Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 557 views

    Per Unit System1

    Uploaded by

    rosubhi4844
    1. The document discusses per-unit systems and percentage impedances which are used to represent impedances at multiple voltage levels in complex power systems in a consistent way. 2. In a per-unit system, impedances and other quantities are expressed relative to common base values of voltage, current, power, and impedance. This allows impedances at different voltage levels to be easily added together. 3. The document provides examples of converting between per-unit impedances and percentage impedances based on different MVA bases, as well as calculating fault currents using percentage impedances.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Per Unit System1

    Uploaded by

    rosubhi4844
    557 views29 pages
    1. The document discusses per-unit systems and percentage impedances which are used to represent impedances at multiple voltage levels in complex power systems in a consistent way. 2. In a per-unit system, impedances and other quantities are expressed relative to common base values of voltage, current, power, and impedance. This allows impedances at different voltage levels to be easily added together. 3. The document provides examples of converting between per-unit impedances and percentage impedances based on different MVA bases, as well as calculating fault currents using percentage impedances.

    Original Description:

    Per unit system

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. The document discusses per-unit systems and percentage impedances which are used to represent impedances at multiple voltage levels in complex power systems in a consistent way. 2. In a per-unit system, impedances and other quantities are expressed relative to common base values of voltage, current, power, and impedance. This allows impedances at different voltage levels to be easily added together. 3. The document provides examples of converting between per-unit impedances and percentage impedances based on different MVA bases, as well as calculating fault currents using percentage impedances.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    557 views29 pages

    Per Unit System1

    Uploaded by

    rosubhi4844
    1. The document discusses per-unit systems and percentage impedances which are used to represent impedances at multiple voltage levels in complex power systems in a consistent way. 2. In a per-unit system, impedances and other quantities are expressed relative to common base values of voltage, current, power, and impedance. This allows impedances at different voltage levels to be easily added together. 3. The document provides examples of converting between per-unit impedances and percentage impedances based on different MVA bases, as well as calculating fault currents using percentage impedances.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    Balanced faults Exercise 1

    1
    22 kV
    Z = 1
    Balanced faults Exercise 2
    2
    22 kV
    1 at 22kV
    Z
    T
    = 120 at 400 kV
    20 at 400 kV
    22/400kV Transformer
    Fault Current at 400 kV = ?
    Fault Current at 22 kV = ?
    Convert Impedance to a common voltage
    3
    MVA at 22kV = MVA at 400 kV
    22 kV
    1
    0.061
    Equivalent circuit taking voltages at 22kV
    Z
    T
    =0.363
    3 F
    1
    2

    Z
    1
    =
    3 F
    2
    2

    Z
    2
    2 1
    2
    1
    2
    Calculation
    4
    400 kV
    330.6
    20
    Equivalent circuit taking voltage at 400kV
    Z
    T
    =120
    Consider multiple voltage system
    Single Line Diagram
    6
    275 kV
    400 kV
    132 kV
    33 kV
    22 kV
    11 kV
    Z
    s
    Z
    T1
    Z
    L1
    Z
    L2
    Z
    L3
    Z
    L4
    Z
    T2
    Z
    T3 Z
    T4
    Z
    T5
    Very complex NG power system
    7
    Impedances at multiple voltage levels
    Very difficult to express in ohms and confusing.
    Multiple error prone steps required to add impedances.
    Calculating fault currents at different voltage levels is
    much more challenging.
    For this reason Per unit or Percentage system has been
    developed to express impedances and other quantities in
    a power system network .
    8
    Per unit system
    9
    The definition of any quantity(voltage, current, power,
    impedance) in the per-unit system is
    Per unit system
    The complete characterization of a per-unit system
    requires that all four base values be defined. Given the
    four base values, the per-unit quantities are defined a
    10
    pu
    haxe
    pu
    haxe
    pu
    haxe
    pu
    haxe
    Per unit Systems
    11
    haxe
    haxe
    haxe
    haxe
    haxe
    haxe
    haxe
    2
    haxe
    haxe
    Per unit impedance
    12
    v
    base
    Z
    I
    base
    ZI
    base
    Voltage drop
    pu
    haxe
    haxe
    haxe haxe
    haxe
    haxe
    Per unit impedance
    The per unit impedance of a circuit or item of equipment is
    the voltage drop in the circuit/equipment when it is
    carrying a specified current (the base current) expressed
    as ratio to the phase to neutral voltage (the base current).
    13
    pu
    ZI
    haxe
    F
    haxe
    3ZI
    haxe
    F
    L
    pu
    Z3F
    L
    I
    haxe
    F
    2
    L
    ZS
    haxe
    (3phaxe)
    F
    2
    L
    Base MVA
    We can select any quantity (Voltage, Current, Impedance
    or Power) as our common base for each section of the
    system. However, it is usual practice to take 100MVA
    (power) as a common base for the whole power system
    network.
    So,
    14
    Adding up pu impedances is much easier as all have
    same base.
    pu
    Z1MFA
    F
    2
    L
    Z11

    F
    2
    L
    In National Grid documents % (Percentage) values for
    circuit parameters are used rather than pu value.
    Percentage Impedance
    15
    pu
    Z11

    F
    2
    L

    1MFA
    F
    2
    L
    Z

    1MFA
    Actua| (Fau|t)MFA

    Convert % impedance in
    16
    F
    2
    L
    %Z11

    voltage %
    400 kV 1% 16
    275 kV 1% 7.5
    132 kV 1% 1.75
    33 kV 1% 0.11
    11kV 1% 0.012
    Exercise 3
    A 275kV overhead line has an impedance of 15. What
    is its percentage impedance on 100MVA base?
    17
    Exercise 4
    With reference to the following circuit, determine followings for a 3
    phase fault
    (a) fault MVA
    (b) current flowing into the fault
    (c) current flowing in OHL
    (d) current flowing in generator (G)
    All impedances given are on 100MVA base.
    18
    Solution
    Z
    Iotol
    = S +S +1 +1.S % = 1u.S%
    Foult HIA =
    1uuHIA
    1u.S
    1uu
    = 9S2.4 HIA
    19
    Fault Currents
    20
    952.4
    MVA
    2000 A
    Fault currents
    21
    1375 A
    25000 A
    Conversion of base MVA
    It may be necessary to convert from one MVA base to
    another. This is achieved on a simple ratio as follows.
    22
    Exercise 5
    23
    132 kV
    400 kV 22 kV
    Z
    s
    =25%
    Z
    T1
    =15%
    Z
    L1
    = 1%
    on 100 MVA
    Z
    L2
    = 2%
    on 100MVA
    Z
    T2
    = 20%
    500MVA 500MVA
    240MVA
    With reference to the above circuit, determine for a 3 phase fault
    (a) fault MVA
    (b) current flowing in primary & secondary sides of Auto-transformer
    All impedances given are based on ratings of the individual plants
    where not specified.
    Solution
    %Z Z
    S
    Z
    T1
    Z
    L1
    Z
    T2
    Z
    L1
    On rating 25% 15% 1% 20% 2%
    On 100MVA 5% 3% 1% 8.33 2%
    24
    totol

    %
    Fault Currents
    25
    741 A
    2244A
    TGN 166
    Electrical parameters (%impedance, %succeptance etc. ) for
    circuits or plants can be calculated referring to TGN166.
    26
    TGN166
    27
    Circuit Parameters
    28
    29
    Any Questions?

    You might also like