Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 134 views

    Flow Measurement Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Kalra
    1) Differential pressure flow meters use Bernoulli's equation to measure fluid flow rate by measuring the differential pressure across a restriction like an orifice plate or venturi tube placed in the pipe. 2) The measurement of volumetric and mass flow rates is essential for process control and monitoring applications like industrial processes, pipelines, and irrigation systems. 3) Orifice plates are the most common type of differential pressure flow meter due to their simplicity and low cost. They create a differential pressure by placing a flat plate with a circular hole perpendicular to the flow in the pipe.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Flow Measurement Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Kalra
    134 views37 pages
    1) Differential pressure flow meters use Bernoulli's equation to measure fluid flow rate by measuring the differential pressure across a restriction like an orifice plate or venturi tube placed in the pipe. 2) The measurement of volumetric and mass flow rates is essential for process control and monitoring applications like industrial processes, pipelines, and irrigation systems. 3) Orifice plates are the most common type of differential pressure flow meter due to their simplicity and low cost. They create a differential pressure by placing a flat plate with a circular hole perpendicular to the flow in the pipe.

    Original Description:

    vh

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1) Differential pressure flow meters use Bernoulli's equation to measure fluid flow rate by measuring the differential pressure across a restriction like an orifice plate or venturi tube placed in the pipe. 2) The measurement of volumetric and mass flow rates is essential for process control and monitoring applications like industrial processes, pipelines, and irrigation systems. 3) Orifice plates are the most common type of differential pressure flow meter due to their simplicity and low cost. They create a differential pressure by placing a flat plate with a circular hole perpendicular to the flow in the pipe.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    134 views37 pages

    Flow Measurement Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Kalra
    1) Differential pressure flow meters use Bernoulli's equation to measure fluid flow rate by measuring the differential pressure across a restriction like an orifice plate or venturi tube placed in the pipe. 2) The measurement of volumetric and mass flow rates is essential for process control and monitoring applications like industrial processes, pipelines, and irrigation systems. 3) Orifice plates are the most common type of differential pressure flow meter due to their simplicity and low cost. They create a differential pressure by placing a flat plate with a circular hole perpendicular to the flow in the pipe.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 37

    Flow Measurement

    By: Ishan Khera Assistant Professor (ECE) Sharda University

    Flow Meters
    Flow meters are a device used to measure the rate of fluid movement at a given point in the pipe or tube. The flow meter is usually secured to a break in the pipe and the fluid is allowed to move through it.

    Need of flow measurement


    Measurement of volumetric flow rate and mass flow rate are

    necessary for the purpose of determining the proportions of


    the materials introduced to a process and the amount of materials produced in the process.

    Flow measurements are essential in many applications such


    as:
    Transportation of solids as slurries

    Compressed natural gas in pipelines


    Water and gas supply system to domestic consumers Irrigation systems and a number of industrial process control

    systems.

    Types of flow encountered


    Clean or dirty/opaque Wet or dry

    Hazardous/corrosive or safe
    Single-phase, two phase or multiphase Laminar or transitional or turbulent Pressure may vary from vacuums to high pressure of many atmospheres Temperature may vary from cryogenic levels to hundreds of centigrade. Flow rate may range from few drops per minute to thousands of liters per minute.

    Measurement of Volume Flow Rate


    Volumetric flow is given by: Q=A*v Where, Q = Volumetric flow rate (m3/sec) A = Cross-sectional Area (m2) v = Average fluid velocity (m/sec) Differential Pressure flow meters Differential pressure flow meters use Bernoulli's equation to measure the flow of fluid in a pipe. They are most widely used flow meters for liquids and gases. A restriction is placed in the pipe and the differential pressure developed across the restriction is measured. The differential pressure output is calibrated in terms of volume flow rate.

    Differential Pressure Flow Meters

    Principle of Operation
    Bernoulli's "Theory of Conservation of Mass" states that the sum of static energy (pressure head), kinetic energy (velocity head) and potential energy (elevation head) of the fluid are conserved in the flow across the constriction in a pipe and by

    continuity. This may be defined as:


    P/ + v2 /2 + Zg = Constant Where, P = Pressure, N/m2 v = Average velocity, m/sec = Fluid Density, kg/m3 A = Area of cross-section, m2 Z = Elevation above datum, m

    Applying this equation in the figure shown in previous slide.


    P1/ + v12 /2 + Z1g = P2/ + v22 /2 + Z2g ..(1)

    Assumptions made in calculating the volume flow rate


    The flow is frictionless. It means there is no loss of energy in the fluid itself or between the fluid and the pipe walls. There is no heat losses or gains due to heat transfer between the fluid and its surroundings. There is conservation of total energy (pressure + kinetic + potential) at any point of

    liquid.
    The fluid is incompressible, i.e. 1 = 2 = The pipe is horizontal, i.e. Z1 = Z2. It means that equation (1) reduces to v22 v12/2 = P1 - P2/ Conservation of volume flow rate, Q1 = Q2 = Q also, Q1 = A1v1 and Q2 = A2v2

    Assumptions (Contd.)
    Since A2 < A1, it follows that v2 > v1 and P2 < P1. Therefore, the theoretical value of volume flow rate in a differential pressure flow meter (venturi and Orifice) is :

    Reynolds's Number
    In many applications, the knowledge of type of flow is very important. The flow can be turbulent or laminar. All fluids have a force of friction, called viscosity, which tends to inhibit the formation of turbulent eddies and vortices and maintain streamline flow.

    Reynolds's number is given by:


    Re = d/

    Where,

    Re = Reynolds's number = velocity of flow; m/s d = diameter of pipe throat or orifice; m = density of fluid; kg/m3 = viscosity; Ns/m2

    Reynolds's Number (Contd.)


    Reynolds's number is dimensionless. It is used to compare the flows in geometrically similar installations but with different flow conditions. It provides information regarding where streamline flow ceases and turbulent flow begins. It has been found experimentally that the flow is streamline or laminar for Reynolds's number less than 2000 and turbulent flow increases as Reynolds's number increases from 2000. Flow becomes complete turbulent for Reynolds's number greater than 105.

    The theoretical value of volume flow rate always differs from the actual flow rate due to two main reasons:
    The frictionless flow is never occurred in pipe. It is true for turbulent flows in smooth pipe where friction losses are small. The laminar and turbulence flows are characterized by Reynolds's number. A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the pipe and the restriction respectively. The cross-sectional area of the pipe is D2/4 and the crosssectional area of the meter is d2/4, where D and d are the respective

    diameters.
    However the area of minimum cross-section will be given by: A2 = 0.99 d2/4 for a venturi

    A2 = 0.6 d2/4 for orifice plate

    Therefore the theoretical expression of volume flow rate is corrected as:

    Where, C = discharge coefficient = Flow meter pipe diameter ratio, d/D A2 = Flow meter cross-sectional area d2/4

    Dependency of the values of discharge co-efficient


    Type of flow meter e.g. orifice or venturi. Reynolds's Number, Re Diameter ratio Therefore, for a given flow meter C = f(Re, ). Values of C are found out experimentally, for several types of flow meters, over a wide range of fluid velocities.

    General Features of Differential Pressure Flow Meter


    1. It has no moving parts and therefore it is robust, reliable and easy to maintain and widely established.

    2. There is always a permanent pressure loss and the extra


    pumping energy is necessary to overcome it. 3. Both venturi and orifice meter are non-linear. Volumetric flow rate is proportional to square root of pressure differential. This limits the useful range of a meter in between 25% and 100% of full scale output reading. At lower flows, the differential pressure measurement is below 6% of full scale output reading and is not accurate enough for measurement.

    Differential Pressure Distribution in the Pipe

    Non Linearity of Flow Rate

    Error in Measurement of Flow rates

    General Features (Contd.)


    4. It can be used for turbulent flow.

    A typical flow meter consists of the differential


    pressure sensor and differential pressure transmitter,

    Data Acquisition System (DAS) and a PC. The


    transmitter gives a current output signal (4 to 20 mA). The DAS consists of an amplifier, Current to Voltage converter and Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).

    Orifice Meter
    The thin plate square-edge orifice is the most

    widely used differential pressure flow meter in


    process industry, mainly because of its
    Simplicity Low Cost

    Moreover it is well established over the years and

    the data are available for its behavior.

    Type of Orifice Plates

    Orifice Plates
    The concentric orifice is the most widely used plate. The eccentric and segmented orifices are employed to

    measure the flows of fluids containing solids. In both


    cases the bottom of the hole is located in a way that the bottom of the hole is at the same level inside bottom of the pipe installation. These two orifice plates need separate calibration, because the discharge co-efficients

    differ from that of concentric orifice.

    Orifice Plates (Contd.)


    The concentric orifice plate is installed in the pipe with its hole concentric to
    the pipe. It is a flat metal circular plate made of steel, stainless steel, phosphor bronze. Its thickness is only sufficient to withstand the buckling forces caused by the differential pressure exists across the plate. The circular hole is made with 90, square and sharp edge upstream. Change of sharp edge will modify the discharge co-efficient of the orifice meter. It is advisable to replace the orifice during routine maintenance of the plant for better accuracy of the measurement.

    Orifice Pressure Taps


    Flange Tap

    It is constructed so that taps for measuring


    differential pressures are integral part of the

    orifice plate assembly. The pressure taps are


    usually located 2.5 cm either side of the orifice plate. The advantage of the flange taps is that the entire orifice assembly is easily replaceable and the pressure taps are accurately located.

    Orifice Pressure Taps (Contd.)


    D and D/2 taps

    Orifice Pressure Taps (Contd.)


    Vena-Contracta Tap

    Vena-Contracta Tap
    It is arranged in a way so that the downstream

    pressure tap is located at a variable distance from


    the orifice, depending on the pipe and the orifice size. The upstream tap is at one pipe diameter and the downstream tap is at the vena-contracta. In vena-contracta tap the pressure differential is a

    maximum for a given flow rate.

    Restrictions of the pipe fitting adjacent to Orifice meter


    The discharge co-efficient is experimentally determined on straight pipe. Flow disturbances in the pipe line adjacent to orifice alter the value of

    discharge co-efficient.
    Therefore elbow, pipe bend, tee, valve are not allowed near the orifice. There should be no fitting close to five pipe diameter from the orifice on the

    downstream. There should not be any fittings closer than twenty pipe
    diameters up stream. If the minimum distance is not feasible, specially in upstream, flow straightners can be installed. The flow straightners are bundle of smaller tubes welded inside the pipe.

    Flow Nozzle/Dall Tube


    The flow nozzle, venturi tube and dall flow tube have the same principle as the orifice. Dall tube is a modified venturi tube and it has low permanent pressure loss. The flow nozzle are more expensive than the orifice meter but cheaper than venturi meter. It is also a variation of venturi in which the exit section is omitted so that it is similar to an orifice with a well rounded up stream edge. The upstream tap is at about one pipe diameter from the entrance to the nozzle. The down stream tap is made on the pipe opposite to the straight portion of the nozzle.

    Flow Nozzle

    Dall Tube

    Flow Nozzle/Dall Tube (Contd.)


    Flow nozzle are used for high velocity stream flows and it is dimensionally more stable at high temperature and velocity than an orifice. The permanent pressure loss in the flow nozzle is same as orifice.

    Venturi Tube

    Venturi Meter
    Venturi Meter is an expensive instrument but offers very good accuracy ( 1%). It has a lowest permanent pressure loss. Construction of Venturi Tube: It is made of cast iron or steel. The large venturi tube is made of concrete. Sometimes the throat is made of bronze. Upstream section has an angle of 20 and downstream section has a pressure of 7. The pressure taps are made of piezometer rings so as to average the measurement around the periphery.

    Construction of Venturi Tube (Contd.)


    The diameter ratio for the venturi typically lies between 0.25 and 0.50. It has almost no maintenance requirement and its

    working life is very long.


    It is widely used in high flow situations such as

    municipal water system where large savings of pumping


    cost are possible due to low permanent pressure loss across it.

    Venturi Tube (Contd.)


    The smooth internal shape of the venturi tube

    means it is unaffected by solid particles or


    gaseous bubbles in flowing fluid and in fact it can measure the flow of liquid contain slurries. Its range is extremely high. It is possible to measure the water flow rate as high as 1.5 x 106

    m3/hr.

    You might also like