ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my pleasure to express my sincere thanks to my principal Mrs. Rashmi Bishnoi and My Chemistry Teacher in providing a helping hand in this project. Their immense knowledge that they shared with me have proved highly beneficial to me and have made my Project File both possible and successful.

ANUJ BOHRA XII

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction History of perfumes The chemistry of perfumes Classification of perfumes Synthesizing the smell (general preparations) Manufacturing methods Some other perfumes Moschus natures perfume Disadvantages Uses of perfume Experiment no. 1 Experiment no. 2 Experiment no. 3 conclusion bibliography

Perfumes
PERFUMES: What are They?
The word "perfume" has originated from the latin word "PER-FUMUM" meaning through smoke , Perfums, fragrances ,etc. are all parts of our daily lives .The sense of smell is very important camphorous , musky , floral , pepperminty , ethereal, pungent & putrid .

What is a good perfume?

Anything that just smells nice cannot be called a perfume .The essential requirements of a good perfume are: 1. Harmonious smell 2. Stablity 3. Lasting fragnance 4. Diffusiveness 5. Ability to get fixed in the required product

Sources of perfumes
Many of the fragnances made into perfumes originate from plants. The fragnances come from parts like flowers(rose), seeds(cardamom), roots (angelica ), wood (sandal wood ), bark (cinnamon) and peels(orange).However due to the limeted supply of natural,materials, perfumes have also been synthesized synthetically

HISTORY OF PERFUME
The history of the perfumes goes back over 4000 years into the past. In the highly developed cultures the odoriferous substances originally served as victim for the Gods. In addition,humans already used it for the hygiene and hair care. The perfumes as we know it today became between the end 19 th century and at the beginning 20 th century. The smell of humans also was at that same time, indication of its class affiliation, because not yet all social classes attached importance on hygiene. The smells became stronger ,because in the increasing anonymity of the large cities one wan ted to make more impression on its fellow men. Some of the renowned perfumes today comprise. 1. 2. 3. 4. Perfume: Eau de perfume: Eua de toilette: Eau de cologne: 5. Perfume of gels: 82.5% smelling material with 95% alcohol. A weaker variant of the perfume. 5-8% alcohol solution is the simplest one. 2-5% perfume oil in 70-80% alcohol. little alcohol ,get pitures & 5-7% perfume oil

The chemistry of perfume

A perfume contains mainly three components: 1. Odniferous constituents : These are the functional groups, which give the perfumes its characteristic odour. They may include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, castor oil products, terpens, paraffins & heterocycles of these aromatic aldehydes, heterocycles & terpens are important. 2. Fixative : These are substance, which make the perfume last longer by reducing its volatility . 3. Dilutant: It is invariably ethyl alcohol , which serves to dilute the blended perfume to the desired odour strength.

Classification of perfumes
Perfumes:
1. Basis of origin Natural Synthetic 2. Basis of functional Group Aldehydes Ketones Alcohol Esters Phenols Ethers

Synthesizing the smell

( GENERAL PREPERRATION)
Formulation & bleanding of perfumes is by no means & easy task.The perfumer must be a chemist with a highly developed sense of smell so that he can recognize & distinguish between thousands of different odours & notes. The smell of odours can be stated as below :

1. Man smells: Freshly(cool water), bluing freshly(escape), spicy(old spice), chirp(boss).

Manufacturing methods
Cold extraction: For this one cuts up for example orange blows and grinds them with little alcohol until a mash developed. Subsequently, one filters the mixture off. Effleurage: For this petals are presented on odourless fat & pressed between two glass plates. The fat takes up the smell of the blooms. This procedure lasts 24 hrs. with a bloom freight then replaces one the blooms several times at leasts, until the fat is satisfied. Subsequently The fat with alcohol is mixed. The odoriferous substance change into the al cohol.

Some other perfumes

Some other perfumes that can be prepared in the laboratory by similar procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Methyl cinnamate : Ethyl cinnamate: Ethyl anisate : Methyl anisate : Cinnamyl acetate: odour. fruity and balsamic as strawberry. sweet balsamic honey note. light fruity anise odour. sweet odour of new mown (cut) hay. sweet balsamic (creamy) floral

Moschus-Nature`s Perfume
Moschus , a class of deer , shows outstanding fixing characteristic & hence has added itself in the count of popular perfumes . The deer has exocrine smell glands in the proximity of the male sex organs & is settled in the high valleys of Himalayas. Their extreamly strong smelling secreation serves on the one hand the marking of its territory: on the other hand it makes attraction for females kind comrade possible over large distance. The smell-determining component contains Macrocylen along with Ambrettolid and zibeton .The Zibet is extracted from the bag like glands of the Zibetkatze. The secreation is outscraped twice weekly by means of a hornspoon from the bags.each scraping supplies approximately 20-30g Zibet per month. Due to high price and the large demand for Moschus synthetic Moschusriechstoffe is being manufactured. Both the natural and synthetic form of Moschus perfume is highly respectful though unfortunately it is highly expensive .

Disadvantages
1. They possess high bioaccumulation ability(s) they deposit themselves in the fatty tissue of organisms. 2. It is considered as very difficult degradable. 3. It adds to the carcinogenic characteristic in mother`s milk.

Uses of Perfumes
Applications
Perfumes have a wide range of application,speciafied under: 1. All of them are used in perfumery and flavouring of cosmetics, soaps and other articles, e.g. i. Anisaldehyde is used as afloral perfume ii. Benzophenane being being a good fixative is used as iii. iv. v. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
an oriental perfume as rose geranium in soaps. B-phenyl ethanol I is used for perfuming cosmetics. Ethyl cinnamate is used in face powders. Methyl cinnamate is used in amber colognes

Camphor(terpene) is used in medicine O-terpineol is used as perfume in disinfectants. Benzyl alcohol is used as a solvent for synthetic musk. Methyl salicylate is used as modifier of floaral bouquets. Thymol is used in antiseptics and germicide in dental preparations.

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EXPERIMENTS
Experiment No.
Object : Materials required : Chemical required :

01

Chemical reaction :

To prepare Methyl Salicylate test tube,burnerbeaker,tripod,stand,wire Gauge,test tube holder. Salicylic acid : 1gm Methyl alcohol: 2gm Conc. Sulphuric acid.

Procedure : Step 1: Take salicylic acid in aboiling tube & add to it methyl alcohol plus 1-2 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid. Step 2: Heat the tube in a boiling water both for 20 -25 mins & then pour its content in a beaker containing 2 cm thick layer of water.

Step 3: note the odour ,which is that of pungent wintergreen

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Experiment No.

02

Object :

To prepare Ethyl Salicylate

Materials required : test tube,burner beaker, tripod stand,wire Gauge,test tube holder. Chemical required : Salicylic acid : 1gm Ethyl alcohol: 2gm Conc. Sulphuric acid Water.

Chemical reaction :

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General apparatus for the experiment

Procedure: Step 1: Take Salicylic acid in aboiling tube & add to it ethyl alcohol plus 1-2 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid . Step 2: Heat the tube in a boiling water both for 20-25mins & then pour its content in a beaker containing thick layer of water. Note the odour ,which is that of faint wintergreen

Step 3:

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Experiment No.

03

Object : To prepare Ethyl Benzoate Materials required : test tube,burner beaker, tripod stand, wire Gauge,test tube holder. Chemical required : Benzoic acid : 1gm Ethyl alcohol : 2gm Conc. Sulphuric acid Water. Chemical reaction :

Procedure : Step 1: Take Benzoic acid in a boiling tube and add to it ethyl alcohol plus 1-2 drops of conc. Sulphuric acid. Step 2: Heat the tube in a boiling water bath for 20 -25 mins and then pour its content in a beaker containing 2 cm thick layer of water. Step 3: Note the odour ,which is fruity and pungent.

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CONCLUSION
THE FOLLOWING PERFUMES WERE SUCCESSFULLY PRPARED IN THE LABORATORY

METHYL SALICYLATE
This is an ester ,which has pungent smell & characteristic odour of wintergreen and has the following structure.

ETHYL SALICYLATE
This is an ester ,which has odour of wintergreen and has the following structure.

ETHYL BENZOATE
This is an ester ,which has fruity odour and has the following structure.

used in soap perfuming.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY BY S. K. TUNDRA AND WWW.GOOGLE.COM

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