosion is a kind of localised corrosion, which occurs, in narrow crevices under the same conditions as pitting. However, corrosion attacks initiates and propagates more easily in a crevice filled with a liquid, where the oxygen needed to maintain the passive layer quickly is consumed. Typical examples are under gasket surfaces, lap joints and under bolt and rivet heads. A special form of crevice corrosion is called deposit corrosion. This occurs under non-metallic deposits or coatings on the metal surface. Steels with good resistance to pitting corrosion also have good resistance to crevice corrosion. Stress corrosion cracking Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is caused by the combined effect of tensile stresses and exposure to a corrosive environment. The metal surface can appear virtually unattacked while fine racks propagate through the entire thickness. In particular standard austenitic stainless steels are susceptible to SCC in solutions containing chloride. The risk goes up with increasing concentration, higher tensile stress and increasing temperature. SCC is, however, seldom found in solutions below 60C. Ferritic and duplex stainless steels are generally very resistant to SCC and increased Ni- and Mo-contents improve the resistance of austenitic grades.
Uniform corrosion
Intergranular corrosion
Pitting corrosion
Crevice corrosion
Stress corrosion cracking
81
Ferrite in weld metals
Ferrite is obviously a major constituent in ferritic and duplex weld metals. Some ferrite can often also be found in martensitic and in particular in a majority of austenitic weld metals. The weld metal ferrite content can influence a wide range of properties, including corrosion resistance, toughness, long term high temperature stability, resistance to hot cracking etc. Austenite is tougher and more ductile than ferrite, especially at low temperatures, it is not ferromagnetic and
less likely to form brittle phases at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, ferrite is highly resistant to stress corrosion cracking, it is ferromagnetic and usually has a higher yield strength than austenite. An important aspect of ferrite in weld metals is related to the solidification behaviour. It is widely accepted that welds which initially solidify as austenite are more susceptible to hot cracking than those that initially solidify as ferrite. This is largely due to the greater solubility of ferrite for alloying and impurity elements that promote hot cracking.
28 30 26 28 24 26 22 24 20 22 18 20 16 18 14 16 12 14 10 12 8 10 6 8 4 6 2 4 2
18 308 and 316, are therefore types such as 18 20 22 24

rri
equivalent + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu NickelNickel equivalent = %Ni= +%Ni 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu
30
Most welds, including standard austenitic 18 20 22 24

Austenite
0%
26 26
28 28
30 30
NickelNickel equivalent equivalent = %Ni= +%Ni 30%C + 30%C + 0.5%Mn + 0.5%Mn
Fe
designed to18 solidify primarily0 as ferrite 4

2 2
te
0%
5%
rri
Austenite
Fe
16 cracking resistance. This12 to improve hot 6 4 A 0
te
% 10 5% % 0% 10 2
20
40 %
A+M A+M Martensite Martensite F + M F + M2 2 M+F M+F 4 4 6 6 8 8 A+M+F A+M+F
A+F A+F
% % 40 80
80%
100 100 % %
16 0 2 4 2 8 2 5 1 1 2 3 0 2 0 2 14 6 1 2 024 8 45 5 4 when the initial ferrite is transformed during 1 8 3 02 1 2 5 5 5 4 6 03 2 6 14 2 0 5 045 5 75 cooling. Consequently, the ferrite content at 6 3 0 5 4 0 70 65 85 12 room temperature is not the same as during 5 60 80 0 75 95 70 9 0 85 12 0 solidification and will depend on cooling rate. 80 1 95 10 90 0 0 1 10 18 20 22 24 26 28 1 means that 16 the austenite is mainly 14 12 6 formed 8 6 A
AF AF FA FA
0 8
Ferrite Ferrite 34 36 38 40 34 36 38 40
Measurement and Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo 18 ferrite 20 22 24 26 + 0.7%Nb 28 prediction of content
Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%Nb
F F
30 30
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Ferrite determination is frequently required

17 procedure qualification and also for weld
Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb
NickelNickel equivalent = %Ni= +%Ni 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu equivalent + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu
18 18 16 16 14 14 12
The Schaeffler Diagram

NickelNickel equivalent equivalent = %Ni= +%Ni 30%C + 30%C + 30%N + 30%N + 0.5%Mn + 0.5%Mn
commonly specified for filler metals. The 17 15 ferrite 15 content can either be measured 13 by point counting techniques, magnetic 13 11
A A AF AF FA FA
0
21 20 21 19 20 18 19 17 18 16 17 15 16 14 15 13 14 12 13 11 12 10 11 10 WRC Ferrite Number WRC Ferrite Number

0% 2% 4% % 0% 6 % 2% 7.6 % 4% 9.2 % 6% 0.7 % 1 .3 6% 7. 2% 12 .8% 9. 7% 13 . 10 .3% 12 .8% 13
Austenite Austenite Prior

Magnetic Percent Prior Ferrite Magnetic Percent Ferrite
0 0
12 10 methods or it can be predicted based on 11 9
F F
8 12 6 1 0 0 2 4 2 8 41 14 2 8 18 2 3 2 12 626 0 6 3 0 1 0 0 2 4 0 1 2 5 8 14 8 2 6 1 2 3 2 6 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 6 6
2 2
4 4
10 8 the chemical composition of the weld metal.
6 6
9 7 8 6 7 5 5 3 3 1 1
8 10 12 8 14 16 10 18 12 14 16 18
6 4 Measuring the ferrite content
There are two types of methods for 4 2

Austenite Plus Ferrite Austenite Plus Ferrite
measuring the ferrite content of weld metals 2 0 and parent materials: (a)Chromium point counting 0 equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%Nb
26 26 27 27
1 2 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
16 16
17 17
18 18
19 19
20 20
21 21
22 22
23 23
24 24
25 25
techniques and (b) magnetic methods.
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb
Point counting gives a ferrite content in ferrite percentage (sometimes denominated FP). Magnetic methods takes advantage of the
The DeLong Diagram 82
Nickel equivalent = %Ni + 35%C + 20%N + 0.25%Cu
18 18 18 20
20 22
22 24
24 26
26 28
28 30
30 18 18
Fe rri t 0% e Fe rri
Austenite Austenite
te
18
0
16
5%
0%
5%
1
A+M
0%
10
16
A
14
A AF FA
18
AF FA F
20
20
% 20
40
14
A+F properties 80% different magnetic of ferrite and
% 40
12
8 austenite with ferrite being ferro-magnetic,

% whilst austenite is not. A Ferrite 100 Number % A+M+F (FN) is assigned to a given 100 level of magnetic
A+M+F M+F M+F 8
A+F
0%
12
10
nsite
10
16 0 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 1 1 08 2 5 21 42 10 4 3 5 22 86 1 8 4 2 2 0 1 2 5 3 3 55 2 6 50 44 2 0 65 0 3 0 55 60 75 4 0 5 6 70 5 0 85 5 7 80 6 95 0 5 7 8 90 0 5 80 9 10 90 0 0 1 0 12
2 4
4 68
12
16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 30
F
22
attraction, defined from primary standards using a magnetic Ferrite beam balance known
34 36 38 40 It is important to realise that there is no
24 24 26
26 28
28 30
Ferrite
18
20
22
commercially as a MagneGage instrument. unique correlation of Ferrite Number with ferrite percentage since the FN depends not only on the ferrite percentage but also on composition. The Ferrite Number is
WRC approximately equivalent to the percentage Ferrite WRC Number at low values but will be larger than Ferrite ferrite 0 2 Number 4
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 5 4 6 5 7 6 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
equivalent + %Mo 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb 0 Chromium 12 14 16 18 20= %Cr 22 24 26 + 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
mium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
A0 A AF
AF FA FA F
tenite
8 12 6 1 0 2 4 2 8 14 8 2 5 1 2 6 3 5 16 0 2 6 0 4 2 2 4 1 2 8 30 0 55 14 8 2 5 4 0 1 2 65 3 5 2 6 0 75 45 2 0 6 0 3 0 55 7 85 4 0 0 65 8 5 0 95 75 90 6 0 5 70 0 8 1 5 80 9 90 0 10 4 6 8 12 10
0 Prior 6 2 8 Magnetic 4 or Percent 6 10 8 12 gnetic Ferrite 0% % 0 14 cent 2 1 16 4% 12 rite 0% % 4 18 % 6 1 2 % 6 % 6 1 . % 4 7 8 2 1 6% 9. 7% . 6% 7. 2% 10 .3% Austenite 9. 7% 12 .8% Plus Ferrite . 13 10 .3% Austenite 12 .8% Plus Ferrite 13
the percentage ferrite at higher values. a) Point counting involves direct
microscopic measurement on suitably prepared specimens and gives the ferrite content in ferrite percentage. This is a destructive method since a polished
23 metallographic 24 25 26 27 and22 etched section is 27 required. It cannot therefore readily be
equivalent %Cr + %Mo 0.7%Nb 9 10 Chromium 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 = 18 19 20 21 22 + 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Chromium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 0.7%Nb
19
20
21
19 20 equivalent 21 23 + 1.5%Si 24 Chromium =22 %Cr + %Mo + 25 0.5%Nb26
the WRC-1992 diagram (see Figures Z and W
mium equivalent = %Cr + %Mo + 1.5%Si + 0.5%Nb
used on completed welded fabrications, but can be used on representative welding procedure samples. The main advantage of the point counting technique is that it can be applied to all microstructures, including the narrow HAZ. Point counting is, however, relatively slow and labour intensive. Comparative studies have also shown a great deal of scatter between different laboratories and different operators. MagneGage requires a flat polished specimen and is less suitable for field application. However, hand held equipment based on eddy current techniques is available and can be used on welds with a minimum of surface preparation. All magnetic methods require the use of appropriate primary standards (permanent magnet principle) or secondary standards (eddy current techniques) in order to calibrate the equipment and enable accurate measurements of FN to be made. Predicting ferrite content Prediction of weld metal ferrite content can be carried out based on the chemical composition of the weld metal. A number of predictive diagrams are available with the newer diagrams making predictions
83
b) Instruments for magnetic measurements of ferrite content in Ferrite Number (FN) are based on one of two principles. They make either use of a permanent magnet and measure tearing-off force (e.g., a MagneGage) or utilise eddy current to measure magnetic properties (e.g., Fisher Feritscope). Both methods are in principle non-destructive although use of the
in terms of Ferrite Number (FN) instead of ferrite percentage. The Schaeffler Diagram (see Figure X op p64), now more than fifty years old, is well out-dated for ferrite prediction in stainless steel welds and was followed by the DeLong Diagram (see Figure Y op p64) recognising the importance of nitrogen content. The today most widely used predictive diagram, and the one recognised by the ASME code since 1995 is the WRC-1992 diagram (see Figures Z and W op p65). Other systems, including some based on Neural Networks are also available. All these methods depend on an accurate chemical analysis of the actual weld deposit. When certified compositions of the welding consumable are used, it must also be recognised that these will not necessarily be the same as the deposit composition, depending on dilution by parent materials and welding parameters. Comments When specifying, measuring or predicting ferrite contents one should be aware of some basic facts: The ferrite content of real weldments is affected by a number of factors the most important typically being filler composition, dilution with parent material, nitrogen
84
pickup and cooling rate. Ferrite is not homogeneously distributed within a weld. For example, the ferrite content is generally lower at the interface between two weld passes since heating by deposition of the subsequent adjacent pass causes some ferrite to transform to austenite. To require a ferrite range after post-weld heat treatment is in general irrelevant as ferrite transforms to other phases during PWHT. Measuring and predicting ferrite content is not an exact science: - It is unrealistic to require both a measured and a calculated FN for a given weld metal to be within a narrow range. - Chemical analysis includes variability and even the WRC-92 Diagram has a possibility of error on the order of 4 FN in the 0-18 FN range. - A study involving 17 laboratories in 8 countries organised within the International Institute of Welding indicated that scatter of about 20 % of the measured value should be expected between different laboratories when testing real welds.
Literature Schaeffler A L. Constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metal, Metal Progress, 1949, vol. 56, No. 11, pp. 680 - 680B. DeLong W T. Ferrite in austenitic stainless steel weld metal, Welding Journal, 1974, vol.53, No. 7, pp. 273-s - 286-s. Kotecki D J and Siewert T A. WRC-1992 constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metals: a modification of the WRC-1988 diagram, Welding Journal, 1992, vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 171-s - 178-s. Lefebvre J.: Guidance on specifications of ferrite in stainless steel weld metal, Welding in the World, 1993, vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 390-407. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1995 Edition, Section III, Division I, Figure NB-2433. 1-1, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. AWS A4.2M/A4.2:1997. Standard procedures for calibrating magnetic instruments to measure the delta ferrite content of austenitic and duplex ferritic-austenitic stainless steel weld metal, American Welding Society. Kotecki D.J.: FN measurement Round Robin using shop and field instruments after calibration by secondary standards - Final Summary Report, Welding in the World, JulyAugust 1999, vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 91-99. ISO 8249: 2000, Welding Determination of
Ferrite Number (FN) in austenitic and duplex ferritic-austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steel weld metals, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland. ASTM E562-02. Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count. ISO 9042: 2002. Steels Manual point counting method for statistically estimating the volume fraction of a constituent with a point grid. ISO TR 22824: 2003, Welding consumables Predicted and measured FN in specifications A position statement of the experts of IIW Commission IX, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland. Farrar J.C.M., The measurement of Ferrite Number (FN) in real weldments, Welding in the World, November-December 2005, vol. 49, No. 5/6, pp. 13-21.
85
Joining of Dissimilar Steels
Different types of stainless steels can normally be welded to one another without difficulty. It is, however, essential that a consumable with at least the same mechanical strength and corrosion resistance as the poorest of the base materials is used and that the recommendations for welding these are followed. Stainless steels can also be welded to mild or low-alloy steels with excellent results if the steel has a reasonable weldability and if certain straightforward guidelines for the avoidance of cracking are followed. The same basic metallurgical considerations apply also to cladding of mild or low-alloy steels with a stainless layer as well as welding of stainless steel/ mild or low-alloy steel compound material. The main concern during welding is to avoid cracking in the weld metal and in the base material heat affected zone (HAZ). Cracking can be either hydrogen assisted cracking or
hot cracking depending on base and filler metal and on the welding procedure. Weld metal considerations The dilution of the filler metal by the base material must be taken into account to avoid the formation of hard and brittle or hot cracking susceptible structures. A mild steel filler metal will result in a highly alloyed brittle martensitic microstructure when deposited on a stainless steel. Using a standard stainless filler metal will usually result in the same unfavourable microstructure when welding on a mild steel. In both cases the hard and brittle regions of the welds are very likely to show extensive cracking. There are three main approaches to produce sound crack resistant dissimilar welds between stainless and mild or low-alloy steels. Typically the first approach is preferred. The most common approach is to aim for a weld metal composition giving an austenitic
30 28
Nickel equivalent = %Ni + 30%C + 0.5%Mn
(1) C-Steel (2) Stainless steel

rri t
26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 (1) F + (A) M 2 4 (C) Martensite (3) A+M
Austenite
0%
(A) OK 48.00 (B) OK 67.70 (3) Base material mix (C) Weld metal with (A)
20 %
40 %
80%
Fe
5%
10 %
(D) Weld metal with (B)
(2) A+F (D)
(B)
100
A+M+F M+F Ferrite
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
34 36 38 40
86
structure with some ferrite. As discussed in the Ferrite in weld metals section this will produce a very crack resistant and ductile weld. Typically overalloyed consumables of the (in wt.%) 23Cr 12Ni (with or without Mo) and 29Cr 9Ni types are used. A duplex filler can in most cases also be used with good result. A similar but somewhat different approach is to use fillers depositing a more or less fully austenitic weld metal. In this case alloying with relatively high levels of Mn is needed to ensure crack resistance. A common type of filler is 18Cr 8Ni 6Mn. Ni-base fillers should be used for service temperatures above approximately 350-400C to minimise carbon migration into the weld. A diagramme such as the Schaeffler Diagram or the more recent WRC-1992 Diagram can be used to predict the microstructure of the weld metal. The WRC-1992 Diagram is likely to give a more precise prediction of weld metal ferrite content but the Schaeffler Diagram has the advantage of showing the structure for any steel weld metal composition. An example is presented in the figure on page 86 illustrating the joining of mild steel and 18Cr 12Ni 3Mo type stainless steel. Example Prediction of weld metal microstructure of a dissimilar joint between a stainless steel (1: 18Cr 12 3Mo) and a mild steel (2) welded with either an unalloyed consumable (A: OK 48.00) or an overalloyed stainless electrode (B: OK 67.70). Step1: Calculate Nickel- and Chromiumequivalents from steel and consumable compositions and plot these in the diagram. Step 2: Connect the two steel compositions with a line. Step 3: Assume that equal amounts of the base materials will be fused. Mark the position on the line halfway between the two steel compositions (3). Step 4: Connect the halfway point and
the position of the consumable compositions of interest with lines. Step 5: The weld metal composition is given by a point located X% of the distance between the halfway point (see step 3) and the consumable composition point. X is the assumed dilution which is typically 25-40 % for MMA, 15-40% for MIG /MAG, 25-100% for TIG and 20-50% for SAW. In this example the dilution level is assumed to be 30%. The overalloyed stainless consumable will, as shown by the example, give a desired ductile and crack resistant austenitic weld metal with some ferrite (point D). Using an unalloyed consumable will however produce a martensitic weld metal (point C) which is harder, brittle and likely to crack. Parent metal HAZ considerations When joining dissimilar steels it is important not only to select a consumable giving the desired weld metal structure when diluted by parent materials. The weldability of the steels must also be considered. A simple, although often overly conservative, guide is to use the same preheat, interpass temperature, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) etc that would be used when welding the steels to themselves. However, a lower preheat can often be tolerated when an austenitic stainless or Ni-base filler is used. A PWHT in the range 500-700C, that is commonly used for mild or low-alloy steels, can cause sensitisation (see Corrosion Types) of a stainless steel or weld metal, in particular for unstabilised grades with a high carbon content. PWHT might also cause embrittlement due to precipitation of intermetallic phases. The effect is more pronounced for weld metals with higher ferrite contents. A restriction to maximum 8-10 FN is therefore common, for example in cladding of low-alloy steels, when a PWHT is required.
87
30 30 28 28
Nickel Nickelequivalent equivalent==%Ni %Ni++30%C 30%C++0.5%Mn 0.5%Mn
24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 F F + + M M 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 Martensite Martensite A+M A+M
Austenite Austenite
00 % % FF ee rrriri te te
26 26
% 5% 5 % 0% 10 1
% 0% 20 2 % 0% 40 4
A+F A+F
% 0% 80 8
A+M+F A+M+F M+F M+F Ferrite Ferrite
% 0% 00 10 1
10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 20 22 22 24 24 26 26 28 28 30 30 32 32 10
34 36 36 38 38 40 40 34
Nickel Nickelequivalent equivalent==%Ni %Ni++35%C 35%C++20%N 20%N++0.25%Cu 0.25%Cu
Chromium equivalent equivalent = = %Cr %Cr + + %Mo %Mo + + 1.5%Si 1.5%Si + + 0.5%Nb 0.5%Nb Chromium
The Schaeffler Diagram
Nickel Nickelequivalent equivalent==%Ni %Ni++30%C 30%C++30%N 30%N++0.5%Mn 0.5%Mn
21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 11 11 10 10 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 Austenite Austenite
Prior Prior Magnetic Magnetic Percent Percent Ferrite Ferrite
WRC WRC Ferrite Ferrite Number Number
0% 0% 2% 2% 4% 4% 6% 6% 6% 7.6% % 2% 7. 9.2 % 7% 9. 0.7 % 10. .3% 1 12.3 % 8% 2 1 13..8 13
0 0 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 0 1 1012 1214 1416 1618 18
Austenite Austenite Plus Ferrite Plus Ferrite
20 20
21 21
22 22
23 23
24 24
25 25
26 26
27 27
Chromium equivalent equivalent = = %Cr %Cr + + %Mo %Mo + + 1.5%Si 1.5%Si + + 0.5%Nb 0.5%Nb Chromium
The DeLong Diagram 88
18 18
18 20
20 22
22 24
24 26
26 28
28 30
30 18 18
18
16
16
A A
0 2
14
14
AF AF FA FA
8 6 12 6 0 10 4 1 1 8 1
4 2
12
12
10
10
F F
18 18 20 20 22 22 24
12 6 6 1 0 1 20 4 2 14 824 8 2 28 1 22 5 5 3 5 3 45 22 6 2 26 0 4 2 0 55 3 0 3 40 55 65 4 0 0 5 5 0 56 60 5 75 70 6 75 85 70 8 80 0 95 50 8 9 9 90 0 0 10 10
16
16
14
14
12
12
10 30
10
24 26
26 28
28 30
Chromium equivalent ++ %Mo + 0.7%Nb Chromium equivalent = %Cr = + %Cr %Mo 0.7%Nb
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
A AF FA
2 6
0 4
AF FA F
8 12 6 1 0 6 2 4 1 100 2 8 4 2 14 10 4 2 5 2 8 8 1 8 1 2 2 3 5 2 1 2 5 6 3 4 2 0 2 6 5 4 3 0 2 0 55 5 3 0 5 4 0 65 4 0 5 5 6 75 5 0 60 75 0 6 7 85 0 5 7 8 80 95 5 0 80 9 9 0 90 0 0 1 10 12 6
2 8
Chromium equivalent ++ %Mo + 0.7%Nb Chromium equivalent = %Cr = + %Cr %Mo 0.7%Nb
the WRC-1992 diagram (see Figures Z and W
89
Storage and handling

Storage All covered electrodes are sensitive to moisture pickup, but the rate will be very slow when stored under the correct climatic conditions: 5 15 C: 15 25 C: >25 C: max. 60% RH max. 50% RH max. 40% RH Recommendations for OK Flux ESAB fluxes, agglomerated as well as fused, have a guaranteed low moisture content from At low temperatures, maintain low relative humidity by keeping the storage temperature at least 10C above the outside temperature. At high temperatures, maintain low relative humidity by air dehumidification. Ensure cold packs reach ambient temperature before opening. The plastic capsule provides some protection, although moisture permeates and is absorbed at a very slow rate. High moisture in the coating of stainless steel MMA electrodes can cause porosity. When uncertain about the moisture content, electrodes should be re-dried according to instructions. Use quivers for intermediate protection. Handling VacPac electrodes VacPac electrodes are to be stored below 50 C and require no re-drying before use, provided that the package is undamaged. In order to protect the vacuum foil, do not use a knife or any other sharp object to open the outer package. Before using VacPac electrodes. If the vacuum has been lost, then re-dry the electrodes before use. Cut open the protective foil at the indicated end. Do not take out more than one electrode at a time, while leaving the foil in place. Discard or re-dry electrodes exposed to the atmosphere in an opened Vac- Pac for more than 12 hours*. Redrying Recommendations for solid and cored wires Solid and cored wires should be stored in conditions which prevent the accelerated deterioration of products or packaging. All wires should avoid direct contact with water or moisture. Wires must be stored in dry conditions. The relative humidity and temperature should be monitored and the temperature should not fall below the dew point. To avoid condensation, the wires should be kept in the original packaging and, if necessary, left to warm
* Valid at standard AWS test conditions of 26.7 C and 80% RH.
up to at least the ambient temperature before opening the package. Other hydrogen-containing substances, such as oil, grease and corrosion, or hygroscopic substances must also be avoided. Storage must be adequate to prevent damage.
production. Before transport, each pallet is shrink wrapped in plastic foil, to maintain the as-manufactured moisture content for as long as possible. Flux should never be exposed to direct wetness such as rain or snow. Storage Unopened flux bags must be kept under controlled storage condition as follows: Temperature: 20 +/- 10C Relative humidity: not exceeding 60 %. Fluxes shall not be stored longer than 3 years. Remaining flux from unprotected hoppers must be placed in a drying cabinet or heated flux hopper at a temperature of 150 +/- 25C. Remaining flux from open bags should be placed at a temperature of 150 +/- 25C. Recycling Moisture and oil must be removed from the pressure air used in the recycling system. New flux should be added in proportions of at least one part of new flux to three parts recycled flux. Foreign material such as millscale, dross etc. should be removed by, for instance, sieving.
Redrying is needed when the flux has picked-up moisture during storage, handling or use or when required by material specification. Redrying shall be performed on shallow plates with a flux height not exceeding 50 mm, as follows: Agglomerated fluxes: 2-4h/300 +/- 25C. Fused fluxes: 2-4h/200 +/- 50C. Redried flux, not immediately used, must be kept at 150 +/- 25C before use.
90
Global manufacturing
OK Flux is an ESAB AB trademark and consequently the OK Flux range is fully globally managed, together with OK Autrod and OK Tubrod solid and cored SAW wires. All ESAB plants manufacturing OK products do so based on centrally submitted specifications in terms of: Raw materials Testing methods Product release inspection Manufacturing process, process parameters and limits Product packaging and marking requirements Product 3rd party international approvals Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Quality Management System ISO 14001 OHSAS 18001
With all these measures in place, ESAB is confident that OK products have identical properties regardless of manufacturing location, worldwide. Several OK products are made in more than one location to meet local geographical demands. Equally important, this is part of ESABs supply contingency plan, a global effort to consistently meet the supply chain needs of our customers. It is with this in mind that ESAB is able to supply a market from different factories, in order to provide the best possible delivery service.
26. Production facility certificates
91
World leader in welding and cutting technology and systems.

ESAB Sales and Support Offices worldwide
ESAB operates at the forefront of welding and cutting technology. Over one hundred years of continuous improvement in products and processes enables us to meet the challenges of technological advance in every sector in which ESAB operates. Quality and environment
Environmental, Health & Safety Management Systems across all our global manufacturing facilities. At ESAB, quality is an ongoing process that is at the heart of all our production processes and facilities worldwide. Multinational manufacturing, local representation and an international network of independent distributors brings the benefits of ESAB quality and unrivalled expertise in materials and processes within reach of all our customers, wherever they are located.
* Includes manufacturing facilities of ESAB North America, a wholly owned subsidiary of Anderson Group Inc.
standards Quality, the environment and safety are three key areas of focus. ESAB is one of few international companies to have achieved the ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 standards in
ESAB Sales and Support Offices worldwide
* Includes manufacturing facilities of ESAB North America, a wholly owned subsidiary of Anderson Group Inc.
Reg. No: XA00048720 Rev.1 08 2011
ESAB AB Box 8004, SE-402 77 Gteborg, Sweden. Phone: +46 31 50 90 00. Fax: +46 31 50 93 90. E-mail: info@esab.se www.esab.com

Guide Du Soudage Des Aciers Inoxydables

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Guide Du Soudage Des Aciers Inoxydables

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Guide Du Soudage Des Aciers Inoxydables

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technical Handbook

Stainless Steel Welding

STRENGTH THROUGH COOPERATION

Its all here

Overview stainless steel consumables

Covered electrodes for MMA welding

Solid wires for MIG/MAG welding

Overview stainless steel consumables

0.15 22.7 0.1 3.0 0.4 3.0 22.0 20.0

Tubular cored wires for MIG/MAG welding

Wires for Submerged Arc Welding

Consumable selection by parent material

Covered electrodes for MMA welding

Solid wires for MIG/MAG welding

X2CrNi12 X6Cr13 X6Cr17 X2CrMoTi18-2 -

1.4003 1.4000 1.4016 1.4521 1.4762

S41050 403 430 S44400 446

Wires for TIG welding

Tubular cored wires for MIG/MAG

Wires for SA welding

OK Tigrod 309LSi, OK Tigrod 309MoL OK Tigrod 310

Shield-Bright 309L, Shield-Bright 309L X-tra

OK Autrod 309L OK Autrod 310

Covered electrodes for MMA welding

Covered electrodes for MMA welding

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Covered electrodes for MMA welding

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal

Covered electrodes for MMA welding

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Classifications & approvals

Typical chemical composition all weld metal (%)

Typical mechanical properties all weld metal