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    Hepatitis B (Paush, 24)

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    suwash
    Hepatitis B is an acute infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. It has an incubation period of 6-26 weeks. Clinical features include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice and dark urine in the pre-icteric and icteric phases. Risk factors include intravenous drug use, unprotected sex, and exposure to infected blood or fluids. Treatment focuses on rest, a balanced diet, vaccination to prevent spread, and standard precautions when handling bodily fluids of infected individuals.

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    Hepatitis B (Paush, 24)

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    suwash
    107 views4 pages
    Hepatitis B is an acute infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. It has an incubation period of 6-26 weeks. Clinical features include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice and dark urine in the pre-icteric and icteric phases. Risk factors include intravenous drug use, unprotected sex, and exposure to infected blood or fluids. Treatment focuses on rest, a balanced diet, vaccination to prevent spread, and standard precautions when handling bodily fluids of infected individuals.

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    Hepatitis B

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    Hepatitis B(Paush, 24)

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    Hepatitis B is an acute infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. It has an incubation period of 6-26 weeks. Clinical features include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice and dark urine in the pre-icteric and icteric phases. Risk factors include intravenous drug use, unprotected sex, and exposure to infected blood or fluids. Treatment focuses on rest, a balanced diet, vaccination to prevent spread, and standard precautions when handling bodily fluids of infected individuals.

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    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    107 views4 pages

    Hepatitis B (Paush, 24)

    Uploaded by

    suwash
    Hepatitis B is an acute infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is transmitted through blood or bodily fluids. It has an incubation period of 6-26 weeks. Clinical features include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice and dark urine in the pre-icteric and icteric phases. Risk factors include intravenous drug use, unprotected sex, and exposure to infected blood or fluids. Treatment focuses on rest, a balanced diet, vaccination to prevent spread, and standard precautions when handling bodily fluids of infected individuals.

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    HEPATITIS - B

    INTRODUCTION
    Hepatitis B is an acute systemic infection of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus. It is also known as serum hepatitis and usually transmitted through parental route. Hepatitis B virus was discovered by Blemberg in 1963.

    CLINICAL FEATURES OF HEPATITIS-B


    PRE-ICTERIC
    Anorexia, nausea and vomiting Constipation/Diarrhoea Malaise Headache Fever Weight loss Hepatomegaly Spleenomegaly Arthralgia Jaundice Prurities Dark urine Arthralgia Light stool Hepatomegaly Spleenomegaly Malaise Easily fatigue Dysphagia Spleenomegaly Hepatitis B virus is a DNA containing double shelled virus,42mm in diameter The virus possesses various antigens that may help in distinguishing the duration and state of HBV infection in the host. HBsAG also known as Australian Antigen is found on the surface of the virus. Its detection in the serum is diagnostic of active HBV infection. Plant poisons and industrial toxins.

    Icteric

    Post-Icteric

    ETIOLOGY

    INCUBATION PERIOD
    45-180 days Lower doses of the virus results often in longer incubation period. The median incubation period is said to be lower than 100 days.

    MODE OF TRANSMISSION
    1. PARENTERAL ROUTE
    HepatitisB is essentially a blood born infection. It is transmitted by infected blood and blood produced through transfusions, dialysis, contaminated syringes, needles pricks on skin, handling of infected blood, accidental inoculation of minute quantities of blood. E.g immunization circumcision, accuppunture, surgical and dental procedure etc. The infection is not usually transmitted through the umbilical vein. It is transmitted from the mother at the time of birth and during close contact afterwards. The sexually promiscuous particularly male, homosexual are at very high risk of infection with Hepatitis -B Transmission from child to child (often called horizontal transmission) Transmission by blood sucking arthropods e.g. mosquitoes, bed bugs (but there is no evidence to support this) Epidemiological settings. It can spread either from carriers or from people with no apparent infection or during the incubation period. Dialation of hepato cytes. Lymphatic infiltration. Portal tract inflammation. Chronic inflammation is seen. Chronic inflammation is characterized by massive fibrosis,necrosis,repair forming nodes and angiogenesis. If this process gets uncontrolled this leads to neoplasia or else it leads to cirrohis. Wide spread inflammation of liver tissue. Acute infection of liver damage by cytotoxic cytolcines (lysis of hepatocyte) Due to cytolcines disorder of GI system seen. Liver cell damage result in hepatic cell necrosis. There is proliferation and enlargement of the peri portal areas may interrupt bile flow. Cholestasis may occur. Liver cell can regenerate if no complication occurs, there should resume their normal appearance and function.

    2: Perinatal transmission

    3: Sexual transmission 4: Other routes of transmission:

    PATHOGENESIS

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
    Serum liver enzymes are elevated (SGOT, SGPT) Serum billirubin and uro billinogen are elevated. (LFT) ESR is elevated usually from inflammatory process. Patient with severe Hepatitis B , prothrombin time may be elevated. HBsAG is positive in serological test. Abdominal X-ray shows a enlarged liver. Aspartate aminot renferase (AST) Alanine aminot reanferase (ACT) History taking and physical examination. Frequent exposure to blood, blood products or other body fluids. Health care providers: haemodialysis staff, oncology and chemotherapy nurses, operative room staffs, surgeons, dentists etc. Male homosexual and bisexual activities. I/V injection drug users. Close contact carrier of HBV. Multiple sexual partners. Recent history of sexually transmitted disease. Receipt of blood or blood products.

    RISK FACTORS OF HEPATITIS-B

    MANAGEMENT OF HEPATITIS B
    NURSING MANAGEMENT:
    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Provide bed rest. Provide well balanced diet. Avoid alcohol and smoking Provide low fat diet. Avoid hepato toxic drug. Use standard precaution to prevent the spread to other. Provide health teaching on: Hand washing Contact precaution when exposure to faeces, blood or body secretion. Careful handling of needles. Provide vaccination Use safe sexual practices. Hepatitis B is a vaccine preventable disease. HBV vaccine is given as a series of three I/M injections (deltoid in adults and antero lateral thigh muscles in infants) with 2nd and 3rd doses given. 1 and 6 months after the 1st dose. The vaccine has shown 85-95% efficiency.

    PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS -B

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