Motion in one Dimension

at rest and in second situation observer moving in train, which is reference frame in motion.

Position
Any object is situated at point O and three observers from N O W three different E places are S looking at B C same object, 4 5 then all three m A 3 m observers will m Fig. 2.1 have different observations about the position of point O and no one will be wrong. Because they are observing the object from different positions. Observer A says : Point O is 3 m away in west direction. Observer B says : Point O is 4 m away in south direction. Observer C says : Point O is 5 m away in east direction. Therefore position of any point is completely expressed by two factors: Its distance from the observer and its direction with respect to observer. That is why position is characterised by a vector known as position vector. Y Consider a point P in xy plane and its coordinates are (x, y). Then position vector (r ) of point will be
x i + y j

So rest and motion are relative terms. It depends upon the frame of references.

Table 2.1 : Types of motion

One dimensional Motion of a body in a straight line is called one dimensional motion. When only one coordinate of the position of a body changes with time then it is said to be moving one dimensionally. Ex.. (i) Motion of car on a straight road. (ii) Motion of freely falling body. Two dimensional Motion of body in a plane is called two dimensional motion. When two coordinates of the position of a body changes with time then it is said to be moving two dimensionally. Ex. (i) Motion of car on a circular turn. (ii) Motion of billiards ball. Three dimensional Motion of body in a space is called three dimensional motion. When all three coordinates of the position of a body changes with time then it is said to be moving three dimensionally. Ex.. (i) Motion of flying kite. (ii) Motion of flying insect.

P(x,y,z) X

and if the point P is in space Z and its coordinates are (x, y, z) then . position vector can be expressed as r =x i +y j +zk

Rest and Motion

If a body does not change its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be at rest. And if a body changes its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be in motion. Frame of Reference : It is a system to which a set of coordinates are attached and with reference to which observer describes any event. A passenger standing on platform observes that a tree on a platform is at rest. But the same passenger passing away in a train through station, observes that tree is in motion. In both conditions observer is right. But observations are different because in first situation observer stands on a platform, which is reference frame

Particle or Point Mass or Point object

The smallest part of matter with zero dimension which can be described by its mass and position is defined as a particle or point mass. If the size of a body is negligible in comparison to its range of motion then that body is known as a particle. A body (Group of particles) can be treated as a particle, depends upon types of motion. For example in a planetary motion around the sun the different planets can be presumed to be the particles. In above consideration when we treat body as particle, all parts of the body undergo same displacement and have same velocity and acceleration.

Distance and Displacement

(1) Distance : It is the actual length of the path covered by a moving particle in a given interval of time.

(i) If a particle starts from A and reach to C through point B as shown in the figure. C Then distance travelled by particle

Speed and Velocity

(1) Speed : The rate of distance covered with time is called speed. (i) It is a scalar quantity having symbol (ii) Dimension : [M L T ] (iii) Unit : metre/second (S.I.), cm/second (C.G.S.) (iv) Types of speed : (a) Uniform speed : When a particle covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, (no matter how small the intervals are) then it is said to be moving with uniform speed. In given illustration motorcyclist travels equal distance (= 5m) in each second. So we can say that particle is moving with uniform speed of 5 m/s.
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 5m/ s 1 sec 5m/ s 1m/s 5m/s
0 1 1

= AB + BC = 7 m
(ii) Distance is a scalar quantity. (iii) Dimension : [M0L1T0] (iv) Unit : metre (S.I.)
A 3m Fig. 2.2

4 m B

(2) Displacement : Displacement is the change in position vector i.e., A vector joining initial to final position. (i) Displacement is a vector quantity (ii) Dimension : [M0L1T0] (iii) Unit : metre (S.I.) (iv) In the above figure the displacement of the particle AC = AB + BC | AC |
= (AB)2 +(BC)2 +2 (AB)(BC) cos90o

(b)

5m

(v) If S1 , S 2 , S 3 ........ Sn are the displacements

of a body then the total (net) displacement is the vector sum of the individuals. S = S1 + S 2 + S 3 +........ + Sn (3) Comparison displacement : between distance and

1 sec Tim e 5m/ Uniform Speed s

5m/ 5m/s s Fig. 2.4

(i) The magnitude of displacement is equal to minimum possible distance between two positions. So distance

(b) Non-uniform (variable) speed : In nonuniform speed particle covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time. In the given illustration motorcyclist travels 5m in 1st second, 8m in 2nd second, 10m in 3rd second, 4m in 4th second etc. Therefore its speed is different for every time interval of one second. This means particle is moving with variable speed.
Distance 5m 8m 10 m 1 sec 10m/ s Fig. 2.5 4m 6m 7m 1 sec 7 m/ s

|Displacement|.

(ii) For a moving particle distance can never be negative or zero while displacement can be. (zero displacement means that body after motion has came back to initial position) i.e., Distance > 0 but Displacement > = or < 0 (iii) For motion between two points, displacement is single valued while distance depends on actual path and so can have many values. (iv) For a moving particle distance can never decrease with time while displacement can. Decrease in displacement with time means body is moving towards the initial position. (v) In general, magnitude of displacement is not equal to distance. However, it can be so if the motion is along a straight line without change in direction. (vi) If rA

1 sec 1 sec Tim e 8 m/ Variable Speed 5m/ s s

1 sec 1 sec 4 m/ s 6 m/ s

(c) Average speed : The average speed of a particle for a given Interval of time is defined as the ratio of total distance travelled to the time taken. Average speed

Totaldistance travelled ; Timetaken

vav =

and rB

s t

are the position vectors of

Y B s A

particle initially and finally. Then displacement of the particle rAB = rB rA and s is the distance travelled if the particle has gone through the path APB.

rB

P rAB rA
Fig. 2.3

 Time average speed : When particle moves with different uniform speed time intervals

1 , 2 , 3

... etc in different

Displaceme nt Average velocity = ; Timetaken

r vav = t

t1 , t2 , t3 , ... etc respectively, its

average speed over the total time of journey is given as

vav =

Totaldistance covered Total time elapsed

(d) Instantaneous velocity : Instantaneous velocity is defined as rate of change of position vector of particles with time at a certain instant of time. Instantaneous velocity v = lim

d + d2 + d3 + ...... 1t1 + 2t2 + 3t3 + ...... = 1 = t1 + t2 + t3 + ...... t1 + t2 + t3 + ......

Distance averaged speed : When a particle describes different distances d1 , d2 , d3 , ...... with different time intervals t1 , t2 , t3 , ...... with speeds

t0

r dr = dt t

(v) Comparison between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity (a) instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path followed by the particle. When a stone is thrown from point O then at point of projection the instantaneous velocity of stone is v 1 , at point A the instantaneous velocity of stone is v2 , similarly at point B and C are v3 and v4 respectively.
Y

v1,v2,v3 ...... respectively then the speed of particle

averaged over the total distance can be given as

av =

Totaldistance covered Total time elapsed

d1 + d2 + d3 + ...... t1 + t2 + t3 + ......

v2
A
v1

v3
B C Fig. 2.6 X

v4

d1 + d2 + d3 + ...... d1 d2 d3 + + + ...... 1 2 3

If speed is continuously changing with time then

vav =

vdt dt

(d) Instantaneous speed : It is the speed of a particle at a particular instant of time. When we say speed, it usually means instantaneous speed. The instantaneous speed is average speed for infinitesimally small time interval (i.e., t 0 ). Thus Instantaneous speed v = lim
t0

s ds = dt t

Direction of these velocities can be found out by drawing a tangent on the trajectory at a given point. (b) A particle may have constant instantaneous speed but variable instantaneous velocity. Example : When a particle is performing uniform circular motion then for every instant of its circular motion its speed remains constant but velocity changes at every instant. (c) The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous speed. (d) If a particle is moving with constant velocity then its average velocity and instantaneous velocity are always equal. (e) If displacement is given as a function of time, then time derivative of displacement will give velocity. Let displacement Instantaneous

(2) Velocity : The rate of change of position i.e. rate of displacement with time is called velocity.

x = A0 A1t + A2t2

(i) It is a vector quantity having symbol v .

(ii) Dimension : [M0L1T1] (iii) Unit : metre/second (S.I.), cm/second (C.G.S.) (iv) Types of velocity : (a) Uniform velocity : A particle is said to have uniform velocity, if magnitudes as well as direction of its velocity remains same and this is possible only when the particles moves in same straight line without reversing its direction. (b) Non-uniform velocity : A particle is said to have non-uniform velocity, if either of magnitude or direction of velocity changes or both of them change. (c) Average velocity : It is defined as the ratio of displacement to time taken by the body

dx d v= = (A0 A1t + A2t2) dt dt

v = A1 + 2A2t

velocity

For the given value of t, we can find out the instantaneous velocity. e.g for

t = 0 ,Instantaneous velocity v = A1 and

Instantaneous speed | v | = A1 (vi) Comparison between average speed and average velocity (a) Average speed is a scalar while average velocity is a vector both having same units ( m/s) and
1 dimensions [LT ].

(b) Average speed or velocity depends on time interval over which it is defined. (c) For a given time interval average velocity is single valued while average speed can have many values depending on path followed. (d) If after motion body comes back to its initial position then vav = 0 (as r = 0 ) but vav > 0 and finite as (s > 0) . (e) For a moving body average speed can never be negative or zero (unless t ) while average velocity can be i.e. vav > 0 while va = or < 0. (f) As we know for a given time interval Distance |displacement| Average speed |Average velocity|

The direction of average acceleration vector is the

v direction of the change in velocity vector as a = t

(iv) Instantaneous acceleration =

v dv a = lim = t0 t dt
(v) For a moving body there is no relation between the direction of instantaneous velocity and direction of acceleration.

a Y

Acceleration
The time rate of change of velocity of an object is called acceleration of the object. (1) It is a vector quantity. Its direction is same as that of change in velocity (Not of the velocity) Table 2.2 : Possible ways of velocity change
When only direction of velocity changes Acceleration perpendicular to velocity When only magnitude of velocity changes Acceleration parallel or antiparallel to velocity When both magnitude and direction of velocity changes Acceleration has two components one is perpendicular to velocity and another parallel or anti-parallel to velocity Ex.. Projectile motion

a a

1 g
g

2
g

O Fig. 2.7

Ex.. (a) In uniform circular motion = 90 always (b) In a projectile motion is variable for every point of trajectory. (vi) If a force F acts on a particle of mass m, by Newtons 2nd law, acceleration a =

F m

dx dv d2x (vii) By definition a = = 2 As v = dt dt dt

i.e., if x is given as a function of time, second time derivative of displacement gives acceleration then (viii) If velocity is given as a function of position, by chain rule

Ex.. Uniform circular motion

Ex.. Motion under gravity

(2) Dimension : [M0L1T2] (3) Unit : metre/second (S.I.); cm/second (C.G.S.) (4) Types of acceleration : (i) Uniform acceleration : A body is said to have uniform acceleration if magnitude and direction of the acceleration remains constant during particle motion. (ii) Non-uniform acceleration : A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration, if either magnitude or direction or both of them change during motion.
2 2

a=

dv dv dx d dx = = v. as v = dt dx dt dx dt

(xi) Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleration means velocity increasing with time, zero acceleration means velocity is uniform constant while negative acceleration (retardation) means velocity is decreasing with time. (xii) For motion of a body under gravity, acceleration will be equal to g, where g is the
2 acceleration due to gravity. Its value is 9.8 m/s or 2 2 980 cm/s or 32 feet/s .

v v2 v1 (iii) Average acceleration : aa = = t t