DeepTrek Benchmark All

BENCHMARKING DEEP DRILLING FINAL REPORT
Prepared under:
Contract No. DE-AM26-99FT40465 Concurrent Technologies Corporation Task FT50201H
Prepared by:
Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
November 2004 (Revised April 2005)
Disclaimer
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
Benchmarking Deep Drilling FINAL REPORT Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services
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Table of Contents
1 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1 RECOMMENDED AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT..... 5 2.1 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING / MOTORS ................................................................................. 5 2.2 BITS ................................................................................................................................. 5 2.3 DRILL PIPE ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 BOREHOLE INTEGRITY ..................................................................................................... 6 2.5 RIG DESIGN ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.6 SURVEYING AND MONITORING ........................................................................................ 7 2.7 CASING ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.8 LOGGING (WIRE-LINE) ..................................................................................................... 8 2.9 CEMENTING ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.10 CORING ............................................................................................................................ 8 3 4 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 9 SUBTASKS.......................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 7 IDENTIFICATION OF DEEP WELLS IN THE U.S................................................................. 10 COORDINATION WITH OTHER DOE CONTRACTORS ....................................................... 10 DETERMINATION OF THE TYPE WELLS, AND PRIMARY OPERATORS .............................. 10 DEVELOPMENT OF A MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 10 INDUSTRY CANVASSING ................................................................................................ 10 DRIVER DETERMINATION............................................................................................... 11 TRAINING COURSE ......................................................................................................... 11 FINAL REPORT ............................................................................................................... 11 GEOLOGIC AND GEOGRAPHIC GROUPINGS ..................................................................... 17 IDENTIFICATION OF TYPE WELLS ............................................................................... 19 OPERATOR RANKING ..................................................................................................... 19 OPERATOR SELECTIONS ................................................................................................. 20 STANDARDIZING OPERATOR COST DATA ...................................................................... 22 TYPICAL WELL COST SCENARIOS .................................................................................. 23
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................ 12
BENCHMARK COSTS ..................................................................................................... 22
BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGIES AND OPERATIONAL PRACTICES ................. 34 7.1 DRILLING ....................................................................................................................... 34 7.1.1 Directional Drilling / Motors................................................................................ 34 7.1.2 Bits and Bit Vibration ........................................................................................... 40 7.2 DRILL PIPE AND COILED TUBING ................................................................................... 42 7.3 BOREHOLE INTEGRITY ................................................................................................... 45 7.3.1 Top Hole Section................................................................................................... 45 7.3.2 Drilling Fluids ...................................................................................................... 47 7.3.4 Solids Removal...................................................................................................... 48 7.4 CEMENTING ................................................................................................................... 50
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Table of Contents
7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 CORING .......................................................................................................................... 52 DOWN HOLE PRESSURES................................................................................................ 54 LOGGING........................................................................................................................ 55 RIG DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 59 ROCK MECHANICS ......................................................................................................... 62 DRILL DATA MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 63 PERSONNEL .................................................................................................................... 64 WELL SURVEYING AND MONITORING ............................................................................ 64 WELL CONTROL AND SAFETY ........................................................................................ 69 CASING .......................................................................................................................... 70
APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................. 72 APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................. 79 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................ 117 APPENDIX D ............................................................................................................................ 144
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List of Tables
TABLE 1 - DISTRIBUTION OF WELL TYPES BY DEPTH OF DEEP WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ........................................................ 15 TABLE 2 - DISTRIBUTION OF DEEP WELLS GROUPED BY GEOGRAPHIC AND/OR GEOLOGIC SETTING, WELL TYPE, AND PRODUCTION TYPE IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. HIGHLIGHTED VALUES INDICATE MAJORITY REPRESENTATIVE WELL TYPES. GROUP 8 WAS DROPPED FROM FURTHER STUDY DUE TO LACK OF GEOLOGIC DATA. OPERATOR DATA SETS WERE PROVIDED FOR GROUPS 3,4,5,6,7,9,AND 12. .................. 19 TABLE 3 - DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY DEEP WELL OPERATORS GROUPED BY GEOGRAPHIC AND/OR GEOLOGIC SETTING, WELL TYPE, AND PRODUCTION TYPE IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ........................................................ 21 TABLE 4 - SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS OF DEEP WELL SCENARIOS EXAMINED FOR BENCHMARKING COST COMPONENTS IN THIS STUDY, INDICATING TYPICAL WELL DEPTH, WELL TYPE, AND GEOGRAPHIC GROUPING. ........................................................................................................ 23
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List of Figures
FIG. 1 - DISTRIBUTION OF DEEP WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001 CONTAINED WITHIN THE PROJECTS DATABASE BY WELL DEPTH (TVD). ............................................................................................................................................... 12 FIG. 2 - LOCATION OF 15,000 TO 18,000 FEET TVD WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ............................................................................ 13 FIG. 3 LOCATION OF 18,000 TO 21,000 FEET TVD WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ............................................................................ 13 FIG. 4 - LOCATION OF 21,000 TO 24,000 FEET TVD WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ............................................................................ 14 FIG. 5 - LOCATION OF 24,000 TO 27,000 FEET TVD WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ............................................................................ 14 FIG. 6 - LOCATION OF 27,000 TO 30,000 FEET TVD DEEP WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ........................................................ 15 FIG. 7 - DISTRIBUTION OF WELL TYPES BY DEPTH OF DEEP WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ........................................................ 16 FIG. 8 - LOCATION OF DEEP WELL TYPES IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. THIS FIG. ALSO SHOWS THE WELL TYPES AND GENERAL LOCATIONS OF WELL DATA SETS INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY. ................................................... 16 FIG. 9 - DISTRIBUTION OF OIL AND GAS WELLS BY WELL TYPES FOR DEEP WELLS IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. ......................................... 17 FIG. 10 - LOCATION OF DEEP WELLS DIVIDED BY GEOGRAPHIC AND/OR GEOLOGIC SETTING IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. CIRCLED AREAS INDICATE THE GENERAL LOCATION OF DEEP WELL DATA SETS INCORPORATED IN THIS STUDY. ............................................................................................................................................... 18 FIG. 11 - LOCATION OF DEEP WELLS IN THE GULF COAST REGION DIVIDED BY GEOGRAPHIC AND/OR GEOLOGIC SETTING IN THE U.S. AND CANADA COMPLETED DURING THE PERIOD 1997 THROUGH 2001. CIRCLED AREAS INDICATE THE GENERAL LOCATION OF DEEP WELL DATA SETS INCORPORATED IN THIS STUDY............................................................................................... 18 FIG. 12 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR COST CENTERS INCLUDED IN THE TOTAL AVERAGE COST OF DRILLING DEEP WELLS.............................................................................................. 22 FIG. 13 TOTAL DEEP WELL COST SUBDIVIDED INTO TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE COST CATEGORIES........................................................................................................................... 24 FIG. 14 TOTAL COST OF DEEP WELLS FOR EACH WELL SCENARIO, SUBDIVIDED INTO THE DRILLING TECHNOLOGY AREAS BENCHMARKED IN THIS STUDY (ALSO INCLUDING THE COST OF COMPLETION AND STIMULATION)........................................................................................... 25 FIG. 15 - COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL / REGULATORY / INSURANCE SEGMENT OF DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION. ..................................................................................................................... 26 FIG. 16 - COST OF THE DRILLING / TRIPPING PORTION OF DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION, SUBDIVIDED INTO MAJOR INDIVIDUAL COST CENTERS. ............................................................................... 27 FIG. 17 - COST OF DRILLING FLUIDS USED FOR DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION. .................................. 28 FIG. 18 - COST OF DATA GENERATION AND MONITORING PORTION OF DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION.29 FIG. 19 - COST OF TUBULARS ASSOCIATED WITH DRILLING DEEP WELLS. ...................................... 30 FIG. 20 - COST OF THE CEMENTING PORTION OF DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION................................. 31 FIG. 21 - COST OF THE WIRE LINE / COMPLETION / STIMULATION PORTION OF DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION, INCLUDING RIG, STIMULATION, AND WIRELINE SERVICES............................ 32
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List of Figures
FIG. 22 - COST OF THE PERSONNEL / MANAGEMENT / SUPERVISION PORTION OF DEEP WELL CONSTRUCTION, INCLUDING CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES; COMPANY LABOR, LIVING QUARTERS, AND COMMUNICATIONS.............................................. 33
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Executive Summary
Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services was contracted by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory to provide current drilling technology and cost benchmarks, thereby providing a base reference point from which current research and development can be better focused and future industry developments can be better recognized. This work included identifying locations, targeted reservoirs, and operators of wells with true vertical depths (TVDs) greater than 15,000 feet deep in the U.S. drilled during the last 5-7 years, categorizing these wells by completion method, and determining representative type wells. Numerous operators were requested to provide information on drilling and completion, data monitoring and management, well control, and tubulars. Results of this information gathering effort have been tabulated and condensed in this final report. The Department of Energy (DOE)-licensed IHS database identified 3,015 locations, 234-targeted geologic units, and 497 operators of deep wells in the U.S. and Canada. These well locations were subdivided into 13 major area groups based on the geologic age or on the geographic play region, and further subdivided into the type of wells drilled within each group. Operator attributes considered most pertinent for benchmarking deep-drilling practices were identified and then used to evaluate each operator. This produced an overall ranking of operator desirability for inclusion within the project. Top ranking operators representing 75 percent of the deep well population within each group were then prioritized based on intra and inter group ranking information. In all, a total of 140 deep well operators were prioritized for inclusion into the project, representing 78 percent of the IHS deep well data population. The 28 top-ranked operators that best represent the 13 area groupings were identified and recommended for inclusion as first-choice participants into the Deep Trek project. Ultimately, approximately 50 of the highest-ranking operators were contacted by phone and in writing, and invited to share information for this project. In all, about one dozen operators responded with information, producing a total of 21 usable data sets. Each of theses operators was requested to provide one or more pre-well construction Authorizations for Expenditures (AFEs) estimations. Such information was used for this study primarily because the operators intent in assembling AFEs is to provide a best-effort prediction of well costs that best reflects the actual historical experience in drilling wells within the particular area grouping scenario for which he was selected to participate. Once each of these AFE costs items were coded and standardized, average cost estimate values could then be determined for each well scenario (vertical exploration well, deviated development well, and so forth) within each of the 13 play-area groupings. Deep well costs were reported to range from $3 million for a on-shore 17,500 ft Jurassic directional exploration well located within the Gulf Coast, to nearly $9 million for a 19,000 ft Gulf Coast Quaternary offshore directional exploration well. The overall average total well cost for the 13 areas studied was found to be $4.8 million. By far, drilling/tripping cost was found to be the source of the highest cost, averaging 49.6% of total well costs. Tubulars accounted for 15.9% of this total, followed by the cost of Drilling Fluids (9.5%),
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Location/Permits/Insurance/Restoration costs (6.4%), Data Generation and Monitoring (5.5%), Personnel/Management/Supervision (5.2%), Wire line/Completion (4.8%), and Cementing (3.1%). Many of the mundane or dangerous activities on drill rigs are being automated, among which includes the physical handling of joints of pipe, pipe tongs, and slips on the rig floor. All offshore rigs are now built with such automated pipe handling systems, so that human contact with the pipe from the point it is picked up from the deck onward is minimized. This also includes handling of casing joints, riser joints, etc. The most modern land rigs are also equipped in this manner. Also, on-board computer applications have attained the capability to access historical drilling data for any given targeted region, and to calculate all pre-engineering required to complete a complex well design. All intended operational parameters, such as optimized weight on bit, total depth, projected well path, hydraulic requirements, and so forth, can be displayed and compared against actual real-time rig parameters, allowing operators to optimize in real-time, as the well is being drilled. In regard to safety, most modern rigs are equipped with a variety of parameter monitors and alarm devices. Pit levels are constantly monitored and alarmed for any unexpected increase or decrease in pit volume that may indicate a kick or lost circulation event. Flow monitors sound when flow from the well increases or decreases beyond a pre-set range or percentage of total flow rate. All connections, trips or other non-drilling events are monitored and recorded, as each well has been recognized to behave uniquely to these events. Drilling crews hold primary responsibility to avoid negative occurrences. Fatigue failure accounts for 95% of drill string failures and leads to washouts or pipe twist-off. When the drill string is stressed and cyclically loaded, it will fail after a certain number of cycles of stress reversal. As the stress increases the number of cycles before failure decreases. The correct working depth for a particular grade of pipe is formulated in accordance with the API Bulletin RP7G. Bit technology was found to be an area experiencing dynamic changes and improvements in the drilling industry. One of these is bi-centered bits, which produces a hole diameter slightly larger than its OD, providing more clearance for all well tubulars behind the bit. Another industry pursuit is casing drilling, where the casings string provides the assurance of being set at bottom while pulling the bit out of the hole. As horizontal well applications become more commonplace, the non-damaging aspects of the drilling fluids are becoming more critical. The need for detailed hydraulics programming is therefore becoming more necessary to bring together the right chemical design and pumping schedule. The cost of drilling fluid (mud and mud engineering services) was found to be highest in two of the Gulf Coast areas examined, both being exploration well types. Similarly, as rotary drilling technology evolves, so does the strategy of solids removal. There appears to be a dilemma within the industry that relates to the progressive degradation of particle size of the drilled solids. As these solids are ground finer, the reservoir-damaging effects become more amplified, and become progressively more difficult (and expensive) to remove.
Benchmarking Deep Drilling FINAL REPORT Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services Page 2
The cements now being offered by some service companies are able to retain their compressive strength and low permeability without excessive shrinkage within deep well environments having temperatures to 600 F. Cement and cementing service data appear to show these cementing costs are probably highest for vertical exploration wells in the Gulf Coast, drilling into the Pliocene, Miocene, and Oligocene formations. Recent additions to current coring technologies are centering on retrieving deep rock formation samples. A new piston-action type sampling technique is being used where the inner core barrel is pushed (similar to some side-wall coring techniques) into the target formation capturing up to several feet of rock sample. Currently, it appears that the most effective avenue for predicting abnormal formation pressures is the comprehensive evaluation of offset well information. In newly developing areas, however, these predictions remain very difficult. More sophisticated logging routines are being introduced into the industry, such as the Formation Micro Imager (FMI) log, Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) log, visible light spectrum image, sonic imagery, etc. Although the situation is changing quickly, these are still considered by most of the industry to be high-end logs, which are run only on high-profile offshore wells, particularly in exploration and delineation wells. There is a major operational constraint to wire-line logging in horizontal wells that relates to the conveyance of these tools into and out of the well. One recent adaptation is focusing on the use of stand-alone memory logging devices, which eliminates the operational issues and risks involved in conventional wire-line operations. However, since all log response data is stored, the information only becomes available after the tools are pulled out of the well bore. Unquestionably one of the most important recent developments in drilling technology development has been the introduction of Measurement While Drilling (MWD) systems. These systems allow measurement of directional data via transmissions of data to the surface, usually in the form of encoded pressure pulses without the use of wire-line surveys or bit trips. Todays state of the art predicting and describing parameters for bit selection and associated fluid transport / flow requirements are represented by the development of computer-based models. Geo-mechanics models are being used to estimate flow - induced stress, rock failure mode, and subsequent evolution of well bore geometry and solids production potential. Reservoir fluid models are being used to estimate reservoir pressure and formation fluid flow rates. Transport models combine the output from the reservoir fluid model and the geo-mechanical model to estimate erosion failure and the additional amount of solid to be transported from the well bore during the drilling process, including the relative tendency for bridging. Modern casing is designed to withstand the maximum burst pressure, collapse pressure, and tensile forces that industry typically expects to encounter, and is usually considered far over designed, given its possible exposure to hostile environments, drill stem rotations, fluid pressures, tensional forces, and changing temperatures during treatment and production. The cost for tubular goods is increasing significantly. The potential benefits of expandable tubular
technology are significant in that it works to mitigate or avoid the multiple decreases in drilling borehole diameter now required with the installation of multiple casing strings.
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Recommended Areas of Further Research and Development
By far, drilling activity-related cost items are the sources of the highest cost. It appears that reductions in the cost for Drilling and Tripping - the largest single cost component - can be accomplished by improving technologies within the areas of directional drilling, drill bits, drill pipe, drilling fluid systems, and improved rig design. Further reductions within the areas of bore hole surveying and monitoring during drilling, and casing design would also significantly reduce time-on-location, as well as all other time-related equipment and personnel costs. 2.1 Directional Drilling / Motors Of the methods in use today used to identify down hole-drilling position, wireless electronic telemetry appears to hold promise to significantly lower costs. Equipment and techniques that more effectively increase radio wave bandwidth will allow for additional pertinent data to be sent to surface in real-time, including improved real-time images to the surface in combination with inclination and directional data. Technologies being developed to improve the efficiency of the motor seals to tolerate and allow higher pumping pressures, such as the casting of the stator an even thickness rather than ridged, could significantly increase drilling rate and save on associated equipment. The refinement of casing-while-drilling methods, especially for directional wells, could save a great deal of rig time on location and also help to mitigate instances of well bore degradation-related problems. Bits The further development of efficient well bore specific bit programs could significantly affect overall deep well cost. Since numerous factors must be evaluated, development focus on the enhancing and updating of bit requirement modeling programs appears most justified. The construction of such models would also support emerging technologies for bit design, since new bit designs would be measured against these same parameters. The next generation of bit improvement will likely take the form of improved (PDC) bit design Drill pipe Drill pipe fatigue accounts for 95% of drill string failure. As the stress increases the number of cycles to failure will decrease. Research focused on the development and /or improvement of computer-based models and monitoring equipment used to warn crews that rotating is within the critical range appears justified, in terms of unexpected trip time costs and possibly severe hole problems.
2.2
2.3
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Alternative light but very strong drill pipe materials could significantly extend the range of deep well drilling depths and increase critical time-on-bit. This could be followed during the field operation by the use of currently existing technologies. Titanium drill strings, for example, appear to be well suited for very deep high temperature drilling, but unfortunately are currently extremely expensive. The extension of the drilling range is not solely controlled by the drill string weight but also and in many cases predominately by the casing design or casing sizes needed in the well. Borehole Integrity
2.4
As deep well drilling - especially horizontal well applications - become more commonplace, the non-damaging aspects of the fluid also become critical. The avoidance of uneconomic production at great depths resulting in excessive and irrevocable near-well bore fluid damage caused by interaction between the drilling fluid/particulates and the reservoir rock/connate fluids appears to be an important area of development research. The basic dilemma within the industry relates to the progressive particle size degradation of the drilled solids. As these solids are ground finer and finer by all aspects of fluid use, they become progressively more expensive and difficult to remove, while reservoirdamaging effects are amplified. Because the level of this problem is proportional to drilling interval (depth), it is also an area that would be very appropriate for further deep drilling research, including the drilling with natural gas. Rig Design
2.5
Drilling rigs must drill faster, stay out of trouble, and do it safely. All other efforts are derived from these three items. The most important areas for improving drilling performance within the next five years are apt to be improved deviation equipment, improved hydraulics, and improved tubular materials. Management must have direct access to this data / analyses so that similar real-time decisions can be made most cost-effectively. Cutting edge technologies include the generation and use of 3D/4D geo-mechanical models to provide heads-up warnings and preparedness, use of real-time imaging while drilling and other LWD data such as caliper and bottom-hole pressure, and rotary steering drilling systems to improve well geometry and placement and also hole cleaning. Rig design for deeper environments must take into account the geology, casing design, drill strings, drilling fluids, and pressures expected.
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2.6
Surveying and Monitoring The accuracy of detecting abnormal pressures depend generally on identifying these deepening well bore conditions as soon as possible. To better accomplish this, research and development should focus on available, quick and effective data interpretation methods, derived from local area seismic data, offset well logs and drill stem tests, drilling records, and production data, and data from well being drilled. Bit-to-surface data transmission is an extremely important cost-saving area of research. Being able to manage data overload, keep abreast of drilling conditions, and determine pore pressure ahead of the drill bit are essential. Further development of wire-line drill pipe is also important to the industry. This technology is aimed at enabling real-time monitoring during drilling by the transmission of very large quantities of data such as surveys, drilling mechanics measurements, and other log and image data to surface in real-time in the range of tens or hundreds megabits of data per second. Conceptually, hemispherical resonating gyroscopes and micro-electromechanical sensors for various down - hole applications, in addition to inertial systems currently in military use for the position mapping of military hardware in the field are future areas of research. The main purpose of these new technologies would be aimed mainly at closed-loop autonomous drilling systems and one-trip well drilling concepts. It is critical to understand that all interpretation of rock mechanical parameters requires calibration. Generally calibration is performed using core tests. This consequently brings error in sampling due to sample recovery and size limitations. If real-time data could be acquired, calibration and interpretation could then be performed to measure down hole conditions, both saving time and money and making calibration much more accurate. Examples of viable processes would include: sonic logs acquired at different frequencies, and real-time imaging to determine tensile failure and shear failure. Casing Casing is one of the key parameters in sizing a rig for a specific well. Expandable tubular technology appears to be a very straight forward area of potential cost savings, and could significantly lessen the need for telescoping" multiple casing strings in deep wells, which may limit the ultimate production capacity of a deep well. Future improvements in the characteristics of expandable pipe could ultimately make it possible for a well to be cased with a single string of casing, greatly reducing well drilling and casing costs. Another probable industry pursuit is casing drilling, where the casing string provides the assurance of being set at bottom while pulling the bit out of the hole.
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2.7
2.8
Logging (wire-line) A major operational constraint to conventional wire-line logging in horizontal wells relates to the conveyance of the tools into and out of the well. Even with no wire line recording tools, all log response data must be stored, and becomes available only once the tools are pulled out of the well bore. The next generation Logging While Drilling tools will likely include the development of nuclear spectroscopy, source-less nuclear, sampling while drilling, and deep and ultradeep directional measurements for imaging away from the borehole and geo-steering. Eventually, any measurement now made on wire line will be become available for Logging While Drilling research and development support in any one of these areas would be highly warranted. Cementing Supporting the continued development of newer additives, such as super high strength hollow glass beads to improve the deep drilling applicability of cements without compromising strength, heat resistance, and permeability, appears justified for future research and development. Coring Sidewall cores are much less expensive than either conventional or continuous wire-line type approaches. Redesigning and adjusting current side-wall core systems for the retrieval of high quality samples from very deep borehole environments appears to be a worth-while avenue for future deep well research. Development of alternative coring methods that recognize one or more of the innate attributes of deep well drilling would likely be a very effective general course for future research. An example of this would be to provide research support for the coring technology that retrieves deep rock formation samples with a piston-action type sampling mechanism, using the weight of the drill pipe to capture several feet of rock samples.
2.9
2.10
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Introduction
Deep formations are one of the leading frontiers for future gas resource development (National Petroleum Council). In 1999, the Energy Information Agency estimated that 7 percent of the U.S gas production came from deep formations. This amount is expected to increase to 14 percent by 2010. However, the limits of conventional well construction technology are tested in drilling wells deeper than 15,000 feet, and the driller spends significantly less time making hole than in shallower wells yet 50 percent of total drilling cost can result in the last 10 percent of the hole length. The rock is typically hot, hard, abrasive, and highly pressured. The fluids produced are, in many cases, corrosive. Control of well bore trajectory and placement of casing and cement are difficult problems. A limited number of rigs fully equipped to drill deep wells are available, which also increases overall drilling costs. Given the present status of drilling technology, development of the deep gas resource will continue to depend primarily on increased gas prices, which are aggravated by escalating drilling costs. The U.S. Department of Energys Deep Trek initiative is designed to develop technologies that make it increasingly more economic to drill and produce deep gas resources, and is meant to provide technology-based solutions that allow for the drilling of deep reservoirs at lower gas prices. Schlumberger's role within this greater Deep Trek program is to provide current drilling technology and cost benchmarks, and thereby provide a base reference point from which future industry developments can be better recognized. The objective of this task is to identify where wells were drilled and to collect cost data, and then to benchmark deep drilling technology and cost components in order to establish a baseline for the Deep Trek Program. Our work has identified deep wells (> 15,000 feet) drilled during the last 5 to 7 years, and gathered general information from these wells and the operators. A management plan was developed, and approved by the DOE outlining the procedures and data for this benchmarking activity. Data has since been collected and tabulated for the major technology and cost components. This information will help DOE to determine which drivers are most important to the industry and where R&D efforts should be focused.
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Subtasks
In support of this benchmarking task, the following activities have been performed: 4.1 Identification of Deep Wells in the U.S.
The Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services (DCS) Project Team identified the location, targeted reservoirs, and operators of deep and high temperature wells in the U.S., including the Gulf of Mexico. Using the DOE-licensed IHS database, a listing of deep wells (TVD>15,000 feet) drilled during the last 5-7 years was assembled by total depth, targeted formation, geographic location, and operator. 4.2 Coordination with Other DOE Contractors
The DCS Project Team coordinated efforts with DOE management and Pinnacle Technologies, who are researching Deep Well Completions in order to avoid duplication of efforts and to notify and mitigate issues arising during the course of this effort. The principle issue noted was a lower than expected industry response to requests for cost and other related information. 4.3 Determination of the Type Wells, and Primary Operators
Using the data gathered from the queries of the IHS database, the DCS Project Team categorized the wells by completion method to determine type wells that represent the majority of deep wells currently being drilled in the U.S. The DCS Project Team then determined the primary operators for each type well -- those operators that represent at least 75 percent of the total wells of that type drilled. 4.4 Development of a Management Plan
The DCS Project Team developed a Management Plan that provided the detailed plans for the completion of this work assignment. This Plan included the data obtained in Subtasks 1-3. The type of information included in this benchmarking activity includes information on drilling and completion, data monitoring and management, well control, and tubulars information. 4.5 Industry Canvassing
Using the list of operators identified in the Management Plan, phone discussions were held with the appropriate staff of approximately 50 companies, followed by written requests for information. This canvassing effort was based on obtaining the benchmarking data identified in the Management Plan. All information collected during these operator contacts was identified as proprietary or confidential and marked accordingly. Additionally, Schlumberger experts specializing within the technology items benchmarked were contacted to provide review and comment to each section of the Benchmark Technologies and Operational Practices portion of this report. Results of this information gathering effort has been tabulated and condensed by type of deep well drilled, and by technology component.
4.6
Driver Determination
Using the data from the above tasks, the DCS Project Team identified the basic physical drivers that are principle considerations in developing new technologies and lowing costs. These results suggest the general areas that deserve focused R&D efforts in future DOE programs. 4.7 Training Course
The DCS Project Team organized a three-day deep drilling training course at the National Energy Technology Laboratorys Morgantown office for NETL employees, from November 5 to 7, 2003. The drilling course instructor(s) were industry experts, R.G. (Bob) Knoll with H-Tech and Jerome J. Schubert with Texas A&M University, who also provided an extensive set of class notes for use as future reference materials for all DOE personnel associated with the Deep Trek initiative. The topics for the course were based very closely on this benchmarking effort, and much of this course content has been used to help define current benchmark technologies in this report. 4.8 Final Report
The results of these tasks are provided in this final report.
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Database Development
A data set describing drilling aspects of all on-shore and off-shore wells within the United States and Canada drilled to a minimum total depth (TD) of 15,000 feet during the period from January 1, 1995 through most current full year of IHS data available (December 31, 2001) was extracted from the DOE-licensed IHS well database. In total, 3,256 wells were identified. It is important to note that the total footage reported as Total Depth within IHS data includes wells that have been deviated or horizontally drilled. Because of this, it was necessary to identify and incorporate only those wells which actually met the True Vertical Depth (TVD) criteria of 15,000 feet and greater, stipulated in this benchmarking effort. Unfortunately, of the 3,256 well records initially identified for use in the effort, only 1,196 wells (37 percent) reported actual TVD information. Because of this, an extensive effort was completed to reasonably identify TVD values for the remaining 2,060 wells. This was accomplished using two primary methods. The first method was to simply accept the IHS value reported as TD as being also the correct value for TVD for all vertical wells shown within the database. The second method was to examine and compare the TD horizon geologic formations with the geologic formations reported drilled at wells having both recorded TD and TVD information. Wells with known TVD information were almost always found to be closely adjacent to wells having TD information only. Of the 2060 wells examined using these two methods, 2026 were accepted into the projects database, bringing the total number of wells to 3,222. Since numerous deep wells remaining were found to be located offshore, final adjustments to well depths were made using reported sea water depth measurements. This reduced the number of wells to 3,015. The distribution of deep wells that remained in the projects database is shown graphically in Fig. 1, and in geographic map view on Figs. 2 to 6. These maps show that the number of deep wells drilled within the U.S. and Canada decrease sharply with each increasing interval of depth, with the deepest wells being located within the U.S. Gulf Coast and the Permian Basin regions.
Percent Depth Distribution of Wells
80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%
15 to 18k
74.7%
19.9% 4.5%
18 to 21k 21 to 24k
0.7%
24 to 27k
Depth Interval, k=1000 ft
Fig. 1 - Distribution of deep wells in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001 contained within the projects database by well depth (TVD).
Fig. 2 - Location of 15,000 to 18,000 feet TVD wells in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001.
Fig. 3 Location of 18,000 to 21,000 feet TVD wells in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001.
Page 14
Fig. 6 - Location of 27,000 to 30,000 feet TVD deep wells in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001.
The distribution of deep well types is shown in Table 1 and on Fig. 7, and in geographic map view on Fig 8. Fig. 8 also shows the well types and general locations of the well data sets included in this study. Vertical wells comprise the most common type of deep wells except within the depth range of 24,000 to 27,000 feet where deviated type wells are most common.
Table 1 - Distribution of well types by depth of deep wells in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001.
Well Type Vertical Deviated Horizontal

Well Type Not Reported
15 to 18 955 783 299 215 2,252
Well Depth, 1,000s of feet 18 to 21 21 to 24 24 to 27 236 58 5 184 53 9 111 5 0 69 19 6 600 135 20
27 to 30 3 2 0 3 8
Total
Page 15
Percent Well Type Distribution With Depth

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
15 to 18k 21 to 24k 13% 4% 0% 24 to 27k 0% 27 to 30k 42% 35% 43% 39% 45% 38% 25% 25%
Depth Interval, k = 1000 ft Vertical Deviated Horizontal
Fig. 7 - Distribution of well types by depth of deep wells in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001.
V V V D D V H VH D D
Fig. 8 - Location of deep well types in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001. This Fig. also shows the well types and general locations of well data sets included in this study.
The percentage distribution of deep gas and oil wells is shown on Fig. 9. Deep wells were found to be primarily vertical and deviated gas wells. Deep horizontal wells were found to be almost equally split between gas and oil wells. As noted in Fig. 7, the horizontal oil and gas wells were drilled in the 15, 000 to 18,000 feet depth range.
Percent Distribution of Well Types

100.0% Number of Wells 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Vertical Deviated Horizontal 12.4% 17.4% 50.1% 49.9% 87.6% 82.6%
Gas
Oil
Fig. 9 - Distribution of oil and gas wells by well types for deep wells in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001.
5.1
Geologic and Geographic Groupings
Deep wells in the U.S. and Canada were subdivided into seven groups, based on major geologic or geographic play regions established by the Energy Information Agency (EIA). These major groupings are shown on Fig. 10. The largest region of deep wells is located within the U.S. Gulf Coast region, which was further subdivided into a series of subgroups based on the geologic age of the deepest formation drilled, Fig. 11. In all, a total of 13 area groupings were recognized in this study. Ultimately, data sets obtained for this study were obtained from 7 of these 13 areas, as indicated on Figs. 10 and 11. In all other areas, operators were not forth coming with information, likely for reasons on confidentiality or leasing activity.
Page 17
Fig. 10 - Location of deep wells divided by geographic and/or geologic setting in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001. Circled areas indicate the general location of deep well data sets incorporated in this study.
Fig. 11 - Location of deep wells in the Gulf Coast region divided by geographic and/or geologic setting in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001. Circled areas indicate the general location of deep well data sets incorporated in this study.
5.2
Identification of Type Wells
Table 2 is a listing of each of the deep well area groupings. The most common well type drilled is identified (shaded gray) for each geologic play area based on majority comparisons of the number of vertical, deviated, and horizontal wells, and on the number of gas wells compared to oil wells drilled within each area. These shaded wells are the type wells identified within this study. Group 8 Gulf Coast Unknown (marked-out in Table 2) was no longer considered in the study due to the lack of geological target information. Ultimately, operator data sets were provided for groups 3,4,5,6,7,9,and 12.
Table 2 - Distribution of deep wells grouped by geographic and/or geologic setting, well type, and production type in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001. Highlighted values indicate majority representative well types. Group 8 was dropped from further study due to lack of geologic data. Operator data sets were provided for groups 3,4,5,6,7,9,and 12. Well Type Number of Wells Horizontal Operators Maximum TVD (ft) Minimum TVD (ft) Deviated Group Number Vertical Prod Type
Description
Gas Oil
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Gulf Coast - Ordovician Gulf Coast - Permian Gulf Coast - Jurassic Gulf Coast - Cretaceous Gulf Coast - Eocene / Paleocene Gulf Coast - Pliocene / Miocene / Oligocene Gulf Coast - Quaternary Gulf Coast Unknown Geologic Target (see map) Anadarko Basin Region Arkoma Basin Region W. Canadian Basins Permian Basin Region S. California Basins S Rocky Mountain Basins
8 11 232 541 303 1032 143 41 372 32 24 177 20 79
6 9 84 76 98 218 45 35 73 12 13 77 10 36
15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15105 15000 15000 15047 15025 15000 15000 15000
17950 28008 23505 23472 20928 29680 29229 28665 26566 17638 18291 28666 21769 25830
5 6 114 81 198 419 34 25 187 3 0 136 6 42
3 5 102 80 90 507 80 12 67 26 0 20 14 26
0 0 7 355 13 9 0 0 4 1 0 21 0 5
8 1 98 232 125 522 23 13 305 22 12 34 1 43
0 7 34 19 8 53 79 17 4 19 0 0 31 11 11
5.3
Operator Ranking
Attributes considered most important for selecting highest qualified operators to participate in benchmarking were identified. These attributes were then used to evaluate each operator, producing an overall ranking of desirability for inclusion within the project.
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The attributes included: Drilling depth range experience Calendar time experience, with emphasis on more recent than on less recent experience Quantitative experience, as measured by the number of deep wells drilled Quantitative experience, as measured by the number of deep formations completed Balance of experience, as measured by the proportion of deep well types completed, i.e., an even balance of vertical, deviated, and horizontal drilling experience Balance of experience, as measured by the proportion of deep well production types completed, i.e., an even balance of oil and gas drilling experience
The above attributes were weighted and then, using relevant data contained in the database, measured for each of the 497 operators identified. These data included: minimum and maximum TVD, date of earliest and latest completion, number of wells drilled, number of TVD formations drilled, number of vertical, deviated, and horizontal wells, and the number of gas and oil wells. As a result of this analysis, it was possible to assign a numerical score to each operator, which was then normalized to a scale of 1 to 100. This provided a relative measure, or ranking, of all deep well operators. In order to obtain an adequate representation from each deep well area, this ranking process was repeated for each individual deep well group. This allowed the identification of the top ranking operators representing 75% of the total number of deep wells drilled within each of the 14 geologic / geographic areas presented in the previous section. 5.4 Operator Selections
The results of both the overall operator ranking and the individual group rankings were combined into one single spreadsheet showing the top operators. These operators were then prioritized using an ordered selection process, along with a verification check that accounted for each operators past experience in drilling type wells within each group. In all, a total of 174 deep well operators were prioritized in this manner, representing 82 percent of the deep well data population in the database. Since 34 of these operators were found not to possess relevant type well drilling experience, the number of operators found to be qualified for participation in this project was reduced to 140, representing 78 percent of the total deep well data population (2,363 of 3,015 wells). Based on this final analysis, the top-ranking 28 operators recommended for participation in the project are listed in Table 3. All 140 operators are presented by rank in the Appendix A. Note that several of the operators that were identified and evaluated no longer exist as a result of changing company ownership since January 2002. Tracking these changes, and contacting the operators that currently control these well properties was thus completed as part of this study.
Page 20
Table 3 - Distribution of primary deep well operators grouped by geographic and/or geologic setting, well type, and production type in the U.S. and Canada completed during the period 1997 through 2001. Production Type Gas Oil Deviated Horizontal Well Well 36 131 78 59 38 83 91 53 56 3 58 8 32 2 27 17 41 3 55 3 29 0 20 8 20 1 37 2 34 8 36 6 14 30 38 18 24 5 66 1 18 0 11 9 10 0 14 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 5 1 11 3 70 4 19 2 38 2 38 0 20 13 10 0 17 3 10 1 14 2 7 0 7 1 6 0 8 1 11 0 20 1 4 0 9 1 3 0 7 2 1 2 6 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 20 4 13 0 14 2 Well Type Group Area Activity * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Maximum Days TVD Active Union Pacific Resources 21,440 2,238 Chesapeake Operating 21,770 2,545 Chevron U S A 29,680 2,463 Texaco Exploration & Production 29,229 2,365 Amoco Production 23,472 2,505 Amerada Hess 24,134 2,438 Vastar Resources 22,000 2,376 Marathon Oil 21,186 2,445 Sonat Exploration 19,400 1,978 Coastal Oil & Gas 19,458 2,351 Exxon 21,864 1,876 Hunt Oil 20,000 2,472 BP Canada Energy 17,918 1,815 Abraxas Petroleum 17,620 1,104 Apache 19,409 2,388 Transtexas Gas 22,200 2,417 Shell Offshore 24,650 2,386 Anadarko Petroleum 23,447 2,527 Union Oil of California 24,050 2,422 Conoco 25,564 2,458 Helmerich & Payne 19,030 2,478 Burlington Resources Oil & Gas 25,175 1,681 Fina Oil & Minerals 19,803 2,247 Ward Petroleum 18,305 2,517 Costilla Energy 17,500 794 Burlington Resources Canada 18,291 984 Enron Oil & Gas 22,450 1,696 Louisiana Land & Exploration 24,600 2,316 Operator
Well Count 191 162 104 73 74 59 58 61 67 80 28 30 4 6 80 59 65 32 26 16 17 33 18 10 7 3 27 25
Formation Count 24 27 26 18 23 18 26 18 15 15 13 14 3 3 18 13 9 14 13 11 16 13 8 8 2 3 18 8
Vertical 16 13 29 27 27 26 33 9 19 50 10 18 0 3 46 38 16 19 13 8 9 12 14 3 4 0 19 10
* 1 = Yes; 0 = No
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6
6.1
Benchmark Costs
Standardizing Operator Cost Data
Because each company participating in this project provided their own form of Authorization For Expenditure (AFE) and described line-item costs differently, the first major challenge in regard to examining and comparing deep well costs was to establish a data management system that would identify each cost in a consistent manner. In order to accomplish this, a set of cost-center code names was established for this study. Each operators AFE line item cost estimation was then analyzed to determine which code name was most reasonably applicable to each of these costs. The complete results of this cost-coding effort area are presented Appendix B. Standardizing operator cost data allowed deep well costs to be examined and presented in a number of ways. For example, the average percentage cost distribution for all technological benchmarked items is presented in Fig. 12, suggesting a relative ranking of the broad areas where future research may be focused that most impact deep well costs.
PERCENT OF REPORTED WELL COSTS
5% 5%
3%
DRILLING / TRIPPING
6%
7%
47%
TUBULARS (CASING, LINERS, AND TUBING) DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES WIRELINE / COMPLETION / STIMULATION ENVIRONMENTAL / REGULATORY / INSURANCE DATA GENERATION AND MONITORING
10%
PERSONNEL /MANAGEMENT / SUPERVISION CEMENTING
17%
Fig. 12 Percentage distribution of major cost centers included in the total average cost of drilling deep wells.
In addition to the grouping of broader components, such as Drilling, standardizing allowed costs to be broken down into its subcomponents, such as Tangible and Intangible, then Tangible Completion, Tangible Completion - Packer and Downhole Equipment, and so forth. Most importantly, this coding system also allowed all individual AFE cost components to be grouped and then associated with each of the principle technology benchmark areas that are discussed later within this report.
6.2
Typical Well Cost Scenarios
In addition to standardizing AFE cost line-item components, it was also necessary to establish a series of Typical well scenarios that relate to both the area groupings identified in the previous Geologic and Geographic Groupings section and also to the deep well types. Given the availability of operator data sets, a total of 13 different Typical well scenarios were established for benchmarking costs. Summary descriptions of these deep well scenarios are presented in Table 4. .
Table 4 - Summary descriptions of deep well scenarios examined for benchmarking cost components in this study, indicating typical well depth, well type, and geographic grouping.
CODE
3DE 3VD 4HD 5DE 5DD 5VD 5VE 6DD 6VE 7DD 7DE 9VD 12VD
SCENARIO DESCRIPTION
18,000' (17,500' TVD) Directional Exploration, Gulf Coast Jurassic, Group 3 20,000' Vertical Development, Gulf Coast Jurassic, Group 3 22,000' (15,000' TVD) Horizontal Development, Gulf Coast Cretaceous, Group 4 17,000' (16,500' TVD) Directional Exploration, Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene, Group 5 18,000' (17,000' TVD) Directional Development, Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene, Group 5 16,000' Vertical Development, Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene, Group 5 17,000' Vertical Exploration, Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene, Group 5 16,000' (15,000 TVD) Directional Development, Gulf Coast Pliocene / Miocene / Oligocene, Group 6 18,000' Vertical Exploration, Gulf Coast Pliocene/Miocene/Oligocene, Group 6 17,000' (15,000' TVD) Directional Development, Gulf Coast-Offshore Quaternary, Group 7 19,000' (18,000' TVD) Directional Exploration, Gulf Coast-Offshore Quaternary, Group 7 20,000' Vertical Development, Anadarko Basin Group 9 16,000' Vertical Development, Permian Basin Group 12
Once AFE costs were standardized and relevant deep well scenarios were established, these two sets of information were combined. The final effort was to calculate the average cost values for each cost component within each scenario. These results are illustrated in the several bar graphs that follow. In addition, Appendix B and C provides the detail necessary to identify all individual cost components and the average percentage
cost distributions for each individual technological deep well drilling construction component. Well drilling type investments are classified as either tangible or intangible expenditures to allow for proper handling in income tax calculations. Therefore, making this distinction is critical to estimating the future cost of any given well expenditure, and thus explains why these two major categories of costs appear on every AFE provided for this study. Expected costs that are not represented by physical equipment are generally classified as an intangible expense; are not capitalized and usually deductible for income tax purposes. Tangible expenses, on the other hand, represent items that are only tax deductible by defining a depreciation schedule based on the wear of physical item to be purchased under the AFE. The first bar graph, presented on Fig. 13, shows tangible and intangible well cost for each of the 13 area scenarios. The highest total well cost (equal to the sum of all Intangible plus Tangible) of all the areas described in this report appears to be in Group 7 for an offshore directional exploration well. The Intangible costs for this well scenario is principally driven by high rig cost ($3.4 million), and the relatively high cost of location contingency ($1million). The details of all individual designations of Tangible (Tangible Drilling -TD and Tangible Completion -TC) and Intangible (Intangible Drilling -ID and Intangible Completion IC) AFE cost items are provided in Appendix B.
REPORTED WELL COST BY AREA SCENARIO
Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft
INTANGIBLE DRILLING
TANGIBLE DRILLING
TANGIBLE COMPLETION
INTANGIBLE COMPLETION
$0
$2,000,000
$4,000,000
$6,000,000
$8,000,000
$10,000,000
Fig. 13 Total deep well cost subdivided into Tangible and Intangible cost categories.
Benchmarking Deep Drilling Management Plan Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services
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One notable aspect shown on Fig. 13 is an indication of how the cost data sets obtained differ in relative content and/or completeness. The data sets representing the Group 3 17,500' Gulf Coast Directional Exploration well, for example, appears to be generally incomplete, providing only the cost for intangible drilling items. Three other well scenarios on Fig. 13 provide 2-3 of the cost categories, while the remaining 9 appear generally complete, providing data for all 4.cost categories. The average total AFE cost estimate associated with each of the principle technological items benchmarked in this study is graphically presented on Fig. 14.
REPO RTEDW ELL CO ST BYM AJO RTRACKINGCATEG O RY
G roup 12 Perm ian Vertical Developm ent 16,000ft G roup 9 Anadarko Vertical Developm ent 20,000ft G roup 7 G ulf Coast O ffshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft G roup 7 G ulf Coast Directional Developm ent 15000ft G roup 6 G ulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft G roup 6 G ulf Coast Directional Developm ent 15,000ft G roup 5 G ulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft G roup 5 G ulf Coast Vertical Developm ent 16,000ft G roup 5 G ulf Coast Directional Developm ent 17,000ft G roup 5 G ulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft G roup 4 G ulf Coast Horizontal Developm ent 15,000ft G roup 3 G ulf Coast Vertical Developm ent 20,000ft G roup 3 G ulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft
$0
$2,000,000
$4,000,000
$6,000,000
$8,000,000
$10,000,000
CEM ENTING
DATA G ENERATIO NANDM O NITO RING
DRILLING/ TRIPPING
ENVIRO NM ENTAL / REG ULATO RY / INSURANCE
PERSO NNEL /M ANAG EM ENT / SUPERVISIO N
TUBULARS (CASING , LINERS, ANDTUBING )
W IRELINE / CO M PLETIO N/ STIM ULATIO N
DRILLINGANDCO M PLETIO NFLUIDSANDSERVICES
Fig. 14 Total cost of deep wells for each well scenario, subdivided into the drilling technology areas benchmarked in this study (also including the cost of completion and stimulation).
Deep well costs were reported to range from $3 million for a on-shore 17,500 ft Jurassic directional exploration well located within the Gulf Coast, to nearly $9 million for a 19,000 ft Gulf Coast Quaternary offshore directional exploration well. The overall average total well cost for the 13 areas studied was found to be $4.8 million. By far,
Drilling/tripping cost was found to be the source of the highest cost, averaging $2.4 million (49.6% of total well costs). Tubulars accounted for $0.77 million (15.9% of total), followed by the cost of Drilling Fluids at $0.46 million (9.5%); Location/Permits/Insurance/Restoration costs at $0.31 million (6.4%); Data Generation and Monitoring at $0.26 million (5.5%); Personnel/Management/Supervision at $0.25 (5.2%); Wire line/Completion at $0.23 (4.8%); and Cementing at $0.15 million (3.1%) per well. The comparisons of benchmarked major technological aspects of deep well drilling, between scenarios, were also completed for analyses, and shown graphically on Figs. 15 to 22, and in tabulated numerical detail in Appendix D. These figures are presented in an order that roughly follows the well construction process. Comparison of Environmental/Regulatory/Insurance related costs are shown on Fig. 15. Of the three cost components shown, those for location related costs are the principle driver of costs, being most significant offshore (nearly $1million for location contingency) and near offshore, as may be expected. On the other hand, these costs are least significant within the most mature (easily accessible and dry flat-land) areas of drilling, such as those within the Permian and Anadarko Basins, also as may be expected.
ENVIRONMENTAL / REGULATORY / INSURANCE
Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft $0 $200,000 $400,000 $600,000 $800,000 $1,000,000 $1,200,000
LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING

PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATION
WELL INSURANCE
Fig. 15 - Cost of environmental / regulatory / insurance segment of deep well construction.
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Comparisons of drilling-related costs are presented on Fig. 16 (and tabulated in Appendix D). Drilling costs are highest for offshore Gulf Coast Quaternary for directional exploration wells (19,000' Directional Exploration, Gulf Coast-Offshore Quaternary), as would be expected, and also relatively high in general, for all directional exploration type drilling activity. The costs of miscellaneous materials and expenses presented on Fig. 16 include unspecified rental items, materials, and supplies, and equipment. Reported contingencies" represent from 7.5% to 20% of intangible drilling, and from 2.5% to 10% of tangible drilling costs.
DRILLING / TRIPPING
Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft
$0
CONTRACT DRILLING
BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS
RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
TRUCKING & FREIGHT
DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION OVERHEAD
$1,000,000
$2,000,000
$3,000,000
$4,000,000
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES

FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL
TRANSPORTATION
CONTINGENCIES
MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES
WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION
Fig. 16 - Cost of the drilling / tripping portion of deep well construction, subdivided into major individual cost centers.
The costs of drilling fluids are shown for each scenario on Fig. 17. These costs are relatively high in two of the Gulf Coast areas: the 18,000' Vertical Exploration scenario in the Pliocene/Miocene/Oligocene (6VE), and the 16,500 Eocene/Paleocene Directional Exploration scenario (5DE). The cost of drilling fluids appear to be least expensive (when reported) within the Permian Basin, for the 16,000 Vertical Development scenario (12VD)
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DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES

Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft $0 $200,000 $400,000 $600,000 $800,000 $1,000,000
Fig. 17 - Cost of drilling fluids used for deep well construction.
The cost of gathering and monitoring typical forms of well data is compared on Fig. 18. These costs, including open-logging, special services, testing, DSTs etc., packers and down hole and surface testing equipment, appear very high for the 16,500 Eocene/Paleocene Directional Exploration scenario (5DE). This is principally due to a high AFEd cost ($0.9 million) for anticipated lost equipment reported by one of the participating operators.
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DATA GENERATION AND MONITORING

Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft $0 $200,000 $400,000 $600,000 $800,000 $1,000,000
LOGGING, OPENHOLE
SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING
PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
Fig. 18 - Cost of data generation and monitoring portion of deep well construction.
The cost of tubular equipment items and some installation costs are presented on Fig. 19. The AFEd estimations reported for this component of deep well costs reflect a fairly wide range of costs and tubular type combinations, and is probably most reflective of the variety of drilling and completion approaches used for various areas of the U.S. which is principally the basis for driving these costs.
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TUBULARS (CASING, LINERS, AND TUBING)

Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft $0 $300,000 $600,000 $900,000 $1,200,000 $1,500,000 $1,800,000
CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES

CONDUCTOR PIPE
PRODUCTION CASING
TUBING
CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER

INTERMEDIATE CASING
SURFACE CASING
TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION
Fig. 19 - Cost of tubulars associated with drilling deep wells.
The costs for cementing related costs are presented on Fig. 20. These data appears to offer very valid cost comparison information, being consistently reported for all scenarios, except one. These costs are highest for the 18,000 Vertical Exploration Pliocene/Miocene/Oligocene well scenario in the Gulf Coast (6VE), followed by the 19,000 Gulf Coast Offshore Quaternary Directional Exploration scenario (7DE).
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CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES
Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000
Fig. 20 - Cost of the cementing portion of deep well construction.
Wire-line and stimulation costs are presented on Fig. 21. Wire-line cost doesnt appear to vary greatly from scenario to scenario, in the cases in which this item was reported. The cost of stimulation work (the principle driver of the cost presented), however, appears to vary greatly. Since well stimulation methods are very site-specific, these data probably do not offer a valid area-to-area comparison opportunity.
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WIRELINE / COMPLETION / STIMULATION

Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft $0 $200,000 $400,000 $600,000 $800,000 $1,000,000 $1,200,000
COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG
STIMULATION
WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING
Fig. 21 - Cost of the wire line / completion / stimulation portion of deep well construction, including rig, stimulation, and wireline services.
Fig. 22 provides scenario cost comparisons that deal principally with the relative amount and type of labor and communications required in the drilling (and sometimes completion) of deep wells. These suggest that the highest labor-related costs are occurring in Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene 17000 Vertical Exploration wells (5VE), where both the contact services and company labor are the highest reported. Fig. 22 also shows the cost of living quarters and utilities associated with deep wells, and the comparative costs of communications.
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PERSONNEL / MANAGEMENT / SUPERVISION

Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft $0 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 $400,000 $500,000 $600,000
CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS)
LIVING QUARTERS
COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER
Fig. 22 - Cost of the personnel / management / supervision portion of deep well construction, including consulting, contract labor, and professional fees; company labor, living quarters, and communications.
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Benchmark Technologies and Operational Practices
As part of the benchmarking study and key to the success of the benchmarking objective, approximately 50 of the highest-ranking operators were eventually contacted by phone, letter, or by office visit, and invited to share information for this project. Approximately one dozen eventually responded with information, producing a total of 21 usable well data sets. In addition, a DOE drilling training course agenda (a project Subtask) was designed and developed to specifically focus on the major items that were to be benchmarked in this study. Recognized industry specialists were then recruited to provide this information directly to DOE. This assured the provision of a valid view of todays drilling industry practices, and much of the following benchmark descriptions of current (deep) drilling-related technologies were obtained directly from information provided from this training activity. Significant additional information was then gathered from several other current sources, including up-to-date drilling manuals typically used for training within the industry. Finally, each major portion of this section of this report was reviewed, and updated by several selected experts internal to Schlumberger who are professionally involved with the content of each respective section of this report. 7.1 Drilling
Rate-of-penetration (ROP) is perhaps the most important aspect of drilling a deep well. The longer it takes to drill a well, the more costly the venture will be. Bit and downhole motor technology has improved significantly over the past several years lending to faster ROP. Vibration of the bit continues to be one aspect of drilling that gives drillers problems, as it dampens ROP. Bit size, bit life, and bit cost are important aspects to consider when drilling a deep well since multiple bits are utilized during the process. The primary technology components of drilling, which are benchmarked, are described below. 7.1.1 Directional Drilling / Motors BACKGROUND All wells are deviated to some degree; even a vertical well has some inclination somewhere in its profile. The surface location of the drilling rig can be constrained by available sites, which can be a distance from the planned final bottom hole location of the borehole. When this is the case a directional well is required. Directional wells are designed to deviate from vertical at a pre-defined TVD and build angle, at a desirable rate of build, to achieve a final inclination which, when maintained, penetrates the final desired bottom hole location (the target.) Wells of such a design are termed build + hold profiles; other standard profiles are commonly designed which involve 2 builds with a hold in between these are required when there is a specific
inclination requirement at the target. This specific inclination can be anything from vertical to horizontal and with todays technology, beyond horizontal. The rate at which angle is built along with any desired changes in direction (azimuth) is called the dogleg severity (DLS) and is expressed in degrees/100ft of measured depth. Since all the curves in well plans are circular this rate of curve can be also expressed as a radius of curvature. The DLS achievable depends on the design of the drilling system but the full range would go from 0/100ft, for a holding section, through the DLS defined as long radius (1-10 /100ft), medium radius (15-30/100ft), short radius (35-60 /100ft) to ultra short radius (>90/100ft). The impact of DLS on the drill ability of wells can be seen in the analysis of drilling torques and drags in wellbores. In general for deep wells where the tensile loads in the drillstring are highest the lower the DLS, at or close to surface, the better the drill ability of the well. If higher DLS is required then it is best placed further down the well where tensile loads are lower. A well is drilled vertical to a kick-off depth from where it starts to deviate to the desired angle upon the desired direction. This historically has been done with a jetting system where the drilling fluid is pumped at high velocity in the desired direction and a small deflection from vertical achieved when done repeatedly in the same direction sufficient inclination is built to allow the use of simple rotary drilling techniques. Although once condemned to the archives, this technique has reappeared in scenarios where mechanical removal of rock may cause damage to wells in very close proximity to each other. Another simple early technique involved the use of a down hole steel wedge which allowed drilling to proceed in a set direction and build angle until an angle was achieved where the simple rotary techniques worked. These techniques were performed in conjunction with simple magnetic survey instruments to align the well and to measure progress towards a deviation plan. The remainder of wells were then drilled using stabilized drilling assemblies which relied on a simple beam bending principle to build/hold and drop angles as required, but a change demanded a round trip to change the drilling assembly configuration. A step change in performance was introduced with the down hole drilling motor; firstly in a straight design, which used a bent orienting device to steer the well bore to the desired inclination in the correct direction by slide drilling only, this was superceded when the down hole motor incorporated the bend rather than have it as a separate device. This was the steerable positive displacement motor (PDM) which, when combined with a high data rate measurement while drilling device (MWD) revolutionized the directional drilling industry, since there was no time delay in setting the tool and in getting the survey to surface and this geometry of angles allowed the same assembly to drill with rotation from the drill rig floor.
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Other down hole motors also exist in niche areas; these are drilling turbines and vane motors. All these devices need drilling fluids to power the tool by converting hydraulic power to shaft rotation, by vanes as in the turbine and vane motor or by a progressing cavity in the PDM which is the mouneau principle. All these systems have some type of bend, which can be aligned to the direction the well needs to be drilled along. This can be called a tool face. Positive displacement motors are used to drill directional and horizontal wells. The motors are broken down into three types: high speed/low torque, medium speed/medium torque, and low speed/high torque. The type of motor, bit and survey equipment used will depend on the well to be drilled, and the expected down hole conditions. The bit, motor speeds, and torque requirements must be compatible. A rotor/stator section powers these motors. The drilling fluid/pressure volumes are forced through the power section that turns the driveline. The rotor is connected to a constant velocity U joint, which, in turn, is connected to the drive shaft. When the motor is turning only the bit box rotates externally. Drilling systems consist of the components required to steer the well towards its target. A system can consist of many components; each joined in a set order to deliver any of the many DLSs needed to deviate the well bore. A rotary system is the simplest, consisting of drill collars and drilling stabilizers with the span between stabilizers set to give a fixed deflection in the well bore and hence deviate the borehole. A motor consists of a drive shaft, a set of bearings with a stabilizer around it, an adjustable bend unit 0-3 with a flexible drive shaft through the center, and a power section made up from a rotor which is a metallic multi-lobed helical shape inside tube, inside which a elastomer stator is cast, to match but leaving a sealed cavity for the drilling fluid to progress down. All motors are pretty much identical and their power is a function of torque and speed; however NOT maximum speed and maximum torque, since one only occurs when the other is zero. Motor speed comes from a low number of rotor lobes; motor torque comes from a high number of rotor lobes. Total horsepower comes from the length, or number of stages, of the helical shaped rotor. A stabilizer is generally placed close to the top of the motor system to aid in its directional performance. The directional response in sliding mode is dependant on the distances between first two stabilizers and the angle of the adjustable bent housing; in rotary mode it is dependant on the general stabilization of the entire system and an allowance is made for the fact that the bit will drill a slightly larger hole size due to the offset caused by the bend housing. Because the stator is elastomer-based there is a temperature limitation in their usage. A turbine system is steered similarly but the power comes from a stack of regular rotor and stator fans. A drilling turbine is an extremely high speed device; rotating at almost 1000 rpm it is possible to slow a turbine down by using planetary gearing to deliver 250 rpm. Again the speed has to be slowed down to deliver high torques, since the power
output is a combination of torque and speed. There are no elastomer seals in a drilling turbine so there is not a temperature limitation in their usage. The rotary steering systems fall into two camps: push-the-it and point-the bit. However there are subsections to each depending upon the tools design and how it achieves the primary steering mechanism. Push-the-bit systems are designed to directly give the bit a side force on a tool face by pushing the drilling assembly against the side of the well bore and either the steering section is held geo-stationary against the well bore or the geostationary part of the tool is on the inside and everything in contact with the borehole wall rotates. Point-the-bit systems work by deflecting the bit by an angle to achieve the directional requirement usually by deflecting some flexible component inside the tool there are similar approaches to the design of the geo-stationary element, some tools have it stationary by fixing to the borehole wall and others have the geo-stationary device inside the tool, leaving the whole of the outside free to rotate. Compound systems are made up of 2 or more standard systems, such as a straight motor with a rotary, which is useful when RPM is the best rock destruction mechanism. Similarly a motor in combination with rotary steering is possible if the drilling mechanics is problematical. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Drilling motors have dominated the scene for the past 20 years, yet the industry is currently seeing the next step change in performance with the introduction of rotary steering. This technology allows drilling to progress in steering mode without the need to stop rotating the drill string and slide drill. Two techniques exist, push-the-bit and point-the-bit; both are somewhat limited in the rate of angle change achievable compared to drilling motors but are a more efficient method of drilling since drilling does not need to stop to orient the drilling assembly in the preferred direction. Todays motors come with either a fixed or adjustable bent housing. The adjustable bent housing reduces the need for a large inventory of motors to be on location. This housing can usually be set from 0 to 3 degrees off center (vertical), depending on the bend angle of the required dogleg or build rate that is needed. Once this angle is set, the rotary table / top drive is locked and drilling begins. Because the motor is held in one direction, this is the direction in which the well bore will be drilled. Once the direction and inclination are established, the entire drill string can be rotated to try to maintain directional control without continuing to build greater inclination in the same direction. A down-hole motor steering assembly can be either rotated or oriented during the actual drilling process, and so does not have to be tripped out of the hole for this purpose. By far the most common technique used for producing well bore deflection is the downhole motor/bent sub combination. The technique uses a non-straight section (bent sub) to point the down-hole motor away from the straight-ahead direction. Various angles of bent subs are available ranging degree to over 3 degrees. The motor is oriented
slightly left of the intended well bore direction to account for subsequent right hand walk. Drilling in the desired direction then proceeds with the drill bit rotating at the relatively high speeds produce by most down-hole motors. Down-hole motor deflection is sufficiently fast to allow a large percentage of the build section to be accomplished before tripping out for an angle building assembly. The larger the starting angle presented to the angle building assembly results in a more predictable assembly response which can often accomplish the remainder of the build section without an additional trip to change the assembly. A key measurement to control the build rate with a directional assembly is called the Tool Face Orientation, or TFO. Since there is a bent sub directly above the bit, the bit must be pointed in some direction other then the straight c axis of the motor. A sensor on top of the motor is indexed to the bit face direction or TFO. This information is transmitted to the surface by various telemetry methods in near real-time. The directional driller can observe where the bit is pointed, and can simply rotate the drill string to get the TFO desired. Once the TFO is correctly pointed, the rotary table (or top drive) is locked in place (no pipe rotation). Fluid is pumped down the pipe to rotate the bit via the mud motor, the pipe is lowered in the well to compress the drill string and apply weight on bit (WOB). Drilling should continue and the three-point geometry of the directional BHA should build an angle in the desired direction of the TFO In order to calculate the position of a well bore there are some assumptions made about its shape. Since we cannot see actually see the well bore location, we have to measure and calculate its position indirectly. All we can measure is the inclination (by using a pendulum or electronically by using accelerometers) and azimuth (using a compass or electronically by resolving magnetometers.) In the event that there is magnetic interference then we are restricted to use gyroscopic devices. The problem of telemetry has then to be solved. In the early days of directional drilling telemetry was by photographic plate recovered on a wire line which was extremely time consuming and since these devices were mechanical they were prone to inaccuracies, adding more to the inefficiencies. Today these measurements are sent to surface in 1 of 3 forms: mud pulse binary coding (but this itself has 3 variations: positive and negative pulse or siren carrier wave), wireless electronic (like radio, but this has limited range capabilities) and wired drill pipe. The higher the bandwidth the more data can be sent to surface in real-time today it is possible to get real-time images of well bores to surface in combination with the directional data of inclination, azimuth and tool face. Drilling systems consist of the components required to steer the well towards its target. A system can consist of many components; each joined in a set order to deliver any of the many DLSs needed to deviate the well bore.
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DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES All modern directional drilling is done by a combination of slide and rotary drilling modes. The slide mode offers challenges since all the pipe string from surface to the top of the motor does not rotate, thus, hole drag and friction are increased, as compared to the rotary mode. Eventually, hole drag becomes so great that an extremely large amount of pipe compression must be applied. At some point, so much compression is used to overcome drag (friction) that the stall force of the motor is exceeded (motor will no longer turn the bit). This is called the stick-slip phenomenon, and dictates the maximum practical directional drilling length that can be drilled in any given well. At this point, the rotary mode is much more efficient in that it allows adequate rotations per minute (RPM) bit speed of the motor, and the pipe is always moving (rotating) reducing further hole friction and the stick/slip effect, and the removal of drill cuttings is enhanced by the turbulence caused by pipe rotation in the well. Motors are continually improving and the latest technology is to make the casting of the stator an even thickness, rather than having ridges. This improves the efficiency of the seals and allows a higher pressure to be used that will deliver more horsepower. Directional casing-while-drilling is under development, where a drilling system is utilized below casing and once the hole is drilled the casing is left in place. This has now been developed for directional wells, in addition to vertical wells. Rotary steerable devices have been produced to maintain wells to vertical; this is important in the quality of wells and helps when drilling in highly dipping formations where a well deviated on its own accord. Drill pipe is being developed with wires on the inside yet maintaining the electrical integrity through the connection this can offer huge bandwidth to the telemetry of the down hole sensors. Measuring performance is usually an exercise in statistics, but the simplest measure of all can be the most informative, which is to record the cost per foot drilled. The equation for cost/ft is well known and is one of the best devices to analyze drilling performance. The cost/ft has elements of rate of penetration (ROP) as well as rig cost and tripping times this is usually indicative of the drilling rig performance also. To measure performance from a purely directional drilling point of view, times and costs can be determined for all modes of drilling, rotation, sliding with or without a motor to assist. Examination of these data in microscopic detail will lead any engineer to the areas, which are really damaging the drilling performance. No measure of performance can be examined in isolation since there may be other drivers such as well bore quality, borehole usability and productive formation damage.
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7.1.2
Bits and Bit Vibration BACKGROUND
There are two basic bit designs used in O&G wells. The first is the conventional roller cone bit design that was first patented by Howard Hughes in the early 1900s. The key to this bit design is that it allows for very high point loading on the bit teeth while still being able to rotate the cones in a small diameter housing. Thus, all roller cone (rock) bits work by point-load crushing of the rock. The roller bit is exceptionally versatile in its ability to drill many different rock types. The other type of bit design is the drag bit. Unlike the roller cone bit, the drag bit has no moving parts and is the oldest bit design used in the drilling industry. In fact, the most common bit type in use today, i.e. the Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit represents the latest version of the basic drag bit design. The emergence of the rolling cone bit virtually eliminated the use of early drag bit designs due to overall versatility. The rolling bit can drill all types of formations and can be altered to achieve special functions, such as directional control or coring. In addition, technological advances have extended operating capabilities that permit the bit to drill long formation intervals. The basic design of the rolling cutter bit consists of a body, cones, and internal flow paths to allow fluid circulation. The bit body generally consists of: 1. Shank, 2. Bit legs, and 3. Journal Pins for cone attachment. Cones are the actual segments of the bit that contact the formation, causing rock failure. The cone may have steel teeth forged as an integral part of the cone or tungsten carbide teeth inserted into the cone for increased tooth life. Flow paths within the bit let the drilling fluid circulate to achieve special functions such as hole cleaning and bit cooling. The manufacturing of drilling bits is done in accordance with strict metallurgical standards. The majority of manufacturers use nickel steel for bit cones. The bit legs are made from special nickel chrome steel. The bearings are made from high-resistance steel capable of sustaining high shock loads. The second type is drag bits (normally PDC, TSP, or natural diamond cutters imbedded in a steel body B.) Drag bits have no moving parts; the teeth cut by shearing the rock as the bit is rotated on bottom with relatively low weight on bit (WOB.) These bits can be customized in almost all features to drill a specific rock type but are not very robust when faced with varying rock types. These bits work well with high RPM and low WOB, the perfect scenario for motor drilling horizontal wells (which drill largely through the same rock type.) Once optimally customized, they can deliver very impressive performance. Diamonds embedded in a matrix have been used since the early Chinese dynasties, and is considered one type of drag bit. The diamonds natural wear resistance makes it comparative in todays drilling practices, even at their higher prices. Diamond bits are used in conventional rotary, turbine, and coring operations. Many types of diamond bit structures are manufactured to address a broad range of operating systems. The selection is often based on economics, the formations to be drilled, and the type of rotary drill bit
(cone type) normally used in an area. Most diamond bit manufacturers have developed comparison guides between their products and roller cone type bits. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY A new generation of bit technology began in 1973 when General Electric Co. introduced the Statapax drill blank. This technology has been licensed to virtually all drill bit manufacturers who now produce their own proprietary PDC bits. PDC bits are manufactured with a machined steel body or matrix body process. The matrix process is similar to the manufacturing of natural diamond bits. Matrix bodies seem to be more resistant to erosion. Manufacturers integrate the PDC blank into their respective bit designs. Variations in designs include number and placement of the blanks, jet structure, and watercourse development. In some applications PDC bits will drill 3-4 times the footage of a conventional roller bit at 2-3 times the drill rate if sticky formations do not pose problems. For example, 18,000 20,000 feet deep wells in South Texas are now typically completed in 70-80 days using PDC bits vs. 120 130 days with conventional roller bits. Analysis of PDC bit performance has helped to group bits based on their ability to drill a defined range of confined compressive strength rock values. Optimum bit selection can then be based on rock hardness profiles, plus other factors such as formation abrasiveness and lithology. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Rotary drilling bits have seen perhaps more technological advancements over the past years than any other type of drilling equipment. These advancements include such items as the development of the roller cone bit, multiple cone and jet arrangements in roller cones, cone lubrication methods, diamond bit drilling and coring procedures, and PDC bits. Each of these advancements represents a significant improvement over previous designs, and they tend to increase the effectiveness of the drilling process. Selecting the proper bits for a well is an important decision that affects the overall cost. Many factors must be evaluated, including bit cost, expected parameters (i.e. turbines, rotary drilling, air operations), formation types and properties, mud systems, and rig costs. The emerging technology for bit design adds additional significance when evaluating these parameters. Rotation of thin tubular drill strings with relatively heavy components on the end can cause complex vibrations in the drill string and these can be highly destructive, and have been measured in excess of 50G (50 times force of gravity.) Axial vibration (mis-called bit-bounce) can cause damage to tool joints, lateral vibration can cause failure of electrical components. There are also 3 modes of torsion vibration: forward whirl, backward whirl which describe the relative direction of the vibration to the drill string rotation and slip-stick which is caused by momentary stalling of the rotation followed by a period of catch-up.
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Bit technology is an area experiencing dynamic changes and improvements in the drilling industry. One of these is bi-centered bits that are used in problematic rocks where the drilled hole size may constrict due to shale swelling, tectonic stress, excessive filter cakes, etc. This type of bit will drill a hole slightly larger than its OD, providing more clearance for all well tubulars behind the bit. For example, an 8.5 bit can be run down through a 9.625 casing, and then drill a 10 hole below the casing shoe. Another industry pursuit is the concept of casing drilling. Drilling with the casing string provides the advantage of assuring that the casing string is set at bottom once pulling the bit out of the hole. In this concept, the bit/motor assembly is attached below the casing shoe, and a dual rotary system rotates the casing independently while drilling. Once casing TD is reached, the bit/drilling assembly is pulled out of the casing by wireline and the casing is cemented in place conventionally. A shock sub, sometimes called a vibration damper, is designed to work like a shock absorber. It reduces the vibrations generated by the bit, stabilizer and reamer and reduces potential damage to the drill sting components. The need for a shock sub is obvious when drilling the upper portion of the hole, because the bounce and vibration is transmitted to the surface. When the well gets deeper, the vibration is not as problematic because of the dampening effect of the longer drill stem. 7.2 Drill Pipe and Coiled Tubing
There are many different things to consider when drilling a deep well. A deep highpressured and temperature environment introduces greater opportunities for leaking to occur, failure due to fatigue and wear, and failure due to corrosive substances. The high weight at depth, torque, and bending can damage the drill pipe. Stuck pipe and vibration due to the drilling operation can lead to failure in the forms of pipe collapse, ballooning, or burst. Drilling applications involving the use of coiled tubing has been used on a commercial basis for many years, and can provide significant economic benefits when applied to the proper settings. Coiled tubing drilling can be divided into two main categories, directional drilling and non-directional drilling. Non-directional wells generally use fairly conventional drilling assembles in conjunction with a downhole motor. Directional drilling requires the use of an orienting device to steer well trajectory. Bit design and selection follows the same theory used in conventional rotary drilling, but incorporating higher bits speeds and lower drilling weights. Non-directional wells represent the largest coiled tubing drilling application. However, the majority of this work has involved shallow gas well development in Canada. Also, the majority of non-directional coiled tubing drilling has been performed with holes sizes less than 7 inches, but holes as large as 13-3/4 inches in diameter have been successfully drilled. Directional coiled tubing drilling can include new wells, depth (exploratory) extensions, sidetracks, and so forth. However, the primary use of coiled tubing directional drilling is to access new reservoir targets from existing well bores, whether these are shallow or deep efforts.
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BACKGROUND Conventional drill strings consist of slender tubes, each about 30ft in length joined with a threaded tool joint. These pipes are made from steel of varying properties and the mechanical properties dictate the overall strength of the drill string. Drill strings are designed to withstand torque; bending and high axial loads since they are normally a tensile component, supporting the weight of the drilling system run on the bottom. The controlling criteria for drill pipe selection are collapse, tension, slip crushing, and dogleg severity. Collapse and tension are used to select pipe weights, grades, and couplings. Slip crushing effects the tension design and pipe selection. A dogleg analysis is performed to study the fatigue resulting from rotating in a dogleg angle change. Typically, higher-strength pipe is required in the lower sections of the string for collapse resistance, while tension dictates the higher-strength pipe at the top of the well. Virtually all coiled tubing in use today begins as large coils of low-alloy carbon-steel sheets. These can be up to 55 inches and weigh over 24 tons. The length sheet can range from 1,000 feet, for 0.250-inch gauge thickness to 3,500 feet for 0.087-inch gauge thickness. The mechanical performance of coiled tubing is fundamentally different from all other tubular products used in the petroleum industry because coiled tubing is plastically deformed with normal use. Plastic deformation of materials imparts fatigue on the coiled tubing string, and this fatigue continues to accumulate over the life of the sting, until such time as cracks develop, resulting in failure. Tubing diameter normally ranges from 0.75 inch to 4 inch, with a single reel length up to 30,000 feet. Common coiled tubing steels have strengths ranging from 55,000 to 120,000 pounds per square inch. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Since drill stem testing causes the most severe collapse loading on the drill pipe, it is commonly used to control the collapse design. Also, a design factor is usually added to the load line to obtain a design line from which to select pipe weights and grades. Casing and tubing design problems usually use small design factors of 1.0-1.15 for collapse since the pipe is new and generally inspected at the mill or on-site. Drill pipe is usually designed with a factor of 1.3, since new pipe is seldom used when running a Drill Stem Test. The tension load is evaluated after the weights, grades, and section lengths have been established from the collapse designs. Buoyancy is included in the tension design evaluation due to the manner in which biaxial stresses alter the collapse properties of the pipe. Since the string is designed with the concept of maximum loading, it is important that buoyancy be included in the design. The tensile strength of drill pipe is used to determine the correct working depth for a particular grade of pipe. Design criteria for static tension loads requires sufficient strength in the top joint of drill pipe to support the remaining submerged drill pipe. The formulas used are in accordance with the API Bulletin RP7G.
If the tensile load of the pipe approaches the maximum load indicated, then permanent stretch may occur. To prevent this situation, a design factor of 0.9 of the theoretical maximum tensile load is used. Also, a minimum over pull factor is applied to the tension load. The factor was originated to ensure the driller could safely pull a certain load on the pipe in the event of sticking. A typical range for the over pull value is 50 to 100 thousand pounds. The term Margin of Over pull is used to represent the difference between the calculated load and the maximum allowable design tension load. Critical rotating speeds in the drill pipe string causes vibrations that are often the cause of crooked drill pipe, excessive wear, rapid deterioration and fatigue failure. Such critical rotational speeds vary with the length and size of the drill stem and collars and the hole size. There is current evidence that excessive power is required at the rotary to maintain a constant speed at critical rotary speeds. This so-called power indicator, plus surface evidence of vibration, commonly warns crews that rotating is in the critical range. The most common cause of drill string failures is fatigue. When the drill string is stressed and cyclically loaded, it will fail after a certain number of cycles of stress reversal. As the stress increases the number of cycles to failure will decrease. Fatigue failure which could lead to a washout or a twist-off, accounts for 95% of drill sting failures. The inherent strength of the carbon steel material most commonly used to manufacture coiled tubing may not always be adequate for the intended task (completions, workover, or drilling), preventing the use of such strings in harsh reservoir environments. Some corrosive deep environments, for example, dictate the use of improved coiled tubing incorporating relatively new corrosion resistant alloys commercially introduced in early 2003. These alloy compositions have allowed permanent installations of coiled tubing completion strings to be installed at depths greater than 18,000 feet, and has also provided much improved resistance to abrasions. Another coiled tubing alloy being tested is designed for applications to drilling in both CO2 and H2S environments. Composites of fibers, usually woven glass and carbon attached with resins have also had commercial applications, as early as 1998. To date, coiled tubing drilling applications have been used primarily for re-entry operations, but new wells are also benefiting from this drilling approach. More specifically, coiled tubing drilling has been found ideal for certain underbalanced applications because of its inherent well control system. For example, underbalanced drilling applications with coiled tubing are used extensively in Canada, where conventional rigs drill to the top of the target reservoir and then run the casing string. From this casing point, a coiled tubing unit is then used to drill-out from under the casedhole section and into the reservoir itself. This technique attempts to leverage the respective strengths of both drilling systems. Coiled tubing drilling is also being found to be better suited to deal with the pressure of producing hydrocarbons from the targeted reservoir interval.
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DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Though drill string weight is an important consideration, casing string weight may also be the critical parameter in sizing a drilling rig. Drill strings made from aluminum exist but despite their lightweight they suffer from low strengths. Drill strings made from titanium are possible but extremely expensive, but being light and very strong would increase the range of possible depth to which we could drill using adaptations of existing technologies. Drill strings come also in a full range of diameters to cater for all hole sizes but the smaller they are then the weaker they are. In smaller hole sizes and where rotation is not needed then a coiled drill string is possible as an adaptation of Coiled Tubing deployment systems. 7.3 Borehole Integrity
It is important that drilling contractors understand the overwhelming importance of drilling a straight top section when drilling a new deep well. Aging of the borehole as drilling progresses leaves room for such problems as hole collapse and drilling fluid (mud) filtrate invasion problems. Keeping the hole clean, minimizing mud hold-down effects on cuttings, and at the same time being able to handle pressure transition zones are important to borehole stability and ROP. 7.3.1 Top Hole Section BACKGROUND Deviation, or well bore inclination from vertical, is always somewhat and often substantially dependent on the WOB and RPM programs. The RPM used can affect the bits tendency to gain or lose angle from a side cutting action which, when combined with the drilling rate present, will either build or lose angle at a faster or slower rate depending on the magnitude and direction of the side forces on the bit. Normally, however, RPM effects on deviation are not severe. The WOB has much more dramatic effect on well bore deviation, particularly in areas that have significant levels of formation dip angle. In many types of zones, an equilibrium bit weight exists that will maintain a given hole angle. Increasing the bit weight may result in considerable deviation over relatively short drilled distances. One reason for this is that the direction that the bit is pointing can be out of line with the drilled bored hole direction due to buckling of the drill collars. Another reason is that the forward drilling rate overcomes the pendulum effects ability of the bit to return the hole to vertical. Deviation effects can be minimized through the use of stabilization subs placed at strategic points near the bottom of the drill collar string. Hole deviations, however, do occur and in the final analysis, such stabilization serves primarily to only limit the rate of
change of angle of the bored hole to within acceptable levels when using normal bit weights. In any case, the use of very high bit weights, even when stabilized, can easily lead to unacceptable rates of hole angle increase, or unacceptable maximum hole angle. Often when the hole deviates too much, additional costs are incurred to correct the angle of the bored hole. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Weight on bit and RPM programs are difficult to program with any degree of precision in all but very well known development type wells. In other wells, a bit program that outlines recommended bit types, WOB and RPM is typically changed significantly over the actual operational period. Nonetheless, having such a pre-drill program does serve as a useful guideline for drill bit selection. It also does attempt to provide a reasonable indication of the formation hardness and rock drilling ability based on estimates for the amount of footage expected for each bit run. In general, such predetermined guidelines for any well can be outlined, and a range of typical values of RPM and WOB for each bit size can be described. Qualitatively, ideal or required bit weight (WOB) would tend to increase under the following circumstances: Formation becomes harder (lessening the ability to drill) Bit size increases Concern for hole deviation is reduced Mud density is increased Formation exhibits higher threshold drilling weight Solids content of the mud increases Journal bit bearings are used RPM utilized is reduced A bit with shorter, flatter cutters or compacts is selected (harder bit) A bit with less cone offset is selected (a more true running bit) Tungsten carbide insert bits are selected instead
Similarly, ideal or required RPM would tend to increase under the following circumstances: Formation is softer (higher drill ability) A bit with longer, more pointed teeth is selected (softer bit) Milled tooth bits are selected with roller bearings Formation exhibits greater plasticity Lower weight on bit is used in an attempt to reduce hole angle by pendulum effect A bit with more offset is utilized Bit depth is relatively shallow Hole size is smaller
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7.3.2
Drilling Fluids BACKGROUND
Drilling fluids used in a well bore may be gas, liquid, or a combination of solids suspended in liquids. The objectives of any type of drilling fluid are to permit safe and economical drilling and completion of a well, and to provide maximum productive capability. In order to achieve these objectives, drilling fluids are designed to perform the following functions: Cool and lubricate the bit and drill pipe Effectively clean the bottom of the hole Remove cuttings from the hole Control subsurface pressure Transmit fluid energy to the bit nozzles Prevent H2S attack or corrosion fatigue on the drill pipe Minimize damage to the well bore and facilitate formation evaluation Prevent or minimize caving of the formation walls, except when utilizing very low hydrostatic potential fluids such as air, mist, or foam Circulate out caving materials when they occur Minimize filtrate invasion by deposition of a low permeability wall filter cake Permit fast drilling rates through effective hole cleaning, minimum circulating overbalance and minimum chip hold down pressure Assist in the protecting workers and nearby personnel from toxic down hole gases Suspend the cuttings and weight material when circulation is discontinued Minimize the number and size of casing strings required to meet the total depth objectives by maintaining stable hole conditions and permitting longer open hole section
Drilling fluids commonly referred to as mud has evolved greatly since they were first introduced during the early days of rotary drilling. The term mud, related to the natural mud generated when drill water mixed with the natural clays drilled by the bit in the well. This generated a viscosity in the fluid that assisted in the lifting of cuttings out of the well. As wells were drilled deeper into more troublesome rock formations and higherpressure reservoirs, the chemistry of the fluid became more complex. Clay stabilization and weighting became important design issues. As additives for such purposes were developed, the rheological behavior of the fluid became affected, leading to thinners and other additives required to maintain proper flow properties of the fluids. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Modern drilling fluids are available in a wide range of base fluids (gas, oil, or water), and employ a great variety of chemical additives. Once horizontal well applications became more commonplace, the non-damaging aspects of the fluid also became critical. The term drill-in fluid was coined to reflect the differences in the desired properties of a given mud used to drill through non-productive sections of the well (vertical and
curved section), versus the completion type drill-in fluid used in the productive interval. In fact, one general early failure mode of operation was to employ a single fluid for both tasks, which led to many properly drilled wells that had uneconomic production result due to excessive and irrevocable near-well bore damage caused by interaction between the drilling fluid/particulates and the reservoir rock/connate fluids. 7.3.4 Solids Removal BACKGROUND Proper solids control is one of the most important aspects for maintaining good hole conditions. Drill solids affect virtually every property of a drilling fluid and usually in a negative fashion. Even with knowledge of their detrimental effects, drilling personnel frequently pay insufficient attention to solids control equipment, equipment maintenance and procedure for solids management. Excessive solids in a drilling fluid system can have the following effects: Increase plastic viscosity of mud Increase mud density Increase mud maintenance, cost Decrease penetration rate Decrease bit life Increase surge and swab pressures that may induce lost circulation or sloughing Increase chances of differential sticking Reduce the hole cleaning capability of the mud Increase damage to the productive horizons
There are three methods commonly employed for dealing with the removal of solid contaminants from drilling fluid: Disposal of whole mud Chemical treatment Mechanical removal (either by filtering or screening, or by centrifugal settling. these types of solids control methods have become the most widely used techniques to remove drilled solids contaminants. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY As rotary drilling technology evolves, so does the role and strategy of solids removal. Originally, vibrating metal screens were developed to filter the rock cuttings out of the mud, hence the shale shaker. A modern rig will have a bank of such shakers, and also hydro-cyclones, and centrifuges, where each component is designed to remove a specified particle size range of solids in a sequential process. In addition, solids settling in large tanks (settling pits), or chemical flocculation may be employed to remove certain sized particles.
A key difference associated with the use of coiled tubing for drilling is the absence of tubing rotation while drilling progresses. Since the tube doesnt rotate, hole cleaning can be more challenging in heavily deviated or horizontal applications. This effect is partly offset by the smaller cuttings produced by coiled tubing drilling, since it incorporates higher RMPs and lower weight on bit. Specialized viso-elastic fluids have been developed for coiled tubing drilling that change their rheology based on the local shear rates, in that they become more viscous in the annulus to improve the lifting of cuttings. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES The importance of drilling a straight top section when drilling a new deep well is overwhelming, since it will direct the remainder of the hole. Borehole collapse, drilling fluid / mud filtrate invasion are the primary physical drivers for further development of this aspect of deep drilling technology. Specific issues are related to aging of the borehole as drilling progresses, maintaining a clean hole, minimizing mud hold-down effects on cuttings, and handling pressure transition zones. The geometry of horizontal wells complicates the ability of drilling fluid to carry cuttings out to surface. Also, the application of hydraulic power for mud motors, and measuring while drilling (MWD) applications requires rheological properties and pump rates to be properly balanced. While too high a flow rate may destroy the wells integrity in softer rocks and accelerate pressure dependent damaging mechanisms, too low a flow rate may not allow effective drilling. Thus, drill fluids must be designed to constantly carry the appropriate mix of particulates to properly produce thin, low permeable, lasting filter cakes. Additionally, the fluid filtrate must be compatible with all connate fluids and rock mineralogy to ensure irrevocable secondary reactions do not destroy the productivity of the reservoir. Detailed hydraulics programming is required to help ensure that the best-fit chemical designs are established so that fluids accomplish prime objectives without causing damage. A dilemma within the industry relates to the progressive particle size degradation of the drilled solids. As these solids are ground finer and finer by all aspects of fluid use, they become progressively more expensive and difficult to remove; and reservoir-damaging effects are amplified. Some of the latest technology offerings include clay-free synthetic fluids, ultra-low colloidal solids inhibitive and clay-free water-based systems, and a variety of specialty products designed for high-pressure high-temperature wells, and for severe cases of lost circulation. A major breakthrough in drilling fluid technology is clay-free, high-performance synthetic-based fluid. It was introduced to provide a flat rheological profile over the wide temperature range encountered in deep water drilling. This gel type fluid provides excellent suspension and hole-cleaning characteristics yet resists barite sag tendencies that other wise plague synthetic-based fluids in high-angle wells. This drilling fluid is stable within temperatures ranging from 40 to 350F, and has specialized thinning properties that produce flat rheological profiles at cold seabed temperatures.
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A newer high-performance, environmentally compliant synthetic-based drilling fluid is now also available to the oil and gas industry. It is formulated with a viscosifier for rheological control and a copolymer to help control fluid losses in high pressure-high temperature wells. By omitting lignite materials and minimizing organic clay additions, this system provides very good performance in both shelf and deep-water applications, while meeting or exceeding environmental requirements. It can tolerate temperatures of 500 F in high-pressure applications, making it especially useful for offshore deep shelf natural gas drilling at 18,000 feet or more. More advanced clay-inhibitive water-based systems provide a high-performance freshwater drilling fluid system designed to maximize the positive effects of maintaining ultralow colloidal (<2.0 micron) solids in a drilling fluid. These polymer type systems were developed using molecular modeling, and can impart fast and stable inhibition to highly reactive formations. These newer systems can be exposed to extreme conditions, such as high differential pressures, acid gas, wet cement, temperatures up to 350F, and densities up to 17.5 pounds per gallon. The system is relatively simple to manage and has demonstrated lower overall drilling cost per foot compared to more conventional dispersed or diesel-based systems. There are also new clay-free water-based drilling fluid systems designed to inhibit reactive bentonite shale, which helps to eliminate bit balling, and therefore enhance penetration rates. This type of drilling fluid was introduced in 2002, and now widely used in the Rocky Mountains and in Western Canada to help improve drilling performance in both conventional and coal gas wells. Such fluid systems can be built entirely with produced water, conserving water supplies and reducing costs. Other types of fluid loss systems are being developed that have constant fluid loss control built in, and are not damaging. One of the more current aspects of improvement in specialty type drilling fluids focuses on loss of circulation, which can be costly and can disrupt drilling operations for days. Lost circulation pills are being developed that are fast-acting treatments that help seal-off even the most severe loss zones in as little as a few hours, allowing the operator to return to normal drilling activities. Such pills can be spotted (transported and placed in the hole), saving rig time and operational costs because it requires no trips out of the hole, no special pumping equipment, and no specialized spacers. 7.4 Cementing
The number of hours spent and the cost of cementing play a major role in deep well drilling. The cementing process accounts for approximately 10% of the total time needed to drill and complete a deep well. Designing cement slurries that are durable and stable at deeper high temperatures and pressures, and do not exceed the fracture gradient of the formation are very important parts of the cementing process.
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BACKGROUND In cementing casings, the objective is to provide a complete fill up of cement in the casing / hole annulus in order to resist specific environmental conditions, and to anchor the casings firmly to the ground and to each other. The hardened cement sheath (compressive strength) must then provide long-term protection to the casing against corrosion by high-temperature formation fluids and gases, and must prevent the uncontrolled flow of formation fluids outside the casing. The depth at which each casing string is set depends on the geological conditions and the total depth to which the well is to be drilled. Therefore these programs vary greatly. In deep well drilling, the major difficulties in cementing arise from high temperatures, lost circulation zones (sometimes caused by formation breakdown by the weight of cement column itself), and contamination of the cement slurry with drilling fluids. Standard cements such as plain neat Portland cement undergo chemical reactions that affect their physical properties when subjected to temperatures in excess of 230 F. Loss of compressive strength and increase in permeability are both noticeable in early setting times. These effects continue and become more evident with increased time of exposure and particularly with increased temperature. In extreme cases, the deterioration may continue until complete disintegration occurs. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY The basic composition currently available for cementing very deep-set casings where temperatures generally exceed 230 F is API Class G or H cement stabilized with silica sand or flour. Weighting agents (typically Hematite or Manganese Oxide), lightweight materials, and some times lost circulation materials are added as necessary. For temperature in excess of 212 F a number of cements resistant to strength degradation are now available. When these cements are of low water content, they can retain compressive strengths at very high temperatures (up to about 1500 F), but do undergo substantial shrinkage (4 to 12%), and therefore may not be completely suitable for many applications. Also, commercially available cement systems are able to retain their compressive strength and low permeability without excessive shrinkage within deep well environments with temperature to 600 F. Certain salts and friction reducers that produce higher expansion and excellent longer-term flow properties may also be included in the formulation. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES In deciding the cementing program for deep wells, the first basic need is sufficient fluid life, commonly referred to as placement time and indirectly assessed by the thickening time, to place the slurry in the casing-hole annulus. The cementing composition is prepared at atmospheric conditions and then subjected to model simulations of down hole temperatures and pressures. As the slurry becomes hotter, temperature accelerates its hydration. This is the reason why it is necessary to add retardants designed to keep the slurry in a fluid state for a longer period so it can be placed properly.
Normally, deep wells mean high pressures, and therefore high densities. However in certain deep wells, it may be necessary to reduce the cement slurry density design in order to minimize hydrostatic pressure, or to attempt to bridge natural or drilling-induced fractures in the rock in order to control lost circulation. Weight reduction of cementing slurries has historically been accomplished by adding more water and / or lightweight materials. Most of these, however, cannot be used at temperatures in excess of 450 F. At times very small glass beads may be used to encourage the bridging of fractures. New cements for deep drilling must exhibit high final set cement strength while retaining low viscosity for extended periods of time for the liquid slurry, be easy to mix and pump, be impermeable, and able to endure cycling stresses for long periods of time. Newer additives, such as super high strength hollow glass bubbles are used to improve the deep drilling applicability of cements without compromising strength, heat resistance, and permeability, but all the same, lower the density of cements. 7.5 Coring
Coring at depth can be difficult and costly. Core recovery from depth can have detrimental effects on core physical condition because of the decreasing pressure on the core as it is retrieved from the coring location. BACKGROUND Core bits are usually only slightly smaller than the size of the hole being drilled with rock bits, which avoids wedging. Core bits vary in the size, and in the quality of the diamond materials used on the cutter head. This flexibility in core bits allows the optimum bit selection for the type and strength of the formation being cored. The center of any coring operation is the core barrel. While several types of core barrels are used within the industry today, some of the more common types are as follows: The conventional core barrel has an outer and inner barrel that is free to rotate relative to each other. The coring assembly is attached to the drill string, which drives the outer barrel that in turn drives the core bit. The inner barrel remains relatively motionless. A core catcher is located near the bottom of the inner barrel to hold the core while tripping the core assembly out of the hole. A ball is dropped, from surface, into a seat at the top of the inner core barrel. This ball is dropped just before the start of coring in order to divert drilling fluids to around the inner barrel and to the bit without circulating past the core. This prevents the erosion of the core sample and the washing away of native liquids from the core. Wire-line core barrels have a wire-line retrievable inner barrel. This inner barrel is held in place while coring by the mud pressure. In areas where the concern for drill sticking is minimal, wire-line coring can be used to obtain a continuous core. This type of coring greatly reduces coring time. To date, smaller mineral exploration rigs accomplish most
wire-line coring projects, but as the need for information from deeper oil and gas formations has grown, so to has the need for more robust coring methods. One such method involves the use of rotary core barrel system where a larger rig can run in either a continuous wire-line core retrieval mode, or drill ahead without taking core samples. Pressurized core barrel systems provide the least disturbance to the natural state of the core, but it is expensive and can be operationally very difficult to successfully achieve in the field. The core barrel seals the top and bottom of the core and allows maximum retrieval of formation fluids along with the core, without much change in the saturation of oil, water or gas. The core is then usually frozen for transportation so that it may be examined in a relatively native state. Occasionally the complex down hole equipment fails and the pressure seals around the core leak, erasing the advantages of pressurized coring. However, when all has performed properly the core obtained from pressurized barrels yield incomparable levels of valuable information at down hole pressure. Adsorptive type core barrels and gel coring systems are also focused on enhancing the reservoir fluid information extracted from core samples. Adsorptive type barrels have a sponge or similar material lining. This lining absorbs the native fluids as they leave the core. Although more native fluids may be captured using this system than the conventional system, it cannot provide an accurate assessment of native fluid saturations, particularly gas saturation. The gel coring system is focused on preserving core wetting characteristics and mechanical integrity to gain quality information from formation samples. The process features a pre-loaded inner barrel containing a non-invasive encapsulating gel and the down-hole encapsulation of the core sample in order to isolate it from the drilling fluid. CURRENT BENCH MARK TECHNOLOGY There are several versions of the conventional core barrel in use in todays industry including: the marine core barrel (a heavy-walled version of the conventional barrel); the rubber sleeve core barrel; the plastic sleeve core barrel; and the aluminum sleeve core barrel. In general, industry does not use continuous coring applications, more often opting to core 60 90 foot sections then retrieve the entire drill string and coring assembly. This is because the target for coring is limited to the formations suspected to contain commercial quantities of oil and gas. Since precisely predicting core points in many areas can be nearly impossible, industry more often turns to a sidewall type of coring system. Sidewall cores are much less expensive than either conventional or continuous wire-line type approaches. Samples can be taken after the hole has been logged, so operators can selectively limit the horizons from which data is collected. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Of all methods of formation evaluation, coring provides the most hands-on view of the subsurface geology. Coring also permits the most detailed description of the lithologic
sequences present, including porosity, fluid content and saturation, permeability, relative permeability, chemical composition, mineralogy, particle size distribution, natural fracturing, and rock strength. Special orienting tools can also provide formation dip and strike determined from retrieved core samples. The core information is vital for designing non-damaging drilling fluid chemistry and density, well stimulation design, and sand control techniques. Unfortunately, industry does not routinely include coring operations within drilling plans, since coring is time consuming and expensive. One of the most recent additions to technology development is centered on retrieving deep rock formation samples that include a piston-action type sampling mechanism where an cylindrical inner core barrel is more or less pushed into the target formation almost instantaneously by the weight of the drill pipe, capturing up to several meters of rock sample. Comparison of core quality between conventional rotary drilling and piston coring appear to be at least comparable. 7.6 Down Hole Pressures
Higher standpipe pressures are well defined in deep well drilling operations and are a definite safety consideration. The prediction and detection of abnormal pressures is essential, the advantages being: More effective well program Maximum penetration rate (s) using minimum drilling fluid densities Safer selection of casing points Better-engineered production and test equipment plan Better understanding of local geology and drilling problems BACKGROUND Abnormal formation pressure is any geo-pressure section that is different from the established normal pressure for the given area and depth. An abnormal pressure may therefore be less than normal (under pressured) or greater than normal (over pressured.) Normal formation pressure is defined as the formation fluid pressure that is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the formation fluids. Abnormally pressured formations (within the context of this report) have a pressure gradient greater than normal pressure, and socalled normal pressure actually varies from location to location. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY The prediction of abnormally pressured formations can be accomplished using several sources of information. Seismic data can be evaluated prior to the selection of a drilling location. Analyzing the velocity of seismic waves at different intervals in the geophysical section does this. The comprehensive evaluation of offset well information presents perhaps the most effective avenue for predicting abnormal formation pressures. The information used most commonly by industry includes well logs, drilling time logs, bit records, mud records, hydrocarbon mud logs, and sample descriptions.
Where drilling is exploratory or is located within suspected abnormal pressure areas, the data obtained while drilling becomes most important in determining and predicting pore pressure. These data include: Rate of penetration d exponent (a formula combining rig data gathered from changes in ROP, drilling fluid density, and weight on bit) Background, connection and trip gas detection data Analysis of drill cuttings, including shale density Drilling fluid temperature and chlorides content Hole stability indications
After finishing drilling, additional data is commonly gathered to help estimate the formation pressure. This data is then used for completing the well, and for future wells to be drilled in the area. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Abnormal formation pressures occur when the fluid in the pore space begins to support a portion of the mass of the overlying rock. The mass is no longer totally supported by the grain-to-grain contact of the rock matrix. The reasons for such an occurrence vary from one sedimentary basin to another. However, there is a common element in all occurrences of abnormally pressured formations and it is the presence of a seal that prevents interstitial fluids from migrating during the process of compaction. The most common geological processes that cause abnormal pressure are undercompaction of sediments, chemical digenesis, tectonic uplift, contrasting formation pore fluid densities, and recharged / re-pressured formations. Industry identifies and measures abnormal pressures in many ways. Some of these ways are done before the well is started, and others are not available until the well is being drilled. Usually the accuracy of detecting abnormal pressures increases as the well is deepened, the objective being to identify these conditions as soon as possible. Some of the common methods used to identify and measure abnormal pressures include: 7.7 Area analysis from seismic data Analysis of data from offset well, such as logs and drill stem tests, drilling records, and production data. Analysis of data from the prospect well, such as drilling parameters, logs, and drill stem tests Logging
The majority of the oil and gas produced in the world today comes from the pore spaces within reservoir rocks. The amount of hydrocarbons contained in the rock is a function of the porosity and the hydrocarbons saturation. The porosity is the pore or void volume
per unit volume of formation. The hydrocarbon saturation is the fraction or percentage of the pore volume filled with hydrocarbons. In addition to the pore volume and hydrocarbon saturation the thickness or volume accumulation of the formation containing hydrocarbons is determined if a hydrocarbon accumulation is considered to be commercial. A fourth variable that is typically evaluated is the ease of fluid flow through the pore space, i.e. permeability. Four of these variables, namely, porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, differentiation between oil and gas, and thickness can be determined from electric logs. Permeability can only be estimated. The singular most important purpose for drilling any well is to obtain information about the subsurface lithology in order to determine the potential for hydrocarbon production in the area. The information gathered and analyzed by the drilling team will also assist in making the decision necessary to optimize the drilling performance on the well. Logging deep wells is made more difficult as the depth increases with increasing pressure and temperature. BACKGROUND The evaluation of the information generated by the well is an extremely important task for the deep well drilling team. The geologists assigned to the project have historically accomplished the initial evaluation of the geological progress using drill cutting evaluation and mud logging. The analysis of the drill cuttings provides information on the lithology, rock composition, rock characteristics, the presence of porosity, and an indication of hydrocarbons. Additionally the density of the cutting is used as an indicator for the determination of formation pressure transition zones. The resulting lithology log is then used to evaluate lost circulation problems, zones of formation instability, and identification of faults causing hole deviations. All deep well drilling rigs come equipped with a mechanical device to measure the time it takes to drill per unit foot. These mechanical devices also typically include recordings of several other drilling parameters, such as: Rotary speed Weight or force on bit Pump pressure Pump rate Mud temperature Mud pit volume
A principle measurement of the rigs hydrocarbon mud log is the amount and type of hydrocarbons present in the mud. A portion of the return drilling fluid stream is passed through a sampling device that liberates the entrained oil and gas. There are two basic ways used to sample the mud stream. The first involves using an agitator to liberate the light hydrocarbon gases from the drilling fluid in a continuous process. The second
technique uses steam to boil off hydrocarbon vapors (up to C4) from the mud in a batch process. The sampled gas stream passes through a flow regulator, a flow meter and a gas detector. The gas detector measures the relative amount of hydrogen present in the sample. Further analysis of the gas is done through a gas chromatograph. The gas chromatograph measures the type of hydrocarbon and the amount of each species present in the sample. Data from the detector and chromatograph are then recorded on a chart which is depth driven. The sample reading is then compared to the lithology penetrated. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Today, there are a large number of logs that can be run while drilling is underway. These Logging While Drilling tools include: Multi-depth of investigation propagation resistivity and electrode resistivity Azimuthal electrode resistivity Plateau and spectral gamma-ray, azimuthal gamma-ray Neutron porosity Azimuthal density Compressional and shear sonic Borehole imaging & dip meter using resistivity, ultrasonic, and density measurements Seismic check shot and vertical seismic imaging Formation Pressure while drilling Magnetic Resonance (MR) while drilling, fluid properties from MR Ultra deep resistivity for geosteering Borehole caliper (electrical, acoustic and nuclear) Measurements at the bit (resistivity, gamma ray) Drilling mechanics (weight on bit, torque on bit, shock, rotations per minute, temperature, inclination, direction, etc.) Time-lapse logging to observe invasion and borehole alteration All of the above are available in real-time with mud pulse or electromagnetic wave telemetry
In addition, more sophisticated post drilling logging routines are being introduced into the industry, such as the Formation Micro Imager (FMI) log, Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) log, visible light spectrum image, sonic imagery, etc., are all now available as potential log runs. Typically, these high-end logs are run only on high-profile offshore wells, particularly in exploration and delineation wells. Very seldom are these high-tech logs run on development wells on land. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES A shift from the traditional use of wire-line conveyed geophysical logging is apparently occurring as a result of the growing popularity of horizontal well applications. Since electric log interpretation is dramatically affected by the geometry of the horizontal well
as it crosses different lithologies at very high incident angles, and since there are no significant characteristics to view on electric logs run within very long productive lengths that are typical of horizontal wells, these logs are becoming of less recognized value. Another major operational constraint to conventional wire-line logging in horizontal wells relates to the conveyance of the tools into and out of the well. Above an approximately 45 angle, wire-line conveyed logging strings do not fall in the well, and therefore have to be pushed/pulled in and out of the well by the pipe string, usually that used to drill the well. Such pipe conveyed logging typically require the drilling tools to be removed from the pipe string and then replaced by logging tools. An electric wire-line is then placed inside the pipe to power and transmit log data. This is a very expensive operation on the rig, and is very time consuming and many times problematic. Another confusion prevalent in the industry relates to the relationship of geo-steering versus evaluation logging. Running any number of standard evaluation logs after drilling the well provides no geo-steering value since the well is already drilled. Thus, if any specific log response is required for geo-steering, they must be tools connected to the drilling assembly, and are restricted to a few basic spherically focused tool sets (most typically gamma, resistivity and neutron-density). For all these reasons, evaluation logging is currently not a standard practice in the horizontal section of horizontal wells, as it is in vertical wells. In mature regions, it is estimated that only 10-20% of the horizontal wells have had any logging evaluations conducted. One recent adaptation focused on addressing the downside of pipe-conveyed logging applications involves the use of stand-alone memory logging devices, which eliminates the operational issues and risks involved in conventional wire-line operations. A series of batteries and chips are installed in the log tools, and so no wire-line connection is required. All log response data is stored, however, and log data becomes available only once the tools are pulled out of the well bore. In summary, the next generation Logging While Drilling tools include the following development technologies: Nuclear spectroscopy Source less nuclear Sampling while drilling Deep and ultra-deep directional measurements for imaging away from the borehole and geosteering Imaging in oil based mud Improved depth accuracy Equipment rated for high temperatures (> 300 degrees F) and high pressures (>25,000 psi) High bandwidth, two-way telemetry using wired drill pipe that will deliver more data per foot than wire line logging
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Eventually, any measurement now made on wire line will be become available for logging while drilling 7.8 Rig Design
Drilling rig design and capability has evolved tremendously since the days of cable tool rigs and solid body fish-tail bits. In cable drilling, a solid body bit was simply lowered on wire cable and progressively dropped by lifting/lowering cable, and rotated by the use of a wire rope. With the development of rotary drilling bit technology, cable tool rigs were replaced with rotary rigs having the capability to rotate long strings of hollow steel pipe connected together with thread forms, and circulate drilling fluid at a high rate/pressure down the pipe, out the bit jets, and then back up through the annular space between the pipe and open hole. The of coiled tubing continues to grow beyond early cleanout and acid stimulation applications, including drilling as the emphasis on highly deviated and horizontal well trajectories increase. The basic recognized advantages associated with coiled tubing applications are: (1) A traditional rig (completion, workover, or rotary drilling) is not required; (2) The short timeframe required to trip coiled tubing in and out of the hole; and (3) Coiled tubing operations can be safely performed with pressure on the well thus eliminating the requirement to kill the well while reducing the risk of formation damage. BACKGROUND Land rigs are not dramatically customized for a particular application, and can be divided into two main types, service rigs and drilling rigs. Service rigs, or pulling units, are small mobile rigs designed only to service a well (pull and replace pump, stimulate with acid, etc.) This basic rig design would include a mast, draw-works, and pipe racking or lay-down area for storing tubing as for pump removals and installations. Any additional well servicing or stimulation equipment would be mobilized and added to the basic service rig package as required. A service rig can be adapted to do minor drilling work, such as deepening or sidetracking, by adding power swivels for rotating pipe and pumps for fluid circulation. Service rigs are generally equipped with a mast capable of pulling one 30 long joint of pipe or tubing at a time, and would typically demand a day-rate within the $1,500 $2,500 range. Typically service rig masts and draw-works are not rated for a large loading, such as casing or drill pipe strings. Drilling rigs are larger and contain all the related equipment to drill and complete a well from surface to TD - total depth. These rigs may demand a day-rate in the $8,000 to well over $20,000 (for offshore rigs), depending on size and equipment compliment. A pad rig is typically designed to be self-skidding so that it can be moved quickly a short distance without dismantling the various rig components. A typical double drilling rig
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may require 14 large flatbed trailers for mobilization, a triple rig may require 24 trailers, and so on. The coiled tubing unit is comprised of the complete set of equipment necessary to perform standard continuous-length tubing operations in the field. This unit is combined with a variety of down-hole motor assemblies for drilling applications. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY A major U.S. drilling company reports that relatively poor rig drilling performance was primarily due to human error not equipment. This being said, the drilling industry has advanced remarkably during the past several years, with drill rig time-on-location generally reduced in half. This is reportedly due to a combination of things, including the introduction of PDC bit technology and lower-balanced drilling systems (incorporating polymer mud) and abilities to monitor operations and respond more quickly. Also, there is a much wider familiarity with the rock formations today than before, and there are now more opportunities for learning this aspect through the experience of others. Today, drilling is contracted as "day work", "footage", or "turnkey". Margins are normally higher than operating companies wish to pay for footage contracts, and the liabilities are normally higher than drilling companies wish to take (insurance premiums) for turnkey contracts. Thus, most drill work (on land) today is completed under "day work" type contracts. Day work contracts, however, do not necessarily provide incentive to drilling companies to do much thinking of ways to improve performance, since company operators (rightfully so) must make many of the on-site decisions - probably the most critical of which are those involving drilling mud control. On the other hand, "turnkey drilling" engagements, although seldom, are important for drilling companies because these type contracts opportunities to sharpen company drilling skills. One current trend occurring on land is termed Sequence drilling or Batch drilling. This involves multi-rig and multi-well development programs where logistics are favorable and well-to-well designs are fairly consistent. The approach used is to allocate a number of larger rigs for the drilling of the upper sections of the bore hole, and then replace these rigs with more specialized units to drill the deeper productive intervals. In this manner, rigs and crews are repeating the same task from well to well, thus generating economiesof-scale and efficiencies. Offshore units are highly customized for application. There can also be divided into two basic types: 1. Fixed (platform, jack-up, etc.) which are either temporarily or permanently placed on location. 2. Floaters (typically mobile semi-submersibles or drill-ships) typically used for both exploration and development modes.
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The typical design for a deep gas well on the Gulf Coast of Mexico may require 10 casing strings, with the weight of the deeper strings exceeding 1,000,000 pounds. For these extreme loads and depths, very large surface bore hole sizes are required to allow for adequate size-diameter production casing installations (e.g.; 7 production casing.) Since even the largest generic offshore rigs are not capable of theses loadings, so-called super deep rigs are now being developed. While the initial development of coiled tubing was supported by the desire to work on live well bores, speed and economy have also emerged as key advantages. The relatively small footprint and short rig-up time has made coiled tubing rigs even more attractive for drilling, completions, and workover operations. Other currently recognized advantages of this technology include: safe and efficient live well intervention; the ability to circulate while running in or out of the drilled hole; reduced trip time; reduced crew personnel requirements; all of which result it what could be significant cost reductions. Today it is common for coiled tubing strings to be constructed from continuously milled tubing that can be manufactured with no butt welds. Coiled tubing diameters have continued to grow to keep pace with the greater strength requirements necessary for new market applications, including deeper well drilling needs. With more than 1050 units now available worldwide, it is no longer unusual to find coiled tubing units with diameters up to 2-7/8 inches readily available anywhere where there is oil and gas field activity. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Many of the historic mundane, or dangerous activities on the rig have been automated, most obvious among which is the physical handling of joints of pipe, pipe tongs and slips on the rig floor. All offshore rigs are now built with automatic pipe handling systems, such that no human is ever in contact with the pipe from the point it is picked up from the deck onward. This also includes handling of casing joints, riser joints, etc. The more modern land rigs are also equipped in this manner. As summed by one drilling industry representative, drilling rigs must drill faster, stay out of trouble, and do it safely. All other efforts are derived from these three items. A drilling company key representative reports that the most important areas for improving drilling performance within the next five years or so include: better deviation equipment, better hydraulics, and better tubulars. In addition, this representative stated that the next generation of improvements will probably come in the form of improved PDC bit design, and improved drilling fluids, such as drilling with natural gas. Drilling rigs to fully exploit currently recognized deep gas resources are anticipated to be required to have the following attributes: Hoisting capacities to 2,500,000 lbs. Increased horsepower ratings to over 10,500 hp. Multiple mud pumps to provide the volumes and hydraulics necessary for larger. hole sizes, each rated to approximately 3000 horsepower and 7500 psig.
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Increased shale shaker capacities capable of handling volumes in excess of 3100 gallons per minute and of cleaning the drilling mud efficiently. An increased liquid mud capacity to over 2100 barrels Increased BOP ratings to approximately 15,000 psig and 18 choke manifolds due to increased formation pressures. Increased variable load ratings to approximately 5,000,000 lbs in order to handle the additional weight of longer casing strings and drilling supplies Incorporated mud cooler systems to combat much higher down hole temperatures
For deepwater applications, coiled tubing applications are constrained by the lifting capacity of cranes, as well as deck loading and space limitations. A loaded coiled tubing reel is typically the heaviest component of the unit. Another issue related to the use of coiled tubing is related to working in very long horizontal hole sections. The inherent strength of the coiled tubing may prevent the string from reaching the depth that is desirable. This issue is sometimes overcome with the addition of a down-hole tractor that is attached to the coiled tubing string. This tractor can then be use to either push or pull the string, enabling it to successfully reach the target depth, or be able to apply a require downhole force (to set a sleeve, for example). Some tractors can supply up to 11,000 pounds of force to pull or push the coiled tubing string, and can operate at speeds of up to 30 feet per minute. 7.9 Rock Mechanics
An important piece of information to know when drilling a deep well is the characteristics of the various rock types that will be encountered during the drilling process. It can save both time and money if the proper bits are selected for drilling the various sections of the well. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Industrys ability to predict rock failure is limited by geological uncertainty, so rock mechanics models are used as a heads-up warning, with the aim to monitor and understand drilling conditions directly, e.g., using down hole pressure to prevent bridging (cutting particles packing off) and real-time image-while-drilling logs to determine how mud pressure and in-situ stress conditions affect the integrity of the real borehole (rather than the modeled one.) Todays state of the art predicting and describing parameters for bit selection and associated fluid transport / flow requirements is represented by the development of models. Geo-mechanics models are used to estimate flow induced stresses; rock failure mode, and subsequent evolution of well bore geometry and solids production potential. Reservoir fluid models are used to estimate reservoir pressure and formation fluid flow rates. Transport models then combine the output from the reservoir fluid model and the geo-mechanic model to estimate erosion failure and the additional amount of solid to be
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transported from the well bore during the drilling process, including the relative tendency for bridging to occur. 7.10 Drill Data Management
Because there is a wealth of data being generated, monitored, and analyzed on location during drilling it is important for management to have direct access to the data so that real-time, informed decisions can be made. A standard protocol and format for data is important in order to simplify the translation of the data. Remote, real-time data analysis and real-time decision tree analysis can serve to help drill and complete deep wells in a more timely and cost effective manner. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Todays modern deep well drilling rig represents a very complicated and sophisticated arrangement of equipment systems. Almost all deep drilling land rigs now employ electronic drilling recorders, state-of-the-art monitoring and alarm systems, video surveillance systems, digitized drilling information record and transmission systems, etc. Very high-end, offshore rigs employ joystick controls and touch-screen operation systems. Also, most large operators employ a standardized format for all drilling data recording and storage (e.g., DIMS-Drilling Information Management System.) On-board computer applications have the capability to access historical data from any targeted region, and to run all the pre-engineering required for a complex well design. All intended operational parameters, such as optimized weight on bit, total depth, projected well path, hydraulic requirements, and so forth, can be displayed and compared against actual real-time rig parameters, allowing operations to optimize as the well is being drilled, detecting well problems before they become serious. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES A very large amount of data is generated resulting from monitoring drilling parameters, which must be analyzed in real-time. Management must have direct access to this data / analyses so that similar real-time decisions can be made. Cutting edge technologies include the generation and use of 3D/4D geo-mechanical models for a field, to provide the heads-up warning and preparedness, use of real-time imaging while drilling and other LWD data such as caliper and bottom-hole pressure, and rotary steerable drilling systems to improve well geometry and placement, and also hole cleaning (to remove cuttings and caved materials generated.) When dealing with rock mechanics analysis, it is critical to understand that all interpretation of rock mechanical parameters requires calibration. Generally calibration is performed using core tests. This consequently brings error in sampling due to sample recovery and size. More importantly some of the rocks cannot be cored due to its disintegration. If real-time data can be acquired, calibration and interpretation would be
performed within down hole conditions. This would result is both the saving time and money, as well as increase accuracy. Examples of viable processes would include: Sonic logs acquired at different frequencies (depending on rock type) Real-time imaging determining what well bore pressure does tensile failure and shear failure occurs. (This could be tested by locating bottom-hole pressure sensors and by changing mud weights, or by applying various pressures at the surface.)
Such calibration would provide information to better provide for the selection of bits, completion types (especially for sand management), and perforation type and direction. Future well placement - especially deviated or horizontal well azimuth could also be tailored for productivity and well bore stability. To accomplish this, some of the critical parameters required in real-time would include: 7.11 Youngs modulus Poissons ratio Fracture gradient (min in situ stress) Unconfined compressive strength Particle size analysis Personnel
The availability of engineering skills required for deep well technology development is becoming more problematic as more deep drilling activity occurs. Also, it is important that rig hands undergo continual upgrade training in order to keep abreast of current technological innovations that will serve to make the deep drilling operations successful. It is important that everyone on-location fully understand the objectives of the drilling program, follow through with the procedures put in place by the management, and be willing and able to adapt when change comes. 7.12 Well Surveying and Monitoring BACKGROUND Drift surveys provide only inclination information with no indication of well bore direction. For this reason, they are very rarely used on directional wells below the kickoff point. Drift surveys are, however, still used frequently in the vertical section of the hole (and for vertical wells.) The use of drift surveys results in an acceptably small region of uncertainty so long as the drift angle remains very low. However, if the deviation is higher than expected, or if a greater accuracy is required when tying in the surface location to the directionally surveyed lower section of the well bore, multi-shot directional surveys are typically run. Magnetic surveys can only be run in open hole. This is due to the disruption of the magnetic signal that occurs when the survey is run inside the ferrite casing materials.
Therefore, magnetic surveys are usually run in the drill string and are usually located adjacent to nonmagnetic drill collars. Hole direction is measured with respect to magnetic north. Magnetic single shot surveys are, as the name implies, single data point readings that are taken periodically while drilling. They are run in survey barrels that normally employ sinker bars to assist the tool to fall downward in viscous drilling fluids. They are run on a wireline, dropped, or pumped down the hole through the drill pipe. They are retrieved via a wire-line, or pulled up with the pipe such as during a bit run. Multi-shot magnetic surveys also rely on attraction to magnetic north to determine the direction of the well bore. These are able to take numerous surveys with a single loading through the incorporation of a film reel or solid-state memory. The multi-shot magnetic survey takes survey shots when triggered from the surface or in predetermined time intervals. Gyroscopic surveys can be run in either cased or open hole, and do not require the use of nonmagnetic collars, or other procedures to avoid magnetic interference. Gyroscopic survey instruments utilize high-speed rotating discs that resist changes in absolute physical orientation. There are two main types of gyroscope in common use; free gyroscope systems are aligned to a suitable datum point at the surface before the tool is run. Due to the specific operations required to initiate this type of gyroscopic survey and the typical drift rate over time, shallow hole single-shot surveys are the main application. North-seeking gyroscopic surveys are the most common multi-shot instrument used in directional wells requiring the higher levels of position accuracy. The north-seeking gyro automatically senses the earth-rate vector by measuring the magnitude of compensation required to offset gyroscopic precession. This type of gyroscopic survey is therefore most commonly used as a multi-shot instrument run inside casing, or by being pumped down through the drill pipe on electric wire line in high inclination wells. During critical portions of the well, such as the build-up section or during a correction run, multiple surveys are desirable to maintain an accurate knowledge of the rate of change of angle and direction as well as the current values. This type of information may also be required for the precise drilling of straight hole sections in wells with very small bottom hole targets or during horizontal drilling. One of the methods of obtaining very frequent survey data is through the use of a steering tool. This device is run on an electric wire line and provides a surface readout of the hole angle, azimuth and tool face orientation. Due to the necessity of a wire-line connection, this steering tool system uses a down-hole motor for drilling ahead. When a down-hole motor is used in smooth drilling formations, the directional values can be displayed with reasonable accuracy on a continuous basis. The main disadvantage of the steering tools is the requirement to retrieve the wire-line every time additional pipe is added to the string. To minimize down time resulting from these wire-line trips, drill pipe is often added to the string 2 joints at a time. The time required to add new drill pipe therefore increases as the depth that the steering tool is used increases. The other limitation is in flexibility of the steering tool since it requires the use of a down-hole motor. For many sections of the well this additional cost may
make the use of a steering tool difficult to justify. Combined with the time required to trip the electric line, steering tool runs can become very expensive. A partial solution to the time and cost involved with tripping the wire-line is the use of a sidepocket mandrel. In this system, the survey is obtained outside of the drill string through the side pocket mandrel at the start of the steering tool run. The drill pipe singles are then added to the string without tripping the wire-line. The additional wire-line above the side pocket mandrel must be attached to the side of the drill pipe to avoid entanglement of the line. The main disadvantage of this system is the damage that may occur by abrasion of the survey line, and the time required to make a bit trip which requires removal of the wireline from the drill tube above the side pocket. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Unquestionably, one of the most important recent developments in drilling tool technology development was the introduction and acceptance of Measurement While Drilling systems, or MWD. MWD systems allow measurement of directional data without the use of wire-line surveys or bit trips by transmitting the survey data to the surface. Data transmissions are usually in the form of encoded pressure pulses sent up through the drilling mud column and received by a transducer at surface. These pulses may be positive, negative or continuous waves. In the positive pressure pulse case, some intermittent restriction of mudflow through the MWD tool is achieved by operation of a mechanical valve. Mudflow restrictions are reflected at the surface as temporary increases in circulating pressures. In the case of negative pressure pulse systems, intermittent reductions in circulating pressure are achieved by diverting a small portion of the mudflow into the annulus. The magnitude of the negative pressure pulse is about the same as for the positive pressure case. The continuous wave signal is a positive pulse system that creates a standing pressure wave signal that has proven the most successful at being received at surface in the very deepest wells. MWD systems normally provide survey data automatically, after sensing a period when mud circulation has stopped and the survey can be taken successfully. Once the mud pumps come back on-line, the survey is then sent to surface via the mud pulse telemetry. Rotation and pipe movement need only be suspended while the survey is physically being conducted down-hole, an operation that requires less than 2 minutes for most manufacturers tools. This is in much contrast to the 20-40 minutes or more required for a single-shot magnetic survey. In addition, modern MWD systems can also provide a continuous update of some survey parameters whilst drilling is taking place. These survey data are not as accurate as the best quality static MWD survey, but their use and operational efficiency has all but obviated the need for the traditional steering-tool. MWD systems also provide good survey accuracy. The use of tri-axis magnetometers and accelerometers provide better direction and inclination data, respectively, as compared with film system or single-shot directional magnetic surveys. One of the most significant areas of recent advance in down-hole surveillance equipment focuses on the production and timely intervention of oil and gas wells. Recent tool
developments allow for a full suite of down-hole parameter sensing in real-time. Issues such as pressure, temperature, or even induced fracture propagation, etc., can be constantly monitored at the productive interval in the well. This has led to numerous observations regarding production dynamics that were never conceived in the past. Recently, down-hole surveillance is seeing more application within more basic well settings. In pumping heavy oil wells, for example, real-time bottom hole pressure surveillance has revealed that the actual in-flow of oil is very dynamic, and not at all the semi-steady state that previous reservoir flow models envisioned. Also, surveillance of fracture stimulations has revealed that fracture behavior may not follow the classical models, and that real-time down-hole monitoring can dramatically optimize the stimulation being attempted. Modern video camera technology now allows for simple cameras to be lowered down into oil and gas wells, and now most modern offshore facilities (drilling units, production platforms, etc.) have dedicated camera systems for down-hole surveillance. Down-hole cameras are relatively cheap and simple; all that is fundamentally required is conveyance, a light source and clear fluid in the well. The more advanced camera systems including lens rotation, rather than just a straight downward view. Camera runs are now considered one of the first steps to be taken should any mechanical problem occur in the well. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Significant resources go into surveying and monitoring data both during and after the process of drilling and completing a deep oil or gas well. Bit-to-surface data transmission is extremely important. Being able to manage data overload, keep abreast of drilling conditions, determine pore pressure ahead of the drill bit are essential. Realtime data monitoring can be quite costly when drilling a deep well because the higher pressure and temperature environment makes it difficult for down-hole electronic sensors, and remote telemetry devices to always function properly. When drilling a directional well, the required hole angle and estimated final measured depth must be determined. There are a number of cutting edge magnetic surveying techniques in use today, and these are aimed at either improving the overall system accuracy or the ability to send larger amounts of data in difficult drilling conditions, and at higher data rates. Geomagnetic referencing is a method of applying locally obtained magnetic mapping reference data to the magnetic surveys. This once-only life-of-the-field magnetic mapping technique has improved the overall directional accuracy of the system such that the need for gyro multi-shot surveys has been removed entirely in some fields. Multistation analysis is a technique that compensates for drill string magnetic interference. This technique has been used to reduce or remove the need for significant magnetic isolation of the MWD sensor in the drilling assembly saving costs in terms of use of expensive nonmagnetic drilling components, whilst also improving overall system accuracy.
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Technology for the measurement of changes in direction relative to orientation to the gravity vector is also commercially available, and these tools utilize multiple accelerometer sensors. This has also reduced the need for time-consuming gyro singleshot surveys in high well density areas where magnetic surveys would be unsuccessful. The early introduction of closed-loop magnetic surveying systems is at an early stage of commercialization. These systems are designed to semi-autonomously drill a predefined trajectory or well path so as to increase hole quality, drilling time and efficiency, and reduce the overall non-drilling surveying time requirement. New electromagnetic telemetry technology has been successfully used where air-drilling or multi-phase fluid drilling applications would otherwise prevent an MWD mud-pulse telemetry signal from being transmitted and received. In these systems the survey is transmitted by the down hole tool by means of electromagnetic pulses that are detected at surface using an array of receivers. Early development of wire-drill pipe is also underway across the industry. This technology is aimed at enabling real-time monitoring during drilling by the transmission of very large quantities of data such as surveys, drilling mechanics measurements, and other log and image data to surface in real-time in the range of tens or hundreds megabits of data per second. Advances in gyroscopic technology have to date been aimed at making north-seeking gyro sensors more rugged in order to allow them to be housed in the drilling assembly during drilling operations. This has met with some success to date, but at the cost of accuracy. These systems are currently in use for surface hole low-angle drilling applications, and are in the process of removing the need for wire-line conveyed gyro single-shot systems. This is of some importance in deep water installations where the transit time to and from the point of survey makes the wire-line system very much more costly. Commercial inertial ring laser gyro navigation systems have also been used, but these tools proved to be expensive, difficult to maintain and too large for many of the deepest well applications. Concurrent improvements in overall magnetic survey accuracy have also reduced the driver for this technology since these systems also had to be run on wireline. Conceptually, hemispherical resonating gyroscopes and micro-electromechanical sensors are under investigation by the industry for various down hole applications, in addition to inertial systems currently in military use for the position mapping of tanks and other military hardware in the field, and systems in use for high accuracy long-range ballistic artillery shell placement on target. The main purpose of these new technologies is mainly aimed at closed-loop autonomous drilling systems and one-trip well concepts. Some new ideas for utilizing multiple-sensor-type or overlapping survey measurements to statistically improve overall position accuracy have also been developed in advance of commercially available attempts to achieve this.
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7.13
Well Control and Safety
It is important when drilling to use the proper safety devices and well control equipment. Being able to detect gas kicks early and remedy them by keeping the hole full, avoiding lost circulation, and adjusting the mud weight are very important aspects of drilling a deep well safely. Being aware that swabbing or tripping can cause kicks is also an important thing to plan for in advance BACKGROUND Reservoir fluids can sometimes flow uncontrollably into the well, displacing some of the mud column out the top of the well, accelerating the under-balanced condition. This is called a kick. Should a kick become uncontrolled, reservoir fluid may also flow uncontrolled into lower- pressured permeable formations that are exposed within the well, or even up to surface causing the well to blow-out. Blowouts are rare in todays oil and gas industry. Primary well control activities are focused on avoiding such kicks, backed up by secondary or tertiary well control methods geared to avoid blowouts and to regain primary well control. Only the density of the drilling fluid, and the true vertical height of the fluid column controls pressurized mobile fluids contained in a reservoir. As most reservoir rock was originally deposited in a seawater environment, the fluids in the pores normally express a hydrostatic pressure of a column of salt water at that depth. Reservoir pressures can be higher or lower than this value due to various geological causes and nearby production activities. Reservoir pressure may be limited and, thus, will rapidly deplete as reservoir fluids are produced, or may be infinitely acting, supporting a relatively strong reservoir pressure drive for very long time period. A primary function of the first casing string (surface casing) is to cover all weak shallow formations that are sub-pressured so that the well can hold a column of drilling fluid without losing fluid into weak exposed beds. A Blow-out preventer (BOP) is attached to the top of this casing at surface. From this point on, the drilling fluid weight must exert sufficient pressure to hold back any reservoir fluids, but must also not be so high as to cause fracturing or lost circulation to any weak or low pressure zones exposed in the well. Thus, proper mud density must be maintained to exert a hydrostatic pressure within a window of safe bottom-hole pressure, i.e. above reservoir pressure but below fracture pressure. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Most modern rigs are equipped with a variety of parameter monitors and alarm devices. Pit levels are constantly monitored and alarmed for any unexpected increase or decrease in pit volume that may indicate a kick or lost circulation event. Flow monitors sound when flow from the well increases or decreases beyond a pre-set range or percentage of total flow rate. All connections, trips or other non-drilling events are monitored and recorded, as each well has been recognized to behave uniquely to these events.
In challenging wells, and today in almost all deepwater wells, down hole annular pressure measurements are transmitted to surface by MWD to monitor the true bottom hole pressure. Drilling crews hold primary responsibility to avoid negative occurrences. Well control drills are frequently performed while drilling on location, and crews are required to be trained and licensed on well control competency DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Well Control is a very basic concept. As long as the well is full of drilling fluid exerting a greater hydrostatic pressure than the exposed reservoir fluid pressure anywhere in the hole, the well is maintained in an over-balanced condition, and reservoir fluid cannot flow into the well bore. However, if the fluid density is not maintained high enough, or the well is not kept full of mud, the hydrostatic pressure expressed in the well may fall below exposed reservoir pressure, creating an under-balanced condition. Signal processing that goes beyond set ranges have the capacity to detect well kicks, using standard surface sensors Methods of controlling surface annular pressures, such as the use of a rotating BOP, allow much finer control of down hole pressure, and also reduce the consequences of an inflow of gas, even if no one is paying attention. The increased outflow from the well will increase the choke pressure and start to kill the influx. A related method is mud-cap drilling, used in highly fractured formations, where there are no returns to surface. The annulus is filled directly with heavy mud to control bottom hole pressure. Wired pipe allows much faster and higher-frequency monitoring of bottom hole pressure, and also could allow distributed pressure sensors up the drill string. One of the pieces of information most wished for during well control is the pressure at the casing shoe, so distributed pressure sensors would enable a much better estimate of this. 7.14 Casing
When drilling and completing a deep well operators set various casing strings as they progress towards total depth (TD.) Special consideration is given the high-pressure and high temperature conditions of the well, the length of casing required, and quality.
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BACKGROUND Casing is steel pipe that is run into the well bore and usually cemented in place. There are several purposes for casing and cementing a well, including: Prevention of hole caving Prevention of contamination of fresh water aquifers Prevention of contamination of producing horizons The confining of production to the well bore The controlling of pressures during the drilling phase of the project The providing for an acceptable environment for subsurface production equipment The enhancement of the probability of drilling to total planned depth
For purposes of drilling, several different casing strings sizes are typically required to achieve total depth within a deep well. Also, the size of the lower-most production casing string is dependent on the size of production tubing, and other equipment that is required for later production from the well. CURRENT BENCHMARK TECHNOLOGY Casing is classified by a number of criteria, including wall thickness, material grade, and thread and coupling type, individual joint length, and unit weight. Modern casing is designed to withstand the maximum burst pressure, collapse pressure, and tensile forces that industry typically expects to encounter, and is generally considered to be far over designed, since it is exposed to hostile treatment from drill stem rotations, fluid pressures imposed from the inside and outside, tensional forces, and changing temperatures during treatment and production. Todays deep well casing is designed to maintain a high capability to keep formation fluids in place long after in the well is plugged and abandoned. DRIVERS AND CUTTING EDGE TECHNOLOGIES Expandable tubular technology appears to be on the technology horizon, and could significantly lessen the need for telescoping" multiple casing strings in deep wells, which may limit the ultimate production capacity of a deep well. Future improvements in the characteristics of expandable pipe could ultimately make it possible for a well to be cased with a single string of casing, greatly reducing well drilling and casing costs.
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APPENDIX A Operators Recommended for Participation in Deep Well Benchmarking Project
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Horizontal
Gas Wells
RANKING
Oil Wells
Deviated
Vertical
Operator
Formation Count
Maximum TVD
Well Type
Days Active
Well Count
Production Type
Group Area Activity
9 10 11 12 13 1 4
1 UNION PACIFIC RES CO 2 CHESAPEAKE OPERG INC 3 CHEVRON U S A INC 4 TEXACO EXPL&PROD INC 5 AMOCO PROD CO 6 AMERADA HESS CORP 7 VASTAR RESOURCES INC 8 MARATHON OIL COMPANY 9 SONAT EXPL INC 10 COASTAL O&G CORP 11 EXXON CORPORATION 12 HUNT OIL CO 13 BP CANADA ENERGY COMPANY 14 ABRAXAS PETRLM CORP 15 APACHE CORP 16 TRANSTEXAS GAS CORP 17 SHELL OFFSHORE INC 18 ANADARKO PET CORP 19 UNION OIL CO OF CAL 20 CONOCO INCORPORATED 21 HELMERICH&PAYNE INC 22 BURLINGTON RES O&G 23 FINA OIL & MIN CO 24 WARD PETROLEUM CORP 25 COSTILLA ENERGY INC 26 BURLINGTON RESOURCES CANADA LTD. 27 ENRON OIL & GAS CO
21440 21770 29680 29229 23472 24134 22000 21186 19400 19458 21864 20000 17918 17620 19409 22200 24650 23447 24050 25564 19030 25175 19803 18305 17500 18291 22450
2238 2545 2463 2365 2505 2438 2376 2445 1978 2351 1876 2472 1815 1104 2388 2417 2386 2527 2422 2458 2478 1681 2247 2517 794 984 1696
191 162 104 73 74 59 58 61 67 80 28 30 4 6 80 59 65 32 26 16 17 33 18 10 7 3 27
24 27 26 18 23 18 26 18 15 15 13 14 3 3 18 13 9 14 13 11 16 13 8 8 2 3 18
16 13 29 27 27 26 33 9 19 50 10 18 0 3 46 38 16 19 13 8 9 12 14 3 4 0 19
36 38 56 32 41 29 20 34 14 24 18 10 0 0 11 19 38 10 10 7 6 11 4 3 1 0 4
131 83 3 2 3 0 1 8 30 5 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
78 91 58 27 55 20 37 36 38 66 11 14 2 5 70 38 20 17 14 7 8 20 9 7 6 2 20
59 53 8 17 3 8 2 6 18 1 9 0 0 1 4 2 13 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Page 73
Horizontal
Gas Wells
RANKING
Oil Wells
Deviated
Vertical
Operator
Formation Count
Maximum TVD
Well Type
Days Active
Well Count
Production Type
Group Area Activity
9 10 11 12 13 1 4
28 LOUISIANA LAND&EXPL 29 SWIFT ENERGY CO 30 MURPHY EXPL&PROD CO 31 NEWFIELD EXPL 32 UNOCAL CORPORATION 33 BTA OIL PRODUCERS 34 EXXON MOBIL CORP 35 DAVIS PETROLEUM CORP 36 EOG RESOURCES INC 37 SPOONER PETROLEUM CO 38 ADOBE ENERGY CO INC 39 SANGUINE LTD 40 PHILLIPS PET ET AL 41 WALTER O&G CORP 42 MOBIL OIL EXPL&PROD 43 EXXON CO USA 44 RME PETROLEUM CO 45 MOBIL PRDUCNG TX&NM 46 KERR MCGEE CORP 47 BARRETT RES CORP 48 DEVON ENERGY PROD 49 MILLER EXPL INC 50 SHELL CANADA LIMITED 51 CANADIAN 88 ENERGY CORP. 52 AEGIS ENERGY INC 53 SAMEDAN OIL CORP 54 SHELL WESTERN E&P IN
24600 19629 22925 18510 22885 20600 23143 19190 21500 17118 17600 21033 18760 18682 21818 23505 19650 19350 18398 21825 18131 19471 17358 15282 15000 17167 18779
2316 2406 2304 2362 1896 1928 595 2354 759 2299 245 2452 1604 2335 1139 1130 831 1827 1749 1206 339 795 929 292 1 2299 1996
25 55 16 26 21 8 17 8 16 10 2 26 18 9 21 18 20 11 10 11 9 8 4 2 1 11 22
8 4 9 9 10 7 10 5 7 4 1 7 8 5 9 8 11 7 8 8 8 3 4 1 1 6 5
10 4 6 11 6 5 6 2 14 8 1 17 7 3 16 5 4 7 4 5 4 1 0 0 1 4 10
13 2 8 12 10 2 9 6 2 2 1 1 9 6 4 12 4 2 2 5 4 6 0 0 0 5 11
0 49 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
14 14 7 13 12 2 9 2 9 0 2 21 7 5 11 9 11 6 6 10 3 2 2 1 1 6 15
2 35 1 0 1 1 2 0 5 5 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 74
Horizontal
Gas Wells
RANKING
Oil Wells
Deviated
Vertical
Operator
Formation Count
Maximum TVD
Well Type
Days Active
Well Count
Production Type
Group Area Activity
9 10 11 12 13 1 4
55 BASS ENTRPRS PROD CO 56 STONE ENERGY CORP 57 ORYX ENERGY CO 58 SWESTERN ENERGY PROD 59 SENECA RES CORP 60 TEXSTAR PETRLM CO 61 PHILLIPS JACK L 62 BROWN TOM INC 63 TITAN RESOURCES INC 64 CHEVRON CANADA LIMITED 65 EL PASO PROD GOM INC 66 LOUIS DREYFUS NATURA 67 ST MARY OPERATING CO 68 ENERGY DEV CORP 69 POGO PRODUCING CO 70 FOUR STAR O&G COMP 71 HOUSTON EXPL CO 72 ANSCHUTZ EXPL CORP 73 OCEAN ENERGY INC 74 UNITED OIL & MIN INC 75 KEY PRODUCTION CMPNY 76 SHELL DEEPWTR DEV IN 77 SANTA FE ENRG RES 78 ROUNDTREE&ASSOC 79 CONTOUR ENERGY E&P 80 MONCRIEF W A JR 81 MATADOR OPERATING CO
16941 18510 20981 18225 18801 21224 16751 18420 17596 15309 19525 17800 20240 22000 16500 18550 17000 15425 21000 17500 18427 25989 17350 18725 17758 19554 17675
2081 1836 1428 2135 1749 898 1694 912 27 220 1885 1280 1706 1482 1860 2245 1773 752 1431 1683 1587 625 1680 1484 1284 361 2295
8 18 20 7 9 8 7 3 2 2 10 21 13 8 8 7 4 3 12 14 9 19 8 5 5 3 4
7 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 2 1 5 5 5 6 5 2 3 3 6 3 6 6 5 2 3 3 4
6 3 9 1 2 5 7 1 2 0 6 16 8 4 4 6 2 2 3 10 7 0 8 5 2 3 4
2 13 6 4 2 3 0 2 0 0 3 4 0 3 3 0 1 1 5 3 2 16 0 0 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 13 8 3 5 5 0 1 2 1 7 15 11 2 6 5 1 2 7 10 5 2 5 1 3 3 2
1 2 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Page 75
Horizontal
Gas Wells
RANKING
Oil Wells
Deviated
Vertical
Operator
Formation Count
Maximum TVD
Well Type
Days Active
Well Count
Production Type
Group Area Activity
9 10 11 12 13 1 4
82 MCMORAN OIL & GAS CO 83 PENNZOIL EXP&PROD CO 84 PARKER&PARSLEY DEV 85 SAMSON RESOURCES CO 86 DOMINION EXPL&PROD 87 NEXEN PET OFFSHORE 88 KESTREL ENERGY 89 COCKRELL OIL CORP 90 TITAN RESOURCES 91 SHELL WESTERN EXP&PR 92 SHELL DEEPWATER PROD 93 MARSHALL OIL COMPANY 94 MOBIL OIL EXP&PRD SE 95 3TEC ENERGY CORP 96 CXY ENERGY INC 97 MOBIL EXP&PROD SRVC 98 EL PASO PROD CO 99 PENWELL ENERGY INC 100 CRAWLEY PETRLM CORP 101 PIONEER NAT RES USA 102 PETROQUEST ENERGY ON 103 LLOG EXPL CO 104 NORCEN EXPLORER INC 105 ARCO PERMIAN 106 PURE RESOURCES LP 107 BURLINGTON RESOURCES 108 AMERCN COMETRA INC
21924 19200 18516 19211 18482 20532 15720 18506 21602 18750 23372 20000 22499 18807 23000 22541 17950 18902 18400 17785 19132 16944 18328 17012 19930 19400 17475
1355 1570 1020 1474 481 416 46 1965 1484 1424 1114 1261 349 472 1147 1219 510 1117 1641 986 191 2237 1016 1707 528 809 854
8 5 6 4 12 4 2 7 7 9 11 6 4 3 5 3 10 11 4 4 2 4 12 3 9 4 8
3 5 6 4 7 4 2 4 4 2 3 5 3 2 3 2 7 8 2 3 2 3 5 2 7 4 3
4 2 5 3 3 2 2 3 5 7 0 6 2 1 0 0 9 11 3 1 1 3 6 1 3 2 1
3 2 0 0 5 2 0 4 1 2 7 0 2 2 4 3 1 0 0 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 7
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0
4 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 6 8 1 4 4 3 2 2 7 10 3 1 1 2 6 1 5 3 4
0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 76
Horizontal
Gas Wells
RANKING
Oil Wells
Deviated
Vertical
Operator
Formation Count
Maximum TVD
Well Type
Days Active
Well Count
Production Type
Group Area Activity
9 10 11 12 13 1 4
109 ESENJAY EXPL INC 110 EL PASO PROD O&G CO 111 ONEOK RESOURCES CO 112 HUGHES DAN A CO 113 PENNZENERGY EXPL&PRD 114 HERITAGE RESOURCES 115 PALMER PETROLEUM INC 116 UNITED O & MINRLS LP 117 TEXAS MERIDIAN RES E 118 KERR MCGEE O&G CORP 119 KAISER-FRANCIS OIL 120 PLATINUM EXPL INC 121 BEAN RESOURCES INC 122 MERIDIAN RES & EXPL 123 HANSON PRODUCTION CO 124 MARINER ENERGY 125 BROUGHTON OPERATING 126 R K PETROLEUM CORP 127 TEXACO USA 128 SHELL FRONTR O&G 129 DALE OPERATING CO 130 TWISTER GAS SRVCS LL 131 ANSCHUTZ CORP 132 COBRA OIL & GAS CORP 133 SPINNAKER EXPLRTN 134 CAMDEN RESOURCES INC 135 HALL-HOUSTON OIL CO
15500 18970 17500 16373 18472 22300 17867 15343 21000 23730 18000 19885 18500 20761 16489 18627 17440 18000 20525 19066 16476 17650 19174 16000 16850 16900 17824
70 316 816 1163 294 899 351 1 862 551 770 794 611 982 1285 664 705 733 1180 1152 1220 805 325 393 1097 233 1144
2 23 7 3 4 3 5 1 12 8 5 3 2 15 4 4 8 3 5 4 6 4 3 3 5 5 3
2 5 6 2 3 3 4 1 7 3 3 3 2 6 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 4 3 2
2 22 2 1 1 2 3 1 0 4 4 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 0 5 4 3 3 1 4 2
0 1 5 2 3 1 2 0 12 4 0 1 1 13 1 2 6 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 3 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 22 3 1 3 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 7 1 1 4 1 1 1 6 2 2 2 2 3 3
0 0 3 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 77
Horizontal
Gas Wells
RANKING
Oil Wells
Deviated
Vertical
Operator
Formation Count
Maximum TVD
Well Type
Days Active
Well Count
Production Type
Group Area Activity
9 10 11 12 13 1 4
136 DYNAMIC PROD INC 137 TOTAL MINATOME CORP 138 ALLEGRO INVEST INCOR 139 TEXACO INCORPORATED 140 PETROQUEST ENRGY INC
16800 16040 19000 17645 18280
296 1360 1 1134 398
4 4 1 3 2
1 3 1 2 2
4 3 1 2 0
0 1 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 0
3 2 1 2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Page 78
APPENDIX B Operators AFE Reported Line-Item Costs
Page 79
SCENARIO (see table 4)
NAMES ON FIG.S IN REPORT
AFE ITEM
12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD
ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) Labor and Related Cost COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) Labor and Related Cost LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Road and Location Construction LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Road and Location/Construction PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSurveys and Damages (pit closures) PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSurveys and Damages (Pit Closures) CONTRACT DRILLING Contract Rig Cost - Dayrate $4,500/D CONTRACT DRILLING Contract Rig Cost - Dayrate $4,500/D CONTRACT DRILLING Contract Rig Cost - Footage $18.50/ft CONTRACT DRILLING Contract Rig Cost - Footage $1775/ft TRANSPORTATION Transportation - Land TRANSPORTATION Transportation - Land BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS Bits, Reamers and Stabilizers BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS Bits, Reamers and Stabilizers FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL Fuel and Water Packer Fluid FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL Fuel and Water DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES Mud and Mud Engineering Services DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES Mud and Mud Engineering Services CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES Cement and Cementing Services CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES Cement and Cementing Services SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Well Testing SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Formation Evaluation/Coring (Mud Logger) SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Formation Evaluation/Coring LOGGING, OPENHOLE Logging LOGGING, OPENHOLE Logging DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES Directional Drilling Services (Mud Motor) RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Drillstring Rentals RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Drillstring Rentals RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Rentals RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Rentals WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING Perforating Incl Cbl STIMULATION Stimulation Services/Sand WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING Wireline Services PBU CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES Contract Services CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES Contract Services
Page 80
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 27,000 27,000 17,500 25,000 15,000 30,000 70,000 45,000 277,000 266,000 8,500 5,000 15,000 15,000 8,000 5,000 100,000 95,000 70,000 30,000 12,000 12,000 15,000 75,000 35,000 7,500 8,000 8,000 30,000 15,000 12,000 210,000 8,000 34,000 30,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD
ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD TD CONDUCTOR PIPE TD CONDUCTOR PIPE TD SURFACE CASING TD SURFACE CASING TD INTERMEDIATE CASING TD INTERMEDIATE CASING TD TUBING WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE TD PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TD EXPENSES TD PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP IC COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) IC LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING IC CONTRACT DRILLING IC BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / IC TESING / DST & CORING IC LOGGING, OPENHOLE IC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT IC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING IC STIMULATION
Pipe Services Pipe Services Professional Fees Professional Fees Miscellaneous Supplies Miscellaneous Supplies Miscellaneous Expense District and Overhead Expense District and Overhead Expense Conductor Conductor Surface Surface Intermediate Intermediate Tubing WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT TOTAL WELLHEAD EQUIPIMENT TOTAL PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT TOTAL On/Off Tool Labor and Related Cost Road and Location/Construction Contract Rig Cost - Dayrate $4,500/D Bits, Reamers and Stabilizers Fuel and Water Mud and Mud Engineering Services Cement and Cementing Services Well Testing Logging Drillstring Rentals Equipment Rentals Perforating Stimulation Services/Sand
Page 81
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 5,000 20,000 7,500 16,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 13,000 14,000 7,500 8,000 35,000 35,000 160,000 145,000 110,000 32,500 20,000 39,000 5,000 5,000 18,000 20,000 50,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 20,000 5,000 5,000 15,000 28,000 14,000 200,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 12VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & IC EXPENSES DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD IC CONTINGENCIES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TC AND HANGER TC TUBING WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE TC PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TC EXPENSES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TC AND HANGER TC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP TC CONTINGENCIES ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, IC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, IC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES
Wireline Services Contract Services Pipe Services Miscellaneous Expense District and Overhead Expense CONTINGENCIES % Prod Liner Tubing WELLHEAD EQUIPIMENT TOTAL PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT TOTAL MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT TOTAL Liner Hanger Equipment Packer, PBR, Etc. CONTINGENCIES % Bits Stabilizers, Hole Openers, Underreamers Bits Stabilizers, Hole Openers, Underreamers Bits Bits, Coreheads and Reamers Bits, Coreheads, and Reamers BOP Rental & Testing BOP Rental & Testing Perforating Perforating Cement and Cementing Services Cement and Cementing Service Cement and Cementing Services Cement and Cementing Service Cement Production Liner Cement Surface Casing
Page 82
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 3,000 18,000 30,000 14,000 8,000 40,000 9,000 145,000 1,000 50,000 35,000 15,000 20,000 22,000 250,000 35,000 500,000 30,000 280,000 205,000 80,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 130,000 30,000 60,000 40,000 105,000 65,000 12,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES IC DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES IC DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES IC DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES IC COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER ID COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, IC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE ID TRANSPORTATION IC TRANSPORTATION IC COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG IC COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES IC CONTRACT DRILLING
Cement Intermediate Casing Cement Production Casing Cement and Cementing Services Cement and Cementing Services Cement and Cementing Services Cement and Cementing Services Snubbing Services Coiled Tubing Services Snubbing/Coil Tubing Unit Communications Communications Communications Company Vehicle Expense Company Vehicle Expense Completion Rig Completion Unit Consulting Services Consulting Services Contract Labor Consultants Contract Labor Consultants Contract Labor Contract Supervision Contract Labor Contract Supervision Contract Labor Contract Labor Contract Supervision Drilling Rig During Completion
Page 83
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 22,000 38,000 50,000 70,000 27,500 30,000 8,000 100,000 30,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 1,000 1,500 20,000 35,000 75,000 100,000 134,000 7,000 109,000 80,000 50,000 6,000 45,000 62,000 20,000 40,000 23,000 36,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
ID CONTRACT DRILLING IC CONTRACT DRILLING ID CONTRACT DRILLING IC CONTRACT DRILLING ID IC ID IC ID TC TC TC TC IC ID TC IC ID TC IC ID IC IC ID IC IC ID ID ID ID ID IC IC IC IC ID ID IC ID ID CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND
Drilling Rig - daywork/footage@$9,000/day Drilling Rig During Completion Drilling Rig - daywork/footage @ $9500 /day Drilling Contractor: 123 / 133 days @ $8,500 per day. Drilling Contractor: 123 / 133 days @ $8,500 per day. Contract Drilling - Daywork/Turnkey Contract Drilling - Daywork/Turnkey Contract Drilling - Daywork/Turnkey Contract Drilling - Daywork/Turnkey Dehydration Dehydration Dehydration/Amine Units Dehydration/Amine Units Company Labor Company Labor & Burden Company Labor Company Labor Company Labor & Burden Company Labor Company Supervision/Engineering Company Supervision/Engineering Company Labor Company Supervision Company Supervision Company Labor Company Supervision Company Supervision Directional Services Drilling Tool Services Directional Services Drilling Tool Services Downhole Rental Equipment Completion and Packer Fluids Completion and Packer Fluids Kill truck Services Mud/Fluids Solids Control Mud and Mud Services Kill truck Services Mud/Fluids Solids Control Mud and Mud Services
Page 84
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
540,000 50,000 1,190,000 85,000 1,046,000 75,000 795,000 15,000 214,500 40,000 50,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 25,000 5,000 30,000 50,000 10,000 11,000 136,000 3,000 8,250 5,000 2,500 4,500 2,000 300,000 7,500 675,000 75,000 7,000 20,000 20,000 3,000 50,000 220,000 10,000 50,000 750,000
REPORTED AFE Cost
EXPENSE CAT

SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES CONTINGENCIES CONTINGENCIES CONTINGENCIES CONTINGENCIES PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL LIVING QUARTERS LIVING QUARTERS WELL INSURANCE CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
ID ID IC ID IC ID TC TD TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC ID IC ID IC ID ID ID TC TC TC TC IC ID ID TC
Drilling Fluids, Mud, Chem. Drilling Fluids Drilling Fluids Drilling Fluids 20% Contingency 20% Contingency 20% Contingency 20% Contingency Separator & other pressure vessels Separator & other pressure vessels Production Equipment Separators Other Surface Equipment Separators - Prod Unit Other Surface Equipment Flow Lines to Battery Flow Lines to Battery Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel and Power Fuel and Power Tanks Tanks Tank Battery Tank Battery - 1 oil, 1 FG water Supplies and Utilities Supplies and Utilities Insurance Line Pipe & Accessories
Page 85
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 230,000 250,000 3,000 70,000 193,000 620,000 146,000 83,000 30,000 75,000 65,000 17,000 10,000 16,500 6,500 10,000 8,500 150,000 5,000 325,000 16,000 199,000 124,000 48,000 15,000 20,000 15,000 11,000 2,000 12,000 69,000 10,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
TC IC ID IC ID ID ID IC IC ID ID ID IC ID ID ID ID ID ID IC ID IC ID IC ID ID TC TD IC ID ID TC TD IC ID
CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, Line Pipe & Accessories (100% MOC) AND HANGER LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Location and Access LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Location and Access LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Location and Access LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Location and Access LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Roads, Location, Pits PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONReclamation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand and Site Reclamation LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Roads and Site Preparation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand and Site Reclamation LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Roads and Site Preparation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONWellsite Loss and Damages LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Roads and Site Preparation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand and Site Reclamation LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Roads and Site Preparation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONWellsite Loss and Damages LOGGING, OPENHOLE Well Logging Services LOGGING, OPENHOLE Well Logging Services LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging LOGGING, OPENHOLE Logging LOGGING, OPENHOLE Logging LOGGING, OPENHOLE Logging and Curative LOGGING, OPENHOLE Logging and Curative MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Misc Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Rebill Charges-MOC C&D MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous MRO Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Misc Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Rebill Charges-MOC C&D MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous MRO Materials MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Other Intangible MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Other Intangible
Page 86
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & IC EXPENSES Other Intangible MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES Other Intangible ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob/Demob ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob/Demob ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Rig Mobilization/Demobilization ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Rig Mobilization ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Rig Mobilization DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD CFR Drilling Overhead Expense DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD CFR Drilling Overhead Expense DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD Company Overhead DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD Major Construction Overhead DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Company Overhead DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Drilling Overhead DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD Drilling Overhead DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Drilling Overhead CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES Abandoning Tools and Services CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES Dry Hole Plugging TC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Packers TC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Packers FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL Water Hauling & Disposal FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Water hauling and disposal FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL Water Hauling & Disposal FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Water hauling and disposal / Soil Farming ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONDamages ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONGovernmental Filings ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLegal and Curative ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLegal and Curative IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSafety Services IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSecurity Services IC STIMULATION Fracturing Services IC STIMULATION Fracturing Services IC STIMULATION Formation Stimulation IC STIMULATION Formation Stimulation
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 10,000 10,000 85,000 100,000 65,000 100,000 60,000 20,000 50,000 3,000 3,000 44,000 25,000 5,000 8,000 30,000 12,000 20,000 30,000 10,000 40,000 20,000 50,000 10,000 3,000 10,000 8,000 70,000 5,000 130,000 320,000 500,000 450,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
IC ID TC TC TC TC IC ID IC ID ID IC ID IC ID ID TC IC ID TC IC ID IC ID TC TC TC IC ID IC ID IC ID IC ID IC ID IC ID
STIMULATION PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRUCKING & FREIGHT PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION
Formation Stimulation - 140' pay, frac w/250000# Surface Equipment Rental Metering Equipment Electrical Equipment Metering Equipment Electrical Equipment Well Testing Services Mud Logging Well Testing Services Mud Logging Mud Logging Formation Testing Geological and Engineering Formation Testing Geological and Engineering Freight - truck Freight - truck Freight - Truck Freight - truck Freight - truck Trucking and Hauling Trucking and Hauling Trucking and Hauling Trucking and Hauling Downhole Equipment Other Subsurface Equipment Other Subsurface Equipment - Packer Rental Tools and Equipment Rental Tools and Equipment Rental Tools and Equipment Rental Tools and Equipment Surface Equipment Rental Downhole Rental Equipment Equipment Rental Equipment Rental Equipment Rental Equipment Rental Transportation Transportation
Page 88
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 275,000 202,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 20,000 40,000 25,000 150,000 50,000 45,000 20,000 11,000 8,000 6,000 50,000 10,000 10,000 60,000 10,000 31,000 70,000 12,000 65,000 145,000 35,000 9,000 30,000 150,000 150,000 300,000 13,000 201,000 40,000 216,000 20,000 45,000 10,000 18,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND TC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND TC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND TC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND TC PROFESSIONAL FEES WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE TD WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING,
Water (non potable) Water (non potable) Water Water Water Contract Labor - general Contract Labor - general Contract Labor - welding/piping Facility Fabrication Services Contract Labor - General Contract Labor - general Contract Labor - general Contract Labor - welding/piping Facility Fabrication Services Contract Labor - General Christmas Tree Drilling Wellhead Equipment - Surface Christmas Tree / Tubing Head Assembly Telecommunication equip (Telemetry) Drilling Wellhead Equipment - Surface Wellhead Equipment Wellhead Equipment Wellhead Assembly Wellhead Assembly Wellhead Assembly - 2 1/16" x 10000# Remanufactured Wellhead Assembly - 2 1/16" x 10000# Page 89
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 6,000 10,000 4,000 5,000 3,200 10,000 25,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 40,000 50,000 20,000 100,000 50,000 60,000 25,000 200,000 15,000 25,000 100,000 15,000 25,000 10,000 25,000 5,000
EXPENSE CAT

ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING PRODUCTION CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE Remanufactured
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD
IC IC IC IC IC TC TD TD TD TC TD TD TD TD TD TD TD
Cased Hole Logging Services Wireline Services Cased Hole Logging Services Wireline Services Cased Hole Logging/Perforating Production Casing 15,500'; 4-1/2" Conductor Pipe Surface Pipe 1100' 13-3/8" Intermediate Casing 10,000' 9-5/8" Production Casing Conductor Pipe Surface Pipe 20"; 700' ; 3600' 13-3/8" Intermediate Casing 15,00' 9-5/8" Surface Casing: 16"; 300' Intermediate Casing: 10-3/4";5,500' Production Casing: 7-5/8"; 15,600' Conductor CSG As Needed Intermediate CSG 15,400 7 5/8" 39# P110 BTCLTC Surface CSG 850' - 16" and 3,100' - 10 3/4" Production Casing 14,800' - 4 12/" 11.6# P-110 LTC Conductor CSG 600' - 14" Preset Surface CSG 5200' - 9 5/8" 40# J-55 HC/J-55 LTC Casing Crew and Services Casing Tools and Services Casing Crew and Services Casing Tools and Services Casing Crews Casing Crews Casing Crews Casing Crews Float Equipment
Page 90
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
TD INTERMEDIATE CASING TD SURFACE CASING TC PRODUCTION CASING TD CONDUCTOR PIPE TD SURFACE CASING CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A IC SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A IC SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A IC SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A IC SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 9VD 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE
CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TC AND HANGER CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TC AND HANGER CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TC AND HANGER ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION TC TUBING TC TUBING IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION TC TUBING TC TUBING IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION TC TUBING IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION TC TUBING ID TRANSPORTATION ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE TD CONDUCTOR PIPE TD CONDUCTOR PIPE TD SURFACE CASING TD INTERMEDIATE CASING CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES ID COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER ID COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES ID CONTRACT DRILLING ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES
Production Liner: 3-1/2";4,800 Liner Hangers Liners Production 3,800' - 5" 23.09# P11- STL Casing inspection/cleaning Drill pipe/collar inspection services Casing inspection/cleaning Drill pipe/collar inspection services Drill String Inspection Tubular Inspections Tubular Inspections Tubular Inspection, Testing & Cleaning Tubing 15,000'; 2-3/8 Tubing Accessories Tubular Inspection, Testing & Cleaning Tubing Tubing: 3-1/2"; 15,300' Tubular Inspections Tubing 14,900' - 3 1/2" 9.3# P-110 RTS-6 Tubular Inspections Tubing 14,200' 2 3/8" 4.7# N-80 EUE 8rd TRANS AIR DRLG BITS SERVICES BOP TESTING RENT BOPS PIPE DRIVE PIPE CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE PIPE INTERMEDIATE RENT CASING TOOLS CASING EQUIPMENT CEMENT SERVICES CEMENTING RENT COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES DISPATCHER SUPR CONSULTANT DRLG RIG SUPR ENGINEER SERVICES DIRECTIONAL SURVEY
Page 91
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
77,500 3,410,000 25,000 12,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DE 7DD
ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES
SERVICES DIRECTIONAL TOOLS MUD CHEMICALS MUD CORROSION INHIBITOR RENT MUD EQUIPMENT
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Page 92
LOC CONTINGENCY ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT DRLG TOOLS - STAB,OH,UR ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT DRILL STRING FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL RENT ELECT LINE UNIT ID LIVING QUARTERS SERVICES GALLEY ID WELL INSURANCE LOC INSURANCE ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING LOC PREPARATION ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC CLEAN UP ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE SERVICES OPEN HOLE LOGGING ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT SERVICES DOCKS ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS WORKBOATS ID TRANSPORTATION TRANS CREWBOATS FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL TRANS FUEL ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING LOC MISC ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION DRLG MOB DEMOB ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC SURVEYS CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MISC ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES CASING INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES DRILL PIPE INSPEC ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES BHA INSPEC CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MUD LOGGING ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS TRUCKING FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL DRLG WATER CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES WELDING & LABOR CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES WELLHEAD WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD IC TRANSPORTATION TRANS AIR
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD
IC ID IC ID ID IC IC IC IC ID ID TC TC TD TD TD TD TD TD IC ID ID TD TD IC IC ID ID ID ID TC TC
TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE CONDUCTOR PIPE CONDUCTOR PIPE CONDUCTOR PIPE CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES TUBING TUBING
TRANS AIR TRANS AIR DRLG BITS DRLG BITS DRLG BITS RENT BOPS SERVICES WELLHEAD RENT BOPS SERVICES WELLHEAD RENT BOPS RENT BOPS PIPE CAISSON PIPE DRIVE PIPE DRIVE PIPE CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE PIPE INTERMEDIATE PIPE DRIVE PIPE INTERMEDIATE RENT CASING TOOLS RENT CASING TOOLS RENT CASING TOOLS CASING EQUIPMENT CASING EQUIPMENT SERVICES CEMENTING CEMENT CEMENT SERVICES CEMENTING CEMENT SERVICES CEMENTING CE SSSV CE SSSV
Page 93
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD
IC IC IC IC ID ID ID ID IC ID ID IC IC ID ID IC ID ID ID ID IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC ID ID ID ID ID
COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES
RENT COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES DISPATCHER RENT COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES DISPATCHER RENT COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES DISPATCHER RENT COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES DISPATCHER SUPR CONSULTANT SUPR CONSULTANT SUPR CONSULTANT DRLG RIG DRLG RIG DRLG RIG DRLG RIG SUPR ENGINEER SUPR ENGINEER SUPR ENGINEER SERVICES DIRECTIONAL SURVEY SERVICES DIRECTIONAL TOOLS MUD COMPLETION FLUIDS MUD CORROSION INHIBITOR RENT MUD EQUIPMENT MUD CHEMICALS MUD COMPLETION FLUIDS MUD CORROSION INHIBITOR MUD ACID RENT MUD EQUIPMENT MUD CHEMICALS RENT MUD EQUIPMENT MUD CHEMICALS RENT MUD EQUIPMENT SERVICES MUDLINE HANGER
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$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
13,600 350,000 255,000 1,100,000 144,500 12,300 3,700 7,200 5,000 248,600 180,000 5,000 5,600 10,000 250,000 10,000 10,000 3,000 333,600 18,000 64,300 5,800 4,800
REPORTED AFE Cost 7,000 7,000 6,000 7,000 25,500 22,000 6,800 4,000 24,000 77,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD
IC IC ID ID IC IC IC ID ID ID ID ID IC IC ID ID IC IC ID ID IC IC ID ID ID ID ID IC IC IC IC ID ID ID ID ID IC IC IC
CONTINGENCIES LOC CONTINGENCY CONTINGENCIES LOC CONTINGENCY CONTINGENCIES LOC CONTINGENCY CONTINGENCIES LOC CONTINGENCY RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT DRILL STRING RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT DRLG TOOLS - STAB,OH,UR RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT DRILL STRING RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT DRLG TOOLS - STAB,OH,UR RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT DRILL STRING RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT DRLG TOOLS - STAB,OH,UR RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT DRILL STRING RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SERVICES FISHING TOOLS FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL RENT ELECT LINE UNIT FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL RENT ELECT LINE UNIT FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL RENT ELECT LINE UNIT FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL RENT ELECT LINE UNIT LIVING QUARTERS SERVICES GALLEY LIVING QUARTERS SERVICES GALLEY LIVING QUARTERS SERVICES GALLEY LIVING QUARTERS SERVICES GALLEY WELL INSURANCE LOC INSURANCE WELL INSURANCE LOC INSURANCE CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER SERVICES LINER HANGER PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PREPARATION PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC CLEAN UP PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PREPARATION PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PREPARATION PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC CLEAN UP LOGGING, OPENHOLE SERVICES OPEN HOLE LOGGING LOGGING, OPENHOLE SERVICES OPEN HOLE LOGGING TRUCKING & FREIGHT SERVICES DOCKS TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS WORKBOATS TRANSPORTATION TRANS CREWBOATS
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 142,500 145,600 358,400 96,200 16,800 5,000 30,000 7,500 46,700 5,300 36,300 2,500 20,600 17,900 64,700 15,200 3,500 3,800 3,300 2,100 8,400 9,000 19,800 5,100 38,600 64,000 4,800 65,000 1,100 10,000 2,000 8,500 10,000 5,000 91,900 35,000 4,200 47,600 28,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD
IC IC IC IC IC ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID IC IC ID ID ID ID ID TC TC IC IC ID ID ID IC IC ID ID IC ID ID ID ID ID IC IC ID ID
TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS FUEL TRUCKING & FREIGHT SERVICES DOCKS TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS WORKBOATS TRANSPORTATION TRANS CREWBOATS TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS FUEL TRUCKING & FREIGHT SERVICES DOCKS TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS WORKBOATS TRANSPORTATION TRANS CREWBOATS TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS FUEL TRUCKING & FREIGHT SERVICES DOCKS TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS WORKBOATS TRANSPORTATION TRANS CREWBOATS TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS FUEL RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC MISC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION DRLG MOB DEMOB DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD SUPR ADMIN PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP CE PACKERS PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP CE PACKERS PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC SURVEYS PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MISC CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MISC CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MISC CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MISC STIMULATION SERVICES GRAVEL PACK TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES DRILL PIPE INSPEC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES BHA INSPEC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES CASING INSPECTION TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES DRILL PIPE INSPEC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES BHA INSPEC PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT RENT TESTING UNIT PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT RENT TESTING UNIT CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MUD LOGGING PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 7,800 4,500 132,000 35,300 17,900 22,000 156,400 92,000 24,600 2,600 74,800 20,000 10,100 10,000 10,000 8,200 3,600 3,300 180,000 44,000 20,000 15,000 5,000 1,000 10,000 3,500 5,000 15,000 15,000 7,500 29,500 80,000 29,300 4,000 5,500 23,300 1,000 20,000 20,000 33,400 3,300
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 7DD 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE
ID IC IC ID ID IC IC TC TC TC TC ID IC IC ID ID IC ID ID ID ID TC TC TD TD IC IC IC ID IC IC IC
PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS TRUCKING TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS TRUCKING TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS TRUCKING TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS TRUCKING TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES TUBING INSPECTION TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES TUBING TESTING TUBING PIPE TUBING TUBING CE TUBING ACC TUBING PIPE TUBING TUBING CE TUBING ACC TRANSPORTATION TRANS MISC FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG WATER FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG WATER FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG WATER FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL DRLG WATER CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES WELDING & LABOR CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES WELDING & LABOR CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES WELDING & LABOR WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE SERVICES WELLHEAD WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE SERVICES WELLHEAD WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING SERVICES CASING HOLE LOGGING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING SERVICES CASING HOLE LOGGING BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS DRLG BITS BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS DRLG BITS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE RENT BOPS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE SERVICES BOP TESTING WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, SERVICES WELLHEAD
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT

ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES CONTINGENCIES CONTINGENCIES TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
AFE ITEM
6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE
ID ID TD TD IC ID TC TD IC ID TC IC ID ID IC ID IC ID ID IC IC IC IC ID ID IC ID IC IC IC ID ID
SERVICES BOP TESTING RENT BOPS PIPE SURFACE PIPE INTERMEDIATE RENT CASING TOOLS RENT CASING TOOLS CASING EQUIPMENT CASING EQUIPMENT CEMENT CEMENT PIPE TIEBACK RENT COMMUNICATIONS RENT COMMUNICATIONS SUPR CONSULTANT DRLG RIG DRLG RIG SUPR ENGINEER SUPR ENGINEER SERVICES DIRECTIONAL SURVEY MUD CHEMICALS MUD COMPLETION FLUIDS MUD CORROSION INHIBITOR RENT MUD EQUIPMENT MUD CHEMICALS RENT MUD EQUIPMENT LOC CONTINGENCY LOC CONTINGENCY SERVICES DRILL PIPE INSPEC DRLG TOOLS - STAB,OH,UR RENT DRILL STRING DRLG TOOLS - STAB,OH,UR RENT DRILL STRING
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$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE
FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL RENT ELECT LINE UNIT IC LIVING QUARTERS SERVICES GALLEY ID LIVING QUARTERS SERVICES GALLEY ID WELL INSURANCE LOC INSURANCE CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, ID AND HANGER SERVICES LINER HANGER IC LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING LOC PREPARATION IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC CLEAN UP IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING LOC PREPARATION ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC CLEAN UP ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE SERVICES OPEN HOLE LOGGING IC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC MISC ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION DRLG MOB DEMOB TC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP CE PACKERS IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC SURVEYS MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & IC EXPENSES SERVICES MISC MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES SERVICES MISC ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES CASING INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES DRILL PIPE INSPEC ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES BHA INSPEC SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / IC TESING / DST & CORING RENT TESTING UNIT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING SERVICES MUD LOGGING ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH IC TRANSPORTATION TRANS TRUCKING ID TRANSPORTATION TRANS TRUCKING IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES TUBING INSPECTION IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES TUBING TESTING TC TUBING PIPE TUBING TC TUBING CE TUBING ACC TC TUBING CE SSSV FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL DRLG WATER FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL DRLG WATER
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 11,800 59,200 3,300 7,800 39,000 16,800 2,200 60,000 1,000 2,000 210,000 95,000 70,800 20,000 4,000 33,700 50,000 85,000 2,000 5,000 5,000 15,000 15,000 36,300 27,500 6,000 50,000 55,000 3,300 10,400 52,000 37,200 25,000 279,200 60,000 142,000 2,600 13,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6VE 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD
CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING IC BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS IC BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, IC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING TC PRODUCTION CASING TC SURFACE CASING TC TD TD TD TD TD TD TD TD PRODUCTION CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE
SERVICES WELDING & LABOR SERVICES WELDING & LABOR SERVICES WELLHEAD WELLHEAD WELLHEAD SERVICES CASING HOLE LOGGING Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services 3-1/2" Production Casing (16,160') 9-5/8", 47.0#, N-80, LT&C Surface Casing (3,020') 7", 32.0#, P-110, BTB Production Casing ( 16,020') 16" to 20"Conductor (60') 9-5/8" Surface Casing (3,650') 7" Intermediate Casing (12,210') 20" Conductor (250') 13-3/8" Surface Casing (4,525') 9-5/8" Intermediate Casing (13,825') 5-1/2" Production Casing ( 14,925') 16" Conductor (250') 9-5/8", 47.0#, N-80, LT&C Surface Casing (3,020') 7", 32.0#, P-110, BTB Production Casing ( 16,020') Casing & Hammer Crews Casing & Hammer Crews Casing & Hammer Crews Casing & Hammer Crews Casing & Hammer Crews
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$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
TD SURFACE CASING TD PRODUCTION CASING CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A IC SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A IC SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES ID CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A
EXPENSE CAT

SERVICES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING CONTRACT DRILLING COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES
AFE ITEM
6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD
IC IC ID ID ID IC IC ID ID ID IC ID ID ID IC IC IC ID ID ID IC ID ID ID IC IC ID ID ID IC ID ID ID
Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 Other Specialized Tools & Services Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables Communications, DIMS, computer Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables Rig Cost: (Completion Rig @ $ / day) Contract Labor Contract Labor Contract Labor & Supervision Contract Labor Contract Labor Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $17,000 / day) Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $ 12,000 / day) Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $ / day) Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $17,000 / day) Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day PPCo Labor, Onsite Supervision, $750 / Day ea. Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day Directional Tools & Services Directional Tools & Services Directional Tools & Services Directional Tools & Services
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$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
39,000 19,500 468,000 1,170,000 643,500 6,000 4,800 78,000 58,000 39,000 9,000 243,000 220,000 31,000
REPORTED AFE Cost 42,700 20,000 94,000 140,000 70,000 32,000 15,000 80,000 65,000 39,000 6,600 9,800 48,800 78,000 114,000 19,200 25,500 34,200 78,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD
CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER 7-5/8" Drilling Liner (1,300') DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES Mud, Completion Fluid & Services DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES Mud, Completion Fluid & Services DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES Mud, Completion Fluid & Services DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES Mud, Completion Fluid & Services DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES Mud, Completion Fluid & Services IC CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) IC CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) IC CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) ID CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) ID CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) ID CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) IC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Rental Tools (Drillstring & Downhole) IC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Rental Tools (Drillstring & Downhole) SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING DSTs and Production Testing CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES Fishing, milling services CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES Fishing ID PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Fishing, Whipstocks FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Fuel, water, electricity IC LIVING QUARTERS Rig Cost: Galley & Other IC LIVING QUARTERS Rig Cost: Galley & Other ID LIVING QUARTERS Rig Cost: Galley & Other ID LIVING QUARTERS Rig Cost: Galley & Other ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSurvey & Location Costs, Rathole ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLocation: Preparation, Maintenance, Reclamation ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLocation: Preparation, Maintenance, Reclamation IC LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging IC TRANSPORTATION Marine Transportation, Boats & Barges IC TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services IC TRANSPORTATION Marine Transportation, Boats & Barges IC TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services ID TRANSPORTATION Marine Transportation, Boats & Barges ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services ID TRANSPORTATION Marine Transportation, Boats & Barges ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 20,000 15,000 15,000 525,000 376,000 225,000 5,170 66,480 250 261,270 370,660 326,600 30,000 9,000 40,000 3,500 40,000 27,300 58,700 3,600 6,000 19,500 3,900 150,000 240,000 23,700 57,000 107,100 100,000 68,000 32,400 12,000 39,000 12,000 227,500 32,500 117,000 19,500
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD
MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TC EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (5% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TC EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (10% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TC EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (10% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TD EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (5% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TD EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (10% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TD EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (10% Contingencies) IC MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Completion Rig Mob & DeMob IC MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob & DeMob ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Rig Cost: Mob / Demob ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob & DeMob ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob & DeMob DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $500 / Day DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $500 / Day DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense IC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Permanent Packers, Bridge Plugs, Retainers TC TUBING 2-7/8", 6.5#, P-110, RTS-8 Tubing, (16,000') TD TUBING 2-7/8", 6.5#, P-110, RTS-8 Tubing, (16,000') WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals, Top Drive ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Downhole Rentals & Services, Drillstring, etc. FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Environmental, Mud & Cuttings Disposal FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL Environmental, Waste Disposal FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL Environmental, Waste Disposal FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Environmental, Waste Disposal FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Environmental, Waste Disposal ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand Charges, Oyster Lease Mitigation ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand Charges, Oyster Lease Mitigation ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT Land Transportation, Trucking, Load & Unload SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 6DD 5VE 5VE 5VE
SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring ID TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, Packers, Liner Hangers, Downhole Prod. Equipment TC AND HANGER WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services ID PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Permanent Packers, Bridge Plugs, Retainers ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONPermits, Fees, Damages, Land, PTREC, Oysters ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Rental Tools (Drillstring & Downhole) ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Rental Tools (Drillstring & Downhole) TC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Retrievable Packers, Downhole Equipment TC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Retrievable Packers, Downhole Equipment TD PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Retrievable Packers, Downhole Equipment IC STIMULATION Stimulation Services & Gravel Packing WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Surface Rentals & Services, BOPs, monitors, etc. ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONTrailer Rentals, Sanitary, Trash ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight IC TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight TC TUBING Tubing, 14,600' of 2-7/8", 13% Cr IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection IC TUBING Tubular Testing & Inspection WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead & Tree, 10M SS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead & Tree, 10M SS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead and X-Mas Tree 10M Single WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead and X-Mas Tree 10M Single WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead and X-Mas Tree 10M Single WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead and X-Mas Tree 10M Single ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS Bits, Reamers and Stabilizers CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES Cement and Cementing Services CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES Professional Fees
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VE 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD
ID CONTRACT DRILLING Contract Rig Cost - Dayrate ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) Labor and Related Cost ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES Directional Drilling Services DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES Mud and Mud Engineering Services ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Drillstring Rentals SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING Well Testing FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Fuel and Water ID TRANSPORTATION Transportation - Land ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Road and Location/Construction ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE Logging MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES Miscellaneous Supplies MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES Miscellaneous Expense MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TD EXPENSES MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT TOTAL ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Mobilization/Demobilization DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD District and Overhead Expense TD LIVING QUARTERS PLATFORMS AND FACILITIES TOTAL ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSurveys and Damages CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES Contract Services ID STIMULATION Stimulation Services/Sand ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, IC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, IC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, IC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Page 105
Pipe Services Formation Evaluation/Coring Equipment Rentals WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT TOTAL Perforating Wireline Services DRLG BITS RENT BOPS SERVICES BOP TESTING SERVICES WELLHEAD SERVICES BOP TESTING RENT BOPS
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
TD CONDUCTOR PIPE PIPE DRIVE TD SURFACE CASING PIPE SURFACE TD INTERMEDIATE CASING PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A IC SERVICES RENT CASING TOOLS CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES RENT CASING TOOLS CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER CASING EQUIPMENT CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT IC COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER RENT COMMUNICATIONS ID COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER RENT COMMUNICATIONS CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES SUPR CONSULTANT CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES SUPR CONSULTANT IC CONTRACT DRILLING DRLG RIG ID CONTRACT DRILLING DRLG RIG IC COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) SUPR ENGINEER ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) SUPR ENGINEER ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES SERVICES DIRECTIONAL SURVEY ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES SERVICES DIRECTIONAL TOOLS DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES MUD COMPLETION FLUIDS DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES MUD CORROSION INHIBITOR DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES MUD CHEMICALS DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES RENT MUD EQUIPMENT IC CONTINGENCIES LOC CONTINGENCY ID CONTINGENCIES LOC CONTINGENCY ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT DRLG TOOLS - STAB,OH,UR ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT DRILL STRING FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL DRLG FUEL IC WELL INSURANCE LOC INSURANCE ID WELL INSURANCE LOC INSURANCE CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER PIPE LINER CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, ID AND HANGER SERVICES LINER HANGER IC LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING LOC PREPARATION IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC CLEAN UP IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING LOC PREPARATION
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5VD 5DD 5DD 5DD
ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC CLEAN UP ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE SERVICES OPEN HOLE LOGGING IC RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES LOC MISC ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT RENT MISC IC MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION DRLG MOB DEMOB ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION DRLG MOB DEMOB DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD SUPR ADMIN TC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP CE PACKERS ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC PERMITS ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLOC SURVEYS CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MISC CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MISC IC STIMULATION SERVICES GRAVEL PACK ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES CASING INSPECTION ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES DRILL PIPE INSPEC ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES BHA INSPEC IC PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT RENT TESTING UNIT CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES SERVICES MUD LOGGING ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSERVICES TRASH IC TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS TRUCKING ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT TRANS TRUCKING IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES TUBING INSPECTION IC TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION SERVICES TUBING TESTING TC TUBING PIPE TUBING TC TUBING CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, IC PERFORATING DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Page 107
CE TUBING ACC SERVICES WELDING & LABOR SERVICES WELDING & LABOR SERVICES WELLHEAD WELLHEAD WELLHEAD SERVICES CASING HOLE LOGGING Mud, Completion Fluid & Services Fishing, milling services Equipment Lost in Hole
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 ID CONTRACT DRILLING Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $ 10,500 / day) ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES Directional Tools & Services ID CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Fuel, water, electricity ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Rig Cost: Mob / Demob ID TRUCKING & FREIGHT Land Transportation, Trucking, Load & Unload ID PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Downhole Rentals & Services, Drillstring, etc. ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Survey & Location Costs, Rathole ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONEnvironmental, Mud & Cuttings Disposal ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONPermits, Fees, Damages, Land, PTREC, Oysters ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONTrailer Rentals, Sanitary, Trash ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES Contract Labor & Supervision ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) PPCo Labor, Onsite Supervision, $750 / Day ea. DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Surface Rentals & Services, BOPs, monitors, etc. CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES Casing & Hammer Crews ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection Packers, Liner Hangers, Downhole Prod. TD PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP Equipment TD CONTINGENCIES Miscellaneous Tangibles (5% Contingencies) WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead & Tree, 15M SSLMV TD CONDUCTOR PIPE 16" Conductor (60') TD INTERMEDIATE CASING 7" Intermediate Casing (12,765') TD PRODUCTION CASING 3-1/2" Production Casing (16,715') TD SURFACE CASING 9-5/8" Surface Casing (3,650') DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES Mud, Completion Fluid & Services CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / IC TESING / DST & CORING Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / IC TESING / DST & CORING Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD
IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
CONTRACT DRILLING Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $ 18,500 / day) CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONEnvironmental, Waste Disposal WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES Contract Labor COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $750 / Day ea. LIVING QUARTERS Rig Cost: Galley & Other TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES Casing & Hammer Crews RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Rental Tools, Mud Motors, Drillstring & Downhole TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES Mud, Completion Fluid & Services RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Fishing CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER Perm. Packers, BPs, Retainers, Lnr. Hngrs. BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 CONTRACT DRILLING Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $ 18,500 / day) DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES Directional Tools & Services CONTINGENCIES Contingency (10%) MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob & DeMob TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
103,600 1,036,000 310,500 378,170 117,000 56,000 235,200 36,500 180,000 5,000 120,500 155,900 9,500 112,000
Rental Tools, Mud Motors, Drillstring & Downhole RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Location: Preparation, Maintenance, Reclamation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand Charges, Oyster Lease Mitigation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONEnvironmental, Waste Disposal LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services ID COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables
REPORTED AFE Cost 37,000 19,760 2,000 1,000 18,000 4,000 1,800 3,000 400 500 1,000 8,400 40,000 2,700 31,000 598,500 3,500 110,000 167,500 50,000 77,300
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DD 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE
ID ID ID ID ID ID ID TC TC TC TD TD TD TD TD TD ID ID IC IC TD TD TD TC TD TD TD TC ID ID ID ID IC IC
CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND Contract Labor PROFESSIONAL FEES COMPANY LABOR (TIME, EXP.& BENEFITS) Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $750 / Day ea. LIVING QUARTERS Rig Cost: Galley & Other TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES Casing & Hammer Crews TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection CONTINGENCIES Miscellaneous Tangibles (5% Contingencies) WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead & Tree, 15M, SS PRODUCTION CASING 3-1/2" Production Casing (18,505') CONTINGENCIES Miscellaneous Tangibles (5% Contingencies) WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead & Tree, 15M, SS CONDUCTOR PIPE 20" Conductor (60') SURFACE CASING 13-3/8" Surface Casing (3,550') INTERMEDIATE CASING 9-7/8" Intermediate Casing (12,365') CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER 7-5/8" Drilling Liner (15,855' - 12,150') BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS Bits, Mills, Hole Openers and Reamers WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals CONDUCTOR PIPE 20" Conductor (60') SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING CONDUCTOR PIPE SURFACE CASING INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
13-3/8" Surface Casing (4,500') 9-5/8" Intermediate Casing (12,900') 7" Production Casing (18,070') 20" Conductor (60') 13-3/8" Surface Casing (4,500') 9-5/8" Intermediate Casing (12,900') 7" Production Casing (18,070') Casing & Hammer Crews Casing & Hammer Crews Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories Cement & Services, Cementing Accessories Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2
Page 110
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE
SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING IC COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER IC COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER ID COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER ID COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER ID COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG ID COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES ID CONTRACT DRILLING ID CONTRACT DRILLING IC COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) IC COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES IC CONTINGENCIES IC CONTINGENCIES ID CONTINGENCIES ID CONTINGENCIES IC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP IC PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ID PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP ID LIVING QUARTERS ID LIVING QUARTERS
Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 Other Specialized Tools & Services, CT & N2 Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables Communications, Utilities, Fuel, Consumables Rig Cost: (Workover Unit @ $ 5,000 / day) Rig Cost: (Workover Unit @ $ 5,000 / day) Contract Labor Contract Labor Contract Labor Contract Labor Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $ 11,000 / day) Rig Cost: (Daywork Drilling @ $ 11,000 / day) Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day ea. Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day ea. Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day ea. Onsite Supervision, PPCo Labor $600 / Day ea. Directional Tools & Services Directional Tools & Services Mud, Completion Fluid & Services Mud, Completion Fluid & Services Mud, Completion Fluid & Services Mud, Completion Fluid & Services Contingency (7.5%) Contingency (7.5%) Contingency (7.5%) Contingency (7.5%) Rental Tools, Mud Motors, Drillstring & Downhole Rental Tools, Mud Motors, Drillstring & Downhole DSTs and Production Testing DSTs and Production Testing Fishing Equipment Lost in Hole Rig Cost: Galley & Other Rig Cost: Galley & Other
Page 111
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
140,800 319,000 1,639,000 7,200 7,200 26,400 123,600 205,000 646,000 20,000 20,000 443,000 1,270,000 111,840 111,840 168,578 1,251,525 6,000 6,000 27,500 55,000 105,000 900,000 8,800 35,200
REPORTED AFE Cost 66,000 264,000 6,000 6,000 40,900 184,900 25,000 55,000 9,600 9,600 35,200
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE
ID ID ID ID IC IC ID ID TC TC TD TD ID ID IC IC ID ID IC IC ID ID ID ID IC IC ID ID IC IC ID ID IC IC ID ID
LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Location: Preparation, Maintenance, Reclamation LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Location: Preparation, Maintenance, Reclamation LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services TRUCKING & FREIGHT Loading & Unloading, Dock Services MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (2.5% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (2.5% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (2.5% Contingencies) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Tangibles (2.5% Contingencies) MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob & DeMob MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Drilling Rig Mob & DeMob DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD Overhead & District Expense $1000 / Day PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONEnvironmental, Waste Disposal PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONEnvironmental, Waste Disposal PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand Charges, Oyster Lease Mitigation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONEnvironmental, Waste Disposal PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONLand Charges, Oyster Lease Mitigation PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONEnvironmental, Waste Disposal STIMULATION Stimulation Services, Frac STIMULATION Stimulation Services, Frac TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Tubular Testing & Inspection SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING DSTs and Production Testing SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING DSTs and Production Testing CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES Mud logging, Geological Services, Coring TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight TRUCKING & FREIGHT Trucking & Freight
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 100,000 200,000 160,000 300,000 1,200 1,200 4,400 17,600 10,500 10,500 29,565 118,260 80,000 120,000 12,000 12,000 44,000 176,000 6,000 6,000 15,000 52,000 40,000 133,000 627,200 627,200 29,000 29,000 15,000 15,000 33,600 192,000 9,600 9,600 35,200 140,800
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 5DE 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD
TC TUBING TC TUBING CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, ID AND HANGER CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, ID AND HANGER TD PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP TD PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, ID PERFORATING ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS TD SURFACE CASING TD INTERMEDIATE CASING CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES IC CONTRACT DRILLING ID CONTRACT DRILLING ID CONTRACT DRILLING
3-1/2" Production Tubing (18,070') 3-1/2" Production Tubing (18,070') Perm. Packers, BPs, Retainers, Lnr. Hngrs. Perm. Packers, BPs, Retainers, Lnr. Hngrs. Retrievable Packers, Downhole Equipment Retrievable Packers, Downhole Equipment
$ $ $ $ $ $
BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals $ Rental Tools, Mud Motors, Drillstring & Downhole $ BOP, Well Monitors, Surface Rentals $ Rental Tools, Mud Motors, Drillstring & Downhole $ Wellhead & Tree, 15M Single, SS Wellhead & Tree, 15M Single, SS Wellhead & Tree, 15M Single, SS Wellhead & Tree, 15M Single, SS Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services Perforating & Cased Hole Wireline Services Bits Surface Casing:13-3/8"2600' Intermediate Casing:9-5/8";12,200' Float Equipment Cement Surface Casing Cement Intermediate Casing Cement Drilling Liner Consultants Contract Labor Contract Labor Consultants Drilling Contractor: day. Top Drive Drilling Contractor: day. 59 / 64 days @ $9,000 per $ $ 59 / 64 days @ $9,000 per $
Page 113
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 203,600 203,600 40,400 90,000 10,000 10,000 149,300 36,500 701,300 162,500 105,000 105,000 75,000 75,000 69,000 143,500 85,000 61,000 275,000 4,000 35,000 25,000 45,000 3,000 84,000 79,000 39,000 45,000 112,000 531,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD 4HD
IC COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) Company Supervision/Engineering ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) Company Supervision/Engineering ID DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES Directional Services CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER Drilling Liner:7";3,200' DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES Drilling Fluids, Mud, Chem. IC CONTINGENCIES 20% Contingency ID CONTINGENCIES 20% Contingency TC CONTINGENCIES 20% Contingency TD CONTINGENCIES 20% Contingency TC PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT Production Equipment FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL Fuel FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL Fuel IC LIVING QUARTERS Supplies and Utilities ID LIVING QUARTERS Supplies and Utilities ID WELL INSURANCE Insurance CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TC AND HANGER Production Liner:3-1/2";6200' ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Roads, Location, Pits ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Reclamation ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE Open Hole Logging ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION Rig Mobilization/Demobilization DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD Company Overhead DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY IC OVERHEAD Major Construction Overhead DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY ID OVERHEAD Company Overhead IC PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONGovernmental Filings ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONDamages ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONGovernmental Filings ID PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONTitle/Curative ID RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Surface Equipment Rental ID TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION Drill String Inspection TC TC TD ID IC ID TUBING PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TC ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, TD ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
Page 114
Tubing:2-7/8";14,900' Downhole Equipment Downhole Equipment Downhole Rental Equipment Transportation Transportation Wellhead Equipment Wellhead Equipment
REPORTED AFE Cost 6,000 65,000 229,000 59,000 650,000 33,000 543,000 59,000 94,000 95,000 10,000 123,000 3,000 12,000 57,000 46,000 125,000 35,000 25,000 75,000 2,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 5,000 1,000 50,000 148,000 25,000 86,000 30,000 45,000 101,000 6,000 15,000 40,000 25,000
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD
ID BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ID ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE TD CONDUCTOR PIPE TD SURFACE CASING TD INTERMEDIATE CASING CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A ID SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, TD AND HANGER CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING IC ACCESSORIES CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ID ACCESSORIES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND IC PROFESSIONAL FEES CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND ID PROFESSIONAL FEES IC CONTRACT DRILLING ID CONTRACT DRILLING IC COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) ID COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) IC DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND IC SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND ID SERVICES ID CONTINGENCIES SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / ID TESING / DST & CORING FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND IC DISPOSAL FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND ID DISPOSAL IC LIVING QUARTERS ID LIVING QUARTERS IC WELL INSURANCE ID WELL INSURANCE IC LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING ID LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING ID LOGGING, OPENHOLE MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & IC EXPENSES MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & ID EXPENSES MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & TD EXPENSES ID MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION ID DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY
Bits Safety/Well Test Equip Conductor Pipe: 20"; 60; @ 100/ft Surf Cas:45.5# HCN-80; 10-3/4";4600' @ 22.71/ft Int Cas: 55.3# T95&Q125; 7-5/8";18800 @ 40.75 Casing Crew, Tongs & Tools Float Equip. & Liner Hanger Cement & Cement Services Cement & Cement Services Consulting Services Consulting Services Con. Drill.-Daywk: 75 @ 9500/day Con. Drill.-Daywk: 75 @ 9500/day Co. Labor (Time, Exp. & Benefits) Co. Labor (Time, Exp. & Benefits) Directional Services Mud & Chemical Mud & Chemical Contingencies @10% Special Ser./Testing/DST & Coring Fuel Fuel Living Quarters Living Quarters Well Ins.$1000 Well Ins.$1000 Location & Road: Bldg./Restor Location & Road: Bldg./Restor Open Hole Logs Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Misc. Equipment MI/RU/RD Overhead
Page 115
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
EXPENSE CAT
AFE ITEM
3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3VD 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE 3DE
ID IC ID IC ID ID IC ID ID TD ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID
OVERHEAD CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES P & A Costs PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONPermit/Survey/Damages PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONPermit/Survey/Damages SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Special Ser./Testing/DST & Coring SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Mud Log 35 @ 600/day RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Rental Tools & Equipment FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL Water FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL Water CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES Welding, Trucking, Roustabout Labor WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE Wellhead Equipment SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Well Testing ( 1 DST) SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING Formation Evaluation/Coring (ML @ 90 days) RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Equipment Rentals DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES Directional Drilling Services (1 Motor Run) MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Supplies MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES Miscellaneous Expense CONTRACT DRILLING Contract Rig Cost - Turnkey CONTRACT DRILLING Contract Rig Cost - Daywork PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATIONSurveys and Damages LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING Road and Location/Construction COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) Labor and Related Cost $750/day CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES Contract Services DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD District and Overhead Expense $1200/day TRANSPORTATION Transportation - Land
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
REPORTED AFE Cost 40,000 25,000 20,000 10,000 21,000 300,000 500 10,000 90,000 50,000 8,000 35,000 18,000 125,000 5,000 5,000 2,050,000 118,000 25,000 350,000 90,000 10,000 144,000 7,000
Page 116
EXPENSE CAT
APPENDIX C Detail of Deep Well Scenario Cost Components
Page 117
Group 3 Gulf Coast Jurassic Directional Exploration 17,500ft

CEMENTING DATA GENERATION AND MONITORING
SCENARIO 3DE
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES LOGGING, OPENHOLE PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
AVG COST / WELL

N/R N/R N/R N/R 43,000 N/R N/R $ $ $ N/R $ N/R $ $ N/R N/R N/R $ $ N/R N/R 350,000 25,000 10,000 18,000 7,000 2,168,000 125,000 144,000
SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING $
DRILLING / TRIPPING
BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS CONTINGENCIES CONTRACT DRILLING DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATION TRUCKING & FREIGHT WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE
DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL / REGULATORY / INSURANCE LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING
PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATION WELL INSURANCE
PERSONNEL /MANAGEMENT /
Page 118
Group 3 Gulf Coast Jurassic Directional Exploration 17,500ft

SUPERVISION
SCENARIO 3DE
COMPANY LABOR (TIME, EXP.& BENEFITS) CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES LIVING QUARTERS
AVG COST / WELL

$ $ N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R 90,000 10,000
CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CONDUCTOR PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING SURFACE CASING TUBING TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION
COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG STIMULATION WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING
Page 119
Group 3 Gulf Coast Jurassic Vertical Development 20,000ft

SCENARIO 3DV
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES LOGGING, OPENHOLE PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
$ $
AVG COST / WELL

100,000 100,000
N/R N/R 51,000 100,000 226,650 762,500 10,000 52,000 87,000 81,000 75,000 300,000 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R N/R $ $ $ $ $ N/R 70,000 315,000 150,000 45,000 4,000
SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING $
DRILLING / TRIPPING
BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS CONTINGENCIES CONTRACT DRILLING DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATION TRUCKING & FREIGHT WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE
PERSONNEL /MANAGEMENT / SUPERVISION
Page 120
Group 3 Gulf Coast Jurassic Vertical Development 20,000ft
SCENARIO 3DV
COMPANY LABOR (TIME, EXP.& BENEFITS) CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES LIVING QUARTERS
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

20,000 160,000 55,000 70,000 10,000 6,000 766,100 104,466
N/R $ N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
Page 121
Group 4 Gulf Coast Cretaceous Horizontal Development 15,000ft

SCENARIO 4HD
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES LOGGING, OPENHOLE PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING $ $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

105,000 25,000 176,000 95,000 85,000 729,000 688,000 229,000 28,000 133,000 75,000 148,000 21,000
N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $
DRILLING / TRIPPING
BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS CONTINGENCIES CONTRACT DRILLING DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATION
TRUCKING & FREIGHT N/R WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE $
65,000 650,000 160,000 57,000 57,000
$ $ $ $
Page 122
Group 4 Gulf Coast Cretaceous Horizontal Development 15,000ft

SCENARIO 4HD
COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMPANY LABOR (TIME, EXP.& BENEFITS) CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES LIVING QUARTERS
AVG COST / WELL

N/R $ $ $ N/R $ N/R $ N/R $ $ $ N/R N/R N/R 61,000 86,000 25,000 275,000 109,000 71,000 205,000 15,000
Page 123
Group 5 Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene Directional Exploration 16,500ft

SCENARIO 5DE
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES LOGGING, OPENHOLE PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS CONTINGENCIES CONTRACT DRILLING DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATION TRUCKING & FREIGHT WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE
AVG COST / WELL

$ $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ 124,000 230,000 466,000 239,250 125,000 821,891 979,000 425,500 122,000 84,413 100,000 152,000 109,800 613,100 876,500 150,000 126,000
DRILLING / TRIPPING
COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMPANY LABOR (TIME, EXP.& BENEFITS)
118,900 82,200
Page 124
Group 5 Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene Directional Exploration 16,500ft

SCENARIO 5DE
CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES LIVING QUARTERS CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CONDUCTOR PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING SURFACE CASING TUBING TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

210,400 22,000 91,900 65,200 6,000 307,700 401,900 178,400 203,600 29,000 40,000 627,200 106,250
Page 125
Group 5 Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene Directional Development 17,000ft

SCENARIO 5DD
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES LOGGING, OPENHOLE PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

159,600 112,950 23,000 211,450 85,450 358,383 793,750 369,900 49,000 34,050 101,000 46,150 66,500 305,450 620,150 155,000 125,050
N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ N/R
DRILLING / TRIPPING
TRUCKING & FREIGHT $ WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE $
$ $ $
Page 126
Group 5 Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene Directional Development 17,000ft

WELL INSURANCE
SCENARIO 5DD
AVG COST / WELL

N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ N/R N/R $ 34,750 35,000 58,000 76,200 56,700 5,800 92,650 54,200 6,000 299,400 331,300 91,150
Page 127
Group 5 Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene Vertical Development 16,000ft

SCENARIO 5VD
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES LOGGING, OPENHOLE PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING $ $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

139,000 98,000 35,000 55,000 80,800 353,400 762,200 243,500 27,000 89,700 2,000 128,000 84,000 39,000 145,700 347,200 128,900 113,200 29,400
N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R
DRILLING / TRIPPING
TRUCKING & FREIGHT $ WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE $
$ $ $ $
Page 128
Group 5 Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene Vertical Development 16,000ft

SCENARIO 5VD
AVG COST / WELL

$ $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ N/R $ $ 997,000 100,000 78,000 234,100 60,700 41,000 110,800 5,100 254,400 4,400 11,200 207,300
Page 129
Group 5 Gulf Coast Eocene/Paleocene Vertical Exploration 17,000ft

SCENARIO 5VE
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES LOGGING, OPENHOLE PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING $ $
AVG COST / WELL

205,000 140,000
N/R N/R $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 718,000 311,000 57,000 1,000 437,000 88,000 424,000 58,000 108,000 144,000
DRILLING / TRIPPING
TRUCKING & FREIGHT N/R WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE $
97,000 456,000 306,000 2,000
$ $ $ N/R
Page 130

SCENARIO 5VE
AVG COST / WELL

N/R $ $ $ N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R $ N/R $ $ 16,000 72,000 136,000 114,000 268,000 99,000
Page 131
Group 6 Gulf Coast Pliocene/Miocene/Oligocene Directional Development 15,000ft

SCENARIO 6DD
AVG COST / WELL

122,233 110,700 60,100 162,400 87,033 343,477 767,000 167,667 48,500 98,700 62,408 87,333 69,333 138,633 75,733 244,067 385,333
N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
DRILLING / TRIPPING
TRUCKING & FREIGHT $ WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE $ DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING PERMIT/SURVEY/DAMAGES/RESTORATION $ N/R $
178,333
Page 132
Group 6 Gulf Coast Pliocene/Miocene/Oligocene Directional Development 15,000ft

WELL INSURANCE
SCENARIO 6DD
AVG COST / WELL

N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 47,733 61,933 79,800 11,000 116,500 9,600 9,000 206,433 217,500 81,200 91,433 32,000 38,000 50,000 85,500
Page 133

SCENARIO 6VE
AVG COST / WELL

424,600 70,800 85,000 105,000 144,600 684,600 507,000 11,400 89,900 30,000 50,000 135,600 62,400
N/R $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ $
DRILLING / TRIPPING
TRUCKING & FREIGHT N/R WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY, CHRISTMAS TREE $
228,700 888,000 270,000 117,300
$ $ $
Page 134

WELL INSURANCE
SCENARIO 6VE
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

16,800 28,400 30,600 132,000 46,800 46,000 125,100 532,900 189,200 481,200 137,000
N/R $ N/R $ $ $ N/R N/R $ 110,000
Page 135
Group 7 Gulf Coast Quaternary Offshore Directional Development 15000ft

SCENARIO 7DD
AVG COST / WELL

$ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ $ 121,950 63,450 17,500 20,000 56,400 371,350 924,750 126,800 22,000 69,850 90,000 90,800 124,950 286,500 107,200 450,050
DRILLING / TRIPPING
67,100 51,300 42,650 11,600
Page 136
Group 7 Gulf Coast Quaternary Offshore Directional Development 15000ft

SCENARIO 7DD
CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES LIVING QUARTERS CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CONDUCTOR PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING SURFACE CASING TUBING TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG STIMULATION WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING
$ $
AVG COST / WELL

122,000 21,150 110,450 2,400 164,350 158,950 41,050 161,850 60,350 40,000 85,000
$ $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ N/R $ $
Page 137
Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Quaternary Directional Exploration 19,000ft

SCENARIO 7DE
AVG COST / WELL

$ $ N/R N/R N/R $ N/R $ $ N/R $ N/R $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 272,900 92,000
DRILLING / TRIPPING
100,500 3,410,000 217,500 261,600 375,000 110,000 204,600 558,000 119,300 538,000 968,900 58,900 106,600 54,000 25,000
Page 138
Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Quaternary Directional Exploration 19,000ft

SCENARIO 7DE
CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES LIVING QUARTERS CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CONDUCTOR PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING SURFACE CASING TUBING TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG STIMULATION WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING
$ $
AVG COST / WELL

185,500 30,700 97,500 17,000 115,000 646,200 192,500 70,200
$ $ $ $ N/R $ N/R $ N/R N/R N/R
Page 139
Group 9 Anadarko Basin Vertical Development 20,000ft

SCENARIO 9VD
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

109,900 75,300 57,200 123,100 71,000 276,000 208,400 809,300 239,100 31,600 215,240 112,000 82,000 233,000 6,100 63,600 106,000 327,200 88,800 45,600 13,800 2,000 59,450 215,200
DRILLING / TRIPPING
COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMPANY LABOR (TIME, EXP.& BENEFITS) CONSULTING, CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES
Page 140
Group 9 Anadarko Basin Vertical Development 20,000ft

LIVING QUARTERS
SCENARIO 9VD
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
AVG COST / WELL

2,800 54,700 161,000 10,000 198,600 238,800 60,200 147,600 34,400 11,000 335,000 53,600
CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CONDUCTOR PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING SURFACE CASING TUBING TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG STIMULATION WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING
Page 141
Group 12 Permian Basin Vertical development 16,000ft

SCENARIO 12VD
AVG COST / WELL

60,000 57,500 12,500 44,500 22,000 15,500 31,000 354,000 3,750 17,500 7,000 28,500 52,000 6,750
DRILLING / TRIPPING
$ CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES $ LOGGING, OPENHOLE $ PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP $ PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING $ $ BITS, REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS $ CONTINGENCIES $ CONTRACT DRILLING $ DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES $ DRILLING, CONSTRUCTION, & COMPANY OVERHEAD $ FUEL, POWER, WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL $ MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS & EXPENSES N/R MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION $ RENTAL TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT $ TRANSPORTATION N/R TRUCKING & FREIGHT WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS $ TREE $ $ $ N/R N/R $ $
26,750 100,000 31,250 22,500
COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER COMPANY LABOR (TIME,EXP.& BENEFITS) CONSULTING,CONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES
36,000 52,750
Page 142
Group 12 Permian Basin Vertical development 16,000ft

LIVING QUARTERS
SCENARIO 12VD
AVG COST / WELL

N/R N/R $ $ $ N/R $ $ $ N/R $ $
CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER CONDUCTOR PIPE INTERMEDIATE CASING PRODUCTION CASING SURFACE CASING TUBING TUBULAR TESTING AND INSPECTION COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG STIMULATION WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING
12,000 7,750 152,500 35,000 127,500 27,500 205,000 18,500
Page 143
APPENDIX D Cost Data Used For Figs. 1522
Page 144
FIG. 15
Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services PERMIT/SURVE Y/DAMAGES/RE STORATION WELL INSURANCE 3DE $25,000 LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING $350,000 $150,000 $160,000 $150,000 $155,000 $128,900 $306,000 N/R
Benchmarking Deep Drilling Management Plan
Group 3 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 17,500ft

3VD
$45,000 $4,000 $57,000 "N/R" "N/R" $29,400 "N/R" "N/R" $16,800 $51,300 $106,600 $13,800 $57,000 $126,000 $125,050 $113,200 $2,000 $178,333 $117,300 $67,100 $58,900 $45,600
4HD 5DE 5DD 5VD 5VE 6DD 6VE 7DD 7DE 9VD $88,800 $968,900 "N/R" $270,000 "N/R"
Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft
Page 145
12VD
$22,500 "N/R"
$31,250
Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft
Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft

9VD $82,000 $6,100
FIG. 16
DRILLING / TRIPPING
CONTRACT DRILLING
3DE
3VD
4HD
5DE
5DD
5VD
5VE
6DD
6VE
7DD
7DE
$2,168,000 $762,500 $688,000 $979,000 $793,750 $762,200 $718,000 $767,000 $507,000 $924,750 $3,410,00 $809,300 $354,000 0 $311,000 $167,667 $11,400 $126,800 $217,500 $239,100 $144,000 $87,033 $144,600 $56,400 $1,000 $98,700 $89,900 $69,850 $3,750
DIRECTIONAL $125,000 $10,000 $229,000 $425,500 $369,900 $243,500 DRILLING SERVICES BITS, N/R $100,000 $85,000 $125,000 $85,450 $80,800 REAMERS, AND STABILIZERS FUEL, POWER, N/R $87,000 $133,000 "N/R" $34,050 $89,700 WATER, HAULING AND DISPOSAL WELLHEAD "N/R" $70,000 $65,000 $613,100 $305,450 $145,700 EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHR ISTMAS TREE MOBILIZATION / "N/R" $75,000 $75,000 $100,000 $101,000 $128,000 DEMOBILIZATIO N RENTAL TOOLS $18,000 $300,000 $148,000 $152,000 $46,150 $84,000 AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATI $7,000 "N/R" $21,000 "N/R" "N/R" "N/R" ON
$100,500 $276,000 $15,500 $261,600 $215,240 $7,000
$97,000 $244,067 $228,700 $107,200 $119,300 $106,000 $26,750
$88,000
$87,333
$50,000
$90,000
$375,000
$424,000 $69,333 $135,600 $90,800
$110,000 $233,000 $52,000 $6,750
$58,000 $138,633 $62,400 $124,950 $204,600
Page 146
Group 12 Permian Vertical Development 16,000ft

12VD "N/R"
Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft
Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft
TRUCKING & FREIGHT
Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services CONTINGENCIE S "N/R" "N/R" DRILLING, CONSTRUCTIO $144,000 N OVERHEAD MISCELLANEOU S MATERIALS & $10,000 EXPENSES
Benchmarking Deep Drilling Management Plan

"N/R" $52,000 $28,000 $122,000 $49,000
$226,650 $729,000 $821,891 $358,383 $353,400
$81,000 "N/R" $84,413 "N/R" $2,000 $437,000 $62,408 $30,000 "N/R" "N/R"
"N/R" $109,800 $66,500
$27,000 $57,000 $48,500 "N/R" $22,000 "N/R" $31,600
$39,000 "N/R" $343,477 $684,600 $371,350 "N/R" "N/R" $75,733 "N/R" $286,500 $558,000 $63,600
Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 16,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15,000ft Group 6 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 18,000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft Group 7 Gulf Coast Offshore Directional Exploration 19,000ft Group 9 Anadarko Vertical Development 20,000ft
Page 147 "N/R" $17,500
$208,400 $31,000
$112,000 $28,500

9VD 9VD $75,300 $71,000 $57,200
FIG. 17
DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES FIG. 18 DATA GENERATION AND MONITORING
DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES
3DE "N/R"
3VD
4HD
5DE
5DD
5VD
5VE
6DD
6VE
7DD
7DE
$315,000 $650,000 $876,500 $620,150 $347,200 $456,000 $385,333 $888,000 $450,050 $538,000 $327,200 $100,000
3DE LOGGING, OPENHOLE SPECIAL SERVICES / COILED TUBING / TESING / DST & CORING PACKER & DOWNHOLE EQUIP PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT "N/R" $43,000
3VD
4HD
5DE
5DD
5VD
5VE
6DD
6VE
7DD $63,450 "N/R"
7DE $92,000 "N/R"
$100,000 $25,000 $230,000 $112,950 $98,000 $140,000 $110,700 $70,800 $51,000 "N/R" $239,250 $211,450 "N/R" $108,000 $162,400 $105,000
$57,500 $22,000
"N/R" "N/R"
"N/R" "N/R"
$176,000 $466,000 $23,000 $95,000 "N/R" "N/R"
$35,000 $55,000
"N/R" "N/R"
$60,100 "N/R"
$85,000 "N/R"
$17,500 $20,000
"N/R" "N/R"
$12,500
$123,100 $44,500
Page 148

12VD 12VD
Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft
Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft
Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft
Group 3 Gulf Coast Vertical Development 20,000ft
Group 5 Gulf Coast Vertical Exploration 17,000ft

9VD $54,700 $10,000 $238,800 $60,200 $34,400
FIG. 19
3DE "N/R"
3VD $70,000
4HD "N/R"
5DE $91,900
5DD $92,650
5VD $41,000
5VE "N/R"
6DD
6VE
7DD
7DE $97,500
$116,500 $46,000 $110,450
"N/R"
$10,000 $109,000 $65,200
$54,200 $110,800
"N/R"
$9,600
$125,100
$2,400
$17,000
$161,000 $12,000
"N/R" "N/R" "N/R" "N/R" "N/R" "N/R"
$6,000
"N/R"
$6,000
$6,000
$5,100
"N/R" "N/R" "N/R" "N/R" "N/R"
$9,000
"N/R"
$164,350 $115,000
$7,750
$766,100 $275,000 $307,700 $299,400 $254,400 "N/R" "N/R" $401,900 $331,300 "N/R" $78,000 $234,100
$206,433 $532,900 $158,950 $646,200 $198,600 $152,500 $217,500 "N/R" "N/R" "N/R" $192,500 "N/R" $70,200 "N/R" $35,000
$104,466 $61,000 $178,400 $91,150 "N/R" "N/R" $86,000 $203,600 $25,000 $29,000 "N/R" $35,000
$81,200 $189,200 $41,050 $91,433 $481,200 $161,850
$147,600 $127,500 $27,500
$60,700 $136,000 $32,000 $137,000 $60,350
Page 149

12VD "N/R"

9VD 9VD $11,000 $53,600
FIG. 20
CEMENTING
CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES
3DE "N/R"
3VD
4HD
5DE
5DD
5VD
5VE
6DD
6VE
7DD
7DE
$100,000 $105,000 $124,000 $159,600 $139,000 $205,000 $122,233 $424,600 $121,950 $272,900 $109,900 $60,000
FIG. 21
3DE "N/R"
3VD "N/R"
4HD "N/R"
5DE $40,000
5DD "N/R"
5VD "N/R"
5VE "N/R"
6DD $38,000
6VE "N/R"
7DD "N/R"
7DE "N/R"
"N/R" "N/R"
"N/R" "N/R"
"N/R" "N/R"
$627,200
"N/R"
$997,000 $16,000
$50,000
"N/R"
$40,000
"N/R" "N/R"
$335,000 $205,000 $18,500
$106,250 $34,750 $100,000 $72,000
$85,500 $110,000 $85,000
Page 150

12VD 12VD "N/R"

9VD $59,450 $2,800 $2,000
FIG. 22
PERSONNEL / MANAGEMENT / SUPERVISION
CONSULTING,C ONTRACT LABOR, AND PROFESSIONAL FEES COMPANY LABOR (TIME, EXP.& BENEFITS) LIVING QUARTERS COMMUNICATIO NS, DIMS, COMPUTER
3DE $10,000
3VD
4HD
5DE
5DD
5VD
5VE
6DD
6VE
7DD
7DE
$160,000 $205,000 $210,400 $56,700 $207,300 $268,000 $79,800 $132,000 $122,000 $185,500 $215,200 $52,750
$90,000
$20,000
$71,000
$82,200
$76,200
$11,200 $114,000 $61,933
$30,600
$11,600
$25,000
$36,000
"N/R" "N/R"
$55,000 "N/R"
$15,000 "N/R"
$22,000
$5,800
"N/R" $4,400
$99,000 "N/R"
$11,000 $47,733
$46,800 $28,400
$21,150 $42,650
$30,700 $54,000
$118,900 $58,000
Page 151

12VD "N/R" "N/R"
Group 4 Gulf Coast Horizontal Development 15,000ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Exploration 16,500ft Group 5 Gulf Coast Directional Development 17,000ft
Group 7 Gulf Coast Directional Development 15000ft

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BENCHMARKING DEEP DRILLING FINAL REPORT

Contract No. DE-AM26-99FT40465 Concurrent Technologies Corporation Task FT50201H

Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

November 2004 (Revised April 2005)

DATABASE DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................ 12

BENCHMARK COSTS ..................................................................................................... 22

Recommended Areas of Further Research and Development

The results of these tasks are provided in this final report.

Depth Interval, k=1000 ft

Well Type Vertical Deviated Horizontal

15 to 18 955 783 299 215 2,252

Well Depth, 1,000s of feet 18 to 21 21 to 24 24 to 27 236 58 5 184 53 9 111 5 0 69 19 6 600 135 20

Percent Well Type Distribution With Depth

Depth Interval, k = 1000 ft Vertical Deviated Horizontal

Percent Distribution of Well Types

Geologic and Geographic Groupings

Identification of Type Wells

8 11 232 541 303 1032 143 41 372 32 24 177 20 79

5 6 114 81 198 419 34 25 187 3 0 136 6 42

8 1 98 232 125 522 23 13 305 22 12 34 1 43

Well Count 191 162 104 73 74 59 58 61 67 80 28 30 4 6 80 59 65 32 26 16 17 33 18 10 7 3 27 25

PERSONNEL /MANAGEMENT / SUPERVISION CEMENTING

Typical Well Cost Scenarios

DATA G ENERATIO NANDM O NITO RING

ENVIRO NM ENTAL / REG ULATO RY / INSURANCE

PERSO NNEL /M ANAG EM ENT / SUPERVISIO N

TUBULARS (CASING , LINERS, ANDTUBING )

W IRELINE / CO M PLETIO N/ STIM ULATIO N

DRILLINGANDCO M PLETIO NFLUIDSANDSERVICES

LOCATION AND ROAD BUILDING

Fig. 15 - Cost of environmental / regulatory / insurance segment of deep well construction.

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING SERVICES

WELLHEAD EQUIPMENT, BOP TESTING, ASSEMBLY,CHRISTMAS TREE MOBILIZATION / DEMOBILIZATION

DRILLING AND COMPLETION FLUIDS AND SERVICES

Fig. 17 - Cost of drilling fluids used for deep well construction.

DATA GENERATION AND MONITORING

TUBULARS (CASING, LINERS, AND TUBING)

CASING CREW, TONGS AND TOOLS, P&A SERVICES

CASING EQUIPMENT, FLOAT, LINER PIPE, AND HANGER

Fig. 19 - Cost of tubulars associated with drilling deep wells.

CEMENT AND SERVICES, CEMENTING ACCESSORIES

Fig. 20 - Cost of the cementing portion of deep well construction.

WIRELINE / COMPLETION / STIMULATION

COMPLETION AND WORKOVER RIG

WIRELINE SERVICES, LOGGING, PERFORATING

PERSONNEL / MANAGEMENT / SUPERVISION

COMMUNICATIONS, DIMS, COMPUTER

Benchmark Technologies and Operational Practices

Bits and Bit Vibration BACKGROUND

Drilling Fluids BACKGROUND

Well Control and Safety

APPENDIX A Operators Recommended for Participation in Deep Well Benchmarking Project

Group Area Activity

191 162 104 73 74 59 58 61 67 80 28 30 4 6 80 59 65 32 26 16 17 33 18 10 7 3 27

Group Area Activity

Group Area Activity

Group Area Activity

Group Area Activity

Group Area Activity