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    Evolution of Artillery

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    A series of slide presentaitons on the evolution of artillery as presented by the US Army Picatinny Arsenal.To provide an overview of historical highlights in the Development / Evolution of artillery and provide a snap shot of future trends.

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    Evolution of Artillery

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    cjnjr1
    550 views42 pages
    A series of slide presentaitons on the evolution of artillery as presented by the US Army Picatinny Arsenal.To provide an overview of historical highlights in the Development / Evolution of artillery and provide a snap shot of future trends.

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    A series of slide presentaitons on the evolution of artillery as presented by the US Army Picatinny Arsenal.To provide an overview of historical highlights in the Development / Evolution of artillery and provide a snap shot of future trends.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    550 views42 pages

    Evolution of Artillery

    Uploaded by

    cjnjr1
    A series of slide presentaitons on the evolution of artillery as presented by the US Army Picatinny Arsenal.To provide an overview of historical highlights in the Development / Evolution of artillery and provide a snap shot of future trends.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    The Evolution of Artillery for Increased Effectiveness

    June 10-11, 2008

    Evolution of Artillery for Increased Effectiveness

    Presented at: Armaments Technology Firepower Forum Contributors: Fred Scerbo (L-3), Steve Floroff (ARDEC), Adam Scanlan (ARDEC)

    Presented by: Dominick DeMella Chief NLOS Cannon Artillery Division ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal

    Mission

    To destroy, neutralize or suppress the enemy by cannon, rocket or missile fire ensuring the integration of all supporting fires in a combined arms operation Most lethal form of land based armament often referred to as:
    King of Battle God of War Ultima Ratio Regum
    The Final Argument of Kings

    God Fights on The Side With the Best Artillery I do not need to tell you who won the war, you know, Artillery did.

    Goal

    To provide an overview of historical highlights in the Development / Evolution of artillery and provide a snap shot of future trends

    M777A1

    Late 19th Century

    1897 French 75 Fielded


    Hydraulic Recoil System Effective Breech loading (Nordenfeld Breech) Modern Sight Self contained firing mechanism Fixed Shell + Cartridge Ammunition

    Evolution of Propelling Charges


    Black Powder
    Low Power Smoked

    Gun Cotton (Nitrocellulose)


    More Powerful than Black Powder Smokeless Unstable Burns Hot Nitrocellulose + Nitroglycerin More Powerful than Gun Cotton Smokeless More stable than Gun Cotton
    M67 Propelling Charge

    Double Based Powders


    Triple Based Powders


    Nitrocellulose Nitroglycerin Nitroguanodine
    M200 Propelling Charge

    Propellant Summary Chart

    155mm Artillery Upgrades - Infrequent


    1940 Towed M1-series cannon M199 cannon M776 cannon 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

    M114 / A1 / A2 M198 M777

    Self-propelled M44 cannon M126-series cannon M44 M185 cannon M284 cannon NLOS-C cannon Propelling Charges M3-series M4-series M119-series M203-series M231 (MACS) M232 (MACS)

    M109 M109A1 M109A2 / A3 M109A4 M109A5 M109A6 NLOS-C

    M3 M4 / M4A1 M119 -A1 M203

    M3A1 M4A2 M119A2 M203A1 M231 M232


    M549 HE-RAP (24km) M549A1 HE-RAP (30km)

    Late 19th Century A Shift from smaller lighter mobile pieces that stayed with infantry to Larger Guns for Indirect Fire

    French Cyclone

    Paris Gun German Artillery

    World War I Predicted Fire Methods Developed Over 60% of Combat Casualties attributed to Artillery Expenditure of 1 billion rounds fired by all sides
    Battle of Verdun 1916
    1,000 guns 16 million rounds fired over 6 months

    200 million rounds produced for French 75

    French 75
    Range : 6.9 km 12 lb or 16 lb shrapnel round w/290 lead balls

    Smoke round first deployed Long Range Harassment Guns developed


    Paris Gun
    75 mile range

    Battle of Verdun

    World 105mm Mark Destroyed Soviet U.S. British Army IWar Katyusha Sexton M7 MLRS 105mmGerman II Priest & Paladin Wespe

    Self Propelled Guns come into widespread use


    Mark 1 Gun Carrier 105mm M7 Priest British Sexton 105mm German Wespe Soviet Katyusha
    Self propelled Multiple launch rocket system

    US MLRS and 155mm Paladin

    Dec 1944 US Artillery XMAS Present


    First Radar Proximity Fuze
    Increased Effectiveness against personnel targets

    ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Computer developed for Artillery Firing Tables Trajectory tables to predict Projectile Flight 3D second order differential equations of motion performed manually

    Post WW II

    Artillery Developments
    Increased Mobility Longer Ranges Increased Firing Rates Increased Precision Increased Lethality Modern Battery : 6 Guns
    43 kg (~95 lbs) projectile @ 4 rounds per minute for 4 minutes yields. Over 1 metric ton of ordnance delivered per minute

    Desert Storm Massed Artillery Fires


    11 Artillery Battalions Devastating Effects Broke Enemys will to fight

    Artillery Ammunition Cannon Ball


    Kinetic energy
    Breach fortifications Slice through Men & Horses

    Grape Shot
    Smaller balls separating at Muzzle
    Grape Shot

    Chain Shot
    Cannon balls joined by chain

    1803 British General Henry Shrapnel


    Balls blown from shell by burster charge

    Mid 1800s
    Cylindrical-Conical projectile replaces cannon ball Copper driving bands engage rifling in guns for spin stabilization and thus longer range

    Artillery Ammunition cont. 1950s


    BRL (Now ARL) Scientific & Systematic approach to analysis of wound ballistics Fragment Mass striking velocity Random Fragmentation munitions
    155mm M107 Large fragments reduced velocity, limited area of coverage

    Controlled fragmentation material improvements


    High-Fragmenting Steel
    Smaller high velocity fragments, increased total number of fragments, larger lethal area

    Typical HE
    Overkill on immediate area of detonation lacking large area coverage Sub-missiling Principle
    Increased lethality through spreading of munitions

    ICM

    ICM (Improved Conventional Munitions) First Generation ICMs combined submissiling with controlled fragmentation and ground burst
    105mm M413 105mm M444 155mm M449 8 inch M404 18 Ground burst 18 Airburst 60 Airburst 104 Airburst

    Artillery Effectiveness

    155mm
    M107 M107 M449

    Cargo
    TNT Comp B 60 sub-munitions

    % Casualty
    4.9 7.9 31.9

    Advanced ICM Artillery or DPICM


    155mm M483A1 8 inch M509 155mm M864 base bleed 88 dual purpose sub-missiles 195 dual purpose sub-missiles 72 dual purpose sub-missiles

    DPICM

    M483

    M509

    M864

    Combat Comparative Effectiveness (Vietnam)

    Conventional
    Rds Expended Rds / kill

    105mm 155mm
    7,079 31.6 3,465 13.6

    8 inch
    149 16.6

    ICM
    Rds Expended Rds / kill

    105mm 155mm
    1,121 2 772 1.7

    8 inch
    153 0.8

    Live Fire Demonstration Effectiveness Comparison

    Delivery Accuracy As a Function of Range

    Projectile
    M795 M864 M864 (BB) M549 (RAP)

    Range (km)
    20 20 28 30

    CEP (m)
    119 96 186 267

    - Delivery Error increases with Range - Solutions to overcome delivery error - Smart or Precision Projectiles

    Copperhead

    First Cannon launched Precision round developed by U.S. Army

    16 km Range Ground Laser locator designator

    SADARM

    Initially developed for 8 inch Gun


    Shifted to 155mm in 1980s Sense And Destroy ARMor submunition

    Combat Proven 2003 Invasion of Iraq


    108 Rounds Fired 48 vehicle kills

    Employs:
    Infrared telescope Millimeter wave Radar

    Excalibur
    A Joint United States / Kingdom of Sweden Program Fin stabilized, gliding airframe uses GPS & Inertial Navigation System Guidance Accuracy of Less Than 10M CEP Minimizes Collateral Damage Employment Flexibility Danger Close Fire Missions High Impact Angle
    - Ideal For Urban Terrain - Optimal Effects

    Increased Effects With Fewer Rounds Status


    - Initial Capability Fielded in 2007

    Makes Cannon Artillery Relevant in todays Urban Conflicts!

    Excalibur

    Excalibur

    Target

    The Next Generation of Artillery


    Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) Infrared Illumination Round (XM1064/6) Very Affordable Precision Projectile (VAPP) Common Smart Submunition (CSS) Proximity Initiated Submunition (PRAXIS) Extended Range Artillery (ERA XM1113) Hybrid Propellant (XM350) Selectable Technology for Adaptive Response (STAR) Electromagnetic Gun System

    PGK (XM1156)
    Fits in standard 155mm High Explosive artillery projectile fuze wells (deep intrusion) GPS guidance (incorporates SAASM) 20 Year Storage Life (no battery) Proximity & Point Detonating Fuzing

    Electronics

    Spinning Canards

    Safe & Arm

    2007 Tech Demo Firing

    PGK Delivery Accuracy CEP Comparison - Guided vs. Unguided


    M109A6 Paladin 27km 155mm (HE) M549A1 with 1 mil Aiming Error at Low Angle

    183m CEP

    PGK Accuracy (T) 50m CEP


    PGK Accuracy (O) 30m CEP

    IR Illumination
    IR Illumination provides the user with battlefield illumination in the infrared wavelength Allows user to witness movements of enemy in a dark battlefield

    Effective IR Illum Area Effective Visible Illum Area

    XM1066
    900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

    155mm, IR* vs 155mm, M485A2 Candle @ 600m HOB

    HOB (m)

    28.5

    29

    29.5

    30

    30.5

    31

    31.5

    Very Affordable Precision Projectile (VAPP)

    Description
    Design and demonstration of 105mm precision artillery to focus on affordability and performance

    Performance Highlights
    GPS guidance augmented by Magnetometer $10,000 AUPP objective Range objective 24 km 10m CEP Greater lethality than legacy 105mm

    Common Smart Submunition (CSS)


    Payoff

    LADAR/IR Sensor Suite


    Tantalum Combined Effects Warhead
    Before deploying Samara Wing and sensor suite After deploying Samara Wing and sensor suite

    Enables single round-multiple kill capability. Multi-platform applicability across projectiles/missiles/ mortars/UAVs. On board target discrimination capability. Reduced logistics footprint. Clean Battlefield

    Mission Objectives

    Improvements to meet ICM current requirements

    Develop and demonstrate the next generation target discriminating submunition (school bus vs. tank)

    Near Surface bursting Warhead optimization for Antipersonnel capability Weapon integration carrier for CSS

    PRAXIS: Next Generation ICM PRoXimity Initiated Submunition


    Extreme Reliability Tri-Mode Proximity Fuze (0.99999)
    Proximity 0.97 Impact 0.98 Time 0.98

    Goal-99 Proximity/Impact/Time reliabilities at 0.99 provides 1 in a million UXO Pre-Formed Fragmentation (PFF) Dual Sized Tungsten Ball Matrix for anti-personnel and light materiel effects Fragmenting Steel Casing for Anti-Materiel Effects IM Explosive
    Reutilize M483A1 Metal Parts

    PGK Compatible
    Patent Pending

    5 Full Bore Submunitions

    XM1113 Extended Range Artillery

    Reach NLOS-C ORD requirement of 30 km (Threshold) Exceeds 40 km range in current 39 Cal systems Low cost solution based on proven technologies

    XM1113 Range Demo 2007

    XM350 Hybrid Propellant Goal: To replace M67 and M200 with a single propelling charge Consists of 6 Semi-fixed bag increments marked 1-6 Combined the 6 bags create 1 zoned charge

    Scalable Technology for Adaptive Response (STAR)


    Replace current DPICM cargo

    M483

    M795 Scaleable Output/Controlled Lethal Effects Hardened for structures Lower fire mission costs Broader target set using adaptive response Reduced collateral damage

    M913

    Description: Develop enhanced capabilities for Artillery


    Warheads for:
    155mm: M483A1 & M795 105mm: M913

    When Available: 3rd QTR FY11 Metrics: Adaptive lethality (increase X% vs. materiel targets) and reduce collateral damage by 25% (min)

    Technical Approach for STAR


    Scaleable/Adaptive Lethality Fuze/Power Energy Management

    Weapons Technology Thrusts


    Controlled Response Accurate & Precise Low Collateral

    Develop and integrate new technologies


    Novel Energetics (Explosives & Propulsion) Combined Effects & Scaleable Effects Explosives Enhanced Fragmentation Advanced Fuzing Precision Guidance Kits

    The EM Mortar Program Goals

    Objective: To evaluate and demonstrate ElectroMagnetic (EM) launch technology as related to the missions of an advanced mortar weapon for the Future Combat Systems (FCS). Goals: Design and demonstrate EM guns (coilgun and railgun) capable of firing modified 120 mm mortar rounds at velocities up to 420 m/s.

    Tribute to Artillery

    Acronyms

    NLOS Non Line of Site MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System HE High Explosive ICM Improved Conventional Munition TNT Tri-Nitro Toluene DPICM Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munition CEP Circular Error Probability BB Base Bleed RAP Rocket Assist Projectile HOB Height of Burst SAASM Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics UXO Unexploded Ordnance

    Dominick DeMella Phone: (973) 724 4422 E-mail: Dominick.demella@us.army.mil

    Backup

    Artillery and Missile Applications PRAXIS CSS


    After Deploying Samara Wing

    CSS
    LADAR/IR Sensor Suite

    4.0

    G-MLRS (65)

    105MM (2 Resized)

    Tantalum Combined Effects Warhead

    3.16
    M915 (3)

    155MM (2)

    4.25

    5.04

    155mm (5)

    G-MLRS (12)

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