The document summarizes the human circulatory system and circulation of blood. It describes how blood flows through two main loops - the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. In the systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body and returns to the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to receive oxygen and returns to the heart. The circulatory system works to continuously circulate blood through these two loops to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body.
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The document summarizes the human circulatory system and circulation of blood. It describes how blood flows through two main loops - the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. In the systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body and returns to the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to receive oxygen and returns to the heart. The circulatory system works to continuously circulate blood through these two loops to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body.
The document summarizes the human circulatory system and circulation of blood. It describes how blood flows through two main loops - the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. In the systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body and returns to the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to receive oxygen and returns to the heart. The circulatory system works to continuously circulate blood through these two loops to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
The document summarizes the human circulatory system and circulation of blood. It describes how blood flows through two main loops - the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. In the systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body and returns to the heart. In the pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to receive oxygen and returns to the heart. The circulatory system works to continuously circulate blood through these two loops to transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body.
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The Circulation of Blood The human circulatory system is really a two-part system whose purpose is to bring oxygen-bearing blood
to all the tissues of the body. When the heart contracts it pushes the blood out into two major loops or cycles. In the systemic loop, the blood circulates into the bodys systems, bringing oxygen to all its organs, structures and tissues and collecting carbon dioxide waste. In the pulmonary loop, the blood circulates to and from the lungs, to release the carbon dioxide and pick up new oxygen. The systemic cycle is controlled by the left side of the heart, the pulmonary cycle by the right side of the heart. Lets look at what happens during each cycle: The systemic loop begins when the oxygen-rich blood coming from the lungs enters the upper left chamber of the heart, the left atrium. As the chamber fills, it presses open the mitral valve and the blood flows down into the left ventricle. When the ventricles contract during a heartbeat, the blood on the left side is forced into the aorta. This largest artery of the body is an inch wide. The blood leaving the aorta brings oxygen to all the bodys cells through the network of ever smaller arteries and capillaries. The used blood from the body returns to the heart through the network of veins. All of the blood from the body is eventually collected into the two largest veins: the superior vena cava, which receives blood from the upper body, and the inferior vena cava, which receives blood from the lower body region. Both venae cavae empty the blood into the right atrium of the heart. From here the blood begins its journey through the pulmonary cycle. From the right atrium the blood descends into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle contracts, the blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery that branches into two main parts: one going to the left lung, one to the right lung. The fresh, oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins. Although the circulatory system is made up of two cycles, both happen at the same time. The contraction of the heart muscle starts in the two atria, which push the blood into the ventricles. Then the walls of the ventricles squeeze together and force the blood out into the arteries: the aorta to the body and the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Afterwards, the heart muscle relaxes, allowing blood to flow in from the veins and fill the atria again. In healthy people the normal (resting) heart rate is about 72 beats per minute, but it can
go much higher during strenuous exercise. Scientists have estimated that it takes about 30 seconds for a given portion of the blood to complete the entire cycle: from lungs to heart to body, back to the heart and out to the lungs.
Blood flow is the continuous running of blood in the cardiovascular system. The human body is made up of several processes all carrying out various functions. We have the gastrointestinal system which aids the digestion and the absorption of food. We also have the respiratory system which is responsible for the absorption of O 2 and elimination of CO2 .The urinary systemremoves waste from the body. The cardiovascular system helps to distribute food, O 2 and other product of metabolism. The reproductive system is responsible for perpetuating the species. Thenervous and endocrine system is responsible for coordinating the integration and function of other system. Cell TissueOrganSystem. The cell is the basic structure in the human body. These cells that makes up the bodies of all living things exist in an internal sea of extracellular fluid (ECF) enclosed within the integument of the animal. From this fluid, the cell takes up O 2 and nutrients into it, they discharge metabolic waste products. In animals with a closed vascular system, the ECF is divided into two components, the interstitial fluid and the circulating blood plasma. The plasma and the cellular elements of the blood, principally red blood cells, fill the vascular system and [1] together they constitute the total blood volume.
Blood and its composition.[edit]
Blood is the viscous fluid composed of plasma and cells. The composition of the blood includes plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. In the microcirculation the properties of the blood cells have an important influence on flow.
Plasma[edit] The plasma constitutes between 52% to 62% of the whole blood. It is a straw-coloured fluid in which blood cells, proteins and other substances are suspended and transported. Waterconstitutes 91.5% of plasma. Proteins from which plasma fractions are derived constitute 7% of the plasma (these include also albumins, which makes up about 4% of the plasma, globulins, about 3% and fibrinogen, less than 1%). remaining 1.5% of plasma is made up of other substances such as nutrients, hormones, respectively gases, electrolytes, vitamins and nitrogenous wastes.
White blood cell[edit]
The white blood cells are also referred to as the leucocytes. The leucocytes (the white blood cells) constitute less than 1% of the total blood cell volume in humans. The basic function of the leucocytes is to attack and destroy potentially harmful foreign matter. The diameter of the leucocytes varies from 6 to [2] 7.5 m. The presence of shunt vessels in organs facilitates the transportation of white blood cells through those organs. In arterioles the leucocytes tend to flow in the vessels with the highest flow velocity.
Platelets[edit] Also referred to as the thrombocytes.They occupy even less volume than the leucocytes. The thrombocytes constitute of less than 1% of whole blood volume. These are responsible for formingclot, blocking blood from exiting wounds. Usually the platelets have very little effects on the bulk viscosity of [2] blood. Platelets are disc-shaped and have a long axis of about 3 m and a thickness of 0.6-1.0 m.
Red blood cell[edit]
The red blood cells also called the erythrocytes.These constitute between 38 and 48% of the whole blood. These cells keep the tissue alive by bringing oxygen to it and taking carbon dioxide away. Unstressed, normal human red blood cells are biconcave disc with a long axis of approximately 8 m and a thickness of 2 m. RBCs can change their shape remarkably well as they pass through capillaries while the membrane of the RBC often rotates relatively quickly around the cytoplasm. The RBC is like a bag [2] that can be deformed into almost any shape due to an excess surface area for its volume.
The mechanics of blood circulation[edit]
Mechanics is the study of motion (or equilibrium) and the forces that causes it. The blood moves in the blood vessels, while the heart serves as the pump for the blood. The vessel walls of the heart are elastic and are movable, therefore causing the blood and the wall to exert forces on each other which in turn influence their respective motion. Therefore to understand the mechanics of circulation of the heart, it will be worth the while to go through a review of basic mechanics of fluid, and elastic solids (momentum) and the nature of the forces exerted between two moving substances in contact.
