Criminal Jurisdiction of Supreme Court

CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT
TABLE OF CONTENT: 1. Introduction...............................................................................................5 2. Right to Appeal in Criminal Matters........................................................6 3. Enlargement of Jurisdiction....................................................................6-7 4. Appeal Against Acquittal and Conviction ..............................................8 5. Power of the Court Under Articles 134 and 136 Compared...................9 6. Review of Criminal Proceedings.............................................................9 7. Conclusion..............................................................................................10 8. References..............................................................................................11
HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR
INTRODUCTION
The Constitution of India gives the Supreme Court the jurisdiction to hear appeals in criminal cases. Article 132 provides for the appellant jurisdiction from the High Courts in certain cases. It states that 'An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High Court certifies under Article 134A that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution'. Article 134 deals with appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in criminal cases. The provision says that, An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court, (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death; or (b) has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him to death; or (c) certifies under Article 134A that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court. Provided that an appeal under sub-clause (C) shall lie subject to such provisions as may be made in that behalf under clause (1) of article 145 and to such conditions as the High Court may establish or require. Order XXI of the Supreme Court Rules, 1966 deals with special leave petitions in criminal proceedings and criminal appeals.
RIGHT TO APPEAL IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

The constitutional scheme makes it clear that there is no general right to appeal in criminal matters apart from those as laid down in Article 134(1)(a) and (b). Article 134(c) gives the power to the High Court to certify cases which can be appealed, which must involve a substantial question of law, and not merely application of facts or evidence.
ENLARGMENT OF JURISDICTION
Article 134(2) further provides that the 'Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court any further powers to entertain and hear appeals from any judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified in such law'.
In pursuance of this power, the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970 was promulgated. Section 2 of the Act states:
Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clause (1) of article 134 of the Constitution, an appeal lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, final order of sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court
(a) Has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to imprisonment for life or to imprisonment for a period of not less than ten years;
(b) Has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him to imprisonment for life or to imprisonment for a period of not less than ten years.

The scope of this provision has been dealt with in Kishore Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh1, where the court held that if a right to appeal would lie under Section 2 of this Act, a certificate by the High Court under Article 134(1)(c) would not be necessary. Thus, the right to appeal under Section 2 is in addition to that under Article 134(1)(c).
Thus, the position is now clear- that in cases which do not come under clause (a) and (b)of Article 134(1) or under the Act of 1970 or Section 379 of the Cr.P.C., and appeal does not lie as of right to the Supreme Court against any order of conviction by the High Court unless a certificate is granted by the High Court under Article 134(1)(c) certifying that the case is fit for appeal or by way of Article 136 by way of a Special Leave Petition in cases where the certificate is refused by the High Court.
The role of the Supreme Court at the time of admission of the appeal is instrumental, and if the High Court has not given this certificate, the case will be dismissed. But as the Court has held in State of Assam v. Adbul Noor2, the Supreme Court after declining to accept the certificate can allow the appellant to apply under Article 136 in proper cases.
1 2
(1977) 4 SCC 524. (1970) 3 SCC 10.

APPEAL AGANINST ACQUITAL AND CONVICTION
In ordinary circumstances, the Apex Court does not interfere with the acquittal or conviction order of the High Court or lower courts. But as has been held in Satbir v. Surat Singh3, the Supreme Court has the power and duty under Article 142 to do complete justice, and if the Court does not interfere in cases where a clear case of miscarriage of justice is made out, the Court would be failing in its responsibility. But at the same time, the Supreme Court is not supposed to interfere with the orders of High Courts only on mere errors of fact or even law.
Further, the Supreme Court does not usually take cognizance of facts or evidence. Only such examination of the evidence would be ordinarily necessary needed to see that the High Court approached the question properly and applied the principles correctly4. But the Court under Article 136 has overriding powers in the interests of justice, and in cases where injustice is manifest, the Court may look into questions of law and fact both.
The Supreme Court, especially in cases of death penalty, exercises wider powers than in other ordinary cases. Thus, the Court can go into the entire record and come to its own conclusions with regard to the appropriateness of the death sentence.
3 4
(1997) 4 SCC 192. State of Maharashtra v. Prakash, 1993 Supp.(1) SCC 653; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Chhayaram, 1993 Supp(1) SCC 470.

POWER OF THE COURT UNDER ARTICLES 134 AND 136 COMPARED
It is clear that whereas the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court under Articles 133(1) and 134(1) can be invoked only against final orders, no such limitation is imposed upon Article 136(1) and may be exercised at the discretion of the Court even against the interlocutory order or decision. The limitation imposed on Article 136 is imposed by the Court itself in its discretion and are not prescribed by the provision 5. Therefore, the power under Article 136 is unaffected by Article 132, 133 and 134.
REVIEW OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

Order XL Rule 1 provides limited grounds of review in criminal proceedings as compared to those in civil proceedings. In criminal proceedings the grounds are limited to 'errors apparent on the face of it'. On the other hand the power of review under Article 137 of Constitution is equally wide in all proceedings. In the important case of Eswara Iyer v. Registrar, Supreme Court of India6, the Supreme Court considerably widened the scope of review in criminal proceedings. In a review petition it must be shown that there has been miscarriage of justice.
5 6
Engineering Mazdoor Sabha v. Hind Cycles Limited, AIR 1963 SC 874. (1980) 4 SCC 680.

CONCLUSION
The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States, if and insofar as the dispute involves any question (whether of law or of fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends. The Supreme Court has been conferred with power to direct transfer of any civil or criminal case from one State High Court to another State High Court or from a Court subordinate to another State High Court. The Supreme Court, if satisfied that cases involving the same or substantially the same questions of law are pending before it and one or more High Courts or before two or more High Courts and that such questions are substantial questions of general importance, may withdraw a case or cases pending before the High Court or High Courts and dispose of all such cases itself.

REFERENCES
BOOKS REFERRED: 1. SC SAKAR & MC SARKAR, THE LAW ON CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (9th ed. 2007). 2. RATANLAL & DHIRAJLAL, THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (19th ed. 2011). 3. DURGA DAS BASU, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE (4th ed. 2010). 4. R.V KELKER, CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE (5th ed. 2011).
CASES REFERRED: 1. State of Assam v. Adbul Noor, (1970) 3 SCC 10. 2. Kishore Singh v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1977) 4 SCC 524. 3. Satbir v. Surat Singh, (1997) 4 SCC 192. 4. State of Maharashtra v. Prakash, 1993 Supp.(1) SCC 653 5. State of Madhya Pradesh v. Chhayaram, 1993 Supp(1) SCC 470. 6. Eswara Iyer v. Registrar, Supreme Court of India, (1980) 4 SCC 680. 7. Engineering Mazdoor Sabha v. Hind Cycles Limited, AIR 1963 SC 874.
WEBSITE REFERRED: 1.
HTTP://SUPREMECOURTOFINDIA.NIC.IN/JURISDICTION.HTM
2. http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/pagecurrent/9034466B2045 E5EC8025743200511625?open 3. http://www.upscguide.com/content/supreme-court-india-powers-and-jurisdiction

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CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR