City on Fire

C o r e y H e b e r l i e
Volume 1, Issue 1

B u r n i n g o f Ro m e
During the night of July 18, 64 AD, fire broke out in the city of Rome. Fanned by summer winds, the flames spread through the dry, wooden structures of the Imperial City. Soon the fire took on a life of its own consuming all in its path for six days and seven nights. From the ashes of the fire rose a more spectacular Rome. A city made of marble and stone with wide streets, pedestrian arcades and ample supplies of water to quell any future blaze. The debris from the fire was used to fill the malariaridden marshes that had plagued the city for generations. By the sixth day enormous demolitions hope revived, flames broke out again in the more open regions of the city. Here there were fewer casualties; but the destruction of temples and pleasure arcades was even worse. Of Rome's fourteen districts only four remained intact.The burning of Rome destroys over half the city. To find the necessary funds for the reconstruction, tributes were imposed on the provinces of the empire.

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had confronted the raging flames with bare ground, and the fire was finally stamped out, but before panic had subsided, or

The historian Tacitus was born in the year 56 or 57 probably in Rome. He was in Rome during the great fire. During his lifetime he wrote a number of histories chronicling the reigns of the early emperors. The following eye witness account comes from his final work The Annals written around the year 116.

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Roman Times

I m p r ov e m e n t o f T h e C i t y
Shortly before 600 BC Rome was conquered by several Etruscan princes from across the Tiber River. Tarquinius Priscus, the first of the Etruscan kings, drained the city's marshes. He improved the Forum, which was the commercial and political center of the town. He also founded a temple to Jupiter and carried on many wars with neighboring people. Under Servius Tullius, the second Etruscan king, a treaty was made with the Latin cities which acknowledged Rome as the head of all Latium. Early historians said that Servius Tullius enlarged the city and built a wall around all seven hills.

When in Rome, live as the Romans do; when elsewhere, live as they live elsewhere

Caesar Star ts War

January 10 , 49 B.C. Julies Caesar crosses the Rubicon River into Rome , igniting a civil war that leads the birth of the worlds greatest ancient civilization. October 12 , 1492: The Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus , weary after months at sea, finally drops anchor at the islands of San Salvador and takes Europes first steps into the New World.

Caesar is Assassinated
JULIUS CAESAR

Julius Caesar is assassinated on the ides of March by Marcus Brutus. They hope to bring back the republic, but civil war breaks out instead. The assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators. The results of the assassination led to the Liberators' civil war and, ultimately, to the principate period of the Roman Empire.

Important People

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Cicero (Jan. 3, 106 - Dec. 7, 43 B.C.)

Cicero best known as an eloquent Roman orator, rose remarkably to the top of the Roman political hierarchy where he received the accolade Pater patriae 'father of his country', fell precipitously, went into exile because of his hostile relations with Clodius Pulcher, made a permanent name for himself in Latin literature, and had relations with all the contemporary big names, Caesar, Pompey, Mark Antony, and Octavian.

Constantine The Great (c. 272 22 May 337)

Constantine the Great was famed for winning the battle at the Milvian Bridge, reuniting the Roman Empire under one emperor, winning major battles in Europe, legalizing Christianity, and establishing a new eastern capital of Rome at the city, Nova Roma, formerly Byzantium, that was to be named Constantinople. Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which lasted until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Cleopa tra (Januar y 69 - August 12, 30 B.C.)

Cleopatra was the last pharaoh of Egypt to rule during the Hellenistic era. After her death, Rome controlled

Egypt. Cleopatra is known for her affairs with Caesar and Mark Antony, by whom she had respectively, one and three children,

and her suicide by snake bite after her husband Antony took his own life.

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SPORTS

T h e T h i r d S e r v i l e Wa r
The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and the War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last of a series of unrelated and unsuccessful slave rebellions against the Roman Republic. The Third Servile War was the only one to directly threaten the Roman heartland of Italy and was doubly alarming to the Roman people due to the repeated successes of the rapidly growing band of escaped former slaves against the Roman army between 73 and 71 BC. The rebellion was finally crushed through the concentrated military effort of a single commander, Marcus Licinius Crassus, although the rebellion continued to have indirect effects on Roman politics for years to come.

The Battle of Cannae

The Battle of Cannae, a major battle of the Second Punic War, took place on 2 August 216 BC in Apulia in southeast Italy. The army of Carthage under Hannibal decisively defeated a larger army of the Roman Republic under the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. It is regarded as one of the greatest tactical feats in military history and, in numbers killed, the second greatest defeat of Rome, after the Battle of Arausio.

The Battle of Zama

Although Hannibal was in Italy, there were other combat fronts. Rome was fighting Carthage in Spain. At around this time, a man by the name of Scipio was elected to the position of Consul in 205 BC, by promising to defeat Carthage. He landed his army in Africa in 204 BC. Carthage panicked, and called Hannibal back. Hannibal was unable to arrive back until 202 BC, where he quickly gathered resources and pulled together new forces. They won the war.

Government

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Ro m a n E m p i r e L a w a n d G ov e r n m e n t
Crime and Punishment Anyone accused of a crime could be brought by his accuser to answer in front of the praetor urbanus. If a criminal was caught redhanded punishment was inflicted without trial. If he claimed innocence trial was held before the praetor; otherwise, he was tried in front of a triumvir. In both instances, an advisory commission was called to determine the question of guilt. And in either case, the punishment was severe.

Imprisonment Roman prisons were not used to punish criminals but instead served to hold persons in detention, awaiting either trial or execution. Those who disobeyed court magistrates could also be imprisoned. The wealthy were generally held under house arrest at the home of a friend who would guarantee their presence at the trial. Private prisons existed for the detention of slaves.

Trial Advocacy The role of a Roman lawyer differed considerably from that in the United States. The individual plaintiff and defendant were largely responsible for their own representation. Throughout the proceedings, the lawyer, or patronus, could offer strategic advice and could give a speech on behalf of his client, but he was not allowed to be paid money for his services.

A m e r i c a n L a w a n d G ov e r n m e n t
Crime and Punishment Criminal justice is the system of practices and institutions of governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts. Those accused of crime have protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers.
Imprisonment

Trial Advocacy Individuals are free to represent themselves in American courts, but lawyers are often necessary to present cases effectively. An individual who cannot afford to hire a lawyer may attempt to obtain one through a local legal aid society. Persons accused of crimes who cannot afford a lawyer are represented by a courtappointed attorney or by federal or state public defender offices.

From street corners to jails to courthouses to prisons, every year the government negotiates thousands of deals with criminal offenders in which suspects can avoid arrest or punishment in exchange for information. These deals typically take place off-the-record, subject to few rules and little oversight. While criminal informants sometimes referred to as snitches can be important investigative tools, using them has some serious costs: informants often continue to commit crimes, while the information they provide is infamously unreliable. Taken together, these facts make snitching an impor-tant and problematic aspect of the way America does justice.

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Art

The Laocoon

This first century marble depicts Trojan priest Laocoon and his sons battling Neptunes sea serpents, punish-

ment for warning his countrymen that the Trojan Horse was a Greek trick. In 1506, a Roman farmer uncovered the

sculpture, selling it to Pope Julius who made it the starting point for what became the Vatican Museums.

The Chapel of St. Ma tthew

Three masterpieces by the 16th century Baroque artist Caravaggio--"The Calling of St. Matthew," "Matthew and the Angel" and "Matthew's Martyrdom"--decorate the walls of this chapel inside the Church of San Luigi dei Francesi. The paintings by the 24-year-old artist are noted for their realism and dramatic treatment of light.

Equestrian Sta tue of Marcus Aur elius

This gilded bronze statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius survived the ages because of a case of mistaken identity--later Christian Romans believed it depicted Emperor Constantine, a convert to Christianity, and allowed it to remain on public view. It weathered the elements for over 1,700 years before being moved inside the Capitoline Museum.

Travel

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France

England

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Spain