Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first civilization there around 3000 BC, settling in city-states along the fertile river valleys. They developed innovations like the wheel, plow, and writing system of cuneiform. Mesopotamian society was organized around religion, agriculture, and trade between the city-states. Their polytheistic religions centered around temples called ziggurats dedicated to different gods.
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Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first civilization there around 3000 BC, settling in city-states along the fertile river valleys. They developed innovations like the wheel, plow, and writing system of cuneiform. Mesopotamian society was organized around religion, agriculture, and trade between the city-states. Their polytheistic religions centered around temples called ziggurats dedicated to different gods.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first civilization there around 3000 BC, settling in city-states along the fertile river valleys. They developed innovations like the wheel, plow, and writing system of cuneiform. Mesopotamian society was organized around religion, agriculture, and trade between the city-states. Their polytheistic religions centered around temples called ziggurats dedicated to different gods.
Copyright:
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Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first civilization there around 3000 BC, settling in city-states along the fertile river valleys. They developed innovations like the wheel, plow, and writing system of cuneiform. Mesopotamian society was organized around religion, agriculture, and trade between the city-states. Their polytheistic religions centered around temples called ziggurats dedicated to different gods.
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MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
MESOPOTAMIAMEANS LAND BETWEEN THE RIVERS
LOCATION: Located between two rivers Tigris & Euphrates Both rivers flow into Persian Gulf Located in present day Iraq
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES: Abundant amount of clay was available. Few natural resources. The southern part of Mesopotamia formed by the river deposits is flat lowland. Tigris and Euphrates created fertile river basins.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS: The climate of the region is semi-arid. Pouring rains - during the short winter. During spring the snow in the mountains melts and rivers overflow resulting floods. Hot & dry climate Little rainfall
ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION:
Believed to be settled in 3000 b.c. Divided into city-states Helped to develop the first form of organized religion Created one of the earliest form of writing
CITY-STATES Always in constant conflict over water rights and land Created walls for protection Farms were located outside of the city
SUMERIANS INVENTED: Wheel Time 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar arch ramp
RELIGION IN MESOPOTAMIA: Mesopotamian religion was the first to be recorded. Religion was Polytheistic worshipping many gods & goddesses Ziggurats: pyramid site of the temple of the main gods. o Each city-state had their own gods and goddesses o Sun god most important. Life after death was an extension of life.
ZIGGURATS HOLY MOUNTAINS:
Gods were worshipped at huge temples called Ziggurats.
RECONSTRUCTION OF ZIGGURAT AT UR:
MYTHS: Believed that the world was a flat disc, surrounded by a huge, holed space and heaven is above that. Believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides, and that the universe was born from this enormous sea.
WRITING CUNEIFORM: Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet. Needed for religion, government & trade.
CUNEIFORM: Over 20,000 books were found at a library in the city of Nineveh The books were made out of clay. Papyrus was not available so they used clay to make tablets for writing. Hammurabis code was also carved on stone in cuneiform.
ECONOMY: RICH Government Officials Religious Leaders Traders POOR Farmers Craftsmen
AGRICULTURE Agriculture is possible only with irrigation Need for irrigation led the Sumerians, and later the Akkadians, to build their cities along the Tigris and Euphrates The rivers provided the further benefits of fish (used both for food and fertilizer), reeds, and clay (for building materials).
THE INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE CHANGED THE WAY PEOPLE LIVED:
Agriculture (Farming)
Growth of Cities
Division of Labor (Specialization)
Trade
Writing and Mathematics
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SOCIETY: Commerce & trade helped determine social position in Mesopotamian society (occupations inc. builders, judges, & surgeons) Ownership of land & attempts to maintain ownership also helped define social position Most importantly FAMILY defined social position & a network of support
FAMILY LIFE: Patriarchal society Elders were respected Only royal offsprings went to schools Boys were taught their fathers trade Girls stayed at home and learnt household chores
WOMENS RIGHTS IN MESOPOTAMIA:
Owned property Operated businesses
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Get divorce (if had good reason) Could recover their dowry if seeking divorce
HOUSES: Materials used mud bricks & mud plaster Square center room with other rooms attached to it Poor people used reed for building houses
GOVERNMENT: Sumerians were ruled by monarchs. The government & temples owned & cultivated large areas of land o Manual work done by low class labourers o Exported wool & textiles for metals Frequent wars led to the emergence of warriors as leaders.
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FESTIVALS: Ancient Mesopotamians had ceremonies each month. The theme of the rituals and festivals for each month is determined by six important factors: The phase of the Moon The phase of the annual agricultural cycle Equinoxes and solstices The local myths and its divine Patrons The success of the reigning Monarch Commemoration of specific historical events.
MUSIC: Songs were written for the gods and also to describe important events Oud is a small, stringed musical instrument used by the Mesopotamians.
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GAMES: HUNTING POPULAR AMONG ASSYRIAN KINGS BOXING WRESTLING
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AKKADIANS: Spoke a Semitic Language related to modern Hebrew and Arabic
PERSIANS: Present day Iran Spoke an Indo-European Language Zoroastrianism o Belief in final judgment and training for it.
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CHALDEANS: Skilled astronomers Hanging Gardens of Babylon King Nebuchadnezzar built them for his wife o One of the Ancient Wonders of the World
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BABYLONIANS: Chief god: Marduk o Prayed for good harvest and success in business. King Hammurabi Hammurabis Code o Earliest code of law o Based on equal retaliation.
HAMMURABIS CODE: 282 laws. Harsh punishment for crimes. Based on equal retaliation. Laws were varied for the wealthy and powerful. 17
HITTITES: Iron Weapons
LYDIANS: First to use a money economy. o An economic system based in the use of money as a measure of value and a unit of account. 18
PHOENICIANS: Major natural resource: lumber from cedar forests. Invented the art of glassblowing. Alphabet o Then adopted by Greeks and Romans
ASSYRIANS: Chief god Assur Chariots used First Cavalry
