1.

HOW DO WE LEARN ABOUT HISTORY

3. What is the importance of studying history? Ans: The study of history helps us to know about the development of the society in the past. It also teaches us to make progress in the present and plan for better future. 4. What is the meaning of the term archaeology? Ans: The scientific study of remains of the past excavated from earth is the meaning of archaeology. 5. How do archaeologists help us in reconstructing history? Ans: Archaeologists depend upon the archaeological sources such as remains of the monuments or ancient building which have been dug out of the earth for reconstruction of history. 6. How are literary sources classified? Give examples of each? Ans: Literary sources can be classified into two groups. Secular literature and non secular literature. a) Secular literature: In India secular literature first made its appearance with Arthashastra written in 4th century B.C. by Kautilya. Mudrarakshasha a play written by Vihakhadatta gives glimpses of society. b) Non-Secular Literature: In India reciting verses from Vedas is a very old tradition that has passed from generation to generation. The historical works throw light on the life of the people. The Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the two great epics.

2. EARLY MAN : FROM HUNTING GATHERING TO SETTLED AGRICULTURE 1. How did Early Stone Age man make his tools and weapons? Ans: the early man used weapons made of hard stones which were crude and had no handles. Early man used knives, choppers, hand axes etc., for killing animals and cutting trees. 2. How did man discover fire and for what purposes did he use it? Ans: The early man discovered that he could light fire by rubbing two stones or two pieces of wood and this was great change in the way of life . Slowly he learnt to cook and to keep himself warm. 3. What were the religious beliefs of the early Stone Age man? Ans: The early Stone Age man keenly observed the nature because they did not known why they were floods or droughts. The early man was not aware of the climatic changes. So they started believing in witchcraft and magic. 4. Describe the features of Mesolithic Age (middle stone age)? Ans: The period between the Old Stone Age and the new stone age is called Mesolithic age. During this period, man moved towards water sources like rivers, lakes and improved the quality of weapons and tools like bows and arrows to hunt animals. Early man gradually becoming of food grower. 5. How did man become a food grower in the Neolithic Age? Ans: The most important development of new Stone Age was that man now began to cultivate crops for food. Gradually he learnt to prepare the soil, plant the seed, take care of the growing plants and harvest them when ripe. He cultivated wheat, barley, and other food. 6. How did man invent the wheel? What is the importance of invention of wheel? Ans: The invention of the wheel change nearly man life. Perhaps he got the idea while rolling logs of wood. Man fixed four wheels to the sledges which improved transportation. Wheel was used for spinning, weaving, and making pottery and carrying heavy loads. The invention of wheel was an important step in making transportation easy. 7. Describe the development of art and crafts in the Neolithic Age. Ans: Beginning of agriculture and domestication for animals led to problem of storage for which pots were needed. Pots were also needed for cooking and eating. The Neolithic mans horizon in art widened. He decorated the pots and caves, baskets of grass and reeds, ropes of jute were some of the crafts that Neolithic man learnt. 8. Describe any two features of the Chalcolithic Age. Ans: cultivation of land in new Stone Age brought a lot of changes in the mans way of living. Discovery of metal brought rapid change in mans progress. Tools and implements used were better and sharpen than the early Stone Age. Farmers adopted to cultivation. Women worked in the fields and took care of the family.

3.EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILISATION MESOPTAMIAN, EGYPTIAN AND CHINESE CIVILISATIONS. 1. Define Civilisation. Why is bronze Age Civilisation so called? Ans: An advanced stage of development progress towards comforts and convenience is known as civilization. Bronze was use to make weapons, tools, utensils so it is called Bronze Age civilization. 2. Give any three features of Mesopotamian Civilisation? Ans: The society: the Mesopotamian society was divided into three classes upper, middle and lower classes. 1) The upper class consisted of king high officials and priests who led a luxury life. 2) The middle class consisted of peasants, merchants and shop keepers. This class was prosperous. 3) The lower class- consisted of salutes and labourers Position of women: the Sumerian society was patriarchal. The position of women was very low and they had to work hard. 3. What is ziggurat? Ans: Ziggurat was the secret temple of the Sumerian. It was built in the shape of a tall tower and could be seen from many miles away. 4. Who was Hammurabi? What were his achievements? Ans: Hammurabi was an invader of 6 th century who brought the plains of sumeria to the greatest level of civilization. They prepared the first code of laws which brought unity to the kingdom. 5. State the achievements of the Egyptian in the spheres of art and architecture? Ans: The Egyptian architecture took the form of tombs, temples and palaces. The colossal tomb of the pharaohs are among the largest ever made by man. 6. What do you know about the Great Pyramid? Ans: The largest Pyramid built by Pharaoh Cheopa is 175 feet high and 760 feet broad. It covers an area of 18 acres. More than two million huge stone blocks were used in its construction. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. 7. Describe the religious beliefs of ancient Egyptians? Ans: Religion touched every phase of life. They believed that each god revealed himself in the guise of some animals such as bull , crocodile or cat. 8. What art of writing was developed by the Chinese? Ans: The art of writing developed by the Chinese was pictorial writing, but later the script became more complex. There were 40,000 word pictures. The Chinese script is written upward down script.

9. Why Egypt is called the gift of Nile? Ans: Egypt , as the Greek historian Herodotus said was the gift of Nile. The great river divide Egypt into two parts-Lower Egypt and upper Egypt. The yearly floods made this region fertile and green. It was on this narrow strip of fertile land that a civilsation flourished for more than 2000 years. Egyptian civilization is one of the earliest and the most remarkable civilizations of the world. 10. What were the religious beliefs of the Chinese? Ans: The Chinese worshipped their ancestors and believed in life after death. It was believed that these priests were close to gods and acted as mediators between the people and the spirits. 11.What was the role of family in the earl Chinese society? Ans: The family was the most significant unit for Chinese. The family provided security, education, social contact, recreation and work to its members. They believed in the concept of large joint families. The father was the center of authority. 12.Write about economic life of people in ancient china? Ans: china was mainly an agricultural country. A developed irrigation system ensured surplus production of food grains. The farmers lack of capital and storage facilities kept him at the mercy of middle-men. China was the first country to discover silk. 13.Describe the contribution of Confucius to philosophy? Ans: Confucius was born in shantung in 531 BCE. He began teaching at the age of twenty three. He aspired for a high political office. He became a teacher and proved himself to be a great teacher.Confucianisim was basically a practical code of moral conduct. 14.what was the features of Taoism? Ans: Lao-tse was the founder of philosophy of Taoism. His ideas were simple. His teaching emphasize on morals, duties and some rules of nature that affect the lives of people. 15.what do you know about the great wall of china? Ans: The great wall of china starts , run across northern and western frontiers of china and reaches Tibet. It is approximately 26 feet high and 15 feet thick. It has thousands of big towers , each planned for garrison of one hundred men. It has ten thousand smaller watch towers. Thousands of labourers were forced to toil for its construction. It is said that every stone cost human life. The great china wall is one of the wonders of the ancient world. 16.Describe the development of science, mathematics and medicine in ancient china? Ans: The country of china made tremendous progress in the field of science and technology. 2) they developed the art of block printing. 3) the mariners compass was invented in china 4) they accurately record earth quakes with the help of seismograph called the earth quaker. 5) Chinese invented the abacus 6) Chinese had accurately calculated the value of pi ( ). 7) a book on medicine , complied in the chou period, gives a list of diseases and their treatment.

4. HARAPPAN CIVILISATION
Define: Citadel Granary Civilisation Guild

: : : :

a fort like building on a raised ground. a store house where grains are stored. a human society which has a high level of social organization ,culture and a comfortable way of life. an association of merchants, traders or craftsmen.

1. Describe the extent of Harappan Civilisation? Ans: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa remains have been discovered at a large number of places in Sindh and Baluchistan, Lothal in Gujarat, Kalibangan in Rajasthan. 2. Describe the town planning system of Harappan civilisation? Ans: Harappan towns had well planned wide streets just like modern cities. The main road were 33 feet wide. All the streets were linked from east to west or from north to south. Town planning indicates towards authority that control the development of the city. 3. What do you know about the Great Bath at Mohenjodaro? Ans: The great bath at Mohenjodaro was considered the most important building of Mohenjodaro. It consists of verandahs. In the centre a swimming pool was concentrated. The pool was connected with good systems for filling and emptying it. The great bath seem to be an ideal swimming resort. 4. Give an account of the great Granary at Harappa? Ans: At Harappa the most remarkable building excavated in the Citadel area was granary. The granaries were build near the river banks, which allowed easy transportation of grains by boats. 5. Write a note on the sculptural art of the Harappans? Ans: A large number of both male and female figurines made from bronze, stone and clay have been discovered from many places. The Indus people were skilled in this art decorated the figurines beautifully. The terracotta figurine of woman referred to as the mother goddess, unearthed at Mohenjodaro, is a fine place of art. 6. What do you know about the art of writing of the people of Harappan Civilisation? Ans: The art of writing of the Harappan civilization was known as pictographic script. It has about 270 signs and their own languages. 7. Describe the social life of the Indus Valley people? Ans: Food: The Indus valley civilization consisted of wheat, barley, rice, milk, vegetables, fruits and dates. Dress and ornaments: cotton as well as woolen clothes were commonly used by the people. Both men and women seem to be found of ornaments like necklaces, amulets , finger rings, bangles etc., They were made of gold,silver,copper and bronze. Condition of women: The condition of women they were held in society The worship of mother goddess shows that the women were held in high regard.

8. Write note on the industry and trade of the Harappan civilisation? Ans: trade: the harappan flourishing trade relations with southern and eastern india, kashmir and the niligiri hills. Textiles were exported to Babylon. The internal we as external trade was carried out through water ways. 9. Write a note on religious life of the Harappan people? Ans:The harappan people worshipped mother goddess. They also worshipped male gods that were surrounded by animals like elephants, tigers, buffalo etc. 7. THE VEDIC CIVILISATION OF INDIA 1. Who were the Indo-Aryans or the Vedic People? Ans: The stream of migrant that came and settled in India is known as IndoAryans. 2. Describe the family life of the early vedic people?? Ans: The family was the pivot of the vedic society joint family played an important part. Grahapati controlled the family. The property belonged to the family as whole. 3. Give an account of the main occupations of the vedic people?? Ans: 1.Agriculture : The chief occupation of the people was agriculture. The main crops grow were barely, rice and wheat .The rearing of cattle was another occupation. 2. Industry : There were weavers , tanners potters, carpenters, gold smith and ironsmiths discovery of iron helped the people to make houses roads etc., 3. Trade and commerce : Trade and commerce had not yet developed. Barter system was the method of carrying on trade. The standard unit of value was the cow. 4. What do you know about the position of the king in the early vedic age? what were the checks on his power? Ans: The term Raja was used for an ordinary king. The powerful of the king adopted the titles,Sarvabhum, Ekarat. The office of the king had almost become hereditary. The greatest check upon the powers of the king was the DHARMA or religion. 5. What was the position of women during the later vedic period? Ans: Women were highly respected in the society every mother was more or less a Goddess to her children. Women had freedom of choice of her partner, which is proved by the practice of swayamvara. 6. Explain the four ashram system? Ans: A mans life for instance was divided into four ashrams. Brahmacharya up to the age of 25 years. During this period he was to undergo rigorous discipline. During the second period Grishastha ashram , a man was to live a house holders life. During the third period vanaprastha ashram he was to wear himself away from the family and lead retired life. During the lost period sanyas asharam he was to live as hermit , meditate on god to attain Moksha or salvation.

7. Write a note on the four veadas? Ans: Rig Veda : The Rig Veda is the oldest and the most important Veda. It contains 10,500 mantras , 1,028 sholakas arranged in ten mandalas. 2. Sama Veda : The Sama Veda contains 1,549 hymns to be sung at the time of yajnas. 3. Yajur Veda : The Yajur Veda is also called the book of sacrificial prayers. 4. Atharva Veda : The Atharva Veda contains hymns dealing with special customs manner etc. 8. Write note on the following the Bhagawad gita , Ramayana,and mahabharatha? Ans: 1.Bhagawad Giha : It forms a part of Mahabharata and has influenced Hindu thought. It teaches the doctrine of nishkama karma ( work done without seeking any rewards) and bhakti (faith) in the Almighty God. 2. Ramayana : Hindus regard Rama and Krishna as incarnation of one Supreme God Vishnu. The story of heroic deeds of Rama of Ayodhya is contained in Ramayana. It is the finest examples of epic poem and comprises of 21,000 shlokas or couplets. 3. Mahabharata : Mahabharata is the longest epic poem in the world. It contains 100,000 shlokas . It is believed to be work of sage Vyasa. But in its present form it cannot be regarded as the work of one author. 7. JAINISM, BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM 1. What were the causes for the rise of Jainism and Buddhisim? Ans: Jainisim and Buddhism arose as reaction to the rigid Vedic religion. The yajnas performed became very complex and expensive . The rigid caste system made the life of the shudras miserable. 2. Describe the life story of Mahavera? Ans: Mahavira was the 24th Jain Tirthankara . He was born near Vaishali in North Bihar, in 540 BCE. He belonged to well-known Kshatriya clan. Even though he was brought up midst luxury, yet from an early age, he had a spiritual bent of mind. He was married to a princess named Yashodha. At the age of thirty, he became an ascetic(sanyasi). He practised severe penance (tapasya) for twelve years. He ultimately reached his goal and attained the supreme knowledge in the thirteenth year of his tapsaya . 3. Describe the main technique of Jainsim? Ans: 1. No belief in God : Mahavira has no belief in God. He did not believe that God was the creator or had any personal control over it. 2. Attainment of Salvation : Jainism believe that salvation can be achieved by following Right Faith ,Right Knowledge ,and Right action. 3.Existence of soul : The prime objective of Mahaviras teachings was attainment of salvation. It could be done freeing the soul from worldly ties. 4. Worship of 23 Tirthankaras: Mahavira supported the teachings of 23 earlier religious teaching called Tirthankaras.

4. Describe the life story of Mahatma Buddha? Ans: Mahatma Budda also known as siddhartha was the founder of Buddhisim. Guatama Buddha was born at Lumbini in 563 BCE . He was the only son of Rajya Suddhodhana, the ruler of Kapilavastu. His mother Maya died a week after his birth.The boy was brought up in luxury. From an early age ,Siddhartha had a spiritual bearing. He married princess Yashodhara at the age of 18, and had a son named Rahula. One night he quietly left the palace to become an ascetic . This event in the life of Buddha is called the Great Renunciation. 5. What is the meaning of Middle Path preached by the Buddha ? Ans: Buddha insisted that a person should avoid excess of both luxury and austerity. Middle Path should be opted as a means of deliverance from suffering. Mans present and his next lives depend upon his Karma. Everybody must reap the fruit of their actions. 6. Write any two causes for the spread of Buddhism in India? Ans: 1. Simple Teaching and Language : Principles of Buddhism were not only simple , but was also taught in common mans language. The Buddhist monks used pali, the language of people. 2.Royal support : The support of the kings also generally contributed to the rapid spread of buddhisim . Ashoka used all the resources of the state to propagate Buddhism. 7. Give two teachings of mahatma Buddha ? Ans: Non violence : Like the Jains , Buddhist too believe in Ahimsa or nonviolence. Buddha criticised animal sacrifice. 2. Karma : Mans present and his next lives depend upon his karma . Everybody must reap the fruit of their actions. 8. Compare Buddhism and Confucianism. Also mention main teachings of Confucianism ? Ans: Buddhism Confucianism Buddha renounced the world . He lived Confucius did not renounce the world. an ascetic life. He shared lifes pleasures. It was based on religious beliefs. It was based on ethical system

The main teaching of Confucianism was humanity and benevolence, honesty and faithfulness and knowledge.

1. Man as a social being ( civics) 1. Why do human beings live in society? Ans: Man needs co-operation of the community because he cannot fulfil his needs alone . The social economics and cultured development is possible only in the society or community. 2. State the natural environment in which early man lived? Ans: The early man was a food gathers , he wandered in search of food from place to place. He ate wild fruits , roots and small animals , forest , mountains all other natural things farmed his natural environment. 3. What is the difference between a environment? Ans: Natural environment Natural environment is surrounded by living and non living they are found naturally in earth. He lived in natural shelter and ate plant roots etc. natural environment and a man made Man made environment Man made environment refers to the human made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity. With advancement in technology and science man started living in structures of bricks and cements

4. What is the role of family in developing the personality of child? Ans : Family is the most basic social unit of community. Parents fulfill the needs of their children. It is also a training ground where children learn to obey their parents develop sense of duty to their parents, siblings and society . The children are also taught to live and work together the family inculcates among its younger members a sense of togetherness as well as responsibility towards the community. 5. How does a school help in developing civic sense among the students? Ans : The school plays no less important in shaping the future of a child. It gives him lessons in civic life. Besides imparting education, the school develops good habits among the students. A school has a number of rules for its smooth working . It is the duty of every student to obey these rules. For example, a student must reach school on time, take keen interest in his studies and take part in other activities of the school, to co-operate with his class fellows and teachers in their work. Maintain discipline in the class and school functions . The students must be gentle, polite and respect the teachers.

2. DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMMUNITY ( civics) 1. What was the conditions of the villages in India before independence? Ans: Before independence the villages lacked many facilities like clean drinking water , electricity , dispensaries, etc. The government made no efforts to improve their condition . The rich land lords took undue advantage of the poverty and illiteracy. 2. What measures have been taken by the government for the development of agriculture? Ans: The state government have passed land ceiling acts and for consolidation of land holdings called chakbandi. Irrigation facilities were provided to farmers by constructing canals dams . High Yielding Variety of seeds, fertilizers , pesticides were developed to increase the out put per acre. 3. What do we mean by scientific agriculture? Ans: scientific agriculture means the use of tractors, fertilizers , high yielding varieties of seeds and pesticides to improve the crops. 4. How did the big Zamidars exploit the land less labourers? How has the government stopped the practice of bonded labour? Ans: The Zamindars created obstacles in the development of villages. They took undue advantage of the poverty , illiteracy and ignorance of the villagers. The government has stopped the practices of bonded labour by providing better facilities to the farmers to grow crops. The government is providing health centers, education for improving the conditions of the farmers. 5. What are the advantages of the setting up cottage industries in the village? Ans: The government helps the farmers in establishing cottage industries like spinning and weaving, bee farming to provide alternate sources of employment to the villagers. 6. What do you mean by a nation? Into how many states and territories is india divided? Ans: A nation is large scale system of the called country. Modern nations have definite geographic boundaries and their own system of government. There are 7 union territories and 28 states. 7. Give an account of diversity among the people of india ? Ans: India is a land of diversity community. 1. Dress and costumes: dress and costumes differ not only from one geographic region to another but among different communities. 2. Food: south dishes are completely different from north Indian dishes. 3. People living in different states eat different varieties of food. 4. Religion: people of India follow different religions they may be Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians etc., or of any other religion, but may like together in the same village or city.

8. What similarities are there between people belonging to different communities ? Ans: Illiteracy : Most illiterate people are ignorant and superstitious. They belong to all communities. Illiteracy is also more in rural areas than in cities and towns. 2. un employment : unemployment problem is very high in the villages . The unemployed belong to almost all communities. It is because agriculture in India is still season dependent so major part of the year are jobless. 3. Family life : the family life among different communities in villages towns and cities is almost similar. 3. HOW WE GOVERN OUR COMMUNTIES IN THE VILLAGE PANCHAYAT 1. Why were the panchayats established in the village? Ans: village had council of five member . it looked after all the affairs of the village. They maintained peace and order , looked after the roads, bridges, health and sanitation etc., they tried minor civil and criminal cases and settled disputes . The people considered the panchayats Impartial and respected its panchas or members , so panchayat established. 2. How are the members of panchayat elected ? Ans: the panchayat elects one of its members as sarpanch. The sarpanch is elected directly by the village adults. He calls the meetings of the panchayat and presides over them. The panchayat Secretary is appointed by the deputy Commissioner. He is a permanent employee of the panchayat and draws a salary. 3. How is panchayat secretary appointed ? what are the duties? Ans: The panchayat secretary or panchayat sevak: He is appointed by the Deputy Commissioner . He is a permanent employee of the panchayat and draw a salary. He prepares the records and registers of the work done by the panchayat . He also prepares panchayat accounts . Generally , a secretary looks after the work of two or three panchayats.