ENVS268/Lec02: Diversification of Magmas (Winter Ch11)

Magmatic Differentiation
Any process by An b which hich a magma is able to diversify and produce a magma or rock of different composition. Two essential processes are required:
1.

Create a compositional difference in one or more phases (solids and/or liquids). liquids) Preserve the chemical difference by y segregating g g g (or fractionating) the chemically distinct portions.

2.

Differentiation Processes
1. 2.

1. Partial Melting
Separation p
Effects

Partial melting Crystal fractionation

a. b. c.

Gravity Settling C Compaction ti Flow segregation

of a partially p y melted liquid from the solid residue

of removing liquid at various stages of melting Eutectic E t ti systems t

3 3. 4. 5 5. 6 6. 7. 3 8.

Volatile Transport Liquid immiscibilty Compositional convection and in situ differentiation processes Magma mixing Assimilation

Z Zone melting lti

Mixed Processes

First melt always = eutectic composition Major element composition of eutectic melt is constant until one of the source mineral phases is consumed (trace elements differ) Once a phase is consumed consumed, the next increment of melt will be different X and T

Melt separation
Separation of a partiall melted liquid partially liq id from the solid residue requires i a critical iti l melt % Sufficient melt must produced for it to be p

Form

Melt removal

The ability to form an interconnected film is dependent upon the dihedral angle () a property of the melt

Gravitational effects (buoyant liquid rises and escapes) Filter pressing, or compaction, of crystal mush (squeezed like a sponge) Rheological Critical Melt Percentage (RCMP) varies with:

T, viscosity and X
Estimates range from 1-7% melt for basalt/peridotite and 15-30% for more viscous i silicic ili i magmas

a continuous, interconnected film Have enough interior volume that not all of it is adsorbed to the crystal surfaces
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Shear - reduces RCMP considerably So, we can make a basalt (or 2) by PM of mantle lherzolite and extract it it. How to diversify more?

2 Crystal Fractionation 2.
Is I

2a Gravity settling 2a.

The Th

this thi the th dominant d i t mechanism h i by b g differentiate, , which most magmas once formed? to separate crystals from melt?

differential diff ti l motion ti of f crystals t l q under the influence of and liquid gravity due to their differences in density common in plutons and

How

Considered

cumulates (igneous rocks formed by the accumulation of crystals)

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2a Gravity Settling 2a.

1. Cooling g point p ag gives an olivine layer at base of p pluton if firstformed olivine sinks 2 Next get ol+cpx layer 2. 3. Finally get ol+cpx+pl

Cumulate textures

Gives rise to cumulate texture:

Mutually

touching phenocrysts with interstitial crystallized residual melt

Fi Figure 3-14. 3 14 Development D l t of f cumulate l t textures. t t a. Crystals accumulate by crystal settling or simply form in place near the margins of the magma chamber. In this case plagioclase crystals (white) accumulate in mutual contact and an intercumulus liquid (pink) fills the interstices contact, interstices. b. Orthocumulate: intercumulus liquid crystallizes to form additional plagioclase rims plus other phases in the interstitial volume (coloured). There is little or no exchange between the intercumulus liquid q and the main chamber. After Wager g and Brown (1967), Layered Igneous Rocks. Freeman. San Francisco.

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Cumulate textures

Trends associated with fractional crystallisation and gravity settling

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Figure 3-14. 3 14 Development of cumulate textures. textures c. Adcumulates: open-system exchange between the intercumulus liquid and the main chamber (plus compaction of the cumulate pile) allows components that would otherwise create additional intercumulus minerals to escape, and the plagioclase fills most of the available space. d. Heteradcumulate: intercumulus liquid crystallises to additional plagioclase rims, plus other large minerals (hatched and shaded) that nucleate poorly and poikilitically envelop the plagioclases. After Wager and Brown (1967), Layered Igneous Rocks. Freeman. San Francisco.

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Figure 11-2 Variation diagram using MgO as the abscissa for lavas associated with the 1959 Kilauea eruption in Hawaii. After Murata and Richter, 1966 (as modified by Best, 1982)

2a Gravity settling 2a. settling.

2b Compaction 2b.

Problematic
Some

crystals should float in basalt (e.g. plagioclase)? Why rhythmic?

Another mechanism that may facilitate the separation of crystals and liquid

Rhythmic layering layering, Stillwater, Stillwater Montana

Many silicic magmas approach the ternary eutectic

Do

Ternary eutectic moves towards Qtz with d decreasing i P. P

they experience fractional crystallization or they are minimum (eutectic) melts?

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Adcumulates?

2c Flow segregation 2c.

Like the Bagnold effect in sedimentology

3. Volatile Transport

Concentrate incompatible elements (prefer fluid to min.) Complex: varied mineralogy

May display concentric zonation

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Figures 11-4 and 11-5 Drever and Johnston (1958). Royal Soc. Edinburgh Trans., 63, 459-499.

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Figure 11.6 Sections of three zoned fluid-phase deposits (not at the same scale). a. Miarolitic pod in granite (several cm across). b. Asymmetric zoned pegmatite dike with aplitic base (several tens of cm across). c. Asymmetric zoned pegmatite with granitoid outer portion (several meters across). From Jahns and Burnham (1969). Econ. Geol., 64, 843-864.

4 Liquid Immiscibility 4.
Immiscible liquids q can not be mixed, e.g. g oil and vinegar g
8 cm tourmaline crystals from pegmatite

Liquid immiscibility in the Fo-SiO2 system

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5 mm gold nugget from a hydrothermal deposit

Figure 6-12. Isobaric T-X phase diagram of the system Fo-Silica at 0.1 (1914) ) MPa. After Bowen and Anderson ( and Grieg (1927). Amer. J. Sci.

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4. Some Immiscibility Examples

5. Compositional Convection and In Situ Differentiation Processes

In-situ In situ: so crystals don dont t sink/move Typically involves

Diffusion

Late silica-rich silica rich immiscible droplets in Fe rich tholeiitic basalts Fe-rich (as in work of Roedder & Philpotts) Sulfide-silicate i immiscibility i ibilit (sulphide ( l hid deposits, Lecture 11) Carbonatite-nephelinite systems (Chapter 19)

High-Fe melt globule trapped in silicate glass s de zircon. co From: o Hurai ua e et a al. 1998. 998 Co Contrib. b inside Min & Pet.

Convective

separation of liquid and crystals

Thermal diffusion, or the Soret effect

If

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Immiscible melt inclusion in plagioclase from Lunar basalt. From Shearer et al. 2001. American Mineralogist.

a stagnant homogeneous binary solution is subjected to a strong temperature gradient, it spontaneously develops a concentration gradient in the two components Denser elements/molecules migrate toward the colder end and lighter ones to the hotter end of the gradient
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Walker and DeLong (1982) subjected two basalts to thermal gradients of nearly 50 C/mm (!)

Hildreth (1979) 0.7 Ma Bishop Tuff at Long Valley, California Vertical compositional variation in the stratified tuff Thermal gradient in chamber

Found that: Samples reached a steady state in a few days Heavier elements cooler end and the lighter elements hot end The chemical concentration is similar to that expected from fractional crystallization So it can happen!
Figure 7-4. After Walker, D. C and C. d S. S E. E DeLong D L (1982). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 79, 231-240.

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Figure 11-11. Schematic section through a rhyolitic magma chamber undergoing convection-aided in-situ differentiation. After Hildreth (1979). Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper, 180, 43-75.

Langmuir g Model

6 Magma Mixing 6.
End E d

Thermal gradient at wall and cap leads to variation in % crystallised y Compositional convection gives evolved magmas from boundary layer to cap (or mix into interior)
Figure 11-12 Formation of boundary layers along the walls and top of a magma chamber. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall

member b mixing i i to t d develop l a p suite of rock compositions on Harker-type diagrams should lie on a straight line between the two most extreme compositions

Variation

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6. Magma Mixing (or crystal fractionation?)

6. Field evidence of mixing

Shap Granite slabs in Pet Lab?
Figure 11-8 From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall

Comingled basaltbasalt-rhyolite Mt. McLoughlin, Oregon

Olivine phenocrysts give this one away! g y

Basalt pillows accumulating at the bottom of a granitic magma chamber, Vinalhaven Island Island, Maine
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Figure 1111-2 Variation diagram using MgO as the abscissa for lavas associated with the 1959 Kilauea eruption in Hawaii. After Murata and Richter, 1966 (as modified by Best, 1982)

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7 Assimilation 7.
Incorporation

7. Detecting and assessing assimilation

Isotopes are generally the best for example: C ti Continental t l crust t becomes b progressively i l enriched i h d in i 87Sr/86Sr and depleted in 143Nd/144Nd

of wall rocks (diffusion, xenoliths) ( ) Assimilation by melting is limited by th heat the h t available il bl in i the th magma Zone melting
Crystallizing

igneous material at the base equivalent to the amount melted at the top Transfer heat by convection
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Figure 9-13. Estimated Rb and Sr isotopic evolution of the Earths upper mantle, assuming a large-scale melting event t producing d i granitic-type continental rocks at 3.0 Ga b.p After ( ) Wilson (1989). Igneous Petrogenesis. Unwin Hyman/Kluwer.

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8 Mixed Processes 8.

Tectonic-Igneous Associations

May be more than coincidence coincidence Two processes may operate in j (cooperation?) ( p ) conjunction
AFC:

Associations on a larger scale than the petrogenetic p g provinces p Various attempts to address global patterns of igneous activity by grouping provinces based upon similarities i occurrence and in d genesis. Lumper p or splitter? p

Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism Ocean Intra-plate (Island) volcanism Continental Plateau Basalts Subduction-related volcanism and plutonism
o o

I l d Arcs Island A Continental Arcs

Granites (not a true T-I Association) Mostly alkaline igneous processes of stable craton interiors Anorthosite Massifs

Fractional Crystallisation supplies the necessary heat for assimilation Fractional crystallization together with recharge by [mixing] a more primitive magma
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We shall investigate g these in the next few lectures via case studies
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