Research Article

Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2009, Article ID 926086, 12 pages
doi:10.1155/2009/926086
Research Article
Adomian Decomposition Method for
a Nonlinear Heat Equation with
Temperature Dependent Thermal Properties
Ashfaque H. Bokhari,
1
Ghulam Mohammad,
2
M. T. Mustafa,
1
and F. D. Zaman
1
1
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Mathematics, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore,
Pakistan
Correspondence should be addressed to M. T. Mustafa, tmustafa@kfupm.edu.sa
Received 26 December 2008; Revised 20 April 2009; Accepted 14 July 2009
Recommended by Saad A. Ragab
The solutions of nonlinear heat equation with temperature dependent diusivity are investigated
using the modied Adomian decomposition method. Analysis of the method and examples are
given to show that the Adomian series solution gives an excellent approximation to the exact
solution. This accuracy can be increased by increasing the number of terms in the series expansion.
The Adomian solutions are presented in some situations of interest.
Copyright q 2009 Ashfaque H. Bokhari et al. This is an open access article distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
In the classical model of the heat equation, the thermal diusivity and thermal conductivity
of the medium are assumed to be constant. In some media such as gases, these parameters
are proportional to the temperature of the medium giving rise to a nonlinear heat equation of
the following form 1:
Cx
u
t

x
_
ku
u
x
_
, 1.1
where C is the conductivity, k is diusivity, and is a constant.
2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering
However, in some situations the diusivity is proportional to u
, which gives rise to a

more general nonlinear heat equation
Cx
u
t

x
_
u
u
x
_
. 1.2
In this paper we investigate the nonlinear heat equation
u
t

x
_
fu
u
x
_
, 1.3
with fu u
m
, using the Adomian decomposition method. This method was presented
by Adomian to solve algebraic, dierential, integrodierential equations and stochastic
problems 25. In these papers Adomian presented the so-called decomposition method
in which the problem is split into linear solvable and nonlinear part. By assuming that
the solution admits a power series representation, the nonlinear contribution to the solution
is obtained in the form of Adomian polynomials 6. Alternative methods of calculating
Adomian polynomials have been discussed by Babolian and Javadi 7 and Wazwaz 8
11. For the convergence of the Adomian method, see 1214. For a detailed treatment and
applications of the Adomian decomposition method one may refer to 6. Chiu and Chen 15
have applied the Adomian method to study n problem with variable conductivity. Wazwaz
in 10 established an algorithmfor calculating Adomian polynomials that depend mainly on
algebraic and trigonometric identities and on Taylors expansion. A feature of this method is
that it involves less formulas and is straightforward to implement. The reader is referred to
10, Section 2 for details of algorithm and its connection with earlier approach of Adomian
6. We will use the modied Adomian algorithmgiven by Wazwaz 10 to nd the Adomian
solutions to our models of nonlinear heat equation with temperature dependent diusivity.
2. Method of Solution
Introducing the operator L
t
/t, 1.3 takes the form
L
t
ux, t
_
f
uu
2
x
fuu
xx
_
. 2.1
We solve 2.1 subject to the initial condition
ux, 0 gx. 2.2
Applying inverse operator L
1
t
to both sides of 2.1 yields
ux, t ux, 0 L
1
t
__
f
uu
2
x
fuu
xx
__
. 2.3
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3
The desired series solution by Adomian decomposition method is given by cf. 26 for
details
ux, t
n0
u
n
x, t, 2.4
and u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, . . . are calculated from recursive relation
u
0
ux, 0,
u
n1
L
1
t
A
n
, n 0,
2.5
where A
n
are the Adomian polynomials for the nonlinear operator
Fux, t f
uu
2
x
fuu
xx
. 2.6
The formulas that can be used to generate Adomian polynomials are discussed by Adomian
in 6. Here we employ the algorithm of Wazwaz 10 to calculate Adomian polynomials,
which seems quite natural and suited for implementation by software.
3. Applications and Results
We consider the nonlinear heat equation
u
t

x
_
fu
u
x
_
,
ux, 0 gx
3.1
with power nonlinearity fu u
m
. We are interested in investigating the case of power
nonlinearity due to the fact that this assumption is made in most of the applied nonlinear
problems of heat transfer and ows in porous media. For instance, fu u
1/2
corresponds
to fast diusion processes of plasma diusion and thermal expulsion of liquid Helium 16
18. The diusivity fu u
2
is used to model process of melting and evaporation of metals
1719. For the initial temperature prole, we consider typical cases like gx a quadratic
function or gx e
ax
2
or gx sech
2
x which corresponds to soliton like initial prole.
Case A gx ax
2
bx c. The Adomian solution ux, t for general a, b, c, and m can
be obtained from authors as Mathematica le. Some particular cases for a, b, c, and m are
considered as follows.
i a b c 1 and m 2.
The Mathematica code to obtain Adomina solution in this case consists of the
following commands:
fn
n1
i0
u
i
x
i
O
n
,
f1dn
n1
i0
x
u
i
x
i
O
n
,
f2dn
n1
i0
x,x
u
i
x
i
O
n
,
3.2
maximum number of polynomials and solution terms:
k 5 3.3
Finding Adomian polynomials:
apoly mfk
m1
f1dk
2
//Simplify
bpolynomial fk
m
f2dk.
3.4
Making vector of admian polynomials:
v CoecientList
_
coepoly,
_
. 3.5
Finding solution u(x,t):
u
0
x a x
2
b x c
Do
_
u
i
x
_
t
0
vidt, {i, 1, k}
_
ux , t u
0
x
Doux , t ux, t u
i
x, {i, 1, k}
ux, t
a 1; b 1; c 1
m 2
ux, t.
3.6
The Adomian solution obtained is
ux, t
1 x x
2
2t
2
1 x1 x
_
24 45x 185x
2
4x
_
25 70x
2
_
4
_
2 25x
2
35x
4
__
1
3
t
3
1 x1 x
_
60 1860x 8x
_
1860 7995x
2
_
2
_
570 8370x
2
_
8x
_
1665 10770x
2
12825x
4
_
4
_
720 14490x
2
29370x
4
_
8
_
75 1665x
2
5385x
4
4275x
6
__
1
3
t
4
1 x1 x
_
8160 11310x 180390x
2
4x
_
50610 318390x
2
_
4
_
13380 414000x
2
1172820x
4
_
4x
_
160950 1507380x
2
2417550x
4
_
16x
_
20370 222060x
2
585450x
4
429000x
6
_
4
_
17970 605070x
2
2705190x
4
2807850x
6
_
16
_
600 20370x
2
111030x
4
195150x
6
107250x
8
__
1
60
t
5
1 x1 x
_
15120 1275120x 2
_
486360 16082040x
2
_
8x
_
5172000 45672540x
2
_
4
_
3226560 145378920x
2
558401640x
4
_
8x
_
36485460 477387720x
2
1007253300x
4
_
64x
_
8126460 123096840x
2
424022700x
4
390053400x
6
_
8
_
5708700 279944820x
2
1685856660x
4
2244119100x
6
_
32x
_
5402520 86621760x
2
373392000x
4
591280800x
6
309309000x
8
_
16
_
2417760 119127600x
2
868513680x
4
1945018800x
6
1317980400x
8
_
32
_
113400 5402520x
2
43310880x
4
124464000x
6
147820200x
8
61861800x
10
__
t1 x1 x2 21 5x1 x.
3.7
The solutions in Figure 1 increase algebraically as is expected from algebraic behavior of
initial condition and the form of fu.
ii a b c 1 and m 2 Figure 2.
0
1
2
3
10
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
a
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
10
13
4
2
0
2
4
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
b
Figure 1: a Graph of Adomian solution for {x, 0, 5}, {t, 0, 1}. b Graph Adomian solution for
{x, 5, 5}, {t, 0, 1}.
10000
0
10000
2
1
0
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
Figure 2: Graph of Adomian solution for the range {x, 2, 1}, {t, 0, 1}.
As the diusivity in this case is decreasing function of u, the solution exhibits the
change in the quadratically increasing initial temperature.
iii a b c 1 and m 1/2 Figure 3.
Case B gx e
ax
2
. The Adomian solution for general a, m can be obtained from authors
as Mathematica le. Some particular cases are considered as follows.
i a 2 and m 2
The Adomian solution is
ux, t e
2x
2
4e
6x
2
t
_
1 12x
2
_
8e
10x
2
t
2
_
11 400x
2
1200x
4
_
32
3
e
14x
2
t
3
_
315 22692x
2
181552x
4
291648x
6
_
32
3
e
18x
2
t
4
_
16425 1947360x
2
28962720x
4
115402752x
6
123607296x
8
_
128
15
e
22x
2
t
5
_
1326840 233242200x
2
5491343520x
4
38961513344x
6
99063148800x
8
78562446336x
10
945
_
1 20x
2
__
.
3.8
0
10
2
1
0
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
Figure 3: Graph of Adomian solution for the range {x, 2, 1}, {t, 0, 1}.
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
4
2
0
2
4
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
a
50
0
50
100
2
1
0
1
2
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
b
1 0.5 0.5 1
200000
100000
100000
200000
c
Figure 4: a Graph of solution for the range {x, 5, 5}, {t, 0, 1}. b Graph of solution for the range
{x, 2, 2}, {t, 0, 1}. c Graph for xed t 0.5 for the range {x, 1, 1}.
Figure 4 displays how the bell-shaped initial temperature interacts with quadratic depen-
dence of diusivity.
ii a 2 and m 2 Figure 5.
1.5
1
0.5
0
10
6
0.01
0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
a
10
5
0
10
21
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
b
Figure 5: a Graph for the range {x, .01, .01}, {t, 0, 1}. b Graph for the range {x, 1.5, .01}, {t, 0, 1}.
ux, t e
2x
2
4e
2x
2
t
_
1 4x
2
_
8e
6x
2
t
2
_
5 96x
2
144x
4
_
32
3
e
10x
2
t
3
_
91 4028x
2
19120x
4
17600x
6
_
32
3
e
14x
2
t
4
_
3287 260480x
2
2523104x
4
6375936x
6
4202240x
8
_
128
15
e
18x
2
t
5
_
191704 23954712x
2
390296736x
4
1877037696x
6
3158528256x
8
1613177856x
10
945
_
1 20x
2
__
.
3.9
iii a 2 and m 1/2 Figure 6.
ux, t e
2x
2
4
_
e
2x
2
_
3/2
t
_
1 6x
2
_
8e
4x
2
t
2
_
5 76x
2
96x
4
_
32
3
_
e
2x
2
_
5/2
t
3
_
219
4

3009x
2
2
4615x
4
2850x
6
_
32
3
e
6x
2
t
4
_
2031
2
43365x
2
233406x
4
337716x
6
131760x
8
_
128
15
_
e
2x
2
_
7/2
t
5
_
433389
16

13476579x
2
8

27882147x
4
2
34527269x
6
30761241x
8
8579214x
10
945
_
1 20x
2
_
_
.
3.10
5000
0
5000
10000
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
a
5
0
5
10
10
6
10
5
0
5
10
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
b
Figure 6: a Graph for the range {x, 1, 1}, {t, 0, 1}. b Graph for the range {x, 10, 10}, {t, 0, 1}.
10000
5000
0
5000
10000
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
a
0.025
0
0.025
0.05
10
5
0
5
10
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
b
Case C gx sech
2
x. The Adomian solution for general m can be obtained from authors
as Mathematica le. Some particular cases are considered as follows.
i m 2.
ux, t
sechx
2
2t4 3 cosh2xsechx
8
3t
2
161 178 cosh2x 25 cosh4xsechx
14
t
3
54900 71641 cosh2x 18772 cosh4x 1519 cosh6x
sechx
20
1
4
t
4
35318621 50550350 cosh2x 18047504 cosh4x
2916178 cosh6x 160947 cosh8x
sechx
26
1
20
t
5
35893153056 54495231330 cosh2x 23506173696 cosh4x
5488700877 cosh6x 621401568 cosh8x
25573713 cosh10xsechx
32
.
3.11
Here the initial condition is soliton like. This is reected in the Figure 7 as the diusivity
varies quadratically.
ii m 2 Figure 8.
ux, t 2t cosh2x t
2
coshx
2
1 2 cosh2x 9 cosh4x
1
3
t
3
coshx
4
1
12
t
4
coshx
6
16415 cosh8x
1
60
t
5
coshx
8
544328 cosh8x 1575369 cosh10x sechx
2
.
3.12
iii m 1/2 Figure 9.
ux, t sechx
2
3
2
t
2
56 52 cosh2x 4 cosh4xsechx
8
1
8
t
4
_
5889415
8

3750383
4
cosh2x 232028 cosh4x
76417
4
cosh6x
2745
8
cosh8x
_
sechx
14
2t
_
5
2

3
2
cosh2x
_
sechx
4
_
sechx
2
1
2
t
3
_
37917
8

86005
16
cosh2x
7163
8
cosh4x
475
16
cosh6x
_
sechx
8
_
sechx
2
_
3/2
1
40
t
5
22986251157
128

31585649589
128
cosh2x
2501116101
32
cosh4x
2695647273
256
cosh6x
64605399
128
cosh8x
1429869
256
cosh10x
_
sechx
12
_
sechx
2
_
5/2
.
3.13
20000
10000
0
0.01
0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
a
2
1
0
10
10
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
b
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
30000
20000
10000
c
Figure 8: a Graph for the range {x, .01, .01}, {t, 0, 1}. b Graph for the range {x, 1.5, .01}, {t, 0, 1}. c
Graph for xed t 0.5 for the range {x, 0.5, 0.01}.
1000
0
1000
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
a
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
10
5
0
5
10
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
b
4. Conclusion
The Adomian decomposition method has been applied to obtain solutions of the heat
equation with power nonlinearity in the diusivity. The solutions are presented for some
typical initial temperature proles like a quadratic function or or e
ax
2
or sech
2
x. The
interaction of the initial temperature with diusivity is also discussed for dierent cases of
solutions investigated here.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia, for the support and research facilities provided to complete this work.
References
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