MEP Y8 Practice Book A

27
2 Factors
2.1 Factors and Prime Numbers
A factor divides exactly into a number, leaving no remainder.
For example, 13 is a factor of 26 because 26 13 2 = leaving
no remainder.
A prime number has only two factors, 1 and itself; this is how a
prime number is defined.
5 is a prime number because it has only two factors, 1 and 5.
8 has factors 1, 2, 4 and 8, so it is not prime.
1 is not a prime number because it has only one factor,
namely 1 itself.
Example 1
(a) List the factors of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.
(b) Which of these numbers are prime numbers?
Solution
(a) This table lists the factors of these numbers:
(b) The numbers 2, 3, 5 and 7 have exactly two factors, and so only they
are prime numbers.
Number Factors
1 1
2 1, 2
3 1, 3
4 1, 2, 4
5 1, 5
6 1, 2, 3, 6
7 1, 7
8 1, 2, 4, 8
9 1, 3, 9
10 1, 2, 5, 10
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Example 2
List the prime factors of 24.
Solution
First list all the factors of 24, and they are:
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Now select from this list the numbers that are prime; these are 2 and 3, and so the
prime factors of 24 are 2 and 3.
Example 3
Which of the following numbers are prime numbers:
18, 45, 79 and 90 ?
Solution
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18; 18 is not a prime number.
The factors of 45 are 1, 3, 5, 9, 15 and 45; 45 is not a prime number.
The factors of 79 are 1 and 79; 79 is a prime number
The factors of 90 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 30, 45 and 90; 90 is not a
prime number.
79 is the only prime number in the list.
Divisibility Test
If a number is divisible by 2, it will end with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
If a number is divisible by 3, the sum of its digits will be a multiple of 3.
If a number is divisible by 4, the last two digits will be a multiple of 4.
If a number is divisible by 5, it will end in 0 or 5.
If a number is divisible by 9, the sum of its digits will be a multiple of 9.
If a number is divisible by 10, it will end in 0.
Can you find tests for divisibility by other numbers?
2.1
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Exercises
1. (a) List all the factors of each of the following numbers:
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
(b) Which of these numbers are prime?
2. Explain why 99 is not a prime number.
3. Which of the following are prime numbers:
33, 35, 37, 39 ?
4. Find the prime factors of 72.
5. (a) Find the prime factors of 40.
(b) Find the prime factors of 70.
(c) Which prime factors do 40 and 70 have in common?
6. Find the prime factors that 48 and 54 have in common.
7. A number has prime factors 2, 5 and 7. Which is the smallest number that
has these prime factors?
8. The first 5 prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11. Which is the smallest
number that has these prime factors?
9. Write down the first two prime numbers which are greater than 100.
10. Which is the first prime number that is greater than 200?
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2.2 Prime Factors
A factor tree may be used to help find the prime factors of a number.
Example 1
Draw a factor tree for the number 36.
Solution
Start with 36 and then:
split 36 into numbers 9 and 4 that multiply
to give 36 as shown in the factor tree opposite;
repeat for the 9 and the 4, as shown on the
factor tree.
The factor tree is now complete because the
numbers at the ends of the branches are prime
numbers; the prime numbers have been ringed.
Another possible factor tree for 36 is shown here:
Note that, at the end of the branches, both
the numbers 2 and 3 appear twice.
The prime factors of 36 are 3, 2, 2 and 3.
In ascending order, the prime factors of 36
are 2, 2, 3, 3.
From the factor trees above it is possible to write:
36 = 2 2 3 3
= 2 3
2 2

When a number is written in this way, it is said to be written as

the product of its prime factors.
On the factor tree we only
put a ring around the
prime numbers.
36
12 3
6 2
3 2
36
9 4
3 3 2 2
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Example 2
Express each of the following numbers as the product of its prime factors:
(a) 102 (b) 60
Solution
(a) Start by creating a factor tree:
102 2 3 17 =
(b) Start by creating a factor tree:
60 5 3 2 2 =
Put the prime numbers in ascending order:
60 2 2 3 5 =
= 2 3 5
2
Example 3
A number is expressed as the product of its prime factors as
2 3 5
3 2

What is the number?
Solution
2 3 5
3 2
= 2 2 2 3 3 5
= 360
102
51 2
3 17
60
15 4
5 3 2 2
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Exercises
1. Draw factor trees for the following numbers:
(a) 20 (b) 100 (c) 88
2. Draw two different factor trees for 40.
3. (a) Draw two different factor trees for 66.
(b) Can you draw any other different factor trees for 66?
4. Copy the factor tree opposite and fill in the
missing numbers:
5. Fill in the missing numbers on a copy
of the factor tree opposite:
6. Use a factor tree to find the prime factors of:
(a) 30 (b) 80 (c) 200
7. Write each of the following numbers as the product of their prime factors:
(a) 62 (b) 64 (c) 82
(d) 320 (e) 90 (f) 120
(g) 54 (h) 38 (i) 1000
8. A number is expressed as the product of its prime factors as:
2 3 5
3 2

What is the number?
2.2
A
12 4
B C D E
F G
D
B C
A 2 3 5
3 2
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9. The prime factors of a number are 2, 7 and 11.
Which are the three smallest numbers with these prime factors?
10. Which is the smallest number that has:
(a) 4 different prime factors,
(b) 5 prime factors?
11. (a) Write down two numbers, neither of which must end in 0, and which
multiply together to give 1000.
(b) Repeat question 11 (a), this time writing down two numbers which
multiply to give 1 000 000.
2.3 Index Notation
You will have seen the occasional use of index notation in the last section; for
example, in the statement
2 3 5 360
3 2
=
which contains 2 indices.
We read 2
3
as "two to the power of three" or "two cubed": 2 is the base
number, 3 is the index.
In general, a
n
is the result of multiplying the base number, a, by itself n times,
n being the index.
a a a a a a a a
n
= . . . . . . . .
A calculator can be used to work out powers. The index button is usually marked
x
y
or y
x
. Sometimes you will need to press the SHIFT or 2nd FUNCTION
key before using the index button. You should find out which buttons you need to
use on your calculator.
For example, to calculate 5
4
you may need to press
either 5
x
y
4 =
or 5
SHIFT
x
y
4 =
to get the correct answer of 625.
n times
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2.3
Example 1
Calculate:
(a) 2
4
(b) 7
3
(c) 10
5
Check your answers using a calculator.
Solution
(a) 2
4
= 2 2 2 2
= 16
(b) 7
3
= 7 7 7
= 343
(c) 10
5
= 10 10 10 10 10
= 100 000
Example 2
Write these statements, filling in the missing numbers:
(a) 32 2 = (b) 1000000 10 =
Solution
(a) 32 = 2 2 2 2 2
= 2
5
(b) 1 000 000 = 10 10 10 10 10 10
= 10
6
Using a calculator,
either 2
SHIFT

x
y
4 = 16
or 2
x
y
4 = 16
Using a calculator,
either 7
SHIFT

x
y
3 = 343
or 7
x
y
3 = 343
Using a calculator,
either 1 0
SHIFT

x
y
5 = 100 000
or 1 0
x
y
5 = 100 000
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Exercises
1. Copy the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 6 6 6 6 6 6 = (b) 3 3 3 3 3 =
(c) 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 = (d) 9 9 9 9 9 9 =
2. Calculate:
(a) 2
3
(b) 3
3
(c) 10
4
(d) 5
3
(e) 2
7
(f) 3
4
(g) 9
2
(h) 10
3
(i) 10
7
3. Copy the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 100 10 = (b) 81
2
= (c) 81
4
=
(d) 16
4
= (e) 16
2
= (f) 7 = 2401
4. Calculate:
(a) 5 2
2 2
(b) 3 2
2 4
(c) 7 2
2 3

(d) 6 2
2
(e) 9 3
2
(f) 5 2
3 3

5. Copy each of the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 2 2
3 5
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) ( )
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= 2
(b) 5 5
7 2
= 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ( ) ( )
= 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
= 5
(c) 6 6 6
4 2
=
(d) 7 7 7
3 7
=
(e) 8 8
6
= 8
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2.3
6. Copy the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 9
3
= 9 9 9
= 3 3 3 3 3 3 ( ) ( ) ( )
= 3 3 3 3 3 3
= 3
(b) 9 3
4
=
7. If 4 2
2
=
n
, which number does n represent? Answer this question using a
similar method to the one used in question 6.
8. If 4 2
12 n
= , which number does n represent?
9. If 125 5
4
=
n
, which number does n represent?
10. Copy the following statements and fill in the missing numbers:
(a) 5 2 10
4 4
= (b) 3 2 6
5 5
=
(c) 4 = 2 8
3 3
(d) 7 3 21
5 5
=
(e) 7 28
4 4 4
= (f) 5 10
9 9 9
=
2.4 Highest Common Factor and Lowest
Common Multiple
The highest common factor (HCF) of two numbers is the largest
number that is a factor of both.
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, 15.
So the HCF of 12 and 15 is 3.
The HCF is easy to find for some numbers, but for others it is more difficult. In
harder cases, the best way to find the HCF is to use prime factors.
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Example 1
Find the HCF of:
(a) 20 and 30 (b) 14 and 12
Solution
(a) The factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20.
The factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30.
The HCF of 20 and 30 is 10.
(b) The factors of 14 are 1, 2, 7 and 14.
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.
The HCF of 14 and 12 is 2.
Example 2
Find the HCF of 60 and 72.
Solution
Using factor trees:
60 = 2 2 3 5 72 = 2 2 2 3 3
= 2 3 5
2
= 2 3
3 2

The HCF is calculated using the prime factors that are common to both numbers.
In this case, 2 appears twice in both, and 3 appears once in both.
So,
the HCF of 60 and 72 = 2 2 3
= 12
72
36 2
18 2
9 2
3 3
60
30 2
15 2
5 3
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To be in the HCF, the prime factor Alternatively, using indices:
must be in both lists:
60 = 2 2 3 5 60 = 2 3 5
2 1 1

72 = 2 2 2 3 3 72 = 2 3 5
3 2 0

HCF = 2 2 3
HCF = 12 HCF = 2 3 5
2 1 0

HCF = 12
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of two numbers is the
smallest number that is a multiple of both.
For example, 18 is the smallest number that is a multiple of both 6 and 9,
so the LCM of 6 and 9 is 18.
Example 3
What is the LCM of:
(a) 5 and 7 (b) 6 and 10
Solution
(a) The multiples of 5 are:
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, ...
The multiples of 7 are:
7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, ...
The LCM of 5 and 7 = 35.
(b) The multiples of 6 are:
6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, ...
The multiples of 10 are:
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, ...
The LCM of 6 and 10 = 30.
2.4
Lowest power of 5 Lowest power of 2
Lowest power of 3
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The LCM for larger numbers can be found by using prime factorisation.
Example 4
Find the LCM of 60 and 72.
Solution
From Example 2,
60 = 2 2 3 5 = 2 3 5
2
and 72 = 2 2 2 3 3 = 2 3
3 2

The LCM includes all the factors from either number.

To be in the LCM, the prime factor Alternatively, using indices:
can be in either list or in both lists:
60 = 2 2 3 5 60 = 2 3 5
2 1 1

72 = 2 2 2 3 3 72 = 2 3 5
3 2 0

LCM = 2 2 2 3 3 5
LCM = 360
LCM = 2 3 5
3 2 1

LCM = 360
Example 5
Find the HCF and LCM of 50 and 70.
Solution
Using factor trees to find the prime factorisations:
50 = 2 5 5 70 = 2 5 7
= 2 5
1 2
= 2 5 7
1 1 1

Highest power of 2
Highest power of 3
Highest power of 5
50
25 2
5 5
70
7 10
2 5
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HCF = 2 5 7
1 1 0
HCF = 2 5
= 10 50 = 2 5 5
70 = 2 5 7
LCM = 2 5 7
1 2 1
LCM = 2 5 5 7
= 350
Exercises
1. (a) List the factors of 21.
(b) List the factors of 35.
(c) What is the HCF of 21 and 35 ?
2. Find the HCF of:
(a) 6 and 9 (b) 14 and 18
(c) 30 and 24 (d) 15 and 10
3. (a) Use a factor tree to find the prime factorisation of 42.
(b) Use a factor tree to find the prime factorisation of 90.
(c) Find the HCF of 42 and 90.
4. What is the HCF of:
(a) 90 and 120 (b) 96 and 72 (c) 56 and 60
(d) 77 and 50 (e) 300 and 550 (f) 320 and 128 ?
5. (a) List the first 10 multiples of 8.
(b) List the first 10 multiples of 6.
(c) What is the LCM of 6 and 8 ?
6. What is the LCM of:
(a) 5 and 3 (b) 9 and 6 (c) 8 and 10
(d) 12 and 9 (e) 15 and 20 (f) 6 and 11 ?
7. (a) Use a factor tree to find the prime factorisation of 66.
(b) Use a factor tree to find the prime factorisation of 40.
(c) Find the LCM of 40 and 66.
2.4
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8. Find the LCM of:
(a) 28 and 30 (b) 16 and 24 (c) 20 and 25
(d) 60 and 50 (e) 12 and 18 (f) 21 and 35
9. Two lighthouses can be seen from the top of a hill. The first flashes once
every 8 seconds, and the other flashes once every 15 seconds. If they flash
simultaneously, how long is it until they flash again at the same time?
10. At a go-kart race track, Vic completes a lap in 40 seconds; Paul completes a
lap in 30 seconds, and Mark completes a lap in 50 seconds.
If all three start a lap at the same time, how long is it before
(a) Paul overtakes Vic,
(b) Vic overtakes Mark?
2.5 Squares and Square Roots
To square a number you multiply the number by itself.
If you square 8, you multiply 8 by 8:
8 8 64 =
so the square of 8 = 64.
The calculator button for squaring numbers usually looks like x
2
or
x
2
. For
the second type of calculator you have to press the SHIFT or 2nd FUNCTION
key first.
Sometimes we need to answer questions such as,
"What number was squared to get 64?"
When answering this we need to use square roots.
The square root of a number is a number which, when
squared (multiplied by itself), gives you the first number.
The sign means square root.
We say that:
the square root of 64 is 8, i.e. 64 8 =
since the square of 8 is 64, i.e. 8 64
2
=
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The calculator button for finding a square root usually looks like .
With some calculators you press the square root button before entering the
number; with others you enter the number and then press the square root button.
You need to find out how your calculator works out square roots.
Example 1
(a) Square each of these numbers:
1, 5, 7, 14
(b) Find:
25 196 1 , , , 49
Solution
(a) 1
2
= 1 1 1 =
5
2
= 5 5 25 =
7
2
= 7 7 49 =
14
2
= 14 14 196 =
(b) 25 = 5 because 5 25
2
=
49 = 7 because 7 49
2
=
196 = 14 because 14 196
2
=
1 = 1 because 1 1
2
=
Example 2
Use your calculator to find:
(a) 54
2
(b) 961
Solution
(a) Either 5 4 x
2
= 2916 or 5 4
SHIFT

x
2
= 2916
(b) Either 9 6 1 = 31 or 9 6 1 = 31
2.5
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Example 3
The area of this square is 225 cm
2
.
What is the length of each side?
Solution
Area = length of side
2
( )
225 cm
2
= length of side
2
( )
Length of side = 225
= 15 cm
Example 4
Use your calculator to find 5 correct to 2 decimal places.
Solution
5 = 2 236067977 .
= 2 24 . correct to 2 decimal places.
Exercises
1. (a) Square these numbers:
2, 4, 9, 11, 12, 18, 20
(b) Use your answers to (a) to find:
144 16 121 4 81 400 324 , , , , , ,
2. Write down the following square roots without using a calculator:
(a) 9 (b) 36 (c) 100
(d) 169 (e) 225 (f) 0
3. Use a calculator to find these square roots, giving your answers correct to
2 decimal places:
(a) 6 (b) 10 (c) 12
(d) 20 (e) 50 (f) 90
225 cm
2
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4. What are the lengths of the sides of a square which has an area of 81 cm
2
?
5. A square has an area of 140 cm
2
. How long are the sides of this square, to
the nearest mm?
6. Explain why 7 < 51 < 8.
7. Copy the statements below and complete each one, putting two consecutive
whole numbers in the empty spaces:
(a) < < 70 (b) < < 90
(c) < < 5 (d) < < 2
(e) < < 115 (f) < < 39
8. Decide whether each of these statements is true or false:
(a) 4 10 5 < < (b) 2 6 7 2 7 . . < <
(c) 3 4 12 3 5 . . < < (d) 3 7 15 3 8 . . < <
Write correct statements to replace those that are false, but keep the same
square roots in them.
9. What is the perimeter of a square with area 196 cm
2
?
10. Three identical squares are put side-by-side to form a rectangle. The area of
the rectangle is 192 cm
2
. What are the lengths of the sides of the
rectangle?
2.5