ASME B46 Committee Surface Texture Panel Discussion

Surface Texture Parameters

2D Parameters 3D (Areal) Parameters

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Once the surface is measured, need to develop parameters for control etc. Probably >100, 2D parameters introduced in the literature / standards over the years 3D work (Stout etal.), Identify 14+ key 3D parameters
The parameters quantify information Height ----- Amplitude parameters (e.g. Ra) Spatial ----- Spacing parameters (e.g. Sm) Height & Spatial ----- Hybrid parameters (e.g. q) Function Bearing Area (e.g. Rpk..)

Rt m q V C Ra A

Rp Sa k

Traversing Length Evaluation Length Sampling Length

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Ra...Average Roughness
Why Ra?...Standard ......Limits of technology..circa 1930...
Ra

Z X Ra = 1 A
Ly Lx

Z(x, y) dxdy
0 0

Same Ra!!

Same Ra!!

Why Not Ra?..... No spatial structure information No difference between peaks/valleys

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Amplitude Parameters .. Rq, Rsk, Rku

Calculate the moments of the distribution: Rq = RMS, =

Ly Lx 1 Rq = ( Z ( x, y))2dxdy A 0 0

Rsk = Skew , Skewness =

Ly Lx 1 R = ( Z ( x, y))3dxdy sk Rq 3 A 0 0

Rku = Kurtosis =

Ly Lx 1 R = ( Z ( x, y))4dxdy ku Rq 4 A 0 0

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Amplitude Parameters .. Rq, Rsk, Rku

Rq=3, Rsk = 0, Rku=3, Gaussian Surface Rq=12, Rsk = -1, Rku=8, Negatively Skewed

Rq=12, Rsk = 1, Rku=8, Positively Skewed

Rq=4, Rsk = 0, Rku=1.5, Slowly Varying

Rq=4, Rsk = 0, Rku=10, Extreme Peak/Valley

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Amplitude Parameters .. Rq, Rsk, Rku

Why Rq, Rsk, Rku?... symmetry of surface distribution..statistics based... Why Not Rq,Rsk, Rku?..... No spatial structure information No difference between peaks/valleys (Rq, Rku)
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Peaks/Valleys .. Rp,Rv, Rt, Rz, Pc....
Rp

Rp = Highest Point From Mean Line Rv=Lowest Point from Mean Line Rt = Rp - Rv = Peak to Valley
Rv

Rti = Highest - Lowest points from mean line in ith Sampling length Rpi = Highest Peak from mean line in ith sampling length Rpm= Average of all Rpi ( If Average 5 then Rpm (DIN)) Rz = Average of all Rti ( If Average 5 then Rz (DIN)) Rmax = Maximum Rti over evaluation length
Rt1 Rt2 Evaluation Length Sample Length Rt3 Rp 1 2 Rp 3

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Peaks/Valleys .. Rt, Rv, Rz, Pc. Summits.....

Why Peaks/Valleys...? Bearing, Sealing, Appearance, Adhesion Coating Coverage

Why Not Peaks/Valleys...?. No spatial structure information Potentially, Not repeatable (especially Rt, Rp, Rv...only ONE point!) Threshold sensitive

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Spacing Parameters Sm, PCL

Sm1

Sm2

Sm3

Sm4
Sm = The Average of all Smi

Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3

PCL

PCL= Peak Count Level...Threshold Peak = When profile intersects lower and upper PCL Pc = Peak Density....peaks/unit length Why Sm, Pc...? Sealing, Appearance, Adhesion Sheet Steel...Forming release v.s. appearance Why Not Sm, Pc...?. No height information(Sm)
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Peaks/Valleys .. Rz, Pc. Sealing Systems...

Channels for Fluid Flow

Resistance to Flow, H is related to Pc and Rz..

H=(Pc/Rz)
Higher Peaks/Deeper Valleys Wider Spacing of Peaks Rz Pc H ... H ...

leaks leaks

Goal: Minimize Channels for flow..

Ronald A. Lavoie, Stop Shaft Leaks with better surface Finish, Quality , July 1994. ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Hybrid Parameters...Slope, q, q

Slope 2D Profile

Low q
2

q =

1 L

( dZ ( x ) / dx ) dx
0

High q

Average Wavelength Weighted By Amplitude

q = 2Rq/q
q=4 q=2

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Hybrid Parameters...Slope, q, q

Problem: Brake Rotor Ra inspec some work ..some have NVH issues Solution: Quantify the surfaces Spec additional texture parameters q Solution: Identify cause of texture variation..(materials? tools? setup?)

Ra: In spec q: Low

Ra: In spec q: High

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Functional Parameters .. Bearing Area Rpk, Rk, Rvk....

tp
A B L
Max Ht Peaks Core

=100% x

(A + B + C + D )/L

Valleys

Min Ht 0% 50% 100%

tp
E. J. Abbott and F.A. Firestone, Specifying Surface Quality, Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 55,September 1933.pp. 569-572. ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Functional Parameters .. Bearing Area Rpk, Rk Rvk....
Max Ht
Rpk 40% Rk Rvk

DIN 4776 ISO 13565-2

Min Ht 0% Mr1 50% Mr2 100%

Rpk = Peak Height .. First Region of contact Rk = Core Height... working Region ..Base Rvk = Valley Depth ... Lubricant Retention Region Mr1 = 1st Material Ratio... Peak Material Mr2 = 2nd Material Ratio ... Valley Material V0 = Rvk(100-Mr2)/200......Retention Volume

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters

Functional Parameters .. Bearing Area Rpk, Rk Rvk....
Gaussian Surface

Low Stiction

High Stiction

Plateau honed

Why Rpk, Rk, Rvk...? Bearing, Sealing...also ratios Rpk/Rk etc. differentiates peaks/core/valley Why Not Rq,Rsk, Rku?..... No spatial structure information
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

3D Surface Texture Metrology

History. 1930s 1960s 1968 1979 1990s 2000s First 2D instruments for texture analogue, charts etc. Digital Computers parameter development 3D machines The Properties and Metrology of Engineering Surfaces Oxford. 1st of Triennial International Conferences Workshops indicating a need to standardize 3D parameters SurfStand, AutoSurf, CalStandNew ISO standard WG16

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Dr. David Whitehouse Dr. Ken Stout Dr. Liam Blunt Dr. Paul Scott Dr. Xianqqian Jiang

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Parameters: 1) Amplitude 2) Spatial 3) Hybrid 4) Area & Volume 5) Functional

ISBN 1 8571 8023 2

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

3D Surface Measurement
(many devices contact/non contact devices)
Sampling Samplingarea, area,Evaluation EvaluationArea Areaetc etc Typical m, TypicalArray Array (1, (1,2, 2,5, 5,10, 10,20, 20,50, 50,..) ..)xx(1, (1,2, 2,5) 5)nm, nm, m,mm mm Filters Filtersunder underdevelopment development Gaussian GaussianFilter Filterwith with50% 50%transmission transmissionat atspecified specifiedspatial spatialfrequency frequency

Milled Surface
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Frequency Spectrum

Y X Amplitude Parameters

Sq: The Root-mean-square deviation of the surface (RMS of height distribution)

Ly Lx 1 Sq = (Z ( x, y))2dxdy A0 0

Ssk: Skewness of surface height distribution

sk

Ly Lx 1 3 (Z ( x, y)) dxdy 3 Sq A 0 0

Sku: Kurtosis of surface height distribution

Ly Lx 1 (Z ( x, y))4dxdy ku Sq 4 A 0 0 =

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Amplitude Parameters - Peak & Hill / Valley and Dale

Sz: Ten Point Height of the Surface (8 nearest neighbor)

Peak = A point on the surface which is higher than all other points within a neighborhood Hill = Region around a peak such that all maximal upward paths end at the peak Valley = A point on the surface which is lower than all other points within a neighborhood Dale = Region around a valley such that all maximal downward paths end at the valley

5 5 PeakHeights + ValleyDepths 1 Sz = 1 5

Sds: Density of Summits

= Number of Peaks ds Area

Peak

Not Peak
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

AutoCovariance Function (ACF)

Turned Surface ACF of Turned Surface X ACF Profile Y ACF Profile

-19

19

-14

14

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Spatial Parameters Str: Texture Aspect Ratio

Str = Length of fastest decay (0.2) of ACF in any direction Length of slowest decay (0.2) of ACF in any direction
= length of fastest decay of ACF to 0.2 In Any Direction

Sal: Fastest Decay Autocorrelation Length

S al

ACF of Ground Surface Ground Surface

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Spatial Parameters Angular Power Spectral Density Function (APSDF)

Power Spectrum

Angular Power Spectrum

Std: Texture Direction of Surface

S = Major direction of Lay Derived From APSD td
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Str = 0.85 Std = ***

Shot Peened Surfaces

Str = 0.05 Std = 0.00 deg

Turned Surfaces
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Y X Hybrid Parameters

Sq: Root-Mean_Square Surface Slope

Sq =

2 2 Ly Lx Z ( x, y ) 1 Z ( x, y ) dydx + A 0 0 y x

Ssc: Mean Summit Curvature - evaluated for each summit and then averaged over the area
Based on a Summit (nearest neighbors?)

Ssc

2 2 Z ( x, y ) Z x y 1 Lx Ly ( , ) dydx + = y 2 2 A 0 0 x

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Hybrid Parameters Sdr: Developed Surface Area Ratio

Sdr = (Total Surface Area of All The Triangles ) ( Lx Ly ) Lx Ly

Ly

Lx

...Fractals

Christopher A. Brown, William A. Johnsen, Kevin M. Hult, Scale-sensitivity, Fractal Analysis and Simulations, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manufact. Vol 38, Nos 5-6, pp. 633-637, 1998

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Functional Parameters for Bearing and Fluid Retention Properties Index Family
Display Bearing Area Curve with mean plane = 0 Display Bearing Area Curve height, h= TrueHeight/ Sq (normalized height)

Sbi: Surface Bearing Index

Sbi =

Sq
Trueheight (0.05)

1 h(0.05)

For Gaussian, Sbi=0.61 , High Sbi = good bearing surface

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Functional Parameters for Bearing and Fluid Retention Properties Index Family

Sci: Core Fluid Retention Index

Vv (h0.05 ) Vv (h0.80 ) Sci = Sq A
For Gaussian, Sci = 1.56, smoother = smaller Sci

Svi: Valley Fluid Retention Index

Vv (h0.80 ) Svi = Sq A
For Gaussian, Svi = 0.11, Good Fluid Retention = larger Svi Vv(h) is the void Volume at h, Vm(h) is the material Volume at h
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Functional Parameters for Bearing and Fluid Retention Properties Volume Family

Sm: Surface Material Volume Volume from top to 10% bearing area

Vm (h0.10 ) Sm = A

Sc: Core Void Volume Volume

10%-80% bearing area

enclosed

Vv (h0.10 ) Vv (h0.80 ) Sc = A

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Functional Parameters for Bearing and Fluid Retention Properties Volume FAMILY

Sv: Surface Void Volume Volume from 80% to 100% bearing area
V (h Sv =
v 0.80

) Vv (h1.00 ) A

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Sa: The average deviation of the surface Sq: The Root-mean-square deviation of the surface Ssk: Skewness of surface height distribution Sku: Kurtosis of surface height distribution Sz: Ten Point Height of the Surface Sds: Density of Summits Str: Texture Aspect Ratio Sal: Fastest Decay Autocorrelation Length Std: Texture Direction of Surface Sq: Root-Mean_Square Surface Slope Ssc: Mean Summit Curvature Sdr: Developed Surface Area Ratio Sbi: Surface Bearing Index Sci: Core Fluid Retention Index Svi: Valley Fluid Retention Index
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Sm: Surface Material Volume Sc: Core Void Volume Sv: Valley Void Volume

Y X

Future Direction Improving definition of the 14 (e.g. summits etc.) New Tribology parameters reservoirs- flow connectibility Contact Mechanics asperity shape unloaded/loaded,saddle points, ridges, valleys, peaks etc.

ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture

Surface Texture Parameters References

Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay) ANSI/ASME B46.1, 1995, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, NY, New York 10017. Leigh Mummery, Surface Texture Analysis The Handbook, Hommelwerke GmbH, 1992 H. Dagnall, Exploring Surface Texture, Rank Taylor Hobson, 1986. D. J. Whitehouse, Handbook of Surface Metrology, Institute of Physics, Bristol, 1994. K. J. Stout, P.J. Sullivan, W. P. Dong, E. Mainsah, N. Luo, T Mathia, and H. Zahouni, The Development of Methods for the Characterisation of Roughness in Three Dimensions.Publication no. EUR 15178 EN, ISBN 0 7044 13132, ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg and Authors, 1993 DIN 4776. 1990, Measurement of Surface Roughness; parameters Rk, Rpk, Rvk, Mrq, Mr2, for the description of the material portion (profile bearing length ratio) in the Roughness Profile; Measuring conditions and evaluation procedures.
ASME B46 Committee on Surface Texture