Fundamentals of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

W.RANGSRI
24th July 2007

W.RANGSRI

Fundamentals of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Ref. Krulikowski 1998) 1 / 58

Introduction
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Concept of interchageability Tolerance is a key factor in determining the cost of a part

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 1: Effect of Tolerances on Manufacturing cost

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Dimensioning Standards ASME Y 14.5M-1994

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

90% common with ISO/GD&T revision of ANSI Y 14.5M-1982 ASME = American Society of Mechanical Engineering ANSI = American National Standards Institute ISO = International Standards Organization

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Interpreting Dimenstional Limits

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 2: Interpreting dimenstional limits [Krulikowski 1998]

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Coordinate Tolerancing System

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 3: Coordinate tolerancing drawing [Krulikowski 1998]

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Shortcomings of Coordinate Tolerancing Rectangular tolerance zones Fixed-size tolerance zones Ambiguous instruction for inspection

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cont.)

Figure 4: Shortcomings of Coordinate Tolerancing [Krulikowski 1998]

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

GD&T International language that used on engineering drawings to accurately describe a part Encorages a fuctional dimensioning : denes a part based on how in fuctions in the nal product Benets

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Improves communication Provides better product design Increases production tolerance

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cont.)

Figure 5: Cylinder & square tolerance zone [Krulikowski 1998]

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Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Cont.)

Figure 6: Note required to make coordinate dimensioned drawing equivalent to GD&T [Krulikowski 1998] W.RANGSRI Fundamentals of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Ref. Krulikowski 1998) 10 / 58

GD&T Symbols and Terms

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Geometric Characteristic Symbols

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 7: Geometric characteristic symbols [Krulikowski 1998]

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GD&T Symbols and Terms (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Feature Control Frame

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 8: Feature control frame [Krulikowski 1998]

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Concepts of GD&T
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Basic dimension: numerical value used to describe theoretically exact size

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 9: Basic dimension [Krulikowski 1998]

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Form Controls
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 10: Form control [Krulikowski 1998]

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Form Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Flatness Control For a gasket or seal To attach a mating part For better contact with a datum plane

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 11: Flatness tolerance zone [Krulikowski 1998]

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Form Controls (Cont.)

Figure 12: Inspecting Flatness [Krulikowski 1998]

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Form Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Straightness Control : to ensure the function of assembly Surface Element

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 13: Straightness of a surface line element [Krulikowski 1998]

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Form Controls (Cont.)

Straightness Control : to ensure the function of assembly Surface Element

Figure 14: How straightness can be veried

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Form Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Straightness Control : to ensure the function of assembly Axis or Centerplane

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

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Figure 15: Determining when a straightness control is applied [Krulikowski 1998] Fundamentals of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (Ref. Krulikowski 1998) 19 / 58

Form Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Circularity Control : limit out of round

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 16: Circularity application [Krulikowski 1998]

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Form Controls (Cont.)

Circularity Control : limit out of round

Figure 17: Inspecting circularity [Krulikowski 1998]

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Form Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Cylindricalcity control : limit out of round, taper, and straightness

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 18: Cylindricity control example [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Planar
Shortcomings of Implied Datums Planar datum Feature control frames Datum reference frame Datum targets

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Shortcomings of Implied Datums

Figure 19: Shortcomings of implied datums [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Planar datum

Figure 20: Planar datums [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Feature symbol

Figure 21: Feature symbol [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Feature control frames

Figure 22: Feature control frames [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Datum target symbol

Figure 23: Datum target symbols [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Datum target

Figure 24: Datum target points [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Datum target lines

Figure 25: Datum target lines [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Planar (Cont.) Datum target areas

Figure 26: Datum target areas [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Axis and Centerplane FOS datum features Datum teminology RFS

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Datum axis RFS primary Datum centerplane RFS primary Datum axis RFS secondary

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Datums (Cont.)
Axis and Centerplane [FOS datum features]

Figure 27: FOS datum features [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Axis and Centerplane (Cont.) [RFS:Datum axis RFS primary ]

Figure 28: Datum axis RFS primary [Krulikowski 1998]

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Datums (Cont.)
Axis and Centerplane (Cont.) [RFS:Datum centerplane RFS primary]

Figure 29: Datum centerplane RFS primary [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 30: Orientation Controls [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Perpendicularity

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 31: Perpendicularity with two datum references [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Perpendicularity (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 32: Inspecting perpendicularity [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Angularity

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 33: Angularity applied to a surface [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Angularity (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 34: Angularity applied to a FOS [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Angularity (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 35: Inspecting Angularity [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Parallelism

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 36: Parallelism applied to a surface [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Parallelism (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 37: Parallelism applied to a diameter [Krulikowski 1998]

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Orientation Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Parallelism (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 38: Verifying parallelism [Krulikowski 1998]

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Tolerance of Position
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 39: Hole controlled with TOP using RFS [Krulikowski 1998]
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Tolerance of Position (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 40: Hole controlled with TOP using MMC [Krulikowski 1998]
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Concentricity and Symetry Controls

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Concentricity

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 41: Inspecting Concentricity [Krulikowski 1998]

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Concentricity and Symetry Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Symmetry

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 42: Symmetry control tolerance zone [Krulikowski 1998]

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Concentricity and Symetry Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Symmetry (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 43: Inspecting symmetry [Krulikowski 1998]

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Runout Controls
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Circular runout

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 44: Circular runout tolerance zone [Krulikowski 1998]

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Runout Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Circular runout (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 45: Circular runout applied to a diameter [Krulikowski 1998]

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Runout Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Circular runout (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 46: Circular runout applied to a surfacer [Krulikowski 1998]

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Runout Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Total runout

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 47: Total runout applied to a diameter [Krulikowski 1998]

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Runout Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Total runout (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 48: Total runout applied to a surfacer [Krulikowski 1998]

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Prole Controls
Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Prole of line

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 49: Prole of a line use with a coordinate tolerance [Krulikowski 1998]
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Prole Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Prole of line (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 50: Inspecting Prole of a line [Krulikowski 1998]

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Prole Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Prole of surface

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 51: Inspecting Prole of a surface [Krulikowski 1998]

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Prole Controls (Cont.)

Introduction Dimensioning and
Tolerancing

Prole of surface (Cont.)

GD&T Symbols and Terms Concepts of GD&T Form Controls Datums Orientation Controls Tolerance of Position Concentricity and Symetry
Controls

Runout Controls Prole Controls

Figure 52: Prole used to tolerance a surface Location [Krulikowski 1998]

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