tan (ix) ly xt + y +27 Here x= -2, y=4andz=—1 raq(2 ya 24) = [29 + P+ © LP] =VQ1) = 4.58 = cost Z a (= Pee? = tan™! (4) =~ 63.43" Hence, the position of a point in spherical coordinates is, (r, 8, #) = (4.58, 102.61°, — 63.43°). Exar ple 24 + A point in spherical coordinates is at (5, 60°, 150°). Express its position in (a) rectangular coordinates, and (b) cylindrical coordinates. Solution : (a) Spherical coordinates and rectangular coordinates are related as, x=rsin @cos@ y=rsin@sing and z=rcos8 Here r= 5, 0= 60° and p~ 150° z sin 60° cos 150° = $ x (0.866) « (6. sin 60° sin 150° = 5 x (0.866) x (0.5 2=5.cos 60°= 5 x (0.5)=2.5 Hence, the position of the point in rectangular coordinates (— 3.75, 2.165, 2.5) (®) A point given in spherical coordinates (y,, 8, ¢) can be written in cylindrical coordinates (7, $,2) 38 166) = — 3.75 | 2.165 T= 758in8,9=0 and z=r,cos@ Hae r= 5, 0= 60? and ¢= 150° re = 5 sin 60° = $x 0.866 = 4.33 = 150° and z= S cos 60° = 5 «0.5 = 2.5 Hence, the position of the point in cylindrical coordinates (4.33, 150°, 2.5).Electromagnetic Theory 1.37 Example 25 : Two points have coordinates (r, 8, 6) = (3, 60°, 30°) and (r, 0, @) =, 30°, 120°), Find (a) the straight line distance between the two points, and (b) the angle between the twolines extending from the origin to the two points. Solution : Rectangular coordinates of point (3, 60°, 30°) are x)= 7; sin 8, cos $, ~ 3 sin 60° cos 30° = 3 x 0.866 x (0.866) = 2.25 Yi=n; sin 8, sin 4, = 3 sin 60° sin 30° = 3 x 0.866 x 0.5 = 1.3 2= 7,008 8, = 3 cos 60° =3 X0.5= 1.5 Similarly, the rectangular coordinates of point (3, 30°, 120°) are 7 sin 8, cos @, = 3 sin 30° cos 120° = 3 x 0.5 x (- 0.5) =~ 0.75 Y_= r; sin 6, sin g = 3 sin 30° sin 120° =3 x 0.5 * 0.866 = 1.3 2 = 7,005 0, = 3.cos 30°=3 x 0.866 = 2.6 ‘Thus, the rectangular coordinates of two points are (2.25, 1.3, 1.5) and (0.75, 1.3, 2.6) respectively reer (a) The straight line vector between the two points is Rag ~ Ry ~ Ry where Ry=—0.7574+1.3j4+2.6k and Ry=2.257+13) 415% KeacRemek oak vad veh 0.780+13)+2.68-2.25 0-13} -158 Rus= = 0.95 -2.25)#+ (1.3 ~ 13)j+(2.6-15)k Ba Ma, a or Ryp-3it Qt k= -3it Lak ‘The straight line distance between two points > =| Rag |= UC 3 + OF +(1.1)"] = (00.21) = 3.2 ants (b) The angle Sbetween the two lines extending from the origin to the two points is > 3 3 9 Raq. Ra=| Ral |Ralcos 8 33 +2 Rg Rg= 225 x (-0.75)+1.3*13426x15=3.9 — (¢ A.B= AB, + AyBy + A,B.) 2 [Ral =V(2.25P + (1.3 + (1SP= 3.0 s 1 Rg] = VC 0.75) + (1.3) + 2.67 = 3.0 or S= cos! (0.43) = 64,53° Example 26 : A point in cylindrical coordinates is at (4, 45°, 2). Express its position in (a) cartesian coordinates and (b) spherical coordinates. Solution : (a) Cylindrical coordinates and cartesian coordinates are related as x=reos$, y=rsing and 2=2 r=Y@ ty), p= tan! Giz) Here r=4,9=45° and z~21.38 Electromagnetic Field Theory x= 4 603 45° =4 x 0,707 = 2.828 y=4 sin 45° =4 x 0.707 = 2828 222 Hence, the coordinates of a given point in cartesian coordinates are (2.828, 2.828, 2) (b) Cylindrical coordinates (rz, 9, z) and spherical coordinates (r,, 0, ) are related as rz= ry sin 8, 9= pandz~r, cos 0 Here r= 4, $= 48° andz=2 s r2+z2= rd sin? 0+ 72 cos? O= 12 1 or re= (rd + 2)= VI + QP] = 4.47 = sin? | | = sin? (4) = Ye sin 6 e or @=sin () (47) 63.49 and = g= 45° Hence, the coordinates of given point in spherical coordinates are (4.47, 63.49°, 45°). ? nN A A Example 27: Transform vector A ~3xi— yz j + xz k in cylindrical coordinate system, Solution ; The components of 4 in cylindrical coordinate system (r, @ 2) may be determined a3, And rm Gxt-ye}tezh.t a3el.r-yej tear k But 7.7=cos@j.r=sing and k.r=0 A, ~ 3x 00s 9~yz sin g DKK hg B® Similarly Ag= 4. $= Gxi-yzj+Pzb.b =3xi.$—ye}. ptxvek.g Again ?.$=-sing, j.6=cos@ and &.$=0 % Ag=- 3x sin §-yacos and A z - 5 Hence, 4 in cylindrical coordinate system is expressed as > Wi Bs B A a. 44 A(r,6,2)=4,1 + Ag 9+ -A,2= (3x 008 O—Jz sin Gr + (~3x sin 6 yz cos HOt zz Substituting x=rcos and y= rsin , we get 4 a A~ Gr cos? rz sin’ g)r~ (3r sin pcos p+ rz sin @cos 9)9+ Fz cos? 2 > A A A or A= 1Gens? §—z sing) r—rsin g cos $3 + 2)6+ rz cos? ozElectromagnetic Theory : 1.39 Example 28 : Transform a vector 2 ak a =YEtY _}____12_f to eytindrical coordinates Royse fetytea Solution : Cartesian coordinates and cylindrical coordinates are related as, x=rcosg y=rsing and z=z x r={@ry) q- EY et Hee Paver Yeeyae or 4 ott > ‘The components of 4 in cylindrical coordinates may be obtained as, ey ee ee 4nd bare iD year But, 7.7=cos@ and £.r=0 _ _rcos b1.40 Electromagnetic Field Theory ae as Example 29 : Transform a vector, A = yi — x} + zh in (a) cylindrical coordinate system, and (b) spherical coordinate system. w 4 x Solution : (a) The given vector A= yt —xj +z kis in cartesian coordinate system. The components of . in cylindrical coordinate system are obtained as, “arias Apa d.r=(yinxjteRer a =yir-xj.rtzker But 7.r=cos¢j.r=sing and k.7=0 4, =y cos @-xsin pd aan a a A Similarly, Ag=A.Q=Wi-xjtzh. =yig-xj-Otzk.p Bit $2 ~ ding 9.9% coepiaad bsg Ag (sin 9) —x008 9 —y sin 9—x008 9 SAA A AA and A= 4.22 (vi-xptzhe =yi.z-xj.ztzk.z But 7.2=0-7.2 and 2-1 ApH Hence, 4 in cylindrical coordinate system may be expressed as 7e.b.2)= (0086 ein r+ ysin g—xe0s @) +22 or M6 -osd-2tepe-Yiadieem ee Substituting x= r cos @ and y =r sin g, we get A, @ 2) = (rin g cos ¢—r cos Osin ¢) t—(rsin’ ¢+r cos! QO+z2 or At. a-1o+ne > (b) The component of A in spherical coordinates are obtained as, =i-xjtzk).r =ypir-xjortzker nA AA aA But in spherical coordinates, i .r~ sin cos $j .r=sin @sin @ and k.7=cos 8 4, =y sin Ocos 9x sin Osin +z cos 8 : an “ a An Similarly, Ag=A4.O=(vi-xj+zh.6 AR MA 2 =yt.b-xj.b+2k.6Electromagnetic Theory But 7. 6=cos Ocos ¢,j. 6~cos Osing and k. O-~sin® Ao ¥608 8008 6x cos Osin p—z sin 6 BSA ok I TROR ROR Ran BR and Ag= A. G= (Vi Xft zk). G= yi. Ox]. Ozh. But in spherical coordinates, 7. ¢=—sin g, j.9=cos@ and &.9=0 * ysin -xcos @ or (sin 9+ x cos 9) 2 Hence, 4 in spherical coordinate system may be expressed as Ae O04, r Ag b+ AG (sin 80s g—xsin Osin 9+2.008 + (ycos @cos 9x cos Osin 9~z sin 8 6+ [-(ysin 9+ x cos Od Substituting, x=rsin Bcos ¢, y=rsin Osin 6 and z=r-cos 8, we get AC, 0,9) = (rsin? Osin @ cos $~—rsin’ Bcos g sin 9+ rcos? 8)7 + (rsin Ocos Osin $ cos @~ r sin Bcos Asin @ cos ¢—r sin Ocos 8) 6 ~(rsin @ sin? 9+ rsin @ cos? 8) 6 > A A a or A(r, 6 =r cos? Or—rsin Bcos 86—rsin Od ak Example 30 : Find the component of a vector V'=—z}+ yk at the point A(0, —2,3) which is directed towards the point B(y3, — 60°, 1). Solution : Point AQ, — 2. 3) is in rectangular coordinate system and point B (3, - 60°. 1) incylindrical coordinate system, therefore transforming coordinates of B in rectangular coordinates as, {3 cos (- 60°) = f3 x 0.5 = 0.866 3 sin (- 60°) = [3 x (- 0.866) =— 1.5 and z=z=1 ‘Therefore, the coordinates of point B in rectangular coordinates are (0.866, — 1.5, 1) 2 * 4 a Ryp~ (0.866 -0)i+(- 5 +2)j+(1-3)k > nA Ray= 0.866 1 + 0.55 -2k a > Unit vector Rag along Ry. That is, Ruy ~ Ki. 0.8667 +0.5j-2k 0.8667 + 0.5) — 2k FRul (0.866 + (0.5) «(2 2.236 3 Component of at a point 4(0, - 2, 3) towards the point B is 0.8667 + 0.57 —2k 2 3 A a > non Va.Rag = (~3j ~ 2k). LB6 * Va a=~3j-2k) hg 3 x0.5-2x C2) 25 2 aay = Ls142 Electromagnetic Field Theory aA AA Example31:A vector A= 4i+5j+6kis atthe point (x,y,2)= (2,3, 5).Find (a) cylindrical coordinates > 4 of the point, (b) the r component of A (normal to the cylinder of radius r), (c) the $ component A 3 (tangent to the cylinder of radius r) and (A) the z-component of A (tangent to the cylinder of radius ¥ and parallel to the z-axis). Solution + (a) The gives. d and the coordinates of the given point are in rectangular coordinates, To convert the point in cylindrical coordinates we use the relation, x=reos¢, y=rsing, z=z, r=y(@t+y) and p= tan”! (ys) Here x=2, y=3 and 2=5 Pele) ds Ve 10) = 200 = tan™ (yix) = tan! (3/2) = $6.31° and z=2=5 Hence, the coordinates ofthe point in cylindrical coordinates are (3.60, 86.31%, 5) (b) Ther component of vector 4 is 4. That is, A= At (bit Sj+6R).? HAD PHS prt 6b? But i.r=cos¢,j.r=sing and £.7=0 A,= 400s $+ 5 sing os (56.31°) +5 sin (56.31°) x 0,55 +5 0.83 = 6.35 Hence, A, =635 (©) The component of 4 is Ay. That is, Mp=d.G= 445} 468.6 =47.64+95.946k.6 But. 7.9=-sin g,J.$=cosp and &.9=0 ‘ Ag=~4 sin 95 cos ¢ =~ 4 sin (56.31°) +5 cos (56.31°) =-4% 0.83 +5 x 0.55 =-0.57 Hence, Ag=-057 (@ ‘the z component of dis A,. That is, A= A.1= (49459462 eyeElectromagnetic Theory 1.43 FADD Example 32 : A vector A= 4 r+ 0+ 6 @is located at the pointr =5, 0= 45° and $= 45°. Express > A in terms of its rectangular components. Solution : Spherical coordinates and rectangular coordinates are related by the relations, x=rsin @cos g, y=rsin@sin@ and z=rcos @ r=V(2 ty +2, 0= on aaa tan“ (v/x) re ‘The components of 4 in rectangular coordinates may be obtained as, Aga d= (42 484,60)0 =4r 401468 ranean 8.7 cos Bcos p and $.7-—sing 1x = (4 sin @ cos 9+ cos @cos O~ 6 sin 9) Ay at (5,45°, ie 4sin 45° cos 45° + cos 45° cos 45° ~ 6 sin 45° =4 x 0.707 x 0.707 + 0.707 * 0.707 —6 x 0.707 = 2.0 +0.5 ~ 4.24 or Ay=- 114 Similarly, 4,=4)=(47-+6+69).7 ar. j+b.j+6$. But 7.j=sin@sing, 6.j=cos@sing and 9.j=cosg y= Asin Osin 9+ cos 6 sin 9 + 6 cos 9) A, at (5, 45°, 45°) = 4 sin 45° sin 45° + cos 45° cos 45° + 6 cos 45° = 4 x 0.707 x 0.707 + 0.707 x 0.707 + 6 x 0.707 = 2.0 + 0.5 + 4.24 or A= bah and Anna k= (ar4 b+ 69.8 Ar R486 bk But A, ct (5, 45°, 45°) = 4 cos 45° — sin 45° 4x 0.707 - 0.707 = 2.83 - 0.707 or A,= 212 an Hence, 4 in rectangular coordinates at (5, 45°, 45°) may be expressed as > A A A A a AL AmAyi+Ay] +A, k=- 1741+ 6.74) +212 k1.44 Electromagnetic Field Theory >A x Example 33 : Transform vector A= Sr r +2sin ¢ 6+ 2 cos 64 in spherical coordinate system to cartesian coordinate system. Solution : Spherical coordinates and cartesian coordinates are related as x=rsinOcos y=rsin Osing and z=rcos 0 r ogee +42), O= cost poe: p= tan (y/x) From the above relations, we can obtain 608 @ = pe sin 9 = Vt yeryee "Te 24 yr ez? sates and cos g = Te $= 75 +e 5 ‘The compents of A in cartesian coordinate may be obtained as, DAA” x AA A,=4.i= (Sr 7+ 2sin 6 9+2 cos 09) i =Srr.i+2singO.i+2cos0$.1 But 7.i=sin @cos@, 6.i=cosOcos$ and $.i Ay = 5, sin Oc0s $+ 2.cos Osin g.cos - 2 cos @sin g Substituting x=rsin @cos @ and values of cos 6, sin and cos from the above relations, we get A, =5x+2 ¢ ee 2 J. ‘ Fone ES yer yer yee? Te sin @ 2xyz 2yz or Ap= 5x4 - (Payer ae fore feayae An * RS Similarly, Ayn A.j= Gr r+ 2sin § 8+2 cos O9).j aA an an =Srr.j+2sin 96.7 +2 cos 6.7 But 7.j=sin Osin ¢, 6.j~cos @sing and $.j=cos A, = Sr sin @sin p+ 2 cos B sin? $+ 2 cos Bcos p Substituting rsin @sin = y and valucs ofcos 8, cos gand sin 9 from the above relations, we get 2 =Syp+2 Zz +2. Zz vo A 2zy? 2xz 5; 0 Peay? Gey FQ)Electromagnetic Theory 1.45 IRA x aA A,=A k= (Srr+2sin 98 +2 cos 09). k and ne ak aa =Srr.k+2sing6.k+2cos0$.k But 7. £=cos @6.k=—sin@ and $.%=0 A, = 5r:cos 8 2sin Osin ¢ and r cos @ =z, we get Substituting sin 8 sin @= ~ = A, =$2-——=4 __ qr y+ 2? + Hence, 4 in rectangular coordinates is dxyz 2yz Ra|sx+ = i G@+y)yxtaytee? fatcy? fe eyt ee? | 2 a: 2y?z ‘ dx @ty)\eryae x? 4 y? yx? + y? + 2? 2y je fogs [ ix? + y? +2? > Example 34 : Transform A in cylindrical coordinate system to spherical coordinate system. (cos gr — sin ¢ 9 ~ zsin gz) yresa = Solution : Cylindrical coordinates (rz, 9, z) and spherical coordinates (r,, 8, @) are related as, cos 6 re~rssin 8, @= 9 and z= re +2 =r2 sin’ 0+ r2 cos =r? or re=NGe +z) and sin 8= > A may also be written as, 4 Hence, A= sin 8 (cos 6 7, in 9 9-zsin 9 2) where 7, stands for cylindrical > n * “ or A=sin Ocos Ore sin Osin 9G -z sin B sin pz 2 Components of 4 in spherical coordinates are obtained as, aA A x Aw Ary =A Py = (Sin Ocos $7, — sin Osin > §-z sin Osin 92). r,1.46 Electromagnetic Field Theory or Arg=sin 8 cos $1: 7,~sin Osin 69. ry—z8in Osin $2. ry But 7,.r,=sin 8, §.%,=0 and 27,=cos 0 Ars *8in® @ 05 90 ~z sin @cos 8 sin ¢ Substituting = 7, COs 0, we get A,s = sin’ 8.cos 9 ~r, sin @cos” Asin @ Similarly, Ag A. = (sin e089 din Dain. poesia sing? =sin Ocos $7¢. O- sin Osin p 6. O-z:sin Osin 2. 6 But 7-.0=cos @ $.6=0 and 2.6=—sin@ Ag~ sin 8 cos os O+z sin? @sin g Substituting z ~ r,cos 6, we obtain Ag = sin 8 cos Ocos M+ r, sin? Ocos O sin g and Ap=A . 6= (Gin 000s 67, ~ sin Osin $ —z sin Osin $2). > Sain Baie fri. Gein Oxia’ P Ap—siatn Osi pao But 7.6=0, $.9=1 and 2.6= . Ag =~ sin Osin - Hence d in spherical coordinates is Reco 6 9) =(sin’ Ocos G—rysin 0 cos" @sin §) ty + (sin @cos @cos 9+, sin? 8 cos sin g)6—sin Bsin o> %. Example 35 : Transform the A in spherical coordinates at a point P(- 2,~3, 4), om A OA A An4i-2j-4k Solution : Spherical coordinates (r, 8, ) and cartesian coordinates are related as, x=rsin @cos @, y=rsin@sing and z=rcos 6 r= (e+ +2), A= cos" [eae = tan” (y/x) Here x=—2,y=-3 and 2=4 * ra qe ty tzy= VG 2? + 3P + AF = V9) a z = cos! ( —4 feos Ges] ol Sa 3 and g= tan“! (yx) = tan (3 Je 56.31° Here both x and y coordinates of the given point are negative, that is, the given point is in third quadrant. Therefore, $= ~ 180° + 56.319 =~ 123,69°Electromagnetic Theory 1.47 = The components of 4 in spherical coordinates are obtained as, DR AR KA Ap= Ata (4i-27-48) oF S4ir-2jr-4ker Bil! 7.7 Seid Ose}, f. Paar Map ialid #.S = 8saO A,=4 sin @ cos 9-2 sin Osin 9-4 cos 0 Substituting the calculated values of @ = 42.03° and 9 ~~ 123.69° in the above equation, we get sin (42.03°) cos (-123.69°)- 2 sin (42.03°) sin (~ 123.69°)—4 cos (42.03°) % 0.6695 x (- 0.5547) ~ 2 x 0.6695 « (— 0.8321) — 4 « 0.7428 1.4855 + 1.1142 - 2.9712 =~ 3.3425 aired ee Sintilarly, Ag= 4. = (45 -27-48.0 =47.6-27.6-48.8 But 7, 8=cos Ocos @, 7. 0= cos Osin @ and k.b-- sin@ Ag= 4 cos Ocos 6-2 cos Osin g 14 sin sisting the calculated values of @ (~ 42.03°) and ¢ (- — 123.69°) in the above equation, we get Ag= 4 cos (42.03°) cos (— 123.69°)- 2 cos (42.03°) sin (— 123.69°) +4 sin (42.03°) 4 0.7428 x (- 0.5547) ~ 2. 0.7428 * (9.8321) +4 * 0.6695 1.6481 + 1.2362 + 2.678 = 2.2661 eee in Re wR and Ag=4.9=(41-2)7-48.6 =47.9-2).3-4k.6 But 7.9=—sing, j.9=cos 9 and £.9=0 Ag = ~4 sin 6-2 cos 6 = 4 sin 123.69") - 2 cos (- 123.69") =~ 4 (0.8321) -2« (-0.5547) = 3.3284 + 1.1094 = 4.4378 s Hence, i tens of spherical coordinates (, 6, ¢), A may be expressed as, Reage-s. 3425 ¢ + 2.2661 or 4.9709 Vector Representat in of Surfaces O09 scalar function @at S, along AB is 3, . The magnitude of the rate of A > oo increase of fai 8, would be greatest along AC and is equal to 3,,- If @ be the angle between AB and AC, then AC™ AB cos 6 or dn=drcos@ or On= dreos 0 eo ‘Therefore, we may express 5° as 8o_ og or a cos 8 é s would be maximum, when @~0 or cos @=1 z 80 oo es Pic ‘Thus, the maximum value of 5 is 3, along the direction of n or along AC. Thereiore, the vector1.50 Electromagnetic Field Theory abn nM Bives the maximum rate of increase ofa continuous scalar function at a point A and is known as gradient (or grad) of scalar function ¢. Therefore, 8A grad $= Fn (3) Hence, the gradient of scalar at any point in ascalar field is 4 vector, the magnitude of which is equal to the maximum rate of increase of sealar function (9) at that point and whose direction is along the normal to the level surface at that point. In fact, the gradient (grad 9) points in the direction of maximum increase of the function and the magnitude | grad | gives the slope along this maximal direction. ‘The expression for the gradientofa scalar function @ in cartesian coordinate system can be obtained as follows : = ‘Taking dot product of grad @ and dr, we get + 06.4 (grad 9). dr = ime el (4) a> 4 But n.dr = 1.dr cos @= dr cos 8 (By the definition of dot product, that is, A.B = AB cos 8) no where 6 is the angle between n and dr. iP ao (grad 9). or (end .dr = do el) Since gisa function of position coordinates x, y,2, wemay write, accordingto the theoremof partial derivatives, as 5 Ste (From equation 1) d= Seac + 3t Seay + ot Rearranging d@ in term of dot product as KEV CRs 1 Reg B do= (iz. BB ig 28) dxivdy) +dzk | 75y "ae SU Since the position vector; r= xi +yj +zk, BR hy a therefore, dr=dxi+dyj +dzk 18906 200 dg=| i204 526 fH Hence, ¢ Coe lay G2 Comparing equations (5) and (7), we get (end lie orElectromagnetic Theory 1.54 Hence, in terms of cartesian coordinates, erin of a scalar field pis expressed as =o 72%, 728, 208 grad 9 = Vp - 158 + ige + +ket It follows that the gradient of a scalar field is a vector field. Example: If ¢be the (scalar) potential of an equipotential level surface in an electric field around a charge, then the gradient of potential function drepresents a vector whose magnitude is equal to the maximum rate of change of @and direction perpendicular to the level surface. Moreover, the rate of change of potential in a perpendicular direction is the intensity of electric field £, therefore, Example 36 : Find the gradients of the following functions at the point (2, -3,— 4). @M/O&yx Dax ty +s O)S G59) =? yc. Solution : We know that, grad (a). grad f(x, 92) > grad (P+ +24) 2h ey ere} ax (24 P42") L G8 + yz) : be = Dei t 3p 442k At the point (2,~3, ~4), we have A n a ALA grad f= 2(2)i + 3(- 3) 14 (4k = 41 + 27j-256K {b) Here (x, y, 2) = 2! gad P29 =F (0 y's! yj ak L602 v2!) = 2xy’ ott + POAZY 7 Ne At the point (2, 3, — 4), we have grad (2? y9 24) =2 (2-3) 4)*7 + 2)°3(- 3 (4) + OP 3) 4 AE -— 27648 F+ 27648) + 27648 dh Example 37: If $x, ¥, 2) = 3(x2y - yx) calculate grad at the point (1,~2,- 1). (UPTU, B. Tech. I, Q. Bank, 2001) Solution ; We know that, Bad 6 Here $(x,y,2) = 3x2y—1.52 Electromagnetic Field Theory grad 9 (c, y, 2)~ grad Bx'y—3y°x) =12.@% y-3y'y+)- Gr y- sy?xy +k ax y-3y*x) ax ay az = (bay 3+ Bx Gey + (ODE 1), we have Atthe point (1, ~ grad $= [6 * (1) x (2) 3-291 + BAY ~6- 2 = [12-1284 B+ aye 2dr + sy Example 38 : Prove that * © grad =n, where nis a unit vector. f > 2 (i grad | 4) =~ Sy, where ris a position vector. (UPTU, B. Tech, I sem 2001) 5 Solution : According to the problem, r is a position vector, that is, aon AN > roxityj+zk, therefore, [r|=r= Jo? +i? +z) SK KA [v If Ae Ai +Ayjt Ark then A= f(A? +4? + AZ) (0 grdr~a LHS. gnd r=Vr rye zyl2 2828 OV a. a, ae =| it jt ke + (Zi 2\ y +z’) or gad r= 32x? + ye 42) 4 JL (t+ yaar) RL Ge + yt 42) 0) ax oy az a @ Considering first term, that is, 370? + y? + 22)!? Differentiating it partially with respect to x, we get Ze ey? 4 22)12 -(s)@ + y2 4 22)02)-1, 2x) Gye aye Similarly, differentiating partially other terms w.r-t. y and z, we get 8 24 24 gin » 8 ds ya 22) am z Gy POS a ayn Me BOR ae Substituting these values in equation (1), we get en oy a tt (Payer ye” lay 427?" OP eyez)!Electromagnetic Theory 1.53 __degheat “Geyer ‘ A tA =n, Where 1 isa unit vector. (r=) 1)-ef1) (sa 10 2a\ 1 ; i()-(i20 502) aa| (1) 7 2g Pg gy O24 Pg gt 4 FO (x24 y2 4 2212 or gad (L)=7 2 (2 +? +27) PZ tyr tary RZ Cat + ye aty a1) Considering first term, that is, z& (2 + y+ 222 Differentiating partially wert. x, we get 8 f Qe Eyez S| = 5}? + +22) 2)-1 (2x) (2? + y+ 2292 Similarly, differentiating partially other terms of equation (1) w.r.t. vy and z, we get 8 ra gta gyi — y 8 eg hg gypitc_ z: By Pt eee ot gg tte a Substituting these values in equation (1); we get 1)_ xi yj zk ena) @ry iy Wry ey way aay? _[ alevied 1 7 wre Pe =RHS. Example 39 : Find grad r”, where r is the distance of any point (x, y, 2) from the origin (0,0, 0). (UPTU, B. Tech. 1, Q. Bank, 2001) Solution : We know that 2 (.0 40 30 emsg=io-[igei Soka 1B Ad 28 iu eO Fe Be * ( aber 5 According to the gives problem, 7 is a position vector, that is,1.54 Electromagnetic Field Theory Pexltytal o rey@sees (A= JUS +A HAD or Paty tz? nie (FEI Zoi Elle er re or grad? ER Gra yr eay iA lear esl herr eel)” ® raya yt Considering first term, that is, 5 (x7 +9? + 2 y _ Differentiating it partially wort. x, that is, 8 a_(n na) 4 2 2g ta ya (2)(2 2 By +y2 +22) ()e ty tar) (2x) eels eae? Similarly, differentiating partially other terms of equation (1) w.r. y and z, we get Ele te ay =ayle aye ayer” and Ele yt 22)? = nalat a yh nr? Substituting these values in equation (1), we get grad r= (22 492 4 2) DP nxt & (x2 + 2 + 220 Dy) + (a + y+ 22“ DP nk = n(x? + y? + 22-2 (xi t yj t+ zk) ~ =n(Pje-22 7 =n ee Note : This result is general and thus, can be used for particular cases of interest, for example : 1)_(-3r It n= 1,grad r=; iin=— tera (2) = and une -aoma() (So Example 40 : If the electric potential at any point due to a charge q is given by V=q/r, then show by vector method that the electric intensity Eis given by E =-4, Solution : We know that the cleciric intensity E can berepresented as the negative gradient of potential Y, that is, BE =-pradV + Here, v=4, where ris the position vector and r its magnitude. B= — grad (qir)= 4 orad (1/9) For re grad (1/r) see example 38 (if) and proceed accordingly. ‘According to the solution, grad (2) =-3: . a r be,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electromagnetic Theory 1.57 ed dx Thus, the magnitude of X-component of d at a distance * (either OP or OQ) from O 04 de 184, “Gr TT Sx ax, 4 ‘The X-component of A at the mid-point P of the face EFGH 1 64, > = X-component of A at Q + increase in it in going from O to P = A, + 5 ax de a : Similarly, the X-component of A at the mid-point Q of the opposite face ABCD i OA, 2 dx But the volume of he fluid flowing per second through thearea of the face is the product ofthearea aad the normal componeat of the velocity vector on the face, therefore, the flux entering the face ABCD of area dy dz and the flux leaving the face EFGH of area dydz -( 1 2 =A,— Anta Ss | & Thus, the net outward flux or fluc Seca from the paralllopiped in the X-direction =[ 4, +4 24s delay de —(4,-1 24 ce ay ce x(a} anlar ae-(4,-424 al me Bae, de dv dz or Similarly, the flux diverging from the parallelopiped in the ¥-direction oA = 24 dy =o adds ie ae a 04, and in the Z-direction, it is aslade Therefore, the total flux diverging ornet outward flow through the entire parallelopiped of volume OA, 64, dx dy dz per second = ae GA) a dy de or the net outward flow or the flux diverging per unit volume per second OA Oty +e tay t ‘Now according to the definition stdiverenee ia flux diverging per unit volume per second is the divergence of vector at that point, that is, > 0a, 6 ‘Ay OA, div A= 3+ ar Or sven)1.58 Electromagnetic Field Theory 2. > > div Ais positive div Ais negative div A=0 S P, | q (a) (b) (e) Fig. 31 ‘The divergence of a vector at a point may be positive if something is diverging or coming out from asmall volume surrounding the point (Fig. 31a). On the other hand, if something is converging into asmall volume surrounding the point, the divergence of a vector is negative (Fig. 31b). If the rate at which something entering intoa small volume surround the point is equal totherate at which itis leaving thatsmall = volume, then the divergence of a vector is zero (Fig. 31c), that is, div d= 0 3 ’ 2 div A in terms of operator V If is the function of x, y and z, then oi 4 ABA It A CAR ‘The operator ¥ in cartersian coordinates may be expressed as nerarrner, Vai je ke ax lay Oz 24 ‘The dot product of operator V and A may be written as ao fsa na aa a A VA [igri Zt Z|(a.t-aioa,t) oy aA, Oly 04, ( 9 Set ate (:4B=48,+4,2,+42,) vena) ‘Comparing equations (1) and (2), we get RoR OAs OA, GA, BWAEV AS Oy On > 1 AA > Example 44: IfA=y'i + (2xy + 2)j + 2yzh, then calculate divergence of A at point (1, 2, 3). Solution : We know that > 34 04, Ody aA, div A = V.A == ay OE > on nn ar Here A= Agi t Aj + A,k= Vit Qxy + 2Yy + Qyzk Ax = Ys Ay= Day + Zand A, = 2yzaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.60 Electromagnetic Field Theory ar x Considering first term, that is, flea | Differentiating it partially w.r.t. x, we get 8 x é 5 Slestae | dbo nyt) é a wx (x2 $y 4 22) (x2 + Pe ZIP xy (+ y+ 27y (8 + y? + 22y &® 3) =+(3) (02 + 2 4 22) GID- (2x) 4 (x2 + y2 + 22) a- ety tzy + @ry rey 3 Similarly, differentiating partially other terms of equation (1) w.r.t. y and z, we get Eby (yt 2M = — Bye hy? ZIT (P+ yh NH éy and Fe Hy = 3 FP Ae Hy ZF Substituting these values in equation (1), we get div (/P) = 32 (Pty? +A Oe ty? t= 3 (ty + FP OPH EZY 3A +P EPA Hye or div GIP) = (3x2 - 3p IMP HP +I HE HYP IM £2302 HP EME + AVI? + BOE HP SFE HP HAP REE HP EA IHO Thus, LHS. =RHS. G) dive=G tn" pra geapespe ana Pode gilt a o A= rir= (xi ty tzkeet ye zy? Apa x(t +292; Ay=yOP ty +z; A= le ty + Py Hence,LH.S.~div(r" 7) = Z ber PS peeve é beeety+zy) 1) Considering the first term, that is, Awe ty rzyey Differentiating it partially w.r.t. x, we get é a é os [xG2 +P +27y2] = Xay Pry rey (tyre Aye a) = (3) (2+ y+ ANHOD-L Aas (ty tay = nie ty HAI + ety tz?aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.62 Electromagnetic Field Theory Differentiating it partially w.r. x, we get Arcee raya rd er rrareryran (~ FHP $22) OI (2x + OF + RFP PEt Awe ety TZ Similarly, differentiating partially other terms of equation (1) w.r.t. y and z, we get Fe ELPA PR tye HIE OE RI! and ieee sy 2] =e tte ey tee Substituting these values in equation (1), we get div d= 22 HY FAME EP TAY ty EAP ewe ry rey? ‘ -2ety rey Me ery tA Ht yP tA ty eA +ae ty te Gry eye sgery ray (rye rye er” =o! Example 48 : If any scalar quantity is given by S= xy + 3y'¢ — 2x*r', find VS at point (1, 2, - 1). Solution : We know that “ieibib fi iBeid| Br Be) a az |\'ax lay az] (Ox? * Oy * 27 Here, $=x2p + 3y22! - me ves= & + wt +az}h (ey + 3y°s?— 2223) ae [= (x2y +322? — rae] 3 roe a (aly + By2z? — 2x23) a3 ay efa +e [z (2y + 3y%2?- ax] a = lo del + Zi + Ox + Z lore ee Qy ~ 42°) + 62+ (6y? - 12x) by = 423 + 622+ 6? — 12% fi ve Ata point (1,2, ~ 1) 2S = 2(2) —4(— 1)? + 6-1? + 62 — 1202-1) 4 +4 + 6 + 24 412 = 50aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.66 Electromagnetic Field Theo-y Physical Interpretation of Curl of a Vector Field ‘The curl of a (rotational or non-conservative) vector at any point in a vector field is a vector whose magnitude is equal to the line integral per unit area along the boundary of aninfinitesimal area drawn around that point and whose direction is along the normal to this area. In fact, curl isa measure 3 of how much the vector curls around the point in question. Mathematically, the curl of a vector 4 is defined > as the vector product or cross product of the (del) operator V and A. Therefore, a ala 3 a( a f4-£a)+i[Z fais > In the determinant form the curl of vector A may be written as, i oi ok R-8n%-|2 2 8 curt A= 0 xX = EE A, Ay Ay To derive an expression for the curl of a (rotational) vector field in cartesian coordinate system, consider an infinitesi- mal rectangular area abcd in X-¥ plane around a point O in the field (Fig. 34). Suppose the sides of the rectangular area abed have lengths dx and dy parallel to X- and Y-axes respectively so that the normal to the area is along the Z-axis. Let at the point O the vector A has component of magnitudes A,, A, and A, along X-, ¥- and Z-axes respectively. To compute the line integralaround the boundary of the rectan- Sy gle abcd, we have to find the vector com- Fig. 34 ponents along ab, bc, ad and dc. Since the a rectangle is very small, the average value of the components of vector A along any sid same as at the mid point of that side. may be considered > oA, Therate of change of X-component of 4 along Y-axis = >= OA, dy 104, ” E ‘Thus, the magnitude of X-component of 4 ata distance 2 (either 09 or OS) = wo? aye 4 ‘Therefore, the X-component of 4 at the mid-point Q of the side de a = X-component of d at O + increase in it from O to Q 4 Lode = Agta Oy dy (along Qc or along dc)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.70 Electromagnetic Field Theory or cul (Ax r)= (Ay ~Ay- Zax- aa] [gae-an = £ev- 49] ile a +8 2x42) Fee 49] = iA. + Ag +i Ay t+ Al +R dy +A.) = Qty + Jy + RAL] + =2A > Example 55 : For a position vector r, evaluate > (a) curt r (0) curl (r"r) (cu Hr). > aN A Solution : (a) ris a position vector, that is, r=xi + yj + 2k i a | ayy |e a. We know that curl A=VxX A= ax dy 8. A, A, A, - 98 Peixp elo 2 wo an raWxr=[S Bo we a 2 3 o]+5[2@-Ze]+*[201-£00] = if0 0] +J[0 0] +0 -o]=0 os () Since r is a position vector, therefore, r= ty +z)? and thus, r= (2 ty? +272 cs curl (7) = curl [02 42 + 22927 + yj + 28} i j é + 4 curl ("r) = & z a xtay te zt yO sya z2y 2Q2e yd 4 222aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.74 Electromagnetic Field Theory a | B oz A, or «wate 1 s fa, 2 on, © tray=}| IS eager Sa S Aebe Reap & a4 OA,)a “ ote “Ge }? 5 4, V?S: In cylindrical coordinate system VS is expresses as, G5 = 253, 1283 ass WFP a9 Be? where Sis a scalar 2, O41 0g, 02) (ass, 1053 d5~ Vg = V.VS (2 +1 £o+2i}( ate 3ght ase Ss 1 HS as og WS= Gre TF Og? * OFF Expressions for Grad, Divergence, Curl and V’ in Spherical Coordinates 1, grad § : The change dS in a single valued differentiable scalar function S (r, 6, ¢) from a point Alr, ®, 9) in the region of a scalar field to the point B(r + dr, 0+ d0, @ + df) in the same region, in spherical coordinate system may be expressed as 8 = Fo dr + SF 0+ odo sel) a8», 284, 083) (4% “ or dS = (GP + Spe 358) (ar? = aod + apd) Tie differential length in spherical coordinate system is expressed as di=drr+ra0 6+ rsinOd6d ee ))aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.78 Electromagnetic Field Theory Example $1 : > A Solution : Given, A = 5r* sin Or tr cot 08+, sin Bcos 9O > > > Evaluate div A and curl A for a vector A in spherical coordinates, 4 AoA x A=5r-*sin @r+r cot 8O+r sin Ocos $9 A,= Sr? sin 8, Ag=rcot @ and Ay~rsin cos d ‘The div A in spherical coordinates is expressed as, div A= VA= te (PA)+ Fang 39 080) + eg + divi= bo enor raa Beet raaa eset 8 —1-sing or (1 +sin g) 7 6 rsin 06 In spherical coordinates, cul A=VxdA=—4 | $f, oe A, 14g rsin 8 Ay te curl A= = [fd ersine 4) Peer andr 64, E 9.1/2 [Fe Recsnoa lds [oa curl d= rial 2 (2 sin? 0 cos $) - Feroo} " {g (5r? sin 0) — 2 (72 sin? deo pi rd [2% (7? cot 2) Zr sin) snd Fein ltr? c08 $2 sin Bos 8) O}r+ (0 2rsin? Bcos Grd + {2r cot 8—5r-? cos B}r sin 09 | “Fang i @cos 8 cos 7-27 sin? 6 cos 8 + (27 cos 8 Sr“! sin cos 64] 2eot @— aie sin 0 or curl A=2e0s Ocos pr 2sin Bcos 9+ ( Example 58: (a) A= 2 eos? 9+ 37 sin $9+-4z sin? 64 find VA at (5, 48°, 6) > A A 39> (b) A= 10r +5 sin 86, find V. 4 at (1, 459, 45°). 4 A Solution : (a) Given, A= 2r cos? pr + 37 sin 93442 in? o2aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.82 Electromagnetic Field Theory Od | OA, aw K=12 (raged oft ae To determine the expression for V? in terms of cylindrical coordinates we start with the value of V?S in rectangular coordinate system as 2s #5 eS s(t Again substituting the values of 2/2x from equation (6), we get os a sing aS) sing @ 6S _ sing as) Bat Osos core SS - noes) . J (ox 033 7 86 or 2S ie ges cospsing PS 4 cossin ¢ OS at PSR, Brag* OSC sin? AS | sin? ¢ 87S — sin g cos 6 a a ae Similarly, from eqn. (7), we have a(es)_a cos 9 28) 5-2 (5)- Zone Se + 7 89) Substituting the value of d/@y from equation (7), we get J (uno 3S -ob28) meg S$ ,s6 a5) r Hl 7 86 or Op OS | sin pcos o &S — singcosg aS 4 cosh sing as or? Or yr ared 36° r d00r cos? wes cos?g S cosgsing aS : = tr ag Ob sove(16) @s as and al a7) Adding eqns. (15), (16) and (17), we get FSS, PS ag PS cospsing FS | cospsin 98 Oe” By" OF or r erog Pr 86 _ singcosg 2S 4 sing OS sin’? @S | singcosg OS. as y obor* > dr? 2 agt 2 9aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.86 Electromagnetic Field Theory cos 0 sing Ay | cosp 2A, oA, oAy Similarly, from eqn. (13), 3" = Sim Ssin§ + 8 ae Substituting the value of Ay in terms of spherical coordinates in right hand side of above equation, Wwe get é@ in 8 sin 93-4, sin 8 sin 9 + Ag cos O sin p+ Ay cos 9) cos Osing a 2S eS (Apsin 8 sin $+ Ao cos Bsin 6+ Agcos @) cosg 9 * sin 6 Gg Ar sin Osin $+ Agcos Osin $+ Ag cos $) e sin @ 64, a , OO [From eqn. (14)] Substituting the value of 4, in terms of spherical coordinates in right hand side of above equetior | 17) Wwe get ad, ed 2030-2 (4, cos 0- Ay sin )— S22 2 (4, cos 0 ~ Ay sin 0) Solving eqns. (17) and (18) and then adding in eqn. (16), we get aA, a4, A, 204, AA, ox * Oy * oz (1g) a cos 8 aA, 1845 008 1 o% or t+ ++ 60 *rsnd ”* Find O60 OA, 2 6 or div = 5 12 (PF Ay+—t ats Hesin @Adt te we svee(19) To find an expression for V" in spherical coordinates, we start with wees, eS eS © Ox?" Gy" Gz where S is a scalar. Substituting the value of /2x from eq, (11), we get aS , cosg ens OS sind as EZ [sn ocose $8 7 06 rsn6d 3) Again substituting the value of /@x from equation (11) we get aes OS , cosd cos @ 35 sing 5) aa é Fer <8 80089 2 ( sin cos 9 SS +) BO” vain 8 Op 1e PS _ a cos 9 cos 8 OS , cos pcos aS sing aS se (sm eos 0 + 66 rain 8 OGaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.90 Electromagnetic Field Theory Proof : To prove the theorem, consider a closed surface S of arbitrary shape in a vector field A (Fig. 36). Suppose the surface S encloses a volume ¥. Let ABCDEFGH be a small cubical volume element of volume dV within the surface S. Since the amount of flux diverging per unit volume per second isrepresent- ed by div 4, therefore, the flux diverges from the = volume element dV is div AdV. Hence, the total fux diverging through the entire volume V enclosed by the whole surface Sis obtainedby taking volume integralas, Sf, div Av (2) Now, suppose ds be any surtace element upon the surface Sf ‘n be a unit vector along the outward Fig. 36 drawn normal upon d, and @'be the angle between a at dS and a, then the sig off meng Naeeaow ain Qn 39 “Therefore, the flux of 4 through the surface element dS = (A.n)aS = i.d3 = A where d§ is the area vector along n. Hence, the total flux through the entiresurface Sis obtained by taking surface integral overthe surface Sas {J 4a 8) This total flux through the entire surface § must be equal to the total flux diverging from the volume V enclosed by the surface S, Therefore, equations (2) and (3) are equal, that is, J[f, av dar = SI, Ads Hence, theorem is proved. Alternative Proof ‘The Gauss-divergence theorem may also be proved in the following manner : Expanding L.H.S. of the theorem represented by equation (1), we have My div dav = i C8 Ayar ~ fff, (Feo Fes Ge aca Wh, sy pes fh, i tt The aa term of this expanded side is integrated with respect ¥ to x, that is, along a strip of cross-sectional atea dydz with the coordinates of the end points P, and P, as (x, y, z) and (x, y, z) respectively (Fig. = By the rigorous treatment, onc can obtained. 0, (yz) 02, v2) Zaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.94 Electromagnetic Field Theory Similarly expressions for line integrals for boundaries along Z-X and Y-Z planes can be obtained by proceeding in the similar way and obtained the result as § Adi = [J (GE- A ede. ve (5) J and Substituting these values from equations (4), (5) and (6) in equation (2), we get fi, (cut Ay dS =f Adi +f Adi +f Ad? xtom —y-comy — 7-com- ponent pence! poncal = f Ad? (For eatire surface in a general direction) Hence SI, (cul A) dS = Sf, (Ox dds = padi ‘The theorem is proved. 2 AAA a Example 61: If F=221+y' }+2 k, evaluate Sf. F.ndS, where Sis the surface of the cube hounded byx=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,7=0,7=1. ‘Solution : Suppose 5 isthe surface ofthecube ABCDGFEDas shown % in fig. 40. For the face DEFG, n=i,x=1,dx=Oand dS = dyde aA Lela A aya - 2%, 2h) Slo, Finds SLC» jez i) dpa =fifloa= [ify Jae[e ]}=1 For the face OABC, x = 0, dx = 0,n =—Jand dS = dy dz oma a ff tA tel on n a " WoweBnas= J.J, 0% +20. tava) =0 naan #=0) For the face ABEF, y=1, dy=0,n =j and dS = dxdz Some BP48- [ili cele jeebjarde= fi aceaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.98 Electromagnetic Field Theory 2 > pin f Par =f (2cos1-sin(-sin 1 d)-0-0 -f[- sin 26+ fesg2a] dt or § har (sl wu(2) $f, (PP) mas - $6 Ehas= $f acu (+ Fromeqa. 1 where R= dx dy, itis the projection of surface 5 on x-y plane fac ipa sana fie I @ Put = Putx=sin 0,.. dx=cos 0d0 #2214008 28 * ff axay = af cos @cos 6d0= 4 ff cos eao= af ( , a0 1g, 1 (sin 20\]"? _ =4[goeg (2) oa Hence, the Stoke's theorem f ¥.dr = f [ (* x F).a8. is verified. s be, A Aa Example 66 : Verify Stoke's theorem for the function F — x (ix + jy), integrated round the square, in the plane, z~ 0, whose sides are along the lines x= 0,y =, x= a, y= a. Solution ; Suppose the square around which the given function is to be integrated, is shown in fig.41 For the given square OABC, we may write F. es F. ir F. ir F. ir F. ip eens Y. §. Far Jo a+) dre fF arf Bde oom W) > A A (0, a) Here, F=x(ix + jy) ¢| B(a, a) an For OA, y= 0 and dr= idx Joa =f x@x+ jyyiae= 16,t Ie 0) (2) a ° — aA 3), 3 aA For AB dr =jdyandx=aaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.102 14, Which of the following quantity is a scalar? (@) electric field (0) electrostatic potential (©) velocity (@) angular momentum. 15. Which of the following is true ? 7303 @l4A+Bl<[4[ +] 3] 3305 4 (b)|4-B]<|4]~1 8] (©) both of the above @ none of the above. 16. Which of the following is incorrect ? * * AAA ()jxi=-k Wkajont AAA A @ixk=-j @kxi=—) 17. Which ofthe following is incorrect (AxBeBud 4x B+= axBee @4 x 6-4-2 «B-axe 18. The amount of flux diverging from a point per unit area per second is called (@) divergence of a vector field (b) divergence of a scalar field (© gradient of a vector field. (@ divergence of a scalar field. 19, Choose the correct statement (@ Gradient of a scalar field is a scalar field. (b) Gradient of a scalar field is a vector field. (©) Gradient of a vector field is a scalar field, (@) Gradient of a vector field is a vector field. a0, 24x , 24y . ae “ay Zp (®) gndd (b) grad A > (©) div A (div 4. 21. The maximum line integral of a vector per unit area along the boundary of an infinitesimal area is called (a) divergence of a vector field Electromagnetic Field Theory ~ (B) divergence of a scalar field () curl of a vector field (@) curl of a scalar field. 22. The curl of a vector field can be represented as (@) Curl A ix ~ 4 ova @v4. 2. P= xi +y} + zh then its divergence is (@itjrk (b)3 (@xtytz (@) zero. 24, If @= yz, then its gradient is @zi+yk (b)0 yj teh @itgek 25. The divergence of a position vector is (a) zero )3 @1 (dd) 3 26. V2 may be written as oe oe Vx V9 &) V9 OV. «9 @Vx@ xg. 27, Curl grad @may also be written as @V% Vx v6 ore @ @ov. 5 28. div curl A may also be expressed as Jose sa (Vx (Vx A) )V «A «¥) Sey een OVW x 4) @Wx VA. Teer 29, If A = ixand B = jy, then V(A.B) is equal to (a) an tx (b) zero Obits) @2 30. Ifthe line integral of vector field depends only upon the coordinates of the two points in the field and independent of actual path taken be- tween them, then the field is said to be (9) non-conservative (b) curled (Qnon-lamellar (4) conservative.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.106 Electromagnetic Field Theory 12, Find the angle made by the vector 4i + 3j + 5k with X-axis ? ee rrr rr ae era 13. Evaluate the value of (B x C) x A and A(B x C)if A = 21 +3 - 5k, B= —-i + j +k and C=4i+2j + 6k 14, Prove the following relations : 3735 3 8 () Ax(Bx A)=(AXB)xA 39399 45 294 (i) (A * BB * C) x (Cx A) = [A.B OF 34 3 (iA xC)=0 ~ 999 44 494 (iv) A + BIB + C) x (C+ AD] = 24.B x O)} 15, Show that the vectors i ~ 2j + 3k, 21 + 3j— 4k and —j + 2k are coplanar. 16. Find the value of grad S at the point (2, - 1, - 3) if S= S(x,y, z)= x ~ Py + xy’. 17. If $(x, y, 2) = 3°y— y°z, find the value of grad @ at the point (1, ~2, - 1). 3 18. Let r be the vector from some fixed point (X,Y, 20) to the point (x, y, 2), and let r be its length. Show = + that, V7) = 2r. 19. Find the gradient of f, where fis given as OF dey GN S= xy ae aoe > 20, Ifa = oxi + Byj + yzk, show that V(a.r) = 2a 2 Vv 21. Prove that, dV = (dr.V)V + va 22, Find the gradient of f, where fis given as yz +zx + xy. 23, Find a unit normal to the surface x°y + 2xz~4 at the point (2, —2, 3). 24, Equipotential surfaces in some problems are spherical in shape : V(x, y,2) = C(x? ty +2) Show that the force is radial, that is, along the radius vector. Bovcot! scoartMberemaith cate 25, I= 22°) 2°24] + ay*ah, find VA at (1, ~ 1,1). 26. Find the divergence of the following vector functions : oO ant + ay} +2k Wa xriryirek > oa. ‘ 27, WA = 3xy27t-t 2xyf — x'yzk and 9= 3x°—yz, find ae => (a) V.4, (bt) AVG (©) Viod) (a) Ve at (1,-1.1). 3 28, Prove that if F represents a vector field and curl P= 2 , butdiv F' 0, then field has a vector potential. + a 29. Evaluate V. (77)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1.110 Electromagnetic Field Theory Answers to ... Le 6a ll. Ba Ta 12nd 3.a 8b Bec Ac 90,4 14. sd 10.¢ 18.¢ Multiple Choice Questions 16.4 tLe 26.6 3Lb 35.b Inc 22.b 27.b 3ha 36.4 18a 23.b 28.¢ 33.6 31a 19.b 24.0 29.b 34.c 38.b 20.¢ 25.b 300d 2 53° 3. 17, 4N17, 0, 1/17, V5.0, ~ 24/5, - 1S 4.) SATT, 677, ~ 477, 2113, 313 wn Gili) 27.7° Gia 5. + (13) Qi—-j-2) 6. 90° m3 8. £149) (7-108) 9. 20.5 unit 10. 19° 11. 54 12, $5.56° 13, 8-47-78), 68 16. -197 +104} + 54h AA A 17, -121-9j-16k 19. (Ny ita) (YI EXP? 22.0 23. 0.331 - 25, -3 26. (1) 8, (it) 2 ty +2) 27. (a) 4, (b) — 15, (€) 1, (a) 6 29. 6r3 30. x+3y Bj+3k 0.66) - 0.66% 43. Fy = Unsoived Numerical Problems 4A. (a) 0, (b) y+ 22 + 3x 32. 38 + -or 35. Cr? 37. 1.167 38. 303, 39. 6x 40. 0.667 AA 41. 3) +4k 42. (i) 4x + By, 0, (ii) 7,0 ~2itDp+3k 44, 0, 0, conservative mir, Fy=—myle F,=—mzl?,0 47.12 Si. 3.25 52. a) 58.5, (b) — 756.8 +}38.5 ~£38.5, © 545° 53. (@) PUY, 8, #) = G14, 367°, 333.4°) ) Pe, #2) (5, 333. ee 3) 54, (@) 14.24 47 1131446, (o) 38.98, (©) 1 26.85) +j(16.94) +k (045) 55, A(- 0.845, 1.464, 3.625), 5.643 56. d= (2r cos? 637? sin? > - on osin ae 3r’ cos @ sin? Db+ rz cos $2 57. A(r, 6, @) = sin 0(sin @cos ° —rcos? Osin gr +sin Bcos (cos $ +r sin Osin 4) 6 ~sin @sin 99 eA 58. (a) A= Si+y), Wan tGried 4 59, div =-722 60, (a) 5.01, (0)(-0.6357-0.489}-0.5988) 61. 80 62. 15.18 a * 63. E= Pasin 29 (cos pr sin g QS (rcos p+ rsin >+2)s, 5 lEl= 64, 8.27,0.9231+0.336)-0.189% 68. 129.44 30.5aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.5 In MKS. system, where charges are in coulombs, distance r in meter and permittivity & in Farad/meter, the force is in Newton, When more than two charges are present in the medium coulomb's law is applicable for every pair of charges. Therefore, the resultant force on any one charge equals the vector sum of the forces exerted on it by all other charges (Principle of superposition). ‘Therefore, if Q,, Q,, Qs, ... Qn charges are present ina medium, then the force on Q, due Q,,.Qs, Ox. an On is 2 23 2 Fy=Fyt Py t Fat nt Pn 2 + where F\, is the force on Q, due to Q), Fs that due to Q, on Q, and so on. Similarly, the force on the j charge is given by (2) or F= The forceacting on a point charge Q duc to a continuous charge distuibution is obtained by replacing summation by integration in equation (2). ‘That is, Q (do>_ r ane, SB age, S52 ® where dQ is the charge ona small element of charge distribution at a distance r from the point charge Q. The integration is to be carried over all volume and surface charge distributions. Ifthe chargeis distributed throughouta volume Vwith a volumecharge density p, andon the surface Swhich bounds V with a surface charge density os, then J40= J, p.av+ | osas AA) ‘Thus, the force exerted by this charge distribution on a point charge Q located at the origin of the coordinate system may be written as Serv + ee J, os(ryas seen) HEg dv 4 Ifthe point charge is located at point r, instead of origin, then eqn. (5) takes the form rer Q py(rydyr om ep 4 Here the variable r' is chosen to locate a point within the charge distribution. Elect eld Every electric charge ata point in a space establishesa state of electric stress around it. This electric stress exerts a force on a positive or negative charge when bring near the source charge. Thus, the eleciric stress established by a source charge is called an electric field and the region surrounding the stationary source charge in which the charge influence can be felt, is ealled region of electric field. The source charge may be a point charge, a group of point charges or continuous charge distribution.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 29 If Wis the work done in bringing a positive charge +Q from infinity to a point in the field, then the potential at the point is Ww ra Q If Wis in joule, Q in coulomb, the potential V (joule/coutomb) is in volt, If Q = 1 coulomb, then vow That is, the potential at a point in an electric field may also be defined as the workdone in bringing, a positive charge of one coulomb from infinity to that point against the electrie field. ‘The electric potential difference between any two points A and Bin the field is defined as the work done per unitcharge in moving a test chargeQ from the point A tothepoint B. The work may be positive or negative whether the clectric field in the Tegion opposes or encourages the motion. ‘Thus, the potential difference between the points A and B is given by If W4g= 1 joule and Q = 1 coulomb, then /4~ Vg= 1Volt. That is, the potential difference of one volt exits between two points if one joule of work is done in shifting acharge of one coulomb from one point to the other. As the charged particle placed in an electric ficld has potential energy because of its interaction with the electric field, the electric potential at any point in an electric field may also be defined as the electric potential energy of unit charge when placed at that point. 4x 4 2 2 + Suppose we wish to move a point charge Q in an electric ficld E£ slightly froma point r tor + dr, then the work done by the electric field during this displacement is 25 dW=F.dr 2. ~ ae) where F is the force on the charge Q due to electric field E and equals (F =) QE. ‘The change in potential energy due to this displacement is, . (1) 24 3 4 dU > -dW=-F.dr= Qe.dr ‘Therefore, the change in potential is given by a4 we or dV¥=~E.dr ay The potential difference between the points r, and r, is obtained by integrating eqn. (2) within the limits 7 =r, tor = ry as (2) nos h-K=-J dr 3) or Potential difference, y=" E.gr naa 4 4 where V, and V, are the potentials at points r, and r, respectively.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 213 and |r) ~r = VIG@e-x'P +0-y'P +E -2'F] 2 OQ 9 > ne 4ne yr, re gr 2 ”) or 2. %SG-D oe > 35 4ze, |r, —¥] Example 3 : (a) If the electric field E is 100 Vm™ ata distan eof m from a point charge Q in air, find Q,(b) is E radialy in or ouward ? Solution : We know that the electrie field E = res are, Here r=2 m, £= 100 Vim and € 8.85 x 107" F/m sy O= Aner? E=4 x 3.14 «8.85 x 10"? x (2)? x 100 or @ = 44.46 * 10-* coulombs or 44.46 nC > (&) If Qis positive Eis radially outward and if Q is negative it is radially inward. Example 4: A thin non-conducting rod of infinite length has a linear charge density of A coulomb per meter. Calculate the electric field intensity at a point distant y from the rod. Solution : Electric field intensity due to a linecharge of infinite length : Let P be the point distant y from the mid point of a thin non-conducting uniformly charged (say, positive) rod or a wire of infinite length (Fig. 8), at which electric field intensity Z is to be determined. Let X-axis is along the line charge and ¥-axis passes through P, Suppos: AB be a small line element of length dx ata distance x from the origin O. The charge on this line element 4B is given by dQ= Idx ( where Ais the linearcharge density (charge perunit length). ++ + Let AB is at a distance r from the point P. The ~ gp iO AB ig. e magnitude of the clectric field intensity dE at P due to. iss ia element AB is given by Fig. 8 dE = dae? ane r 1 Ade Tre G+ 2) ‘The direction of dé is along the line joining of AB with P, pointing outward (because charge on or dE dQ=Adx and P=y +x) ee) line is positive). dean be resolved intwo, horizontal and vertical components dE, and d£, respectively. ‘Now consider another line element 4’B" of the same length dx, and at a same distance x, but on = the other side of origin O. It also produces an outward eleciric field intensity dé at P (shown by dottedaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 17 nS Similarly, the potential at D due to charges q, and g, at A and B is given by a1 (a, =a (-B) Here AD = § cm=§ x 10-? mand BD = (5? + 5?) =|(50) cm =7.07 x 10-2 m a! 9 (2x10 | 1.0x10~ Koad eld (eS * Fox? =9 x 10° (4 x 10-5 + 1.41 « 1074) =9 x 10° x 5.41 * 107% or Vp = 4.87 * 10° volts ‘The work done against the electric field in moving a charge of 1.0 x 10~® Coulomb from C to Dis W= q (Vp — Ve) = 1.0 x 1078 (4.87 x 10° 4.35 = 10°) = LO x 107 x 0,52 * 10° or Work done, W = 0.052 joule Example : Electric field in a region is given by > A AA E=—(Gy/x)i + (6x) f+ 5k Vim Calculate the potential difference Vgg, given A (- 7, 2, 1) and B(4, 1, 2). Ano Solution : The potential difference between the two points A and B, yg = -f E.di B +n ma where d= deit dyjtdek x ~ $3148) +52)(acd+ op} + ae) or — ae + Sy 45 ety 4(-6y 4 6 I, (ea + Says Sa ‘The coordinates of points A and B are (~7, 2, 1) and (4, 1, 2) respectively.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Field. 2.21 Example 11 : Show that the potential at a point distance r, and r, respectively from centres of a tong Parallel pair of wires of negligible cross-sectira and having equal and opposite linear charge density A coulomb/meter is given by v ‘Sc'ution : Potential duc to a long parallel pair of wires : The elect:ic field strength ata distance r from the line charge with linear charge density 4 C/m is 12a Tne + E= Electrostatic potential, V = — J Bde 1) where rzeris the reference point for zero potential. In this case reference point can not be taken to be at infinity as charge itself extends to infinity. Hence, we choose reference point at a distance (say) ry from the line charge where potential is ¥,, Potential difference between the points distant ry and r from the line charge is aS. 2d gy, fe r aE ro" =~ A fla a Inia Jr, 7 IRey or v—yy=—4 18: 0 ats, bs.(4 Therefore the potential at a distance rom the ine charge is “aa ws. (2 Bla, 2) Ifthe point under consideration lies at distances r, and r; from a long parallel pair of wires of negligible cross-section having cual and opposite linear charge density 2, then the potential dve to one wire having linear charge density (+A) is Aa " y eel log. ale Vy Similarly, the potential due to other wire, having linear charge density - Ais, ae log. (@ “lar ‘The total potential due to both the wires, a m) 2 " at. ty— aA, (2)- Tey 8 (3)+2% y,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.25 For a charge free region, where p, = 0 the Poisson's equation reduces to Viv=0 i This is called Laplace's equation. Laplace's equation is applicable to those clectrostatic problems inwhich the entire charge resides on the surface of the conductor or entire charge isconcentrated in the form of point charges, line charges or surface charge densities at singular locations. It is also applicable if the region between the conductors is filled with one or more homogeneous dielectrics. Laplacian, V’ in eqn. (4), is a pure differential operator and involves differentiation with respect to more than one variables, hence Poisson's and Laplace's equations are the second order partial differential equations. Ifthe dependence of charge density function p(x, y,z) and the certain boundary conditions are known, then Poisson's equation may be solved for the electrostatic potential V. The form of Laplace's and Poisson!s equations in different coordinate system is different. The use of appropriate form depends upon the symmetry of the electrostatic problem. In cartesian coordinates Laplace's equation is expressed as, eV eV eV VAM are gto gen (5) ‘The form of V *V in cylindrical and spherical coordinates may be obtained by using the expressions for gradient and divergence in these coordinate systems (as obtained earlier). For reference the Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates (r, 9, z) is expressed as, apo1af,V),1 8 ev vale ag oF Similarly, in spherical coordinates (r, 0, @) it is expressed as, ryold(p¥), 1 8 (i9%), 1 @K Vr bE?) mae Be (i005) are Solutions of Laplace’s and Poisson’s Equations in One Dimension Several methods have been developed for solving Laplace's and Poisson's equations. The first and simplest method is that of direct integration. The method of direct integration is applicable only to those problems which are one dimensional or in which potential field is a function of only one of the three coordinates of a system. When potential is a function of two or three dimensions of a coordinate system, advance mathematical knowledge is required. Solutions of Laplace's equation are called Harmonic functions. Laplace's equation does not by itself determine potential V. It requires suitable set of boundary conditions. Any solution to Laplace's equation (or Poisson's equation) which also satisfies the boundary conditions must be the only solution that exists. [tis unique. This is called uniqueness theorem and states that Laplace's (or Poisson's) equation can have only one solution which satisfies the boundary conditions of the given region. The uniqueness theorem ensure that once we find any method of solving Laplace's or Poisson's equation subject to given boundary conditions, we have solved our problem once and for all. Poisson's equation is used in problems involving volume charge densities, such as semiconductor diode, transistor model, vacuum tubes, magnetohydrodynamic energy conversion and ion propulsion etc.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.29 Pa | de ( SlwinE i=] @ Joey gle or = {Prt —— 2 Seq Pur elome , hetnaem ae or em att é = “Paty adt “~e Jie? s 40 @ = tan (+ B 4p,,@ é or v tant (e7!*) +B ann © where B is another constant. To evaluate B, letus arbitrarily assume zero reference of potential (V=0) atthe centre of the junction, x= 0, Therefore, eqn. (6) becomes 40.0 = Pee tant 1) +B é Ap, @ or Ben a e 4 Substituting this value of B from eqn. (7) in eqn. (6). we get 2 2 7 a AP tao (g2ley Po x € € 4p,,a2 or y= Pe ey #) eral (8) ‘The total potential difference ¥, across the junction is obtained from eqn. (8) as. 4Pn® (n,n Ve=Vesa—Ve-s-m = (+4) 2xp,, a” or he If S is the area of the junction cross-section, then the total positive charge Qis given by Q= Sy slr 2p,, sech (2) ann (z) a= 2p.,S4{ sch 3) or O=2,,aS From eqn. (9), .aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.33 The values of constants A and B are determined by applying boundary conditions of the problem which are as follows : v=0 a r=b and V=¥, at r=a Applying first boundary condition to eqn. (6), we get O=Alogeb+B or =-AlogeD a Ty Applying second boundary condition to eqn. (6), we get V,=Alog.a+B svoee(8) Substituting the value of B from eqn. (7) in eqn. (8), we get ¥,= A logea A loge b ~A loge (a/b) ee Ya * 4= To, (al) tt (9) Substituting the value of A from eqn. (9) in eqn. (7), we obtain __ Va log. (6) ~~ Tog, (alb) erneee(10) Substituting the values of A and B from eqns. (9) and (10) in eqn. (6), we get alos. (r) Va bog. (4) * Tog, (a/b) — Tog, (alby veel) wile k b} ~ Tog. (alby 8 (rib) _Vq log, (r/b) or Tog. (a/b) seveee(12), Eqn. (12)represenis the expression for potential distribution in space between thecoaxial: cylinders ora coaxial transmission line. We know that, Electric field, E =— ee aaa (13) Substituting the value of ¥ from eqn. (11) in eqn. (13), we get log. (r)_Y, log. lr Tos. (a7b) ~ Tog, (ab) |” tgs Mal or Bm OD 2 VA ca Per Tage 4) E= Vv, “r “Flog, (b/a) seome( 5)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.37 Since B= 0 A=-aV, Substituting the values of constants A and B from eqns. (9) and (7) in eqn. (6), we get yn el (10) r Eqn. (10), gives the required expression for the potential in the region surrounding the charged metal sphere. Ifa charge @ is given to the conducting sphere of radius a then Ve Trepa Substituting this value of Vj in eqn. (10), we get (11), Similarly, or @r(4ne, r Qt Example 18 : Find out the potential difference between the plates of a spherical capacitor formed by two concentric spherical conducting shells of radit ‘a’ and ‘b', where ‘b' > ‘a’, using Laplace's equation under the boundary conditions : V=0atr=5 and V=V,atr=a. fe Bek 1 2) (13) or iseie Solution : The situation of the problemis shown in fig. 18. The potential Vbetween the two concentric spherical conducting shells of radii a and bvaries only with rand is independent of coordinates @and gin spherical coordinates system. Thus, Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates VES 2E(r + wha Aline Ss) 1_ Vv . ? sin? 6 OO? Fig. 18 reduces to or Integrating eqn. (3), we get av _ ras where 4 is integration constant.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.241 Electrostatic Fields ‘The capacitance of the system is, cu lQl. 20m ‘Vy ‘log, (tana/2) Example 20 : Region between the two coaxial cones is depicted in fig. 20. A potential V, exists at 8, and V=0 at 6, The cone vertices are insulated atr=0, Solve Laplace's equation to get potential at a cone at any angle 8. ‘Solution : According to the given problem the potential, V varies with angle @and is independent of rand dcoordinates in spherical coordinate system, Therefore, Laplace's equation is spherical coordinates reduces to, or [moo Integrating equ. (2), we get noe vA sin S5=4 or = where A is unknown constant. Integration of eqn. (3), gives -fa-f— v= far =[AGa0 _ sec? (0/2).d Ve 4f [2 sin (6/2) cos (8/293 sec? (672) (0/2).40 24 eny 2 tan (0/2) tan (62) ~ 1 vals or V=Alog.t+B or V=A log, (tan 6/2) + B where B is another constant. putting sec? (6/2). 3d0= dt Multiplying and dividing eqa. (4) by sec? (6/2) and breaking sin @ in half angles, we get [> sin = 2 sin (62) cos (6/2)]aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.45 Electric Potential V and Field Strength E Electric potential ata point Fr, @) dueto a point charg nearan earthed conducting plane is the same. as that due to point charge + Q and its image cha ge - Q [Fig. 21(b)]. Therefore, = 1 (+0,-0 vaqh [ee 39) 1_(2 9.) of Ge, \ AP A'P} From fig. 21(b) A'P = J[IA'S) + (SPY =4[(A'A - SAY + (SPY where PS is the perpendicular on AA‘ from P. % r! =J[(2d—r cos 6 + (r sin 8} = (dd? +P cos? 8 4rd cos 8+ r*sin® 8) or AP =r! =1(P + 4d — 4rd cos and AP=r 1_/Q ve_ “a ER a8 oomhansl D a ¢ We know that, =. 4 Therefore, the electric field components, E, and Eo at Palong and perpendicular to radius vector r can be obtained by #9 eqn. (1), with respect to r and 8 separately. Therefore, av B= Fee gpg 20) - QIN +4 — 4rd cos 04 Br — 4d 08 6)] -_1 | Q_ Q(r - 2d cos 6) or Er a,[8 (r? + 4d? — 4rd cos 6)" wn) Similarly, By = 4 Be Ng 9 $y + act 4rd cos 6 #* (4rd (sin 6) 0 = 507 anapr lO D — 4rd cos 8)" 4** (— 4rd (- sin 6) 1 Q (2rd sin 8) 4xegr|(P +4@ —4rd cos 0)" 1 2Qdsin@ 4%€y (1? + 4d? ~ 4rd cos 0)" or Ey=- 3) Electric Field on the Conductor ‘The electric field £, at a point P on the conducting plane (Fig. 21c) is the vector sum of fields due to the point charges at 4 and A’, and is obtain as Ex ~ Epcos 0+ E, cos @~ 2E, cos 8 Atthe conducting plane b= aoaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.49 Similarly, 1, =[(A'SY + (P;S] = y[(4’0 + OSY + (PS?) or [ +a cos 6 + (asin 6] = (b+ @ cos? 8+ 2ab cos 0+ a’ sin? 8) may +a +2ab cos) aaa (8) Substituting these values of r, and r, from eqns. (7) and (8) in eqn. (6), we get Q Q' es . 4negyd? + a? + 2ad cos 8 ane JP +a? + Jabcos 0 Substituting the values of b and Q from eqn. (5) in eqn. (9), we get Vink _ aQid a Ane VP + a + 2ad cos @ Ane yaldy +a + 2a (a /d) cos 6 or Vp, = Q - Q =0 4ne,\d' +a' +2adcos@ 4e, ja’ +d? + 2adcos @ Thus, the location and magnitude of image charge represented by eqn. (5) are correct. Electric Potential and Field Strength : The potential at an external point P distant r from the centre (Fig. 24) of the sphere may be obiained as, 1 1 @ teat gee seven( 10) From figure 24, 15 = N[ASY + (PSP] = y[(40 + OS) + (PSY) = [Cd +r cos OF +r sin 8] or 3 =V(P +P +2rdcos wee(1 1) Similarly, 14 = \[A'SY + (PSP = YAO + OSP + (PSP [(b +r cos 6? + (r sin 6) or =YP +7 + 2br cos 8) Substituting b = a'/d from eqn. (3) in the value of r,, we get, ry = U@ldP +P +2 (Pld) r cos O] acd), Substituting the values of r, and r, from eqn. (11) and (12) in eqn. (10), we get. yi Q z Q" ane [Pers 2rdwsd ylaidy +r + 2 a'ld)r cos @ Putting the value of "(=~ aQ/a) from eqn. (5) in the above equation, we yield Qa/a | Q = . ld? +r? + 2rd cos @ (a? /d)? +r? + 2(a7/d) r cos @ Eqn. (13) alongwith eqns. (11) and (12) represent the potential V at any point P (r, 8) outside a grounded conducting sphere, 1 Ve (13)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.53 (iii) A Point Charge near an Insulated Uncharged Conducting Sphere ‘When a point charge + Q be placed near an insulated uncharged conducting sphere of radius a, at .a distance d from its centre O (Fig. 25), the boundary conditions that must be satisfied are as follows : (@) The potential at infinitely far point is zero, that is, V= 0 when r= Gi) ‘The total charge induced on the sphere is zero, as sphere is insulated. (iif) The potential on the surface of the sphere is uniform throughout the surface and is non-zero. The point charge + Q at an external point A and its P(e) image charge Q’ = - Qa/d (As obtained earlier in case of h point charge + Q near a grounded conducting sphere) at point A’ inside the sphere (with O' = b = a’/d) satisfy the boundary condition outside the sphere and also that of potential at infinity. Now, in order to satisfy boundary conditions of constancy of potential [condition (iii)] and ATG zero net induced charge on the sphere [condition (i)}, we |._ have to take another image charge in addi charge Q’ at A’. This new image charge Q” should be assumed to be atthe centre of the sphere Oandits magnitude should be such that it makes no change in the potential of the Fig. 25 sphere. Actually the new image charge Q” is assumed to be distributed uniformly over the surface of the sphere, but considered at the centre. In this case the magnitude of new image charge Q” should be + Qald. The new charge at the centre (+ Qa/d) O together with image charge (- Qa/d) at A’ produce zero net charge on the surface. Thus, by the use of method of image a problem of a point charge near an insulated uncharged conducting sphere is replaced by a system of a point charge + Q at A, image charge Q'( ~ Qa/d) at A', and additional image charge Q" (= + Qa/d) at the centre of sphere. As regards the potential at the surface of the sphere, the two charges + Qat A and—Qa/dat.4’ together provides zero potential on the surface of the sphere and the total potential on the spherical surface is only due to the additional image charge + Qaid at the centre O. Thus, . The potential on the spherical surface is given by Charge at centre + @Qa/d __1_ Q Capacity 4né,a 4né,d Which is uniformed as required by condition (iii). ‘The potential at an external point P(r, 6) due to the system of point charge + Q and insulated uncharged sphere is same as due to the image charges Q’ = + Qa/d, Q” = - Qa/d and due to point charge +Q, that is, > ve » 142, 1 0, 1 oF Ver P= meq (PA) * Tney (PA) * THe, PO) = Q_ Qald) , Qald) or 9 ate 4me)m | 4meor From fig. 25 1, = AP =\|[(ASY + (SPY] = y[(AO + OS} + (SPY =yl(d +r cos 8? + (r sin 6 or y= V2 ++ 2rd cos 8)aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Electrostatic Fields 2.65 dd Fees ) ‘The surface charge density on the conducting plane at a point Pis given by or o5=~(laEn nn =~ Ey Gee aod io S=—Tala 10) From Fig. 31, the charge, dg ona small surface of thickness dx and length 1 meter is, Ag d.dx Fig.31 Os =~ Fe BR Charge per unity length, 4 = -Ayd or a == AD) Putting x=dtan@ d= dsec? 6d0 and also, when x—> +r, then 0~> 2/2 and when x» —o0, 0» ~ 7/2. Therefore, eqn. (11) becomes =Agd p#2 — d sec? @ dO m Jona (dwn? + @) _ ciety d sec? 6 d0 TR dna & sec? a= hy pre oot 10 a lewd" or Thus, the charge induced on the conductor is — dp coulomb/m. Example23 : Within a spherical hollow earthed conductor equal point charges + Qare placed atequal distances d from the centre on the same diameter. Calculate the force between them. Solution ; Let us consider a spherical hollow earthed conductor of radius a and centre at O (Fig. 32). Suppose 4 and B are two points within the sphere on either side of O at equal distances d from O. To make the potential of the sphere zero, we have to put two image charges — Qa/d atpoints A’ and B’ distant @/d from O on the either side of the centre, A' and B’ are thus the electrical images of A and B respectively.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.88 Electromagnetic Field Theory +0 Q -Q +@ -@ +Q -O co As GL} cy B +Q i A Ce to& ea eS i , ey Vp V5 i \ ! ' 12 c— vy —— ' c Fig. 47(a) 1 3 <— Vv Fig. 47(b) Inseries combinations the capacitorsare joined as shown in fig. 47(a). If n capacitors of capacitances Cy Cay Cy wns Co are joined in series, then the effective capacitance C is decreased and is given by a) In parallel combination, the capacitors are joined as shown in fig. 47(b). If n capacitors of capacitances Cy, C,. Cy, Cy ate joined in parallel, the effective capacitance is increased and is given by EXC Gates DY, 2) Example 30 : The plates of paraitel plate capacitor are 1 cm apart and 2 m* in area. A potential difference of 6000 volts is applied across the capacitor. When a sheet of dielectric is inserted between the plates; the potential difference decreases to 2000 volts. Calculate (a) the original capacitance Coy (b) the charge Q on each plate, (¢) the capacitance C after insertion of the dielectric(d) the dielectric coefficient K of the dielectric (6) the permittivity € of the dielectric (f) the induced charge Q, on each face of the dielectric, (g) the original electric intensity Ey between plates, (h) the electric intensity E after insertion of the dielectric. Solution : The situation of the problem is shewn in fig. 48. - =2ne (a) The original capacitance C, of the capacitor, oA | C= Here A= 2m? and d=1em=1* 10m 8.854 x 10°? x2 { F Txlo 7 L771 = 107? farad 6000 Volts Fig. 48 = 8.85 x 10-? CIN-m? © (B) We know that Q= Cy¥q Here Y= 6000 volts ‘The charge on each plate, Q= 1.771 x 10°? x 6000 or = 1.063 * 10- coulombaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.90 Electromagnetic Field Theory 50 x 10-? x 0.02 2 = = “3 or a+ 0.024 = Fra Esa TOF © 8992 * 10 or a? + 0,024 -0.009 = 0 = (0.02) + io. 02)? +4 x (0.009) a= 3 Ie 400 (.. If ax? + be +c, then x= ae \ ni ORE 0.191 4.085 m,—0.10m -. a =0.085 m=8.5em Since the radius cannot be negative, therefore — 0.1 m may be ignored. So b= (0.085 +0.02) m= 0.105 m= 10.5 em Example36 : A concentric cable has a corediameter of2.36 cm. Itis insulated withimpregnated paper of thickners 1.65 cm anda relative permittivity of 3.5 and covered with lead sheath. If working voltage is 660 volt d.c., calculate the capacitance of the cable in uF /kra. Solution : The capacitance of 1 m length of a cable eo 2h 5 fog, (6/0) Here a= 2.36/2 = 1.18 cm, b= radius of the core + thickners of paper = 1.18 + 1.65 =2.83 cm, €* Ey & = 8854 x 107 3.5 im x 3.14 x 8.854 x10"? x 946 x 10-19 283 0.875 = 2.224 x 107° Fn log, Capacitance of I kin length of this cable C= 1000 x 2.224 x 107" F/km or C= 0.224 pE/km 224 x 10-7 F/km Example 37 : The conductors of a two wire transmission line (4 km long) are spaced 45 cm between centres, Calculate the capacity of the line if each conductor has a diameter of 1.5 cm. Solution : Capacitance for one kilometre length of parallel wires, 008, Tog. iy HK Here d= 45 em,r=15/2=0.75 em, 4 75 = 60 and 6. =1 For 4 km long cable 0.028 x 1x4 _ 0.0284 Tog, 60 4.094 Example 38; Two capacitors of capacitances 8 uF and 2 uF are connected in series across a 100 volts dc. supply. Now, if the supply voltage is removed and cupacitors are then connected in parallel, what will be the final charge on each capacitor. Cc = 0.0273 uF Solution : Since the two capacitors are in series, charge on each plate of the capacitor is same, that is,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.94 Electromagnetic Field Theory —_—_- (b) the voltage across the plate increases (6) the capacitance increases (d) the electrostatic energy stored in the capac- itor decreases. 16. Thecapacitance ofa spherical capacitoris 1 uF. If the spacing between the sphere is 1 mm, the radius of the outer sphere is : (a) 0.30 m (b) 3m (©6m @3m. 17. The radius of earth is 6400 km. Its capacitance is: (a) 6400 F (b) 711 pF (©) 711 pF (@) 6400 10° F. 18. When air in a capacitor is replaced by a medium of dielectric constant X, the capacitance : (a) decreases K times (b) increases X times (c) remains constant (4) none of the above. 19. The capacitance of a cable capacitor is given by: ab 2mel (a 478 (©) 30g, Gla) (@-a) 2.3 logyo (b/a) ab trl 20. At the boundary between two dielectric media, 2 the vectors E and D are such that : (478 = (a) the normal component of £ and tangential 3 > : component is same on cachside of the bound- ary 2 (®) the tangential component of £ and the normal component ofB is same on each side of the boundary. The latter condition is however, valid only in the absence of any free charges on. the boundary =z (c) the tangential component of £ and the nor- mal component of D are always same on cach side of the boundary (@) none of the above. 21. The capacitance ofa capacitor does not depend upon : (a) the shape of the plates (b) the size of the plates (©) the charges on the plates {d) the separation between the plates. 22, The electric displacement vector Dis of signif. icance : (a) only for a macroscopic observer (b) only for microscopic observer (©) both for microscopic and macroscopic ob- servers (@ none of the above. 23. In a cylindrical capacitor, maximum potential gradient occurs at the : (a) outer surface of outer cylinder (b) outer surface of inner cylinder (©) cylindrical axis (@) inner surface of the outer cylinder. 24, The behaviour ofa dielectric is : (a) similar in an electrostatic field and in a varying electric field (b) different for static and varying fields but is independent of the frequency (©) different for static and varying fields and is very much dependent on the frequency (@) none of the above. 25, The Poisson's and Laplace's equations are re- spectively : @V?V=-ple and (&) V27= ple, and OV=alp and (@V2v=0 and V'V= ple 26. Ifa point charge + Qis placed at aperpendicular distance d from an infinite conducting plane, then the electrical image is : {a) - Qat a distance d from the plane on same side (b) ~ Oate distance d from the plane on other side (¢) + Qata distance d from the plane on other side (@) - Qatadistance 21 from the plane on same side, odaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.98 Electromagn Field Theory 15. Atmospheric eleciric field changes from time to time. Its average value on the earth surface is 100 volt/m and at a height 1500 m is 25 volt/m directed towards earth. Calculate : (a) Mean volume charge density between 0 to 1500 m height above earth surface, (b) displacement charge density on earth, 16. A proton is at a distance of 10 A from an infinite plane conductor. Calculate the force experienced by the proton and the work done in moving it to infinite distance away from the conductor. 17. In the neighbourh6od of a certain semiconductor junction the volume charge density is given by pv = 750 sech (10* x) tanh (77x ) C/m’. The dielectric constant of the semiconductor material is 10 and the junction area is 2 x 10? m?, Find (a) ¥,, (b) capacitance, C, and (c) E at the junction. 18. Given the volume charge density p,= ~2 * 10” [x C/mn in free space, let V=0 at x= 0 and V=2V atx=2.5 mm. Atx= 1 mm, find (a) potential V, and (b) Ey. 3 . Find | £ | at P(3, 1, 2) for the field of two radial conducting planes for which V= 50 volts at = 10°, and V = 20 volts at p= 30°. 20. For an arrangement of charge and conductors shown in fig. 50, find X y the image charges required to determine the electric field on the side of the actual charge. Find the field and charge densities at points A qT and B. 1 |. Given a60 uC point charge located atthe origin, find the totalelectiic. ¥ =? ' { \ flux passing through : (a) that portionof the spherer=26cmbounded by 0 < @< 7/2 and 0 < 9 < 2/2; (b) the closed surface defined by 1 S 2 y= 26 cm and z = + 26 cm; (¢) the plane z = 26 cm. = 3 = 22, Calculate D in rectangular coordinates at point P(2,—3, 6) produced ye ee is by : (a) point charge Q,=55 mC at Q(-2, 3, - 6); (b) auniform line Fig. 50 charge 2,3 = 20 mC/meter on the X-axis; (c)a uniform surface charge density dye =°120 tC/m? on the plane z= — 5 m. 23. A one core lead sheathed cable has a conductory core of 0.5 cm diameter and the lead sheath has inside diameter 1.5 cm. The insulating material is rubber. At what voltage will the insulation break down ? Given that rubber has a dielectric strength of 400 kV/cm. 24, The capacity of a parallel plate capacitor is 0.2 AF, potential difference between the plates is 2 volts. Calculate the energy stored by the charged capacitor. 25. Determine the charge density due to each of the following electric flux densities : > Ak (@) D= 6xy 1 +427) coulomb/m? (0) D=rsin 9? +2r cos 9 9+ 32 Chm? 26. Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having a mica dielectric, ¢, = 6, a plate area of 6.45 x 10-? m, and a separation of 2.54 x 10-* m 27. Find the relative permittivity of the dielectric material present in a parallel-plate capacitor if : (a) 4 = 0.12 m’, d= 80 jam, Vy ~ 12 volts and the capacitor contains 1 p13 of energy; (b) the stored energy density is 100 J/m’, ¥y~ 200 volts, and d= 45 pum; (c) E~ 200 kilo volt/m, o3= 20 pC/m?, and d= 100 pm. 28. Determine the capacitance of (a) 1 feet length of 35 B/U coaxial cable, which has an inner conductor 0.1045 inch in diameter a polyethylene dielectric (¢, = 2.26) and anouter conductor which has an inner diameter of 0,680 inch; (b) a conducting sphere of radius 2.5 mm, covered with a polyethylene layeraa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.2.102 Electromagnetic Field Theory 5. @) The situation of the problem is shown in fig. 52. Consideran elementary length di of the ring, having charge dQ. The potential at an axial point P(0, 0, #) due to the charge dQon the elemental length dl ofthe ring of radius a is, d Vp= wa seoeL) where = R=,/(a° 4M) Since AC /m*is the circular line charge density, the charge on the clemental length d/ of the ring is, “dQ=A,add even(2) The potential at P due to entire line charge is obtained by integrating eqn. (1) within the limits $= Oto o= 2x, That is, x Fig. 52 [" (oadg) Aga [i 0 Ameya + he Aney ya? + Jo Aya or Vp= 2ey ya? +h? (ii) In fig. $3 the circular dise of radius 'a' with surface charge density o5 C/m?has been shown. The entire disc may be considered as made up of large number of equal smail elemental areas. If one such area dS! isata distance r fromthecentre of the disc, then. The charge on the elemental area aS is, 4Q = s.r dr dd) a) The potential at a point PO, 0, 4) due to an elemental area dS of the disc is, dQ (o. rdrd6) V = =— We= ANE )R 4n. yr ti? ‘The potential at P due to entire disc is obtained by integrating eqn. (5) within the limits r = 0 to r= a and =0 to p= 2n. Thatis, en] Mingehli ae ae ek on Ye= “tab, eer Putting Peat h 2rdr = dt