Monroe Doctrine: Was originally introduced on December 2nd, 1823 as a policy of the United States.

This was a policy created to prevent European nations to not colonize land or interfere with any states within the US; Or they would be taken as an act of aggression. The policy was placed as a type of truce between the US and European nations. The Doctrine stated that both countries could not enter eachothers countries and interfere or colonize states. The objective of this Doctrine was to ensure that the United States (who held an agreement with Britain) would not allow any European power to move in. o Its primary objectives: Was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and control that would make the New World a battleground for the Old. This Doctrine started by President James Monroe during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress. Considered a defining moment in Foreign Policy. The US feared the return of Monarchical government, if the European was deemed victorious of it powers. The Monroe Doctrine was inspired by the Napolenic Wars. The Doctrine didnt hold much credibility internationally, as the US lacked having a navvy or army at the time The Big Brother Policy was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine formulated by James G. Blaine in the 1880s that aimed to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and to open their markets to US traders. The Monroe Doctrine was criticized by many, and the argument was made that in practice the Monroe Doctrine had functioned as a declaration of hegemony and a right of unilateral intervention over the Americas to leave America for the Americans

Monroe Doctrine (PART 2) o The Monroe Doctrine is a foreign policy platform established by President James Monroe of the United States. According to his State of the Union address on 2 December 1823, Monroe asserted that no country outside the Western Hemisphere could use its sphere of influence to manipulate the affairs of nations within the region. It essentially stated that the period of colonialism was over and no new powers, specifically those of Europe, were allowed to dominate the political or economic futures of nations in North or South America. Any attempt at such would be considered a threat to the peace and safety of the United States itself. The Monroe Doctrine became a central policy that impacted all future activities of the global community in regards to the New World. At the time, the United States was not considered a major world power and many contemporaries viewed the policy with only passing interest. After the American Revolution and the Louisiana Purchase, Great Britain and France lost much of its territorial considerations in North America.

This was accented by the fact that many of the Spanish colonies in South America were gaining independence through revolutionaries such as Simon Bolivar. This trend opened up much of the Americas to trade deals with new nations, prompting a fear that new colonization attempts would destroy the economic developments of the era. This was accented by the fact that many of the Spanish colonies in South America were gaining independence through revolutionaries such as Simon Bolivar. This trend opened up much of the Americas to trade deals with new nations, prompting a fear that new colonization attempts would destroy the economic developments of the era. The overall effect of the Monroe Doctrine on U.S. politics eventually became highly important to the country as it grew to a superpower. With the purchase of Alaska, the U.S. removed Russia's hold on its part of the Western Hemisphere. This was followed at the turn of the century with the U.S. successfully ousting the remnants of European influence during the Spanish-American War. This left the Americas with limited foreign intervention and nearly no political or military clout from any of the Old World powers, with the exception of a few Caribbean islands.

Filibuster: A filibuster is a type of a parliamentary procedure where debate is extended. Allowing one or more members to delay or entirely prevent a vote on a given proposal. Referred to as talking out a bill; form of obstruction among legislation. The term was first used by Democratic congressman Albert G. Brown of Mississippi in 1853. First known practitioners of the filibuster was the Roman snator Cato the Younger. (in debates over legislation he opposed, he would speak continuously until nightfall) Filibuster (military): o A filibuster or a freebooter is someone who engages in a unauthorized military expedition into a foreign country to foment or support a revolution. o The term was usually used to describe US citizens who attempted to provoke revolutions in Latin America in the mid 19th century. o Filibusters are irregular soldiers who act without authority from their own government are motivated through financial gain, political ideology or the thrill of adventure.

Filibuster: the procedure where the extend the debate so the bill never goes through and its always a lose/lose situation for America. For example:

Filibuster(PART 2) o An attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate by talking indefinitely thus preventing the Senate from taking action on the bill. One of the two major issues in the development of the Senate was the filibuster It had become a common and unpopular feature of the Senate life by the end of the 19th century. It was used by liberals and conservatives alike and for lofty as well as self-serving purposes

The first serious effort to restrict the filibuster came in 1917, after an important foreign policy measure submitted by President Wilson had been talked to death. Rule 22 was adopted by a Senate fearful of tying a presidents hands during a wartime crisis. The rule provided that debate could be cut off it 2/3rd of the senators present and voting agreed to a cloture motion. Two years later, it was first invoked successfully when the Senate voted cloture to end, after 55 days, the debate over the Treaty of Versailles. Despite this rule, the tradition of unlimited debate remains strong in the Senate

War Powers Act: Also known as the First War Powers Act Was an American emergency law that increased Federal power during WWII. Signed by US president Franklin Roosevelt and put into law on Dec 18,1941, shortly after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Provided the President with large amount of authority to execute WWII in an efficient manner. o Was given authority to reorganize the executive branch, independent government agencies, and government corporations for the war cause. o President allowed to censor mail and other forms of communication between the US and foreign countries. 3 months after the passing of the first, the Second Wars power act was passed o This further strengthened the power given to the executive branch towards executing WWII o Created methods for war-related production ontracting along with adjusting several other aspects of government affairs

War Powers Act (PART 2) o The War Powers Act of 1973 is a legislative action passed by the United States Congress limiting the powers of the President in regards to his ability to send US troops into combat. Officially designated the War Powers Resolution of 1973, the law was placed into Title 50 of the US Code. It was entered into consideration by the legislature as a joint resolution. After passing both the House of Representatives and the Senate, it was vetoed by the President. In a rare occurrence, Congress successfully overrode the veto, making the resolution a law on 7 November 1973. According to the US Constitution, the President is the commander-in-chief. This means that he has the responsibility to repel attacks on the country and lead the Armed Forces in battle. Congress has the ability to declare war, establish the Armed Forces and control the funding for the military. By dividing the powers between the two branches, it

prevents abuses of power and ensures actions taken by the Armed Forces are in the best interest of the nation. The War Power Act is designed to place additional limitations on the executive branch, mandating that this constitutional authority is maintained. The content in the War Powers Act stipulates the exact parameters by which the President can activate the Armed Forces when protecting American interests. Without Congressional approval, the President is allowed to send troops abroad only in the event that the US is under attack or faces a serious threat. In addition, the President must inform Congress of any military action within 48 hours. The troops can only remain in combat for 60 days before withdrawing. Withdrawal must be completed within 30 days. Congress was forced to pass the War Powers Act following the prolonged conflicts in both Korea and Vietnam. After World War II, the US found itself entrenched in the Cold War with communist nations. In an effort to avoid escalating the conflict to an actual war, the President chose to avoid declaring war in either country. Instead, the US launched police actions, which continued for years. Despite the mandates in the Constitution, Congress found itself with very little control over the conflicts. President Bill Clinton was forced to pull the military out of Somalia in early 1994 following the Battle of Mogadishu, in which 19 soldiers were killed.

Watergate Scandal: was a political scandal that occurred in the US in the 1970s as a result of the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee hq at the Watergate in DC Scandal led to the resignation of Richard Nixon, the US president of Aug 9th, 1974 Scandal led to the indictment, trial, conviction and incarceration of 43 people, including dozen of Nixons top admin officials. The affair began with 5 arrests of men who broke into the Democratic National Committee. o The FBI traced the money, which led to a Nixon Fundraising group. Through the courts, it was revealed that President Nixon had recording of his office trying to cover up the questionable (illeagal) actions that had been taking place during his administration Supreme Court ruled that all the recordings had to be handed over. Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, as he was near impeachment in the House of Representatives.

Watergate Scandal (PART 2) o The Watergate scandal was a political scandal that forever tarnished the United States presidency and reputation of Richard Nixon. It resulted in the indictment and eventual conviction of several of the president's closest advisers and prompted Nixon's resignation from office on 09 August 1974. The scandal actually began over two years prior to Nixon's resignation.

In June of 1972, five men were arrested for attempting to break into the Democratic National Committee's headquarters, located in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. They were charged with attempted burglary and the attempted interception of telephone and other communications. After extensive investigations by the FBI, the House Judiciary Committee, the Senate Watergate Committee as well as the national press, it became apparent that the break-in was probably only the tip of the iceberg of questionable or outright illegal activities undertaken by the staff of the Nixon administration. The Watergate scandal revealed countless abuses of power by Nixon and his staff as well as the existence of a "dirty tricks squad" that was responsible for political sabotage, the creation of a campaign slush fund associated with Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President (CPR), and the attempted cover-up of the Watergate scandal itself. During the Congressional investigation of the White House's role in the scandal, it came to light that there was a listening devise in place that recorded everything in the Oval Office on tape. These tapes became central to the investigation of Nixon's knowledge of and potential involvement in the Watergate scandal and as such were subpoenaed first by Archibald Cox, the special counsel within the Attorney General's office assigned to the Watergate inquiry, and then by the Senate. Nixon refused to release the tapes on grounds of executive privilege and ordered that Cox drop his subpoena. When Cox refused, Nixon orchestrated what has come to be known as the "Saturday Night Massacre." After it became clear that Cox planned to pursue the subpoena, Nixon demanded that Attorney General Elliot Richardson fire him. Richardson refused, as did his deputy, William Ruckelshaus. Nixon had them both fired in an attempt to find someone in Justice Department willing to fire Cox. After Cox's eventual removal at the hands of new Department head Robert Bork, Leon Jaworski was appointed to take his place. Jaworski succeeded in getting Nixon to release at least partial versions of the controversial tape recordings, one of which showed evidence of an 18 minute portion having been erased. Given the fact that the tape had never been out of White House custody, many considered it proof of a cover-up. Nixon resigned from office on 09 August 1974, immediately after the release of a tape containing conversations recorded days after the break-in between Nixon and his staff concerning a plan to block the pending investigation. The tape was and still is referred to as Nixon's "smoking gun." Succeeding President Gerald Ford issued a controversial pardon for Nixon a month later, on 08 September 1974, that prevented him from ever being prosecuted for any crimes he may have committed while President.

Iron Triangle(PART 1):

Term used by political scientist to describe the policy-making relationship among congressional committees, the bureaucracy(executive) and Interest groups Ex. The federal government the three sides often consist of o various congressional committees, which are responsible for funding government programs and operations and then providing oversight of them o The federal agencies which are responsible for the regulation of those affected industries o The industries themselves, as well as their trade associations and lobbying groups, which benefit, or seek benefit from those operations and programs Earliest concept of the Iron Triangle was on Jan 17, 1919 by Ralph Pulitzer. An often-used example of the term is with reference to the military-industrial complex, with Congress (and the House and Senate Committees on Armed Services), defense contractors, and the U.S. Department of Defense forming the iron triangle.

(PART 2) Iron Triangle: a close relationship between an agency a congressional committee and an interest group. For example: the department of veterans affairs, the house and senate committees on veterans affairs and veterans originations such as the American legion, would form a tight advantageous alliance. The department would do what the committees wanted and in return get political support and budget appropriations; the committee members would do what the veterans groups wanted to and in return get votes and campaign contributions.
Iron Triangle (PART 3) o A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group Despite constraints, government bureaucrats are not powerless. In fact, some of them actively seek certain constraints. They do so because it is a away of cementing a useful relationship which a congressional committee or an interest group At one time, scholars described the relationship between an agency, a committee, and an interest group as an iron triangle. Ex: the Department of Veterans Affairs, the House and Senate committees on veterans affairs, and veterans organizations (such as the American Legion) would worm a tight, mutually advantageous alliance. The department would do what the committees wanted and in return get political support and budget appropriations; the committee members would do what the veterans groups wanted and in return get votes and campaign contributions. Iron triangles are examples of what are called client politics. Many agencies still have important allies in Congress and the private sector, especially those bureaus that serve the needs of specific sectors of the economy or regions of the country Ex: the Department of Agriculture works closely with farm organizations, the Department of the Interior with groups interested in obtaining low-cost irrigation or grazing rights, etc. Sometimes these allies are so strong they can defeat a popular president.

For years, President Regan tried to abolish the Small Business Administration. But Congress, reacting to pressures from small business groups rallied to the SBAs defence. As a result, Reagan had to oversee an agency he didnt want.

Jays treaty
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The jay treaty was agreement between the US and Great Britain The benefits of this treaty were plenty: o The treaty was credited for preventing war o Resolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which ended the American Revolution o And lastly, the treaty brought forth 10 years of peaceful trade between the US and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars. Which began in 1792 Bonds between the US and Britain had become quite strong

Jays Treaty(PART 2) o The Treaty was signed by the US and Britain in 1794. The Treaty resolved unsettled issues from the American Revolutionary War, creating a peace agreement between the US and Britain. The treaty allowed free trade between the countries for a period of 10 years, but it fell apart in 2803. The Treaty of Ghent took its place in 1815, which effectively ended the War of 1812 The terms were designed primarily by Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton; strongly supported by the chief negotiator John Jay The treaty gained primary American goals, which included the withdrawal of units of the British Army from pre-Revolutionary forts that it had failed to relinquish in the Northwest Territory of the US Parties agreed that disputes over wartime debts and the American-Canadian boundary were to be sent to arbitration one of the first major uses of arbitration in diplomatic history While it was important for the U. S and Great Britain to make this treaty to seal their own relations, additionally, it demonstrated to First Nations, that First Nations were an essential element in diplomatic relations between these two governments. This Treaty between two European Nations acknowledged that protection of First Nations rights were an important part of the non -Indian reality. The Jay Treaty includes provisions recognizing and acknowledging the existence and right of certain long-established Indian systems and practices.

Bully Pulpit: The presidents use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public. More prominent in discussion. This term was known by Theodore Roosevelt. The media is highly behind the president
Bully Pulpit

The presidents use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public The presidents persuasive powers are aimed at three audiences: First often most important, is his Washington D.C audience of fellow politicians and leaders Second composed of party activists and officeholders outside of Washington the partisan grassroots Third the public Presidents have made fewer and fewer impromptu remarks in the years since Franklin Rosevelt held offence and have instead relied more and more on prepared speeches from which political errors can be removed. Hoover and Roosevelt held 6-7 press converences per month, but every president from Nixon through Clinton has barely held one a month Modern presidents now make formal speeches, and these speeches are whatre called the bully pulpit. It means taking advantage of the presidency to try to guide or mobilize the people

Imperial Presidency:
Imperial Presidency o Is a term that became popular in the 1960s and that served as the title of a 1973 volume by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. to describe the modern presidency of the United States. The author wrote The Imperial Presidency out of two concerns; first that the US Presidency was out of control and second that the Presidency had exceeded the constitutional limits Imperial Presidency is the phrase used by some historians and political scientists to refer to the Presidencies of Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. The notion that the President is above the law and that what he orders is the law, despite conflicting provisions of the Constitution or laws passed by Congress, is the fundamental tenet of the imperial Presidency. The characteristics of the imperial Presidency are ignored for certain provisions of the Constitution, particularly regarding the power of the Congress to declare war and appropriate funds; excessive reliance by the President on White House aides, rather than the cabinet secretaries; isolation of the President from members of Congress; secrecy in making decisions and the use of executive privilege to prevent congressional or judicial inquiries; and surveillance of political opponents and the use of dirty tricks against them, in effect converting politics from a contest into a form of political warfare in which all means are used to defeat the opposition.

Office of management and budget OMB organized in 1970 and serves as clearing house for president, to in put together in sophisticated way a budget. Not responsible for budget but acts as treasury as well as keeping track of what is spent etc. keep an eye over spending. Federal reserve board act- acts as bank of Canada, dealing with interest rates etc Secretary of treasurer adivses part of government that overlooks all finance, rates, balance budgets etc Simpson bowl commission allen simpson Federal reserve independent agency, secured tenures and can be fired Foreign policy consists of self interest strategies to safe guard its national interests. And to achieve its goals within international relations. Vietnam, Watergate How foreign policy has changed Since bi-polar world has become uni-polar world - US Hegemony A lot of the power is shifting with new policies like protectionist ones in china making them the fastest growing country in the war. As well as middle eastern countries who are close to or are breaking the nuclear barrier which then brings a boost of power. This is all happening as American influence is declining.

Somalia no local government. Dominated by separate warlords.Went in to accomplish. Failed and withdrew immediately ****Chief of staff determines how presidents schedule who to speak to, who they see, whats on the news etc. also has advisory to share.. but makes white house run smoothly by helping schedule operations of the president.

Senior political advisor instrumental with running campaigns for office, Ask for third?

Roles of whitehouse staff - keep president aware of public opinion, what should be polled, where, why focus on where political influence should be placed, geographically, demographically, religiously etc

shaping a storyline and advising areas that are capable of achieving brief president of problems and activities of executive agencies and departments of government advise on matters and brief when issues escalate and call to his attention an example of this problem is the accumulation of debt in the finance department from his treasurer act as liason between president and congress, allows them to be on same page which is important because president needs congress support to impose policy and address public and foreign issues through term. Getting legislation passes is most important in this process - keep informed in military matters and national security. More specifically from second point. However, president has more power in this situation. - Intended to provide critical assessments. To provide how effective decisions are made Role of presidency When first designed, made it so that presidents can be selected straight forward, vice-president was the runner up.. making vice-president a political opponenet. Vice-presidents were then selected separately from presidents Vice-president now is who presidential candidate nominates Typically were not close to president, only provided different faction to president Now up and coming new political candidates who may eventually run as president later on Checks and balances allow president to be held accountable and even removed out of office Impeachment is an example of grounds to remove president from office Civil service reform act or pendelton act where as now you have to pass an examination to be considered or earn a job in congress. How you do in exam determines how soon you will be called for an interview not necessarily a guaranteed job. There are specialty exams for specific departments and distinctive rules apart from other areas. Iron Giant: The Spoils system: when an party that won gives jobs to its voters, government jobs for voting them. Civil service act allows more job security than in normal economy. You dont fire civil service employees.

Chair of committee dealt with seignuerity. Chairman of any given committee will be the person who has the longest service in the committee and whos party is the majority in the chamber. Committees now are too powerful in determining passed legislature, that now its becoming critical. Now cannot elect every chair of every committee. 3 branches of government

Legislative to pass legislature and laws. Executive to administer laws Judiciary to interpret the laws and enforce the laws Legislature represents democracy and a cross-section of the population. To fulfill the ideas of democracy in practice. Problems have evolved that add to the lack of function in the American political system. *** Veto message: A message from the president to congress stating that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be produced within 10 days of the bills passage. It can override if 2/3 of congress and house decide to vote on it. Pocket Veto: a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within 10 days before congress adjourns. A pocket veto can only be used during a certain time of year just before congress adjourns at the end of its second session. A bill brought back to life by congress, cannot be brought back if its pocket vetoed. Line item veto: an executives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature. One part of the bill can be blocked by only the president. Legislative veto: the authority of congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The supreme court has held that congress does not have this power. The authority of congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The supreme court has held that congress does not have held. Cabinet: the heads of the 15 executive branch departments of the federal government New deal: programs that were put in place under roosvelt, in response to the great depression. It aimed to provide relief of unemployment and help out the economy and to stop from future depression to take place. Laissez-faire: an economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce. 1921 budget accounting act: it was decided that the president should decide annual budget to guide congress, congress can change the budget, blueprint beginning in discussion and not written in stone. Dirty tricks campaign: democratic candidates writing dirty affairs, homosexual affairs and tendered anti war activists for them to take over surroundings of democratic surroundings.

Chapter 14

Divided Party o A government in which one party controls the White House and a different party controls one or both houses of Congress In the 58 years between 1952 and 2010, there were 29 congressional elections and 14 presidential elections. 19 of 29 produced divided party. Unified Government o The same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress When Barack Obama became president in 2009 it was the fourth time since 1969 that the same party controlled the White House and Congress, creating a Unified government Gridlock o The inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government In 2001 when Bush and the Republicans maintained unified government, one Republican James Jeffords, announced that he was independent and voted with the Democrats, creating divided government. It stayed until 2002 when another Republican was elected to the Senate. But in 2007 Democrats retook control. Americans claim that they do not like divided governments. They think it creates partisan bickering, political paralysis, and policy gridlock. In the 1992 campaign, Bush, Clinton, and Ross Perot bemoaned the stalemate that had developed in Washington. When Clinton was sworn in as president, many commentators spoke approvingly of the end of gridlock Two things wrong with these complaints: It is not clear that divided government produces a gridlock that is any worse than that which exists with a unified government. It is not clear that even if gridlock exists, it is always, or even usually, a bad thing for the country The Powers of the President o Powers of President Alone: Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces Commission officers of the armed forces Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses (except impeachment) Convene Congress in special sessions Receive ambassadors Take care that the laws be faithfully executed Wield the executive power Appoint officials to lesser offices o Powers shared with Senate: Make treaties

Appoint ambassaors, judges, and high officials Shared with congress as a whole Approve legislation Electoral College o The people chosen to cast each states votes in a presidential election. Each state can cast one electoral vote for each senator and representative it has. The District of Columbia has three electoral votes, even though it cannot elect a representative or senator During a national presidential election, each state sends representatives, members of the Electoral College to vote on behalf of the state's population. American Constitution provides for the electors as a way of sharing power between the Federal and State governments in the country's system of federalism. This way, neither the government nor the population at large is completely responsible for electing a president. A presidential candidate must receive a majority of votes from the Electoral College, or 270 votes, to be declared the winner For almost as long as the Electoral College existed, there has been a debate over its efficacy. Those who'd like to abolish or renovate the system point out that it is possible to win the presidency without winning the national popular vote, which they feel is illogical. Others believe we no longer need such a carefully-guarded balance between "the masses" and a centralized government. Critics also point out that sparsely populated states, since they are guaranteed at least three electoral votes, have an unfair advantage in the disproportional allocation of electors. To make significant changes to the Electoral College, however, would require a Constitutional Amendment. o Lint-item veto o An executives ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature The president must accept or reject an entire bill. Presidents do not have the power, possessed by most governors, to exercise a line-item veto, with which the chief executive can approve some provisions of a bill and disapprove others. Congress should take advantage of this by putting items the president did not like int a bill he otherwise favoured, forcing him to approve these provisions along with the rest of the bill or reject the whole thing. Impeachment o Charges against a president approved by a majority of the Hosue of Respresentatives There is one other way besides death, disability, or resignation by which a president can leave office before term expires and that is impeachment. Vice president and all civil officers of the USA can be removed by being impeached too. As a practical matter civil officers cabinet secretaries, bureau chiefs, and the like are not subject to impeachment because the president can remove them at any given time. Federal judges, who serve during good behaviour and who are constitutionally independent of the president and Congress, have been the most The impeached officer must be convicted by a 2/3rd vote of the Senate, is presided over by the Chief Justice, hears the evidence, and makes its decision under whatever rules it wishes to adopt. 16 persons have been impeached by the

House, and seven have been convicted by the Senate. The last conviction was in 1989l when two federal judges were removed from office. Discretionary Authority o The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies not spelled out in advance by laws Power of bureaucracy cannot be measured by the number of employees it has. The power depends on the extent to which appointed officials have discretionary authority the ability to choose courses of action and to make policies not spelled out in advance by laws Competitive Service o The government offices to which people are appointed on the basis of merit, as ascertained by a written exam or by applying certain selection criteria. The federal civil service system was designed to recruit qualified people on the basis of merit, not political patronage, and to retain and promote employees on the basis of performance, not political favoritism. Many appointed federal officials belong to the competitive service. Where competition for a job exists, and canditates can be ranked by their scores or records, the agency must usually appoint one of the three top-raking candidates. In recent years, the competitive service system has become decentralized, so that each agency now hires its own people without an OPM referral, and examinations have become less common. In 1952, more than 86% of all federal employees were civil servants hired by the competitive service, whereas by 1996 that figured fell to less than 54% Issue Network o A network of people in Washington, D.C-based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in the mass media, who regularly discuss and advocate public policies Political Scientist Hugh Heclo has described the typical government agency today as being embedded not in an iron triangle but in an issue network. These networks are contentious, split along political, ideological, and economic lines. When a president takes office, he often recruits key agency officials from those members of the issue network who are most sympathetic to his views. When Jimmy Carter, a Democrat, became president, he appointed to key posts in consumer agencies people who were that part of the consumer issue network associated with Ralph Nader. Roland Reagan, a conservative Republican, filled the same jobs with people who were from that part of the network holding free-market or anti regulation views

Red Tape o Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done. Foreign Policy

It dictates how a country will act with respect to other countries politically, socially, economically, and militarily, and to a somewhat lesser extent, how it behaves towards non-state actors. Consists of self-interest strategies to safe guard its national interests, and to achieve its goals within international relations Secretary of State handles Foreign Policy in the USA Although foreign policy has always been important, it is especially true today when air travel makes the world smaller and more interconnected. How foreign policy has changed: A lot of the power is shifting with new policies like protectionist ones in china making them the fastest growing country in the war. As well as Middle Eastern countries who are close to or are breaking the nuclear barrier which then brings a boost of power. This is all happening as American influence is declining.

Pendleton Civil Service Act/Civil Service Act o The Pendleton Act is a federal law in the United States that established the rules and regulations regarding who could be hired for and retain jobs within the federal government. Traditionally, people who supported the election of a particular candidate were given the opportunity to take positions in the administration, while those that did not were forced from their jobs. The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was passed in 1883 in an effort to ensure that employees of the federal government were given jobs based on merit rather than political affiliation. This became particularly important as the role of the federal government magnified through Reconstruction after the American Civil War. Generally, civil service programs suffered from the constant shift of power. Employees worked for a number of years and generated a fundamental understanding of how to conduct business for the federal government only to be fired after a new election. This came to a head when a person seeking office in the administration of James Garfield was rejected. In 1881, he assassinated the newly-inaugurated president. A movement to mandate the merit system for federal employees was undertaken under the leadership of Chester A. Arthur. The proposed law was to become known as the Pendleton Act. With the passage of the Pendleton Act, a merit system was set up for the major offices in the federal government. This basically established a way for a bipartisan oversight committee, the Civil Service Commission, to determine which people were best qualified for the position. By 1900, the only offices being held by political appointees were the senior positions in different departments. The Pendleton Act was again modernized with the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. It abolished the Civil Service Commission and replaced it with three different organizations, each tasked with a different function. The Office of Personnel Management is responsible for ensuring the proper laws are followed when civil servants are hired. The Merit Systems Protection Board makes sure that management is following proper procedures regarding the merit system.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, a group that ensures equal opportunity is given to all federal employees regardless of race, sex, nationality or creed.