VSAT Handbook

PREFACE
The INTELSAT VSAT Handbook was prepared by the

INTELSAT Applications Support and Training department. The
handbook is provided free of charge to INTELSAT signatories
and users under INTELSAT's Assistance and Development
Program (IADP) and INTELSAT Signatory Training Program
(ISTP).
From time to time INTELSAT will update the handbook and if

you have any question or a suggestion concerning it you can
address it to:
The Manager,
Application Support and Training (IADP/ISTP),
Mail Stop 20B,
INTELSAT,
3400 International Drive, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20008-3098
Telephone: +1 202 944 7070

Facsimile: +1 202 944 8214
Telex: (WUT) 89-2707
International Telex: (WUI) 64290
First printed on: September 1998

VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - i
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION TO VSAT NETWORKS VIA INTELSAT....................................................1
1.1 Introduction to VSAT Networks ..................................................................................1
1.2 What Is a VSAT? .......................................................................................................2
1.3 VSAT Networks Versus Terrestrial Communications ....................................................4
1.4 VSAT Satellite Network Topology ................................................................................7
1.5 Satellite Frequency Bands ...........................................................................................8
2. VSAT APPLICATIONS.......................................................................................................11
2.1 Overview of VSAT Applications..................................................................................11
2.2 Benefits of VSAT Networks........................................................................................17
3. MULTIPLE-ACCESS PROTOCOLS ...................................................................................19
3.1 Satellite Capacity Access Protocols ...........................................................................20
3.2 Satellite Network Access Protocols ...........................................................................21
3.2.1.3 TDM/TDMA Networks ..........................................................................................22
3.2.2 SCPC/DAMA Networks...........................................................................................27
3.2.3 VSAT Protocol Implementation ..............................................................................29
3.3 User Protocols ..........................................................................................................30
4. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING VSAT NETWORKS VIA THE INTELSAT
SYSTEM .........................................................................................................................33
4.1 Definition of Service Requirements ..........................................................................34
4.1.1 Traffic Estimation...........................................................................................35
4.2 Network Performance Definition...............................................................................45
4.3 Defining The Network Size And Design....................................................................47
4.4 Network Design Versus Available Equipment............................................................48
4.5 Evaluation of Investment and Costs .........................................................................49
4.5.1 Network Implementation Costs ......................................................................49
4.5.2 Operational Costs...........................................................................................50
4.6 Implementation Plan ..................................................................................................53
4.7 Procurement Specification - The Request for Proposal (RFP) .................................54
4.8 Post- Implementation Issues ....................................................................................55
5. VSAT NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND TOP LEVEL SPECIFICATIONS ........................57
5.1 Analysis of Service Requirements.............................................................................57
5.2 Data Networks .........................................................................................................58
INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK
SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - ii
5.2.1 Shared Hub Networks....................................................................................58

5.2.2 Distributed hub Networks...............................................................................60
5.2.3 Shared Hub or Distributed Hub? ....................................................................61
5.3 Network Management and Control Center (NMCC)..................................................61
5.3.1 Administrative Functions..................................................................................62
5.3.2 Operational Functions ...................................................................................62
5.4 Voice Networks........................................................................................................63
5.4.1 ITU and Voice Compression ............................................................................64
5.5 VSAT IBS Networks.................................................................................................65
5.5.1 Description of Technical Characteristics ........................................................67
5.5.2 Typical VSAT Configuration...........................................................................68
5.5.3 Type Approved Antennas ..............................................................................69
6. CALCULATION OF SATELLITE BANDWIDTH...................................................................71
6.1 The LST Program ....................................................................................................72
6.2 Performing a Link Budget with LST ..........................................................................73
6.2.1 Preliminary Information..................................................................................74
6.2.2 Earth Station Specific Information..................................................................78
6.2.3 Carrier Parameters........................................................................................81
6.2.4 Link Budget Analysis Option ..........................................................................87
6.2.5 Interpreting the Results..................................................................................89
6.2.6 How to Reduce the Required Leased Bandwidth ...........................................91
6.2.7 Saving or Retrieving a File.............................................................................94
6.3 Capacity Cookbook..................................................................................................94
7. THE ITU RECOMMENDATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS.......................107
7.1 ITU Recommendations............................................................................................107
7.1.1 General Recommendations (Rec. ITU-R S.725) ..................................................107
7.1.2 Recommendation on Spurious Emissions (Rec. ITU-R S.726-1) ..................108
7.1.3 Recommendation on Cross-Polarization Isolation (Rec. ITU-R S.727) .........109
7.1.4 Recommendations on Off-Axis e.i.r.p. (Rec. ITU-R S.728) ............................109
7.1.5 Recommendations on Control and Monitoring Functions (Rec. ITU-R
S.729) ............................................................................................................110
7.2 European Standards...............................................................................................110
7.3 INTELSAT Standards ............................................................................................111
7.3.1 Type-Approved VSATs.................................................................................111
7.3.2 INTELSAT Business Services for VSATs (VSAT IBS)...................................111
8. CASE STUDIES OF VSAT APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES..........................................113

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - iii
8.1 Case Study 1. VSAT Financial Network ................................................................113

8.2 Case Study 2. VSATs for Rural Communications ...................................................119
8.3 Case Study 3. Internet Services via INTELSAT ........................................................124
Appendix A. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ..........................................................131
Appendix B. Exceedance Curves for Different Climatic Zones of the World ...................139
Appendix C. Model VSAT Request for Proposal............................................................157
List of Figures
Figure 1-1. Block Diagram of a Typical VSAT Terminal................................................................... 2
Figure 1-2. Typical Block Diagram of a Hub Earth Station............................................................... 3
Figure 1-3. Typical Terrestrial Network. .......................................................................................... 5
Figure 1-4. Cost Comparison Between Terrestrial and VSAT Networks. ......................................... 6
Figure 1-5. Commonly Used VSAT Topologies............................................................................... 7
Figure 2-1. Illustration of One-Way Applications. ........................................................................... 12
Figure 2-2. Internet Broadcast with Terrestrial Return Link. .......................................................... 13
Figure 2-3. Application Examples for Interactive VSAT Applications. ............................................ 14
Figure 2-4. Voice Applications Examples....................................................................................... 15
Figure 2-5. VSAT-WLL Network Architecture Diagram.................................................................. 16
Figure 3-1. Different Layers of Protocols Used in VSAT Networks. ............................................... 19
Figure 3-3. Typical Multiple-Access Protocols from the Satellite Access
Perspective. ........................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 3-4. Operation of multiple-access protocols. ...................................................................... 24
Figure 3-5. Operation of DA-TDMA. ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 3-7. Operation of SCPC/DAMA Protocol. ........................................................................... 28
Figure 3-8. General View of VSAT Protocols. ............................................................................... 30
Figure 3-9. Typical VSAT Emulating a Terrestrial Data Protocol. .................................................. 31
Figure 4-1. Block Diagram of Network Equipment and Services.................................................... 42
Figure 5-1. Shared Hub Configuration. ......................................................................................... 59
Figure 5-2. Block Diagram Illustrating the Distributed Hub Concept. ............................................. 60
Figure 5-3. Erlangs per DAMA Channel Under Different Applications............................................. 64
Figure 5-4. Block Diagram Of Typical VSAT/IBS Terminal ............................................................. 68
Figure 6-1. Program Icon for LST4x. ............................................................................................. 73
Figure 6-2. Satellite Selection Window. ........................................................................................ 73

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - iv
Figure 6-3. Startup Menu for the LST Program. ............................................................................ 74

Figure 6-4. Dialog Boxes for the Selection of Satellite and Satellite Bandwidth. ............................ 74
Figure 6-5. INTELSAT Four Service Regions. .............................................................................. 75
Figure 6-6. Information Specific to Earth Stations. ....................................................................... 78
Figure 6-7. Example of Pattern Advantage Estimation. ................................................................. 79
Figure 6-8. Antenna’s G/T. ........................................................................................................... 81
Figure 6-9. Carrier Parameters Dialog Boxes. .............................................................................. 82
Figure 6-10. Edit Box for the Link Performance. ........................................................................... 83
Figure 6-11. Eb/No versus BER for BPSK/QPSK and Different FEC Ratios (Viterbi
Decoding)............................................................................................................................... 84
Figure 6-12. BER IN/BER OUT for Outer Codes........................................................................... 85
Figure 6-13. C-Band and Ku-Band Attenuation Exceedance Curves for an Uplink. ....................... 87
Figure 6-14. Analysis Type Window.............................................................................................. 88
Figure 6-15. Summary Table with the Results from LST. .............................................................. 89
Figure 7-1. Limits for Off-Axis Spurious Emissions....................................................................... 108
Figure 8-1. Block Diagram of a VSAT Network Using a Satellite Link for the Hub-to-
Host Link. ............................................................................................................................. 118
Figure 8-2. SCPC/DAMA Network Topology............................................................................... 120
Figure 8-3. Coverage Map and Block Diagram of the Internet Network. ...................................... 125
Figure B-1. ITU Climatic Zones - Americas................................................................................. 140
Figure B-2. ITU Climatic Zones - Europe and Africa.................................................................... 141
Figure B-3. ITU Climatic Zones - Asia, Australia, and Oceania.................................................... 142
Figure B-4. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zones A, B, and C. ................................................ 143
Figure B-5. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone D. ................................................................. 144
Figure B-6. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zones E, F, and G. ............................................... 145
Figure B-7. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone H. ................................................................. 146
Figure B-8. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone J. .................................................................. 147
Figure B-9. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone K. ................................................................. 148
Figure B-10. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone L................................................................. 149
Figure B-11. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone M................................................................ 150
Figure B-12. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone N. ............................................................... 151
Figure B-13. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone P. ............................................................... 152
Figure B-14. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone Q. ............................................................... 153

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - v
List of Tables
Table 3.1. Performance Comparison of Protocol Access Techniques............................................ 27
Table 4-1. Summary of Requirements. ......................................................................................... 36
Table 4-2. Calculated Traffic Intensity in Erlangs. .......................................................................... 36
Table 4-3. Traffic Intensity and Calculated Number of Satellite Channels....................................... 37
Table 4-4. Number of Minutes-Traffic Per Destination................................................................... 38
Table 4-5. Calculated Number of Erlangs per Destination............................................................. 40
Table 4-6. Calculated Number of Channels per Destination (using Erlang B tables)...................... 40
Table 4-7. Data Transaction and Character Traffic Estimate. ........................................................ 41
Table 4-8. Summary of the Network Traffic Calculation................................................................. 44
Table 4-9. Example of Capital Cost Calculation for a VSAT System .............................................. 51
Table 5-1. Required Number of Channels..................................................................................... 63
Table 5-2. Summary of Characteristics for the VSAT IBS C-Band Antennas. ................................ 66
Table 5-3. Summary of Characteristics for the VSAT IBS Ku-Band Antennas. .............................. 66
Table 5-4. Summary of Technical Characteristics for the VSAT IBS Carriers. ................................ 67
Table 6-1. Satellite Series. ............................................................................................................ 72
Table 6-2. Regional Orbital Locations........................................................................................... 76
Table 6-3. Voltage Axial Ratio Values for Different Antenna Sizes (Based On IESS
207 and 208). ......................................................................................................................... 80
Table 6-4. Clear-Sky G/T [dB/K],for Typical (VSAT) Receivers and Antennas. .............................. 80
Table 6-5. Hours in Outage per Availability Percentage. ............................................................... 93
Table 6-6. Capacity Cookbook Assumptions.................................................................................. 95
Table 6-7. ZONE and HEMI Beams (FEC 1/2).............................................................................. 98
Table 6-8. ZONE and HEMI Beams (FEC 3/4).............................................................................. 98
Table 6-9. EAST SPOT Beam (FEC 1/2). ..................................................................................... 98
Table 6-10. EAST SPOT Beam (FEC 3/4). ................................................................................... 99
Table 6-11. WEST SPOT Beam (FEC 1/2). .................................................................................. 99
Table 6-12. WEST SPOT Beam (FEC 3/4). .................................................................................. 99
Table 6-13. ZONE and HEMI Beams (FEC 1/2).......................................................................... 100
Table 6-15. SPOT 1 Beam (FEC 1/2). ........................................................................................ 100

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - vi

Table 6-21. C-SPOT Beam (FEC 1/2). ....................................................................................... 102
Table 6-22. C-SPOT Beam (FEC 3/4). ....................................................................................... 103
Table 8-1. Summary of User’s Requirements. ............................................................................ 114
Table 8-2. Calculated Information Rate during the PBH. .............................................................. 114
Table 8-3. Link Types and Networks for Telephony Service........................................................ 120
Table 8-4. Network Dimensioning............................................................................................... 121
Table 8-5. LST Result for Case Study 2. .................................................................................... 122
Table C-1. Summary Table Containing the Site Locations. ......................................................... 160
Table C-2. Traffic Information for Voice Networks -- Number of Minute-Traffic per
Destination. .......................................................................................................................... 161
Table C-3. Traffic Information for Voice Networks -- Number of Channels per
Destination. .......................................................................................................................... 161
Table C-4. Traffic Information for Data Networks -- Number of Packets per
Destination. .......................................................................................................................... 162
Table C-5. Example Format to Indicate Compliance with Technical Specifications.
(To be completed by contractor). .......................................................................................... 163
Table C-6. Environmental Conditions. ........................................................................................ 177

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - I
INTELSAT, YOUR CONNECTION TO THE WORLD
Founded in 1964, INTELSAT is a global commercial cooperative of over

140 member countries providing advanced telecommunications
services throughout the world on a nondiscriminatory basis.
INTELSAT’s modern satellite fleet of high powered, technically

advanced spacecraft in geostationary orbit provide telephone,
television, and data distribution services to people around the world in
over 200 countries, territories, and dependencies. (Refer to the above
drawing.) Wherever your customers are located, INTELSAT is there.
The INTELSAT Advantage
INTELSAT is the recognized leader in the satellite telecommunications

industry. With a space segment reliability exceeding 99.999 percent,
global connectivity, and a worldwide sales staff backed up by extensive
customer training and engineering support, INTELSAT provides an
unequaled standard of performance and customer support. New
generations of high power satellites under construction demonstrate
INTELSAT’s commitment to serving the world’s telecommunications
requirements into the next century. Only INTELSAT can make that
promise anywhere in the world.
Our Customers

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - II
INTELSAT operates basically as a wholesale provider of satellite

capacity with one or more authorized INTELSAT customers (Signatory
or Duly Authorized Telecommunications Entity) in each country. Our
customers are the major telecommunications providers and consumers
throughout the world including:
• providers of basic long distance telephone services such as

British Telecom, Cable and Wireless, AT&T, France
Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, KDD;
• the world’s major television broadcasters such as DBS,
BBC, CNN, the European Broadcasting Union, depend on
INTELSAT to transmit news, sports, and entertainment
programming;
• airlines for transcontinental booking arrangements;
• international banks for credit verification and authorization;
• multinational manufacturers;
• petroleum companies;
• news and financial information services such as Reuters
(U.K.), Agence France Presse (France), and ITAR Tass
(Russia);
• international newspaper distributors such as the
International Herald Tribune, the Financial Times, the Wall
Street Journal, for simultaneous remote printing of daily
editions on several continents; and
• disaster relief and health care agencies and organizations,
regional economic organizations, national governments, and
the United Nations, to foster human development and global
interaction.
GETTING ON LINE
The INTELSAT World Wide Web home page contains a wide variety of
useful information concerning the INTELSAT system, including a
description of the process of activating service. INTELSAT’s home
page is located at http://www.intelsat.int. The following sequence of
links will access the information in the Getting Connected and Going
Operational sections that fully describe the process of activating
service in the INTELSAT network.
Guide To Getting Connected

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT Handbook - Table of Contents/Foreword Page - III
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SEPTEMBER 1998 Telecom
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Chapter 1 - Introduction to VSAT Networks Page - 1
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Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) networks provide affordable

access to communications services. INTELSAT has prepared this
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handbook to describe the technology, the planning process, and the
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Basic VSAT concepts defined in this chapter include VSAT

terminology, the main components of a VSAT network, and the cost
,QWURGXFWLRQ WR comparison between VSAT and terrestrial networks. This chapter
96$7 1HWZRUNV shows the advantages of VSAT networks and the typical topologies
used by VSAT operators.

SEPTEMBER 1998
A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) is a micro-Earth station that

uses the latest innovations in the field of satellite communications to

allow user's access to reliable satellite communications. VSATs
:KDW ,V D 96$7" provide users with services comparable to large gateways and
terrestrial networks, at a fraction of the cost. A typical VSAT consists
of communications equipment and a small antenna with a diameter
less than 3.5 meters.
VSAT networks provide users with simple equipment that requires

minimal installation and repair. They are easy to operate and simple to
troubleshoot. VSAT installations do not require staff with extensive
expertise.
As depicted in Figure 1-1, a typical VSAT installation consists of an

antenna, an outdoor unit (ODU), the interfacility link cable (IFL), and an
indoor unit (IDU). The antenna and ODU provide the radio frequency
conversion and amplification for the satellite uplink and downlink. The
ODU is often called the transceiver because it includes the up
converters (U/Cs); the Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA); the Low
Noise Amplifier (LNA), and the down converter (D/C). The IDU
provides the baseband interfacing required to carry the user’s services.
The power requirement for each VSAT is low and in some cases solar
cells supply the power. Because of its simplicity, a VSAT installation
takes only a few hours and the terminals are ready for service.
ANTENNA
INTER-FACILITY INDOOR UNIT Telephone
LINK CABLE
BASEBAND
OUTDOOR INTERFACE
UNIT
Fax
DEMODULATOR
MODULATOR DATA
TERMINAL
USER'S
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT OFFICE EQUIPMENT SERVICES
Figure 1-1. Block Diagram of a Typical VSAT Terminal.

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT terminals are generally part of a network, with a larger Earth

station that serves as a network “hub”. The hub contains the
intelligence to control the network operation, configuration, and traffic.
The hub also records the performance, status and activity levels of
each VSAT terminal. Databases generated by the hub are also used
for billing purposes. Hubs are usually located where the bulk of
network traffic originates and/or terminates.
A hub consists of RF equipment, VSAT interface equipment, and user

interfaces. (Refer to Figure 1-2.) The RF equipment consists of
antenna, LNA, SSPA, and frequency converters. The RF equipment at
the hub can be packaged in an outdoor unit to reduce the transmission
line losses. If high reliability is needed, then indoor equipment with
proper backup and switchover devices will be needed.
The VSAT interface equipment controls and supervises the network

operation, and consists of modulators, demodulators, and baseband
processors. The customer’s baseband equipment interfaces the VSAT
network’s signal to the customer’s terrestrial equipment.
CUSTOMER BASEBAND VSAT INTERFACE RF EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
MODEM UP/CONV SSPA
BASE BAND
PROCESSOR
DEMOD DN/CONV LNA
NETWORK MONITORING AND CONTROL

EQUIPMENT
Figure 1-2. Typical Block Diagram of a Hub Earth Station.

SEPTEMBER 1998
VSAT technology used in the INTELSAT system offers high

availability, service flexibility, high reliability, distance insensitivity, high
traffic capacity, and powerful routing capabilities. The performance
achieved by VSAT networks surpasses the performance of terrestrial
networks in terms of availability and quality. Typical availability figures
surpass 99.9 percent of the time for the satellite link, and 99.6 to 99.7
percent for the total VSAT network. BER performance is better than 1
error in 10 million transmitted bits (BER = 1 x 107).

Many potential users mistakenly hesitate to use VSATs because they
96$7 1HWZRUNV
fear that it will be an expensive means of telecommunications.
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To clarify the cost effectiveness of VSAT:
Suppose that a corporation has a data network in which 150 branch

offices, each with individual LANs, that are linked to a LAN at the
corporation headquarters. The 150 branch offices are spread around
the country and compose a network as shown in figure 1-3. Currently,
they were using the Packet Switched Data Network (PSDN). The
maximum data rate is 19.2 kbit/s in any connection between a branch
and headquarters.
If the same corporation needs to upgrade the service by increasing the

speed to 64 kbit/s, they could consider a dedicated line or satellite links
as viable options.
When considering dedicated lines, the corporation found the following.
• The cost per lease line increases in proportion to the distance

between the headquarters and the branches.
• The installation fee is directly related to the required data rate.
• The same data rate is not available at all the branches because
the terrestrial network is not equally developed throughout the
country.
• If a cable connection breaks, they have to rely on the phone

company to fix the problem.

SEPTEMBER 1998
USER USER
# N # N
USER
#2
NODE
NODE NODE HOST
NODE
USEr
#1 DATA
NETWORK
USER USER PERMANENT LINE

# 150 # N
DIAL UP LINE
Figure 1-3. Typical Terrestrial Network.
By contrast, for a VSAT network, the corporation discovered the

following.
• Long distance prices do not apply to VSAT networks.
• Each VSAT had a flat cost, independent of distance, making costs

more predictable.
• The equipment and installation costs of VSATs is higher than

terrestrial alternatives.
• A VSAT network can be managed independently of the terrestrial

network.
They draw the comparison between dedicated lines and VSAT

services by comparing the following costs:
Cost of dedicated lines:
Monthly maintenance charges for a dedicated

64 kbit/s line = $_____
Installation fee (nonrecurring) = $_____
Equipment charges = $_____

SEPTEMBER 1998
Cost of VSAT services:
Service charges = $_____

VSAT network equipment cost = $_____ 1
Installation fee (nonrecurring) = $_____ 2
The corporation concluded that VSAT networks are cost effective when
compared to terrestrial alternatives. Figure 1-4 shows a specific
example of cost comparison between VSAT services and the total cost
of terrestrial alternatives. In this example, VSAT services are less
expensive than dial up and dedicated lines. Moreover, after
recovering the capital costs, the operational cost of VSATs shrinks to
only satellite and staff expenses.
1800
1600
1400
1200 Dial Up lines Leased Lines VSAT

US Dollars
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1000
1100
1200
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Minutes of traffic per month
Figure 1-4. Cost Comparison Between Terrestrial and VSAT Networks.
In addition to cost savings, a VSAT network provides the customers

with:
full control over the entire communications network;

insensitivity to the distance between nodes;
faster data response time;
1
Hub equipment costs.
2
This price includes VSAT terminal and installation.
SEPTEMBER 1998
higher grade of service and flexibility;

shorter and fewer outages;
equal access for all nodes in a network;
possibility of transporting large flows of data at no extra cost;
simple installation and maintenance; and
fixed network costs, regardless of distance.
Users can accommodate virtually any service with confidence that, in
the long term, the VSAT network will be more economic than existing
terrestrial media.

There are three types of VSAT network topologies: star, mesh, and
96$7 6DWHOOLWH
hybrid.
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In star topology, each VSAT terminal transmits and receives only to the
hub. (See Figure 1-5a.) This does not preclude the VSAT terminals
from communicating among themselves, because VSAT-to-VSAT
communication can be routed via the hub using a double satellite hop.
The majority of VSAT networks use star topology because the large
antenna gain at the hub optimizes the use of the space segment and
minimizes the size of the VSAT terminal. The drawback of star
topology is that the delay for VSAT to VSAT communication doubles in
comparison to single hop transmission.
VSAT VSAT VSAT
HUB VSAT VSAT
VSAT VSAT VSAT
VSAT VSAT VSAT
VSAT SAT HUB SAT
VSAT VSAT VSAT
A) STAR TOPOLOGY B) MESH CONFIGURATION
Figure 1-5. Commonly Used VSAT Topologies.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Mesh topology (Figure 1-5b) allows all terminals to communicate with

each other directly. A hub must control the communication set up and
tear down process, but need not be involved in carrying traffic.
Sometimes, a VSAT terminal is equipped with the network
management and control equipment, and the network is said to
operate hublessly. Because each VSAT must have sufficient power
and receive sensitivity (G/T) to communicate with every other VSAT,
mesh topology requires larger antennas and SSPAs than star
topology. Mesh technologies are well suited for applications such as
voice that cannot tolerate delay.
Hybrid topology allows a group of VSAT terminals to communicate in

mesh topology while others communicate only in star topology. This
topology is useful for networks in which certain terminals have larger
traffic demand between themselves than the other terminals. The
terminals with higher traffic demand can be accommodated in mesh to
reduce the expense of extra equipment at the hub, and satellite
resources required for a double hop. The rest of the network can
communicate with any of these larger terminals or each other via a star
topology.
Currently, in the INTELSAT system, two frequency bands are used for
VSAT services, C-band and Ku-Band. For C-band operations, the

antennas transmit at 6 GHz and receive at 4 GHz. Ku-band requires
6DWHOOLWH
transmission at 14 GHz and reception at 11-12 GHz.
)UHTXHQF\ %DQGV
Which frequency band is better?
There is no direct answer to this question. The VSAT operator must

decide the frequency band based on each band’s different aspects
listed in Table 1-1.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 1-1. KU-Band vs. C-Band
KU-BAND C-BAND
BENEFITS DRAWBACKS BENEFITS DRAWBACKS
It allows the use Signals Signal less Needs slightly
of smaller susceptible to susceptible to rain larger dishes when
dishes. fading during fading. compared to Ku-
rain. Attenuation Rain attenuation band.
range from 6 to in the range of 0.4
10 dB. to 1 dB.
Higher Not available Widely available Lower transponder
transponder every where in power
power the world
Narrower beam Wider and even
coverage global beam
coverage
Less terrestrial Higher likelihood of
interference terrestrial
interference
Proper network engineering can minimize the effects of Ku-band signal

fading during rain. High network availability is available at both Ku- and C-
band. VSAT operators prefer Ku-band to C-band because it allows them to
reduce the capital investment by using smaller antennas. Nonetheless,
INTELSAT portrays no distinction or preference for a particular frequency
band because all INTELSAT satellites operate in both frequency bands.

SEPTEMBER 1998
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SEPTEMBER 1998
Chapter 2 - VSAT Applications Page - 11
&+$37(5
96$7 $33/,&$7,216
96$7
7(&+12/2*< Regardless of whether VSATs are used for domestic, regional or
)25 92,&( '$7$ international applications they offer a wide span of solutions for most
$1' 9,'(2 telecommunications needs.

VSATs are suited to many applications which broadly fall into two
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categories: broadcasting or one-way applications, and interactive
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or two-way applications
$SSOLFDWLRQV
Broadcasting or one-way applications: Broadcasting represents one
of the earliest and simplest applications for VSATs. Voice, video, or
data is transmitted from a central station and broadcast to VSATs
within the satellite beam coverage. It might seem that the signal is
subject to access by unauthorized VSATs; however, the broadcaster
can control access to the information to allow only the desired group of
VSATs to receive the information. This access is often implemented in
software and is often called “narrow-casting”.

SEPTEMBER 1998
NARROWCASTING
GROUP
MASTER BROADCASTING
STATION COVERAGE AREA
Figure 2-1. Illustration of One-Way Applications.
Examples of broadcasting applications include:
price lists, inventory records;

stock, bonds, and commodity information;
weather bulletins, sports scores, news and press releases;
sound broadcasting;
digital video for conferencing or entertainment; and
Internet distribution.
(See Figure 2-1.)
Often, broadcast VSAT applications use a return channel via the

PSTN. For example, the entertainment industry uses pay-per-view
(PPV) channels for special programs and events. Subscribers can see
the program list and request, via the PSTN, access to a particular
program. The program provider will download the access authorization
to that user at the start of the requested program.
Internet broadcasting uses a similar approach to download information

from web sites to end users. End-users dial Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) using the PSTN to request access and information. Upon
validation of the request, the ISP downloads the requested information
via a high-speed satellite channel. The end-user receives the
downloaded information using a receive-only VSAT. (See Figure 2-2.)

SEPTEMBER 1998
Internet applications via satellites benefit the ISP by avoiding the need
for dedicated terrestrial high-speed lines. Furthermore, service
providers can piggyback Internet traffic on to existing digital TV
carriers, thereby cost effectively utilizing existing infrastructure.
END-USER'S PC
WITH SATELLITE
RECEIVER CARD
RECEIVE-ONLY VSAT
(ROOFTOP MOUNTED)
BROADCASTING
STATION
INTERNET
LOCAL ISP
Figure 2-2. Internet Broadcast with Terrestrial Return Link.
Interactive or two-way applications: Interactive applications allow

two-way communication via the VSAT terminal. The carrier from the
hub station to the VSAT is called ‘outbound’, while the carrier from the
VSAT to the hub is called ‘inbound’. The applications can be bundled
in four categories: interactive data service, interactive voice services,
interactive video services, and high-speed, point-to- point services.
A. Interactive data services: This category consists of an

application involving an inquiry from one terminal and a
subsequent response from another terminal. (See Figure 2-3.)
Some examples are:
file and batch transfers for financial institutions, stock brokers,
and banks (i.e., branch offices to headquarters;
management of point-of-sale operations for supermarkets,
retail shops, gas stations, fast food stores, for all types of
payment terminals, including Automatic Teller Machines
(ATMs) and credit card transactions;
reservation requests and confirmations for airlines, hotels, car
rentals, and travel agencies;

SEPTEMBER 1998
data request retrieval from remote sensing on oil drillings, pipe

lines, gas, electric, and transport industries; and
remote processing and LAN extensions.
HOTEL
RENT-A-CAR
Figure 2-3. Application Examples for Interactive VSAT Applications.
B. Interactive voice: This category consists of the following voice

services. (See Figure 2-4.):
Voice services for private networks and corporations
Voice services to extend the PSTN facilities to rural or remote
areas

SEPTEMBER 1998
Figure 2-4. Voice Applications Examples.
A VSAT terminal is flexible enough to either handle a single telephone

line for very low traffic levels, or several lines which, in turn, can be
connected to a local PBX. Furthermore, a VSAT terminal can be
connected to a base station to extend the service using Wireless Local
Loop (WLL).
The combination of VSAT and WLL can extend the basic phone
service to places where other technologies are not cost effective. For
example, a VSAT equipped with 8 satellite channels and a WLL base
station can serve a population of 500 telephones. The telephones can
be wireless pay phones powered by solar cells or fixed wireless
phones for domestic or business users. The coverage radius for the
WLL unit is typically 12 to 20 miles. (Refer to Figure 2-5.) This
application makes rural telephony affordable with per-line costs of
about 1,000 to 1,500 dollars.
C. Interactive video services: Current compression rates enable

video conferencing at data rates as low as 64 kbit/s. However,
the best tradeoff between quality and cost is achieved at 384
kbit/s. VSAT users generally implement outbound video at 384
kbit/s and inbound video at 64 kbit/s. This configuration allows
good quality in the outbound, and rate savings in the inbound. If
the user needs symmetric quality, then the inbound needs the
384kbits/s, too.

SEPTEMBER 1998
FARM
WIRELESS
PUBLIC
PAYPHONE
- -
SATELLITE VSAT & WLL

GATEWAY VILLAGE
TERMINAL
BACKHAUL LOCAL LOOP
(VSAT TECHNOLOGY) (WLL TECHNOLOGY)
Figure 2-5. VSAT-WLL Network Architecture Diagram.
D. High-speed, point-to-point services: For reasons of

availability, security, and/or economies, a customer may choose
to use VSATs rather than terrestrial facilities for high-speed,
point-to-point services. These networks typically have a small
number of VSATs, in a point-to-point configuration, and can
handle up to 1.544 Mbit/s (T1) or 2.048 Mbit/s (E1) carriers in a
bidirectional fashion.
Regardless of the application, INTELSAT users can accommodate
their VSAT services, using either tailored INTELNET leases or VSAT
IBS services.

SEPTEMBER 1998

From the application perspective, VSAT networks offer the following
%HQHILWV RI 96$7
benefits:
1HWZRUNV
wide range of data, voice, and video applications;

proven and robust technology, with high user satisfaction;
quick network deployment;
rapid and direct access to telecommunications;
rapid response to market needs, because of ease of
expansion;
elimination of the last mile connection problem, because the
satellite link is insensitive to the distance between nodes, and
because the VSAT terminal can be collocated with the IDU
equipment.
reliability and ease of maintenance; and
reliable operation with around-the-clock support from the
INTELSAT Operations Center.
Taking the VSAT benefits into consideration, it is not surprising that
VSAT networks are being installed to solve many telecommunications
challenges. VSAT networks remain competitive and more effective
than terrestrial solutions.

SEPTEMBER 1998

SEPTEMBER 1998
Chapter 3- Multiple-Access Protocols Page - 19
&+$37(5
08/7,3/($&&(66 35272&2/6
In implementing VSAT networks, three different layers of protocols

,1752'8&7,21 have to be considered: satellite access protocol, network access
protocol, and user data protocols. (Refer to Figure 3-1.)
V
B
P
TERMINALS
H
FEP B
E
V
HOST B
P
Satellite Capacity
Access Protocol
(FDMA, TDMA)
Satellite Network Access Protocol

(Satellite Efficient Access Protocol i,e, S-Aloha & TDM/TDMA)
Customer's Data Protocol
Figure 3-1. Different Layers of Protocols Used in VSAT Networks.
The performance of a network is directly affected by the protocol used,

and a good network design will use protocols that achieve the highest
network performance, for the specific application, while minimizing
required satellite bandwidth.

SEPTEMBER 1998
A satellite access protocol describes the way in which multiple VSATs

share the satellite bandwidth. There are only three techniques to divide

satellite bandwidth among multiple users: Frequency Division Multiple
6DWHOOLWH &DSDFLW\
Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code
$FFHVV 3URWRFROV Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
FDMA, the simplest access technique used by VSATs, allows the

network to share satellite capacity by using a different frequency
assignment for each carrier. As pictured in Figure 3-2a, VSAT
terminals share the allocated capacity by transmitting their carriers at
different frequencies. The carriers need not have the same power or
bandwidth, but their sum must be within the allocated capacity.
TDMA, the second access technique, allows users to access the

allocated capacity in a time-shared mode. Each VSAT transmits in
bursts during set time slots. Once the allocated burst time is finished,
the VSAT will cease its transmission and yield the capacity to other
VSATs. As indicated in Figure 3.2b, at any given time, the entire
allocated bandwidth and power are filled by one user.
Under CDMA, the third access technique, all VSATs transmit

simultaneously in the same allocated frequency, bandwidth, and
power. In CDMA, a pseudo-random sequence encodes the original
signal by spreading the signal over a larger bandwidth. To restore the
original signal, the receiver correlates the composite input with the
original encoding sequence stored in its memory.
POWER GUARDBANDS POWER

CARRIERS BURSTS Composite Signal
(Several Carriers with
POWER Different Codes)
3 3 3 P
T P
T E E
X X
TI
# # P P
M
TI
P
E
1 1
# # X P
E
# C R
TI
TI
4 2 C
M
M
3
EG
E
UA
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DIFFERENT FREQUENCY

RD
CODES
S
ALLOCATED ALLOCATED ALLOCATED

BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTH
A) FDMA B) TDMA C) CDMA
Figure 3-2. Basic Forms of Satellite Capacity Access Techniques.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Satellite network access protocols usually combine two satellites’ capacity

access techniques with some kind of traffic control. Most VSAT terminals

carry thin traffic making it inefficient to permanently assign capacity to
6DWHOOLWH
them. By using a network access protocol, efficiency improves. Network
1HWZRUN access protocols assign capacity to a particular terminal based on traffic
$FFHVV demand. Capacity is requested by the VSATs and is assigned by the
3URWRFROV network controller at the hub, either on-demand, at random, or
permanently.
In an on-demand assignment protocol, the VSAT requests the hub to

dynamically pre-assign capacity, either time slots or carriers, before
transmitting. This process implies a slower initial response time, but is
highly efficient during data traffic transfer.
In a random assignment protocol, each VSAT transmits its traffic when it is

received from one of its data ports. This mode offers a very short response
time, but the traffic handling capability of a carrier is limited to avoid
overloading the carrier.
In a permanent assignment protocol, the VSAT has permanent access to

a small portion of the satellite capacity. In this case, the carrier rate limits
the traffic a VSAT can carry. However, when the carrier is not used by the
VSAT to which it is assigned, the capacity is wasted.
There are two commonly used satellite access protocols that use a
combination of on-demand assignments, random and permanent,
assignments to improve the multiple-access efficiency. These are Time
Division Multiplex Time Division Multiple Access (TDM/TDMA) and Single
Channel per Carrier Demand Assignment Multiple Access (SCPC/DAMA).
TDM/TDMA uses a permanent TDM carrier for the outbound traffic to
transmit information from the hub to the VSATs. Information for many
different VSATs is time division multiplexed onto a single outbound carrier.
Multiple outbound carriers can be used for larger sized networks.
The VSATs use TDMA to access share inbound carriers. As depicted in

Figure 3-3a, TDM/TDMA is a combination of FDMA and TDMA.
SCPC/DAMA uses a single channel per carrier to convey traffic. (See

Figure 3-3b.) When traffic exists, carriers are assigned in pairs, one from
the hub to the VSAT and another from the VSAT to the hub, for the return
channel.

SEPTEMBER 1998
TDM/TDMA and SCPC/DAMA handle voice and data with different

efficiency. Both can operate with permanent or on-demand assignment,
but only TDM/TDMA can access the satellite randomly.
P O W ER P O W ER
TI
TI
M
M
E
E
OUTBO UND
CARRIER
# # #
IN B O U N D 4 3 2
BURSTS
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
IN B O U N D IN B O U N D C A R R IE R S
C A R R IE R S IN B O U N D C A R R IE R S
A ) T D M / T D M A C A R R IE R S B ) S C P C / D A M A C A R R IE R S
Figure 3-3. Typical Multiple-Access Protocols from the Satellite Access Perspective.

TDM/TDMA protocols are very efficient and are used mostly in
7'07'0$
interactive data applications. Before data can be transported with
1HWZRUNV
these protocols, the data must be packetized. Each packet contains an
address that identifies a data terminal within the VSAT network
domain. A receiver, either the VSAT or the hub, acknowledges
successful receipt of any packet. If noise, a collision or other
impairment corrupts a packet, it will prevent the packet from reaching
its destination. In this case, the receiver will not send an
acknowledgment (ACK), and the same packet will be re-transmitted
after a random time delay. The ACK mechanism ensures proper
delivery and simplifies the data transport.
Hub-to-VSAT link: The outbound link is a single carrier, and is the

result of multiplexing all the packets from different customers and
directing them to the various VSATs in the network. The multiplexing is
achieved at the front-end processor (FEP), which is connected to the
customer’s host computers. Each VSAT listens to the entire traffic
carried by the outbound carrier. However, each VSAT will only decode

SEPTEMBER 1998
those packets containing control information or traffic packets

addressed to one of its terrestrial interfaces.
VSATs-to-hub link: Depending on the size of the network, there will

be one or several inbound carriers. The inbound carriers convey traffic
from the VSAT to the hub. If a VSAT needs to communicate with a
peer, it will transmit to the hub that will relay the packet to the other
VSAT on a second satellite hop.
Inbound-access protocols: In a TDM/TDMA network, the access

protocols are implemented in the inbound link from the VSAT to the
hub. The protocols most commonly used are known as “random” or
“contention” protocols. The protocol is random because no central
control determines which VSAT will transmit. This lack of central
control lets the inbound capacity open for contention among the
VSATs in the network. Each VSAT transmits data as packets at
random times and contends with peers for capacity on the inbound
carriers. The typical contention protocols are: ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA,
Selective Reject ALOHA, and Demand Assignment TDMA with slotted
ALOHA reservation access.
Aloha is the earliest of the contention techniques and operates as

follows. Whenever there are data to send, a packet will be created and
transmitted. (See Figure 3-4a.) The VSAT will then wait for an ACK
from the hub. If everything runs without interruption, the ACK should
be received within the time comprising just over twice the round-trip
delay. However, if another VSAT transmits a packet at about the same
time and causes a collision, the hub will simply ignore the corrupted
packets and will not send any ACKs. When the VSAT does not receive
the ACK, it retransmits the packet after a random time delay. After
several failed attempts the VSAT will inform the data terminal that the
data channel failed.
An advantage of Aloha is the fast response as long as the shared

access channels are operating at a throughput3 lower than 18 percent.
(Refer to Figure 3-4.) The penalty for the fast response and the
operational simplicity is the low throughput achieved in the inbound
carriers. If the offered traffic increases beyond 18 percent, the actual
throughput decreases because of packet collisions, which in turn
3 The term “throughput” describes the rate of data per second that a system processes, indicating the efficiency of a
carrier. In Aloha or S-aloha, the percentage indicates the maximum user’s data rate that any inbound carrier will
convey. Contention protocols do not allow control in the transmission time of any VSAT. Therefore, a low throughput
is purposefully selected to reduce the collision probability and improve the system performance. Thus a 64 kbit/s
inbound carrier with 18 percent throughput conveys only 11.5 kbit/s as the average user’s data. The actual data rate,
and packet rate, in the carrier is 64 kbit/s, but the percentage of time that the VSAT’s packets use the carrier is only
18 percent. (See Figure A.1.5.)
SEPTEMBER 1998
degrades the response. This performance degradation occurs

because collisions and lost packets (MSG 2 and 3 in Figure 3-4a) will
require that packets be retransmitted in the same channel used for the
new packets. Retransmission creates additional packet loading.
New
New New Re-Tx Re-Tx
MSG 3
MSG 1 MSG 2 MSG 3 MSG 2
Re-Tx Interval
(a) ALOHA for MSG 3
Re-Tx Interval for MSG 2
New MSG
1
New MSG
2
New Re-Tx Re-Tx
MSG 3 MSG 2 MSG 1
(b) S-ALOHA Re-Tx Interval for MSG 2
Re-Tx Interval for MSG 1 Slot Markers
New MSG Re-Tx Re-Tx

New MSG 2 MSG 1 MSG 2
1 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 4 5 1 2

(c) SREJ-ALOHA
Figure 3-4. Operation of multiple-access protocols.
Slotted Aloha (S-aloha) improves the throughput efficiency and

lessens the likelihood of collision by inserting time slots in the inbound
carrier. Each VSAT recreates the time slots by recovering timing
information from the outbound carrier, so that each VSAT is
synchronized to a master clock at the hub. This synchronization does
not command any VSAT to transmit information in a cyclic way, but
rather defines chunks of time slots. In this slotted environment, each
VSAT will create fixed-length packets. The VSAT will start
transmission only at the beginning of a time slot. Data Terminating
Equipment (DTE) delivers an information string to the VSAT. The
VSAT assembles the fixed-length packet or packets. The VSAT buffers
its packet transmission until the start of the next time slot. (See Figure
3-4b.) The insertion of slots reduces the probability of packet
collisions. S-aloha doubles the maximum carrier throughput of pure
aloha to approximately 36 percent. (Refer to Figure 3-6.)

SEPTEMBER 1998
Selective Reject Aloha (SREJ-Aloha) is a nonslotted, random-access

protocol that achieves throughput almost equal to S-ALOHA without
synchronization. (Refer to Figure 3-4c.) The SREJ-Aloha protocol
formats a packet in subpackets. Each subpacket has its own header,
acquisition preamble and trailer. The protocol exploits the fact that
most collisions in an asynchronous system result in partial packet
overlaps so that only the subpackets with conflict are actually
retransmitted. Throughput for SREJ-ALOHA is in the range of 30
percent, and works well for variable length message scenarios.
Demand Assignment TDMA with slotted ALOHA reservation (DA-

TDMA) is a more sophisticated variation of S-aloha and SREJ-Aloha,
and employs two levels of access depending upon the size of the
packets. In the first level, when the information from the data terminal
(DTE) to the VSAT fits within a packet and is within the inbound carrier
slot size, then the network will operate as S-aloha. At the second level,
when the information from the DTE is lengthy, the VSAT prepares a
packet containing a short information field that requests a capacity
reservation. The VSAT will transmit this packet to the hub using S-
aloha. Upon successful reception at the hub station, the Hub
Baseband Processor (HBP) will allocate several time slots for the
requesting VSAT. The hub will then inform all the VSATs in the
network of those slots and carriers set-aside for this user. Other
VSATs will not contend for the capacity during that reserved period.
This operation allows the VSAT to transmit in a conflict-free manner.
(See Figure 3-5.) The rest of the VSATs will use the remaining inbound
slots and carriers. The advantages of DA-TDMA are the high
throughput and low delay. This performance is guaranteed even under
high traffic loads.
New New
Packet & Packet &
Request Request
Packet 3 Packet 2 Re-Tx Re-Tx
New Packet & Packet &
Packet & Request Request
Request Packet 2 Packet 3
Packet 1
MSG 1 MSG 2 MSG 3

Packets Packets Packets
Re-Tx Interval
MSG SLOT
ASSIGMENT DELAY
for MSG/REQ 2 MSG SLOT
FOR MSG. 1 ASSIGMENT DELAY
FOR MSG. 3
Re-Tx Interval
for MSG/REQ 2
MSG SLOT
ASSIGMENT DELAY
FOR MSG. 2
Figure 3-5. Operation of DA-TDMA.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Several manufacturers implement a DA-TDMA protocol with slight

variations on how much capacity is permanently assigned to a VSAT.
For example, if an inbound carrier operates at 128 kbit/s, then the
group of VSATs accessing that carrier may have a permanent capacity
of, for example, 2.4 kbit/s on average. Each VSAT will get a single time
slot to transmit and the network will operate in TDMA. This permanent
capacity improves the network performance because it improves the
carrier efficiency and response time. The hub also reserves a certain
capacity for S-aloha operation. This reserved capacity will serve as a
buffer in case a VSAT terminal requests more capacity than its
permanent allocation. Such an arrangement improves the efficiency
by minimizing collision problems. If an end user has only interactive
applications with short packets then the permanent capacity will
suffice. However, if at any time the application is more demanding and
requires data rate increases, the VSAT will request more capacity.
The hub will assign capacity from the reserved S-aloha time slots that
are available. This approach guarantees a fast response and high
throughput with on-demand reservation. DA-TDMA is one of the most
popular implementations of VSAT access methods.
0.4 2.0
S-ALOHA
THROUGHPUT (S)
0.3 1.5 S-ALOHA

DELAY (sec.)
ALOHA
0.2 1.0
ALOHA DA-TDMA
0.1 0.5
SREJ-ALOHA
0 0.5 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
TOTAL CHANNEL TRAFFIC (g) THROUGHPUT
A L O H A S = g . exp (-2g)
S - A L O H AS = g . exp (-g)
Figure 3-6. Access Protocol Efficiency Comparison.
Performance comparison: Maximizing throughput and minimizing

delay are important characteristics in the selection of a network
multiple-access protocol. Modern networks incorporate all the
protocols discussed to ensure that the most suitable technique is
available for each end user. This functionality allows the network to
create Closed Users Groups (CUGs), where each group can use a
different application and protocol without interfering with the rest of the
network. Table 3.1 presents a performance summary for the four
protocols already discussed.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 3.1. Performance Comparison of Protocol Access Techniques.
TECHNIQUE MAX. TYPICAL APPLICATION REMARKS

THROUGHPUT DELAY
Aloha 13 ~18% <0.5 sec. Variable Length Timing not required.
messages.
S-aloha 25 ~ 36% <0.5 sec. Fixed length
messages.
SREJ- 20 ~ 30% <0.5 sec. Variable Length Capacity competitive
Aloha messages. with S-ALOHA.
DA-TDMA 60 ~ 80% <2 sec. Variable Length Generally attractive for
messages. long messages (batch
data, voice).

Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) is an access protocol
6&3&'$0$
that allows each channel to use one carrier pair in a Single Channel
1HWZRUNV
Per Carrier (SCPC) mode to establish a link. (Refer to Figure 3-7.)
These networks are used primarily for voice circuits.
An SCPC/DAMA network is composed of three blocks:
Network Management and Control (NM&C)

Traffic terminal at the hub
Traffic terminal at the VSAT
The NM&C is responsible for controlling the network operations,

assigning the satellite resources for each circuit, downloading channel
configuration via control channels (CCs), and recording call records for
billing.
The process of handling calls is as follows.
When a voice channel requests a circuit, by seizing a line, the VSAT

will inform the hub of its identity and the dialed digits. The DAMA
Network Controller (NCC) knows the origin and identifies the
destination via the dialed digits. If the destination circuits are busy, the
NCC instructs the originator to produce the busy tone. If the destination
is not busy, the NCC provides the origin and destination channel units
with the operating uplink and downlink frequencies. Once the channel
units (CUs) tune to the assigned frequencies, the circuit is ready. The
SEPTEMBER 1998
dialed digits are relayed over the satellite circuit to the PSTN at the
destination CU for call completion. Upon termination of the call, the
NCC is informed, the DAMA carriers are turned off, and the CUs return
to an idle state to wait for a new call. The satellite frequencies return to
a common pool of frequency for future use.
DAMA can operate in either star or mesh topology. Once the

connection is established, the CUs carry the traffic through the
assigned traffic carriers without intervention from the NCC. All DAMA
channel units in a terminal share a common RF electronics and
antenna facility.
NCC
LL
CA EST
E QU
R K
AC
NCC
CALL REQUEST
FREQ.
ASSIGNMENT
NCC
CALL ASSIGNMENT
DIRECT
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATIONS
Figure 3-7. Operation of SCPC/DAMA Protocol.
Additional features in a SCPC/DAMA protocol are:
Voice compression. To minimize the bandwidth

requirements, SCPC/DAMA systems use voice compression.
The modern compression algorithms operate at low rates (4.8
to 9.6 kbit/s) while maintaining a good voice quality.
Compression rates at 4.8 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s per channel are
available and provide bandwidth savings.
Voice activation. SCPC/DAMA systems employ Voice

Activation (VOX), which turns the carrier off during pauses of a
conversation. VOX reduces the required satellite power. In
pools of 100 channels or more, VOX provides a net reduction
of satellite power utilization of up to 2.2 dB.

SEPTEMBER 1998
On-demand data channels. If required, DAMA can offer clear

channels at 64 kbit/s or higher on-demand. These clear
channels can be used for data applications.
96$7
To implement a VSAT protocol for data communications, at least three
3URWRFRO
layers are needed, i.e., the network kernel, the communications
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
gateway, and the user’s interface. (Refer to Figure 3-8.) The network
kernel consists of the network multiple-access protocols. The network
multiple-access protocol ensures the access to the satellite and a
secure delivery of information while implementing functions such as
packet congestion control and network management.
The communication gateway protocol interfaces the user's protocol to

the network kernel. The gateway protocol operates as a packet
assembler and disassembler (PAD). Its functions include packet
addressing, routing, switching, and virtual circuit and flow control. The
functions of the PAD are performed on the information transported in
the kernel.
The user’s interface emulates the user protocols and locally

terminates the user’s protocol. (Refer to Figure 3-8.) This is the
performance of the data throughput over satellite.
In theory, a user’s host can bypass the user’s interface and PAD
functions, and directly access the kernel. However, in practice,
performance will be degraded because of satellite delay. It is preferred
to terminate the user’s protocols locally, and take advantage of the
PAD functions.

SEPTEMBER 1998
LAYERS 4 TO 7 LAYERS 4 TO 7
(HIGHER LEVEL (HIGHER LEVEL
PROTOCOLS) PROTOCOLS)
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
GATEWAY GATEWAY
PROTOCOL PROTOCOL
(PAD) (PAD)
USER'S INTERFACE
USER'S INTERFACE
LAYER 3 LAYER 3 LAYER 3 LAYER 3
(NETWORK) (NETWORK) (NETWORK) (NETWORK)
LAYER 2 LAYER 2 SATELLITE SATELLITE LAYER 2 LAYER 2

(LINK) (LINK) MULTIPLE MULTIPLE (LINK) (LINK)
ACCESS ACCESS
PROTOCOL PROTOCOL
LAYER 1 LAYER 1 (NETWORK) (NETWORK) LAYER 1 LAYER 1
(PHYSICAL) (PHYSICAL) (PHYSICAL) (PHYSICAL)
USER'S
USER'S
COMPUTER VSAT HUB
HOST
TERMINAL
Figure 3-8. General View of VSAT Protocols.
8VHU
VSAT networks usually replace existing terrestrial data networks, and
3URWRFROV
connect host computers with data terminals via a satellite. A terrestrial
network generally low latency, circuit-based and therefore inherently
transparent to the user host’s protocol. Some of the user protocols
used extensively include SNA/SDLC, X.25, BISYNC, ASYNC or
TCP/IP. VSAT networks have inherent satellite latency and,
consequently, utilize protocols optimized for this environment. VSAT
networks, however, maintain transparency to the user host’s protocols
mentioned above.
This transparency is achieved by terminating the customer’s protocol

locally before entering the VSAT satellite link. (Refer to figure 3-9.) The
satellite link then converts the customer’s data to an efficient satellite
protocol that ensures proper delivery and minimum delay.

SEPTEMBER 1998
FEP TERMINALS
HOST
A) TYPICAL TERRESTRIAL DATA NETWORK
B) TYPICAL TERRESTRIAL DATA NETWORK

REPLACED BY A VSAT NETWORK
V
B
P
TERMINALS
H
FEP B
E
V
HOST B
P
VIRTUAL
TERMINALS VIRTUAL
VSAT NETWORK FEP
Customer's Customer's
protocol With satellite efficient protocol
data protocol
Figure 3-9. Typical VSAT Emulating a Terrestrial Data Protocol.
The system operates as follows.
1) Suppose a data terminal with a number 123 at the customer’s

headquarters sends data to terminal 456 in a branch office,
2) The host computer will route the packet from 123 to the FEP at the
VSAT hub where terminal 456 virtually resides.
3) The FEP will acknowledge the information packet to the host and
back to terminal 123, thus terminating the customer’s protocol.
4) The FEP takes the information and assembles, or formats, a packet
using its own satellite protocol.
5) When the packet is ready, the destination address is stamped to it
to direct the information to the proper VSAT.
6) The satellite protocol transports the packet via the outbound satellite
link and ensures data integrity and proper delivery.
7) All VSATs will listen to the information packets in the outbound
carrier. Whenever a VSAT detects a packet containing an address,
it will acknowledge it. The IDU will send an ACK message back to
the hub. This is a short packet containing the received packet
numbering, and is sent to the hub via the inbound carrier.
8) The hub, upon receiving the ACK, will know the packet was properly
delivered and will erase the information from its buffers.

SEPTEMBER 1998
9) The VSAT will disassemble the packet, thus terminating the satellite
protocol.
10) The IDU emulates the customer’s protocol to deliver the information
to terminal 456 in the expected protocol.
The satellite protocol, in most cases, is proprietary to the manufacturer.
Therefore, the VSAT network must be capable of emulating locally all
the user’s protocols without the need to modify the configuration of
existing equipment. The VSAT Baseband Processor (VBP) and the
FEP at the hub are responsible for the user’s data protocol processing.
The interface cards usually implement the processing by software so
that different protocols require different software versions. Therefore,
the VBP should be able to download new versions or upgrades of
software from the hub using the satellite channel.
The STAR topology of a VSAT network does not limit the traffic
connectivity. If a service requires full-mesh connectivity, the hub will
implement a virtual mesh connection by routing the VSAT-to-VSAT
traffic using a double hop. In this case, to minimize delay, the FEP will
not disassemble the packets, but it will route them out to the final
destination. At the final destination, a VSAT, the VBP will disassemble
the satellite protocol packets and reassemble the user’s data protocol.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&+$37(5
3/$11,1* $1' ,03/(0(17,1* 96$7
1(7:25.6 9,$ 7+( ,17(/6$7 6<67(0
Planning and implementing a VSAT network involves a decision
+2: 72 &+226( making process. In some cases the process requires more than one
$ 68,7$%/( iteration to reach to the most economic solution. The activities in the
1(7:25. planning process include:
&21),*85$7,21
defining the service requirements;
defining expected network objectives in terms of performance,
quality, and availability;
defining the network size and design;
comparing the design against available equipment, and
analyzing the manufacturer’s alternatives to fulfill the
requirements and design;
evaluating the costs;
preparing an implementation plan;
determining the space segment capacity required and
reserving the capacity with INTELSAT;
defining specification for procurements; and
listing all postimplementation operational requirements.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Chapter 4 - Planning and Implementing VSAT Networks Page - 34

Before planning begins, it is important to identify the menu of services
'HILQLWLRQ RI
that defines all the potential users that the VSAT network will require.
6HUYLFH
An analysis of the current telecommunications infrastructure will also
5HTXLUHPHQWV help to discover the niches not reached, and which the VSAT network
can provide. This information will define what is needed, why it is
needed and what criteria the clients will use to evaluate the results.
The minimum information to gather includes:
A description of the client’s service: Different clients have different

requirements, including voice, data, voice and data, interactive data,
one-way broadcast, video-conferencing, or Internet. To determine what
their evaluation criteria will be, the clients must reveal their
expectations on quality and grade of service, throughput, response
time, congestion, etc.
Estimation of the traffic in the peak busy hour (PBH) for each
service: As realistic information as possible must be gathered on:
Traffic erlangs, message sizes, call duration, service priority, response
time, set-up time, application protocols (i.e., Ethernet, TCP/IP, etc.).
The estimated traffic growth per year: Number of new nodes per
year, services per node, new services to existing nodes, priority of
services per node.
Any constraint in any site that may affect the VSAT operations:
Obstacles, building projects, roads, radio links operating in the same
frequency, and zoning restrictions.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Collect the information in tabular form to define the initial service

provisions, and use this as a road map for future upgrades and
applications. The table might also suggest future enhancements that
the VSAT will need to accommodate. In most cases, the initial service
offering will define the network costs and feasibility. In some cases, it
may be possible to implement the future enhancements solely through
software upgrades.

7UDIILF (VWLPDWLRQ
Clients provide information that needs interpretation by the VSAT
service provider. In most cases, clients have minimal knowledge of
telecommunications or satellite jargon. Questionnaires to obtain a
client’s information should be written in plain language, avoiding
technical jargon. Once the information is collected, the VSAT service
provider and the client must discuss the implications of the
questionnaire to assess the relevance of the client’s requirements. This
discussion will help clarify possible misunderstandings.
Next, the VSAT service provider must analyze the data to size the
network. Voice and data traffic information are analyzed in different
manners. Examples of both cases follow:
Voice traffic: For voice traffic, most of the information is given in the
number of channels or phone extensions per site.
For example: Client A needs to provide voice services to 250 sites in a

3-year period. These sites will be part of a rural communications
project. The project plan indicates that every year 85 sites will be added
to the network. In the first year the client requires 2 trunk lines for 60
sites, and 4 trunk lines for the remaining 25 sites. The client provides
the traffic as described in Table 4-1. The number of satellite channels
needed to support this service can be determined from calculations
based on Tables 4-1 and 4-2.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 4-1. Summary of Requirements.
YEAR 1 2 3
Number of sites with 2 channels 60 100 150
Number of sites with 8 channels 20 30
Total sites 85 170 250
Total number of channels 220 560 820
The VSAT service provider needs to convert this number of channels

to erlangs to derive the number of satellite channels. This is done by
assigning a given traffic level to each line. For trunk lines, it is common
to use a value between 0.1 to 0.25 erlangs4 per line in the PBH. The
total calculated traffic level for the network is shown in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2. Calculated Traffic Intensity in Erlangs.
YEAR 1 2 3
Traffic intensity with 0.1 Erlang per line 22 56 82
4
Erlang is the international unit of traffic intensity. One erlang represents a circuit occupied for 1 hour. It is used to
calculate the number of channels needed to carry all calls. For more information of traffic calculations see Boucher,
James, Traffic System Design Handbook. IEEE Press 1993.
SEPTEMBER 1998
The number of satellite channels is the number of duplex channels

needed to carry the entire network traffic, and is calculated using the
erlang B tables and a probability of loss. The client must define the
probability of loss. Typical values range from 1 percent to 5 percent 5.
Suppose the VSAT service provider chooses 0.1 erlang per line, and
the client wants to use a 2 percent probability of loss. Table 4-3 shows
the result of using these values.
Table 4-3. Traffic Intensity and Calculated Number of Satellite Channels.
YEAR 1 2 3
Number of satellite channels using 2 percent of 31 67 95
probability of loss
The number of channels in Table 4-3 will handle all the traffic in the
network and will be the basis for calculating the required space
segment at a later stage.6
The primary application of the network is to support voice traffic, and

the assumed characteristics for the voice traffic include the following.
Call duration is about 3 to 5 minutes.

Call setup time is about 5 seconds.
The voice calls are susceptible to changes in the connection
delays, but are resilient to errors.
Therefore, the satellite access technique has to allocate a free voice

channel in less than 5 seconds. Then it must run the channel over a
permanent connection to avoid the changes in the connection delay,
and must reduce the satellite bandwidth by allocating the calls on-
demand. SCPC/DAMA is a technically feasible solution.
5
The probability of loss is often called blockage probability. It represents a percentage of the call attempts in which
a line, (in this case a satellite channel), will not be available for the user.
6
The client can choose to provide very vague information like ‘I would like to link the 15 telephone extensions in the
branch offices to headquarters’. In this case the VSAT service provider has to assign traffic intensity, typically 0.0025
erlangs, per extension to calculate the branch office traffic intensity (0.0375 erlangs per branch). Then they will
calculate the network traffic intensity and the number of channels.
SEPTEMBER 1998
There may be instances in which the clients provide the traffic

information in traffic minutes, and the information may be in the form
indicated in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4. Number of Minutes-Traffic Per Destination.
NODE 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 161943 150139 1295144 95713 395774
2 161943 719180 40701 1891282 197720
3 150139 719180 84565 831489 241145
4 1295144 40701 84565 247042 111363
5 95713 1891282 831489 247042 174757
6 395774 197720 241145 111363 174757
Before any network sizing can take place, the information in Table 4-4
must be converted from traffic-minutes to erlangs. The conversion
should follow the method indicated in ITU-T Recommendation E.506.
This method recommends the use of the following formula to convert
traffic-minutes information to erlangs:
Mdh
A=
60e
Where:
A: is the estimated mean traffic in erlangs carried in the busy
hour
M: is the total monthly paid minutes
d: is the day/month ratio, i.e., the ratio of average weekday
paid-time to the monthly paid time
h: is the busy-hour/day ratio, i.e., the ratio of the busy-hour paid-
time to the average daily paid-time
e: is the efficiency factor , i.e., the ratio of busy-hour pad time to
busy hour occupied time
INTELSAT recommends using the following values for the variables.

SEPTEMBER 1998
d = 0.041
This ratio relates the amount of traffic carried on a typical weekday

compared with the total amount of traffic carried in a month. A typical
weekday will carry 1/24th of the total monthly traffic. This value
considers that the weekday/weekend traffic ratio is 0.8, meaning that
the weekend traffic is only 20 percent lower than during the weekdays.
h = 0.1
This ratio depends primarily on the difference between local time at the
origin and destination. In this example, a 2-hour time zone difference is
assumed between the hub and the VSATs. Based on statistical
measurements, ITU-T Recommendation E.523 proposes a busy-
hour/daily traffic ratio of 10 percent for a 2-hour time zone difference.
e = 0.97
The efficiency factor converts paid-minutes into a measure of total

circuit occupancy. ITU-T Rec. E.506 recommends values in the order
of 90 percent or higher for automatic exchanges.
Considering these values, the number of erlangs per route is then

calculated and the number of circuits can be derived. (See Tables 4-5
and 4-6.)

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 4-5. Calculated Number of Erlangs per Destination.
NODE 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0.0 1.0 0.9 7.6 0.6 2.3
2 1.0 0.0 4.2 0.2 11.1 1.2
3 0.9 4.2 0.0 0.5 4.9 1.4
4 7.6 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.7
5 0.6 11.1 4.9 1.5 0.0 1.0
6 2.3 1.2 1.4 0.7 1.0 0.0
Table 4-6. Calculated Number of Channels per Destination (using Erlang B tables).
NODE 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 5 5 15 4 7
2 5 0 10 3 19 5
3 5 10 0 4 11 6
4 15 3 4 0 6 4
5 4 19 11 6 0 5
6 7 5 6 4 5 0
Data traffic: Data traffic is more difficult to model because there are
several different protocols with different characteristics. Suppose then,
that as VSAT service provider, you collected the information in Table 4-
7 from a group of clients.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 4-7. Data Transaction and Character Traffic Estimate.
CLIENT APPLICATION T CI CO NU NVSAT TM RT

ΩΣ; Bank Account management and ATM
transactions 18000 100 400 5 75 4 2
7
Insurance Co. LAN to LAN interconnection 5800 60 300 25 15 3 2
Manufacturing ABC, Inventory control 300 500 500 1 25 1 5
Inc.
Toys Retailers Inventory control, Point-of-Sales 15000 50 200 8 75 8 2-5
(POS) operations
Credits Unlimited ATM and Credit Card verification 50 40 100 10 50 0.5 2-5
points.
INTERNET Services Internet, Intranet for multi-users, n/a 60 600 15 25 n/a 2
Ltd. corporations, and universities.
Where:
T = Number of transactions per day
CI = Input characters per transaction in bytes
CO = Output characters per transaction in bytes
Nu = Number of data terminals or end users per VSAT node
Nvsat = Number of VSATs servicing the same application
Tm = Transactions per minute in the Peak Busy Hour (PBH)
RT = Response time (in seconds)
To analyze this information, keep the following in mind.
In each branch office there will be one or several data

terminals that will offer traffic to the VSAT network (Nu),
The number of transactions per minute, bytes per transaction,
and response time (Tm, CI, CO and RT) depend on the client
application,
Internet is a special case because the number of transactions
per day is not yet well characterized. To date, the
manufacturers and Internet VSAT Service Providers (ISPs)
use the following assumptions as conventions for Internet
traffic
Most of the traffic is browsing traffic.

Of the registered users, only 10 percent are
7
The LAN-to-LAN interconnection can handle several protocols and services like TCP/IP for Internet, voice over IP,
desktop videoconferencing.
SEPTEMBER 1998
logged-in at any given time,

Of the logged-in users only 20 percent are active
at any given time, and most of these are reading
received information or performing other short
term tasks,
The inbound to outbound traffic ratio is1/10.
For browsing purposes, a minimum throughput of
9.6 kbit/s is required for the inbound channel.
It is worth noting that actual values could vary substantially variations
from these typical numbers, rapid response time is commonly required
by certain applications, and interactive data applications tend to be
asymmetric with much less inbound data (VSAT-to-hub) than outbound
data (hub-to-VSAT). Figure 4-1 depicts a block diagram with a typical
configuration for the equipment and services that the network can
provide.
64
t/s
kb
it/
kbi
s
128
Telephone
Data users
distributed in a
ODU & IDU LAN building or
Antenna
Shopping Mall
FEP
Local
Host
User's Host
Computer
Customer's data protocol Internal VSAT data protocol Customer's data protocol
terminated at the HUB FEP improved for satellite transmission terminated at the VSAT IDU
TDM Outbound carrier

TDMA Inbound carriers
Figure 4-1. Block Diagram of Network Equipment and Services.
To calculate the number of carriers, the VSAT service provider must

carefully evaluate the client’s applications. Each application defines
how frequently a terminal will interact with the host and the average
length of a message. Therefore, the client’s traffic profile, the number
of sites, and the access techniques will define network sizing.

SEPTEMBER 1998
The number of carriers will then be defined by:
the number of clients;

the number of VSATs per client that simultaneously run an
application;
the number of data terminals per VSAT;
the application and the number of interactions during the PBH;
the number of messages sent per transaction in each
direction and the size of the messages;
the satellite access protocol and overhead; and
the required response time.
With the information in Table 4-7 as the basis, the following formula
can be used to calculate the total traffic rate offered to the network:
N u × N vsat × PL × (8 × PT )
Tr =
 60 
 Tm 
Where:
Tr = Total rate offered to the network, in bit/second
Nu = Number of data terminals or end-users per VSAT node
Nvsat = Number of VSATs servicing the same application
PT = Number of packets per transaction
PL = Length of the packet in bytes, 100 and 200 for inbound
and outbound traffic respectively
Tm = Number of transactions per hour (in PBH)
Table 4-8 summarizes the result of applying the formula to the

information of Table 4-7. Notice that the Internet traffic is treated
differently in the sense that the minimum throughput in the inbound is
9.6 kbit/s.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 4-8. Summary of the Network Traffic Calculation.
Client Network Size INBOUND TRAFFIC: OUTBOUND TRAFFIC:

PBL=100 BYTES PBL=200 BYTES
Nu Nvsat Tm Ci PT Tr Ci PT Tr
ΩΣ; Bank 5 75 4 100 1 20,000 200 1 40,000
Insurance Co. 25 15 3 60 1 15,000 200 1 30,000
Manufacturing ABC, Inc. 1 25 1 500 5 1,667 500 3 1,667
Toys Retailers 8 75 8 50 1 64,000 100 1 128,000
Credits Unlimited 10 50 0.5 40 1 1,333 100 1 3,333
INTERNET Services Ltd. 15 25 n/a 60 1 72,000 300 2 360,000
Total traffic (Tr) in bits/s during the PBH 174,000 563,000
From the total traffic (Tr) in Table 4-8, the VSAT service provider can
calculate the number of carriers in the network. For this example, the
calculation must consider the efficiency of the satellite access protocol
as indicated in Table 3-1, and using the following formula:
Tr × (1 + OH )
Cr =
η×R
Where:
Cr = Number of carriers at rate, R.
Tr = Total rate offered to the network, in bit/second
OH = Traffic overhead, required for packet header and trailer, 20
percent for outbound (TDM) carrier and 40 percent for slotted
ALOHA inbound carriers
R = Information rate of the carriers. 64 kbit/s or 128 kbit/s for
inbound and N x 64 kbit for the outbound (N≤24).
η = Efficiency of the access protocol. 23 percent for Slotted
ALOHA and 90 percent for TDM (for inbound and outbound
carriers respectively).
The result of applying the formula to the traffic in Table 4-7 is that the
network will need 14 x 64 kbit/s inbound carriers, and one 768 kbit/s
outbound carrier.8
8
Note: For outbound carriers use R=1 to allow Cr to calculate the carrier rate for a single inbound carrier. Then
round Cr to the next multiple of Nx64 kbit.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Before proceeding in the planning process, it is important to define the

minimum performance expected from the network. This can be derived
from the client’s responses and must be defined in terms of:

1HWZRUN 1) Response time: The elapsed time between the moment an inquiry
is received from the user by the hub or VSAT and the moment when
3HUIRUPDQFH
the response is delivered by the VSAT or hub to the user. In a data
'HILQLWLRQ
network, the response time will consist of the time it takes to get the
data from a distant end.9For a voice network, the response time will
consist of the setup time of a voice channel. When considering the
response time, it is important to factor in the 520-msec. satellite
round-trip propagation time.
2) Throughput10: For the clients, throughput represents time within
which they expect their applications to achieve a given response.
For VSAT service providers it indicates the efficiency of the network.
3) Typical Bit Error Rate (BER): The typical BER tolerated depends
upon the application. Voice tolerates higher BER, while data need
lower BER. Typical values are 10-5 to 10-7 for voice networks and
10-7 to 10-9 for data.
4) Network availability: Network availability is defined as the
percentage of the time in which the network operates above the
BER threshold. The availability of the ground equipment and the
availability of the satellite link influence the total network availability.
A. Equipment availability (AE) is defined by the ratio of the time the

equipment operates properly to the total time. The time the
equipment operates is indicated by the Mean Time Before Failure
(MTBF). The total time is the addition of the time needed to repair a
unit as indicated by the Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) plus the total
operating time or MTBF. The formula to calculate AE is as follows:
MTBF
A =
E
MTBF + MTTR

SEPTEMBER 1998
Typical values for AE are:

Hub = 99.995 percent to 99.999 percent
VSAT = 99.785 percent to 99.988 percent.
The value of AE is improved by providing some sort of redundancy
to the equipment, however this increased the equipment costs.
B. Link availability (AL) is defined as the ratio of the time the link is
above the BER threshold to the total time. The link availability is
influenced by the attenuation induced by the rain and other
propagation effects together with outages caused by the sun
interference11. The attenuation induced by the rain is higher at Ku-
band than in C-band. The way to counter this attenuation is to
introduce margins in the uplink and in the downlink. These so
called rain margins must account for the following atmospheric
impairments:
Gaseous absorption
Cloud attenuation
Melting layer attenuation
Rain attenuation
Tropospheric scintillation
Low-Angle fading
Ray bending
Defocusing
Cross-polar discrimination
The calculation of the total attenuation caused by these impairments
requires Earth station parameters including meteorological and
satellite-link parameters.
9
In a credit card verification network (which is a data network), the network response time will consist of the satellite
round trip time and the processing time to get an authorization from the host computer.
10
The term “throughput” describes the rate of data per second that a system processes. Throughput indicates the
usage efficiency of a carrier. It is desirable to have a throughput of 100 percent, but due to the need for multi-access
protocols like Aloha or S-Aloha, the 100 percent will never be achieved. The throughput percentage values for multi-
access protocols indicate the maximum user’s data rate that any inbound carrier will convey. Contention protocols do
not allow control in the transmission time of any VSAT. Therefore, a low throughput is purposefully selected to reduce
the collision probability and improve the system performance. Thus a 64 kbit/s inbound carrier with 18 percent
throughput conveys only 11.5 kbit/s as the average user’s data. The actual data rate, and packet rate, in the carrier is
64 kbit/s but the percentage of time that the VSAT’s packets use the carrier is only 18 percent. (See Table 3.1.)
11
The Sun interferes with normal communications when the antenna boresight is aligned with the Sun. The Sun’s
radiation during the solstices decreases the system G/T, disrupting the link. It happens twice a year during 3 to 5
days in the solstices and disrupts the services for no more than 3 minutes a day. The duration and occurrence dates
vary with the location.
SEPTEMBER 1998
There is a direct relation between link availability, satellite capacity, and

the link cost. In some instances, the VSAT service provider must
compromise the availability value to reduce the satellite capacity.
Practical link availability values for VSAT networks range from 99.0
percent to 99.6 percent.
The rain margin calculations are discussed in Chapter 6.

The network design will seek to balance the requirements in the Earth
'HILQLQJ 7KH
segment and space segment to find the, overall, cost-effective solution.
1HWZRUN 6L]H
Optimum network design minimizes the capital and operating costs
$QG 'HVLJQ while meeting all service requirements, and involves a tradeoff among
available satellite capacity, antenna sizes, proposed connectivity,
network topology, availability, quality, and growth over time.
INTELSAT satellite and frequency band: Determine which

INTELSAT satellite covers the desired network geographical area. This
is done after identifying the nodes and the physical locations for each.
The planner will determine whether the appropriate INTELSAT satellite
is C- or Ku-band, and the associated transponder characteristics. If
both frequency bands provide suitable coverage, tradeoff analyses
should be undertaken to determine which band better accommodates
the network. The analysis must take into account both satellite
characteristics, and propagation characteristics for the network’s
geographical area. In general, Ku-band antennas are smaller and less
costly than C-band. In either case, INTELSAT has satellites providing
continental and intercontinental service in every area of the world.
Capacity is leased under flexible combinations of bandwidth and
satellite power, and can be tailored to meet any VSAT service
provider’s needs.
Topology and access alternatives: The goal in defining the network

topology is to balance the Earth segment costs with the required
satellite resources. A star architecture allows use of a less expensive
VSATs terminal. However, the connection between two nodes will
require two hops (node A via satellite-to-hub station, and hub via
satellite-to-node B). Direct connection between nodes, as in a mesh
configuration, will not be possible. For node-to-node connection, the
star architecture will result in 0.5 second of additional delay. If node-to-
node connections are infrequent, double hop can be used because it
reduces the cost of the VSAT equipment and satellite capacity.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Developing the most cost effective network design requires defining an

initial topology that can be tested with link budgets. Various scenarios
and iterations will help determine if the topology fits the service
requirements. Some architecture choices will fall out naturally from the
traffic requirements. For example, if the service requirement is for data
distribution from one central site, then a star architecture should be
considered. The star approach will also be suitable for inbound data
collection systems. Many corporate networks are inherently suited to a
star architecture because their information flow is primarily between
corporate branches and a central headquarters facility.
Link budgets: Will be used to optimize network parameters. The aim

is to get the smallest antenna size, the smallest power amplifier at the
VSAT and utilize the smallest amount of space segment. Several
iterations will be needed to find the best combination of antennas,
satellite, and carrier characteristics for a given network. To assist its
clients, INTELSAT has prepared the Lease and Sales Transmission
Plan software (LST) version 4.3 (or later). This can be used to test
various configurations and topologies and includes almost every
possible modulation, coding, and satellite available in the INTELSAT
system. It allows the user to check the impact of rain attenuation on the
link and allows the user to test other operating conditions in a budget.
The use of the LST is detailed in Chapter 6.

Once a round of link budgets has been performed, the planner needs
1HWZRUN 'HVLJQ
to compare the results with the available equipment. This must be
9HUVXV $YDLODEOH
done in terms of antenna, SSPA, carrier rates, coding, and modulation
(TXLSPHQW schemes. Although manufacturers can tailor equipment to meet a
requirement, the cost is high. Therefore, it is better to match network
requirements with the industry available equipment. If necessary,
undertake additional iterations to see if an acceptable network design
can be achieved using available equipment. If industry information is
available, it should be used as reference for the link budget
calculations. INTELSAT has prepared a vendor catalog, as an
addendum to this handbook, that is available upon request. The
information in the addendum can be used as a preliminary reference,
but buyers must contact the manufacturer to get specific details on
products, services, and costs.

SEPTEMBER 1998

The next step in the planning process is to evaluate the cost of a VSAT
(YDOXDWLRQ RI
network.
,QYHVWPHQW DQG
&RVWV

1HWZRUN
The cost analysis starts with a summary of the capital costs. The
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
following elements must be included.
&RVWV
Equipment costs: With the current competition among manufacturers,
equipment costs are volatile, and negotiable. The VSAT units are likely
to be the highest equipment cost, because there may be many VSATs
in the network. Each remote site will include not only the VSAT itself,
but the interfacility link and indoor equipment such as data subsystems
and site management equipment. The hub facility and ancillary
equipment should also be included.
Staff and training: Additional staff may be required to operate and

maintain the VSAT network. Staff training on the new VSAT equipment
will also be required.
Local facilities: Each site will require a site survey, local permit
approval, and possibly frequency coordination12, followed possibly by
civil works, power, and air conditioning. Local conditions may indicate
the need for additional heating, cooling, or dehumidifying equipment.
Ancillary equipment such as power installations, and heating or air
conditioners for the equipment can add to the cost.13
Spare parts: At he hub, it is typical to have 1 spare for each 10 items of

online equipment (such as voice and data card units). For the remote
VSAT terminals, it is typical to have 1 spare for every 20 items of the
common equipment (such as SSPA and ODUs). Full redundancy
would be likely for the hub station equipment, but is not required at the
VSAT. The cost range for spare equipment would be 5 to 10 percent.
(See Table 4-9.)
12
Ku-band sites often have blanket agreements and do not need frequency coordination.
13
1.2, 1.8, and sometimes 2.4m Ku-band VSATs often do not require any civil works, A/C, or special power. The IDU
plugs into a wall outlet and powers the ODU. No electricity is run to the roof/antenna.
SEPTEMBER 1998

2SHUDWLRQDO &RVWV
The next issue to consider is the operational costs of the VSAT
network. The operational costs can be divided into satellite resources,
staff, and facilities. Facilities operational costs consist of power, heat,
and air conditioning costs.
Space segment lease cost: INTELSAT has a flexible tariff system,

and a client can choose to either pay per carrier or to lease a portion of
a transponder (INTELNET lease).
In carrier-based tariff, INTELSAT charges the client by the carrier size.

The advantage of carrier-based tariff is that the service is pre-
engineered and all the parameters are defined in the IESS documents.
Capacity and quality of service are guaranteed by INTELSAT.
INTELNET leases provide the client with the highest flexibility possible.
The client is free to define the service quality, availability, and any
parameter affecting the network performance. The lease can start in
bandwidths as small as 100 KHz with no limitations in the upper side of
the scale. Prices are available from any INTELSAT sales
representative or from the local INTELSAT Signatory.
Staff costs: Operational and maintenance staff will be needed to

operate a VSAT network. The minimum staffing level at the hub can be
considered to be one engineer, one technician, and one support staff.
In addition, it can be assumed that one routine maintenance visit will
be required each year for each VSAT site. Assume that each visit will
take 4 hours, plus travel time, and per diem.
Facilities' costs: Facilities have ongoing expenses for such items as

power, heat, and air conditioning. These costs are highly dependent on
existing infrastructure and policies in the service area.

SEPTEMBER 1998
14
Table 4-9. Example of Capital Cost Calculation for a VSAT System .
# DESCRIPTION PRICE REMARKS

Hub station
1 Equipment - fixed cost $ 815,625 This price depends on antenna size and hub
sophistication.
2 Spares $ 81,563 10 percent of spares for the hub.
3 Facilities - Land, building $ 16,000
4 Hub station fixed costs $ 913,188
5 Interfaces - one per VSAT $ 250 This is the additional cost to install each VSAT to the
existing hub equipment. The application can be either
voice or data.
6 Spares $ 25
7 Hub station cost per VSAT $ 275 Multiply this value for the number of VSATs.
Operation’s licensing
8 Hub station $ 2,500 Licensing fee for the hub.
9 First VSAT $ 750 Licensing fee for the first VSAT terminals.
10 Total initial licensing $ 3,250
VSAT station costs (each)
11 VSAT terminal $ 6,500 Equipment in the range of $4,500 to $15,000 depending
on capacity. Receive only terminals in the $1,200 to
2,500 range.
12 Spares $ 325 5 percent for VSAT equipment.
13 Site Survey $ 250 To determine the antenna location and potential RF
interference to/from the VSAT.
14 Site installation $ 1,700 Includes antenna mount, antenna assembly, power
installation and intrasite cabling. Prices can range from
$1,000 to $ 3,000 depending on VSAT antenna size.
15 Commissioning tests $ 250 Acceptance testing includes the transmission of a test
signal from the VSAT and the testing of the interfaces.
16 Terminal licensing $ 25 Cost of individual VSAT license fee.
17 Total VSAT cost $ 9,050 Except the space segment. This price has to be multiplied
by the number of VSATs.
18 Shipping handling and $ 160,718 Estimated in 10 percent of the equipment cost and based
insurance on 100 VSAT terminals.
19 Documentation $ 5,000
20 Training $ 50,000 Including travel, lodging, and per diem for 5 people.
21 Special items $ 100,000
Total $ 2,164,656
14
These costs are given as example and it must be understood that the actual values vary from country to country.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Cost of future upgrades: Given the competitive nature of the VSAT

equipment business, the costs of upgrades are negotiable. Some
vendors provide software updates freely (or at nominal charge). In
doing so, they expect to keep the lines open to future business. Most,
however, charge for updates, which can be purchased in packages or
individually. It is important that a network has reasonably up-to-date
software that is supported by the vendor. Hardware upgrades can
require new hardware of modifications to existing modules. Some
vendors will allow such upgrades and requisite training under a blanket
agreement for a specified period.
Table 4-10 shows the calculated per VSAT monthly cost for the case
study assumed in Chapter 8. This value includes the amortization of a $
2 Million loan in 5 years at an 11 percent interest rate.
Table 4-10. VSAT Monthly Cost.
# DESCRIPTION PRICE REMARKS

1 Equipment costs $ 432
2 Operation and $ 33
maintenance cost
3 Space segment cost $ --- Consult INTELSAT sales and
marketing for details.
Total VSAT monthly $ --- Excluding space segment
cost
The conclusions drawn from Table 4-10 are that the cost of services
will be very low after the amortization period. Furthermore, the larger
the number of VSAT nodes in the network, the lower the equipment
cost per VSAT.

SEPTEMBER 1998

The implementation plan must cover several key aspects to ensure the
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
successful completion of the project. The implementation plan must
3ODQ
include the preparation of the following documents.
The statement of work (SOW)15: This is a written statement of the

work required for the project. The SOW includes the objectives of the
project, a brief description of the work, the financing, the technical
constrains, if any, the specifications, and the schedule. The SOW must
use plain language and must avoid the use of imprecise language, like
“optimum” and “approximately”.
Project specifications and the Request for Proposal (RFP): This

section is often presented in a list form. The specifications may be
separately identified or called out as part of the SOW. The
specifications should stress the targeted quality and should not be
loaded with outdated schematics or obsolete design. Refer to Section
4.7 for detailed information on a model RFP.
The milestone schedule: Must contain information such as, project

start date, project end date, major milestones, expected deliverables
and reports. Major milestones must include review meetings, factory
tests, key deliverables, installation, commissioning, acceptance,
training, warranty, etc.
The work breakdown structure (WBS), which defines the detailed

tasks, effort required, and project timeline, is normally prepared by the
contractor. It is a plan that defines all efforts to be expended in the
project. The WBS establishes schedules for the accomplishment of a
task and describes how the contractor has assigned the
responsibilities. It will specify tasks to be subcontracted or outsourced.
This document will be very useful when analyzing the proposals
because it indicates the contractor’s strength and weakness.
15
A good reference on SOW preparation is Statement of Work Handbook NHB5600.2, National Aeronautic and
Space Administration, February 1975.
SEPTEMBER 1998

3URFXUHPHQW With the availability of competitive VSAT products, open procurements
6SHFLILFDWLRQ have a wider scope to demand both price and service improvements.
7KH 5HTXHVW IRU
The RFP is important in describing exactly what is required from the
network, and the division of responsibilities between the network
3URSRVDO 5)3
provider and the contractor. The requirements need to be carefully
established so that the service providers receive what is required and
not what vendors wish to sell. The service provider must ensure that
the RFP clearly outlines which entities are responsible for each task,
and clearly indicate who is responsible for site licenses, site
preparation [civil works, availability of power], frequency coordination,
connection to user equipment, Earth station tests, taxes, license fees,
and customs clearance. The service provider may prefer to contract
out certain items such as site surveys or installation. There may be
requirements for local procurement of certain equipment, and if so,
these requirements should be included in the RFP.
Key aspects to consider for the procurement include:
client’s traffic profile;

targeted BER and availability;
service quality;
application protocols;
equipment location;
test plan and expected results; (Acceptance Test Plan)
criteria for network acceptance
options needed for future expansion;
schedule for deliverables;
required technical support and response time from vendor;
spare equipment;
language for training; and
ongoing technical support.
Contractual arrangements may vary with each network, as parties
discuss the currency to be used for payment, the choice of which legal
system will apply, or whether to stipulate arbitration for resolution of
disputes. It is suggested that the RFP include a model contract, so
that bidders are aware of the network contract requirements. The
model RFP should include a description of the purchaser’s
organization and business plan for the network.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Finally, do not forget, if possible, to include a statement of the criteria

that will be used for evaluation of proposals.
Appendix II contains a model specification for a VSAT network using

the INTELSAT network, a table of contents for a model contract, and a
sample of technical characteristics. This should be considered as a
starting basis that can be modified and adapted for a specific
requirement.

A new VSAT network represents a considerable capital investment,
3RVW
and provides an important user service. This investment needs to be
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ protected by developing and implementing a maintenance plan even
,VVXHV before the network becomes fully operational. At the beginning of the
operation, little maintenance will be required. However, it is advisable
to regularly inspect all equipment. Correcting adjustments or
performing routine maintenance could prevent future problems. For
example, while changes in voltage or signal levels may not be
noticeable enough to register a service complaint, it is advisable to
monitor these so as to detect any signs of performance deterioration.
Equipment located outdoors should be inspected periodically for
weather-related deterioration or other damage.
A spare parts system needs to be planned so that parts can be located

and used when needed, and reordered as necessary. The
manufacturer may recommend a minimum set that will support daily
network operation. If some or all of the network management and
maintenance are outsourced, then spare parts may be included in the
contractor’s responsibility.
Training should be provided to all staff who will be involved in operation

and maintenance of the new equipment. This area is often overlooked.
Training may be short, or require several days, and should be included
in postimplementation plans. A plan for periodic training may be
necessary to counter the effects of staff turnover.

SEPTEMBER 1998

SEPTEMBER 1998
&+$37(5
96$7 1(7:25. $5&+,7(&785( $1' 723
/(9(/ 63(&,),&$7,216

To define the top-level specifications, INTELSAT recommends starting
$QDO\VLV RI
the process by drawing a top-level diagram of the network. The diagram
6HUYLFH
should indicate all the sites that will require services. Next, a matrix of
5HTXLUHPHQWV traffic requirements must be prepared. This must contain data suitable
for traffic analysis and link budget calculations. This traffic table can also
form an integral part of the SOW or RFP documents.
Even though the proposed network may be simple or complex, the

methods suggested for the requirements document and the traffic
matrix are similar.
Map the physical area(s) to be served by the network. This may

include existing terrestrial links as well as proposed new VSAT
terminals. Several maps may be needed depending on the size of the
network and the number of regions, countries, or areas to be served.
Prepare diagrams of the planned network. These diagrams should

show all the VSAT terminals, how they are interconnected, and whether
or not the links are one-way or two-way. It is most probable that changes
will be made as the planning and preparation of the network progresses.
It is important to keep the network diagrams up-to-date.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Chapter 5 - Network Architecture and Top Level Specification Page - 58
Definition of the traffic requirements should indicate the values used for
network availability, BER, and blocking probability. Traffic analyses
should also indicate the overall network size, and geographic location of
each node.

Often client networks require mesh interconnections for their data
'DWD 1HWZRUNV
transmissions. Although the physical configuration of a data network
may be a star topology, logically a full mesh topology exists using
double-hop. Data from VSAT-to-VSAT can be transported via a
connectivity through the hub; however, delay sensitive applications
should use single hop links preferably.
A significant portion of the up-front capital cost in a VSAT network is for

the hub. Therefore for a cost-effective network, it is important to have a
sufficiently large pool of remote users. This reduces the per- VSAT cost
of the hub. A single client may not have enough remote users to justify
the investment. To cope with such situations, two concepts have been
developed: shared-hubs and distributed-hub VSAT networks.

6KDUHG +XE
In a shared-hub network, the VSATs are divided into subnetworks, and
1HWZRUNV
each subnetwork is assigned to a particular CUG. Typically a different
CUG is created for each client. Each CUG can (but not necessarily)
request their own:
1) outbound and inbound carriers;

2) sub-Network Control Center, deriving information from the hub
Network Monitoring and Control Center (NMCC);
3) specific FEP equipment to process the out- in-route traffic data flow;
4) high-speed data line to connect the FEP (at the hub location) to the
host computer at the user’s premises
Generally, the biggest challenge lies in linking the host computer, at the
client’s premises, to the FEP at the hub site. There are two possible
solutions. One solution provides high-speed terrestrial data lines
connecting the hub with the client’s host computers. Alternatively, the
network service provider may provide a separate satellite link to connect
the hub with the client’s host computer.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Figure 5-1 shows a block diagram of a shared hub configuration.
NMCC Console
SCC 2
HUB RF
HOST 2
NMCC
FEP CUG 1
FEP CUG 2
VSATs from CUG 1
VSATs from CUG 2
Terrestrial or Satellite (via

a VSAT) link
HOST 1 SCC 1
Figure 5-1. Shared Hub Configuration.

SEPTEMBER 1998
An alternative solution to the hub - host link problem is a distributed hub

operation. Under this concept, each subnetwork has its own hub station,

which allows the location of a mini-hub near the host computer at the
'LVWULEXWHG KXE
client’s premises. Overall network control is implemented in a common
1HWZRUNV
location at the system level, but each client has its own traffic hub
dedicated to its CUG. An additional link between the subnetwork hub
and the network management center will be required to manage the
entire network and to route, if it exists, inter-CUG traffic.
The distributed hub is considered an intermediate solution between a

shared hub and completely independent network. A block diagram of a
distributed hub configuration is found in Figure 5-2.
HUB RF
NMCC
NMCC Console
SCC 2
MINI - HUB
FEP CUG 2
HOST 2
MINI - HUB
FEP CUG 1
VSATs from CUG 1
VSATs from CUG 2
HOST 1 Terrestrial link

SCC 1
Figure 5-2. Block Diagram Illustrating the Distributed Hub Concept.

SEPTEMBER 1998

6KDUHG +XE RU
Several factors will affect the decision to choose a shared hub or a
'LVWULEXWHG +XE"
distributed hub VSAT network. Some key issues to consider follow.
Distributed hub:
1) Antenna: The mini-hubs will require a larger antenna than the VSATs
to economically operate via satellite.
2) Equipment: Each mini-hub will contain its own RF, IF, BB, and power
equipment. In addition, because some redundancy must be provided
to improve the availability, implementation costs increase.
3) Staff: Due to the importance of the mini-hub for the sub-network, it
may be necessary to staff each mini-hub.
Shared hub:
1) Antenna: A larger single antenna may be installed to reduce space

segment recurring costs.
2) Equipment: Because there is only one hub, equipment redundancy
can be provided cost effectively. The overall network cost will be
driven by the VSAT hardware.
3) Staff: Large gateways already have, in most cases, around the clock
shifts.

Another important aspect to consider when defining a VSAT network
1HWZRUN
and its specifications is the NMCC. The NMCC selection can determine
0DQDJHPHQW DQG
the success or failure of a system. The required NMCC functions can be
&RQWURO &HQWHU grouped into administrative functions, and operational functions.
10&&

SEPTEMBER 1998

$GPLQLVWUDWLYH
The administrative functions are:
)XQFWLRQV
A. Configuration management: This allows the operator
to:
add/Delete VSAT terminals, network interfaces or
satellite channels;
create capacity pools for subnetworks;
enable and disable network components;
upgrade network hardware or software; and
incrementally add functions and capabilities to the
network.
B. Account management: This tracks for the cost of
network operation and allocates costs to users.
Parameters such as packet count, call duration,
connection time, and others are relevant here.
C. Inventory management: This maintains and controls
the inventory of equipment in the network, including
options, redundancy, etc.
D. Security management: This prevents unauthorized
access to network resources. It must provide the ability
to disable components that may compromise network
integrity.
Operational functions can be categorized into:

A. Data collection, archiving, and report generation. This
2SHUDWLRQDO
data collection enables planners to analyze long-term
)XQFWLRQV
needs such as growth projections and reconfigurations.
B. Operator interface that allows easy access to various
functions of the NMCC. The friendlier the interface, the
more efficient the operation.
C. Monitoring and control to provide real-time status
monitoring. Special emphasis should be placed on
alarm and event monitoring, logging and filtering
events by VSAT.

SEPTEMBER 1998

Requirements for voice networks should be listed in a table similar to
9RLFH 1HWZRUNV
Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. Required Number of Channels.
DAMA NETWORK PHASE 1 PHASE 2

Number of VSATs 100 100
VSATs with 4 channels 70 35
VSATs with 2 channels 30 15
Total VSATs with 4 channels 70 105
Total VSATs with 2 channels 30 45
Total number of VSAT DAMA 340 510
channels
Offered traffic per VSAT DAMA 0.3 Erlang 0.3 Erlang
channel
Total network traffic 102 Erlangs 153 Erlangs
Call loss probability 5 percent 5 percent
Number of satellite channels 120 175
The number of satellite channels calculated in Table 5-1 depends upon

factors such as the call loss probability and offered traffic per DAMA
channel. A call loss probability of 5 percent is commonly found in
VSAT networks. The offered traffic per DAMA channel can vary as
follows:
DAMA channel unit serving a single telephone: 0.015 to 0.025 erlangs

per channel
DAMA channel unit serving a trunk line: 0.15 to 0.3 Erlang per line
(See Figure 5-3.)
The number of channels is the basis for calculating the space

segment, antenna sizes and the rated power of the VSAT power
amplifier. However, several other key issues must be considered:
Voice compression. Compression rates at 4.8 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s per

channel offer high quality and provide bandwidth savings.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Voice activation. DAMA can employ VOX. VOX turns the carrier off
during pauses of a conversation. VOX reduces the required capacity
by conserving satellite power.
0.15 to 0.3 Erlangs

IF
per trunk line interface
Phone
U
OD
Phone
IDU
PABX
INDOOR EQUIPMENT OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT

( 2 CHANNELS)
Fax
0.015 to 0.025
erlangs per channel
Figure 5-3. Erlangs per DAMA Channel Under Different Applications.

,78 DQG 9RLFH

Voice compression reduces the bandwidth requirements and the cost
&RPSUHVVLRQ
of the satellite resources. In the past, compression was not considered
useful because of the reduction in voice quality caused by the inherent
distortion introduced by the compression process. Today, advances in
technology have improved the compression algorithms such that large
compression ratios with low delay and low distortion can be achieved.
One example of modern compression algorithms is the Algebraic Code
Excited Linear Prediction (ACELP) algorithm. In 1995, the ITU-T
adopted the ACELP algorithm as a standard, and is described in
Recommendation G.729. A brief description of the G.729 capabilities
follows.
A. Voice Quality: Tests have shown that the ACELP

algorithm operating at 8 Kbit/s per voice channel
results in a Quantization Distortion Unit (QDU)
measurement of 2 and a Mean Opinion Score
(MOS)16 of 4. These values fit well within the
16
A Quantization Distortion Unit (QDU) is equal to the distortion introduced in a voice channel after passing through a
Mu-law or A-law PCM encoder. If the channel passes two PCM encoders in cascade,
(analog/pcm/analog/pcm/analog), the total distortion will be 2 QDUS.
SEPTEMBER 1998
telecommunication companies’ definition of the ‘Toll

Quality’ limit of 4 QDUs and a minimum MOS of 3.6.
It is also comparable with the 1 QDU and MOS 4 for
PCM, and 3 QDUs and MOS 3.8 for ADPCM.
B. Voice band data and facsimile: Voice compression
devices handle facsimile calls by detecting the
presence of a facsimile signal. They demodulate the
signal back to its original digital form and pass it
transparently across the VSAT network. The remote
end restores the original facsimile format and delivers
the original facsimile signal to the remote fax
machine. This process allows the facsimile modems
to run at higher speeds. A side benefit of processing
modem signals this way is bandwidth efficiency. The
compression algorithm will allocate only 9.6 Kbit/s in
the VSAT network to handle a channel with a 9.6
kbit/s facsimile call instead of using a 64 Kbit/s PCM.
There are several other proprietary compression algorithms that are
ITU standards and provide acceptable voice quality at rates around 9.6
kbit/s.

The INTELSAT Business Service (IBS) has been extended to VSAT
96$7 ,%6
Earth stations. The service called VSAT IBS provides a specific solution
1HWZRUNV
to enable business communications using small Earth station antennas.
VSAT IBS services are charged on a carrier basis, and the operational
parameters are defined by INTELSAT. This pre-engineered service
allows the digital links to carry applications such as:
real-time banking transactions;

digital videoconferencing;
data and voice communications networks to link a
manufacturing plant to the corporate headquarters; and
transparent links for IISPs.
VSAT antennas can have a diameter as small as 1.8m at C-band, and
1.2m at Ku-band. Before VSAT IBS, the smallest Earth station size that
could use IBS was 4.5m at C-band, and 3.7m at Ku-band. This
extension enables network providers to use low-cost VSAT terminals
to establish communication links in a rapid and cost-effective manner.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Tables 5-2 and 5-3 summarize the VSAT IBS antenna characteristics17.
Table 5-2. Summary of Characteristics for the VSAT IBS C-Band Antennas.
C-BAND ANTENNA F1 H4 H3 H2
STANDARD
G/T (4 GHz), dB/K 22.7 22.1 18.3 15.1

Typical Antenna Diameter, 3.5 - 5.0 3.5 - 3.8 2.4 1.8
m
Voltage Axial Ratio - Circular 1.09 1.09 1.3 1.3
polarization (27.3 dB xpol (27.3 dB xpol (17.7 dB xpol (17.7 dB xpol
(isolation value dB) isolation) isolation) isolation) isolation)
Table 5-3. Summary of Characteristics for the VSAT IBS Ku-Band Antennas.
KU-BAND ANTENNAS E1 K3 K2
G/T (11 GHz), dB/K 25.0 23.3 19.8

Typical Antenna Diameter, m 2.4 - 3.5 1.8 1.2
Voltage Axial Ratio - Linear 31.6 20.0 20.0
polarization (30.0 dB xpol (26.0 dB xpol (26.0 dB xpol
(Isolation value dB) isolation) isolation) isolation)
The VSAT IBS service offers flexible carrier sizes ranging from 64
Kbit/s up to 8.448 Mbit/s, and allows communications between a
gateway18 station and a VSAT or between two VSATs.
VSAT IBS operates in C-band or Ku-band of any INTELSAT satellite.

The service, subject to availability of capacity, is available in zone,
hemi, or spot beams.
17
Though the diameters of the antennas are completely compatible with VSATs, the VSAT IBS terminals are fully
specified by INTELSAT. Complete specifications are contained in IESS-207 for C-Band antennas, and IESS-208 for
Ku-Band antennas. IESS-309 contains specifications for the modem
18
The term gateway describes an antenna larger than 6.1 m for C-Band and 4.5 m for Ku-Band.
SEPTEMBER 1998

'HVFULSWLRQ RI
The VSAT IBS technical characteristics have been designed to be
7HFKQLFDO
cost-effective by optimizing the satellite resources used. The technical
&KDUDFWHULVWLFV
characteristics are summarized in Table 5-4.
Table 5-4. Summary of Technical Characteristics for the VSAT IBS Carriers.
CHARACTERISTICS VSAT IBS

Satellites VI, VII, VIIA, and VIII
Beams All beams except global
VSAT Earth Station E-1 , F-1, H and K
Standards (Note that a larger gateway may be required at the other end of the link.)
Information Rate 64 kbit/s to 8.448 Mbit/s
Forward Error Correction Rate 1/2 convolutional encoding and Viterbi decoding with Reed
(FEC) Solomon (219,201) outer coding
Modulation QPSK or BPSK
Threshold BER: T 10
-10
Quality for more than 99.6 percent of the year.
-10
Clear Sky BER <<:10
VSAT IBS service provides the very high transmission quality that is
required for modern data communications protocols, such as, frame
relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). This is achieved by the
use of Reed-Solomon concatenated coding used in conjunction with
rate 1/2 convolutional encoding.
The normal modulation scheme will be QPSK, but if a link exceeds the
off-axis emission requirements, BPSK is used.

SEPTEMBER 1998

7\SLFDO 96$7
A typical VSAT IBS terminal consists of a small antenna and
&RQILJXUDWLRQ
communications equipment. As depicted in Figure 5-4, a typical
installation consists of an ODU, the IFL, and an IDU. (Refer to Figure
5-4.) The ODU integrates the Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPA) in
the range of 5 watts in C-band, and 2 watts in Ku-band. The indoor unit
consists of a modem and interfacing equipment required to carry the
user services. The VSAT IBS modem requirements are included in
IESS-309 (Rev 6), and a number of suppliers are capable of providing
equipment that meets these requirements.
ANTENNA
INTER-FACILITY MODEM Telephone
LINK CABLE
BASEBAND
OUTDOOR INTERFACE
UNIT
Fax
DEMODULATOR
MODULATOR DATA
TERMINAL
USER'S
OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT OFFICE EQUIPMENT SERVICES
Figure 5-4. Block Diagram Of Typical VSAT/IBS Terminal

SEPTEMBER 1998

7\SH $SSURYHG
Under the INTELSAT Antenna Type Approval Program, INTELSAT
$QWHQQDV
works with antenna manufacturers to ensure compliance with
INTELSAT antenna specifications. These antennas, type approved by
INTELSAT, can generally be used in the system without further
antenna verification testing.
Users of the INTELSAT system are encouraged to use type-approved

antennas. The use of a type-approved antenna will generally result in
lower cost, faster implementation, and guaranteed performance. An
INTELSAT type-approval means that a manufacturer's equipment
meets INTELSAT's operating performance requirements, and that
each unit of a particular model closely replicates the performance of
every other unit of this model. The use of type-approved equipment
significantly reduces or totally eliminates the need for verification
testing on each individual antenna unit.
With the introduction of VSAT IBS, INTELSAT is expanding its type-

approval process to include the category of “VSAT IBS terminal”. With
this category, suppliers can offer complete, RF-to- baseband,
INTELSAT type-approved VSAT solutions.
Nonetheless, there are four levels of type approval:
Antenna Model: Consists of the antenna reflector, the sub-reflector,

and the feed system.
Antenna System: Consists of an Antenna Model and a low noise

amplifier.
Earth Station Model: Consists of an Antenna System and its

associated power amplifier.
VSAT IBS Terminal: Consists of an Earth Station Model, up/down

converters, IFL cables (if supplied), and a VSAT IBS compliant modem.

SEPTEMBER 1998

SEPTEMBER 1998
Chapter 6 - Calculation of Satellite Bandwidth Page 71
&+$37(5
&$/&8/$7,21 2) 6$7(//,7( %$1':,'7+
Determining the satellite bandwidth required for a VSAT network is one

of the most important pieces of information that a planner will prepare.
%8'*(7,1* Satellite bandwidth is a recurring expense for network operations,
%$1':,'7+ therefore, the smaller the satellite bandwidth, the lower the recurring
costs. To evaluate the satellite bandwidth cost, the network planner
has to have a good estimate of the required bandwidth. This
bandwidth estimate is obtained by preparing a link budget. A link
budget calculates the required satellite bandwidth for a given network.
INTELSAT users prepare link budgets by using the Lease and Sales
Transmission Plan Program (LST). Devised for INTELSAT’s satellites,
the LST is provided free of charge to any user wishing to operate on
the INTELSAT system19.
LST is available to help INTELSAT’s users implement their leases. It

determines the required transponder leased resources, generates a
transmission plan, and determines the optimum high power amplifier
(HPA) and Earth station sizes. LST is a Windows-based program that
incorporates databases of key satellite technical parameters. The
parameters include the Leased Transponder Definitions of IESS 410
for all INTELSAT satellites.
The LST program is offered in a compressed form, and is available as a

self-extracting file. The documentation and user manuals are in
Microsoft Word for Windows Version 6.0. It is also a self-extracting
file that can be downloaded from the Internet.
19
The reader can download the most current version of LST by visiting INTELSAT’s web site at “www.intelsat.int”
SEPTEMBER 1998

Before running the LST for Windows program, it is necessary to
7KH /67
decompress the file. To do so:
3URJUDP
Go to Windows “Program Manager”.
Select “File|Run”.
Select the file ‘LSTPGM4x.EXE’.
Follow the instructions on the self-extracting window.
Once installed, create a shortcut to open the ‘LST.EXE’ program file’20.
LST4x consists of a set of separate files, one for each satellite series.
The satellite series and the file names are listed in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1. Satellite Series.
SATELLITE SERIES: LST4X FILE NAME:

INTELSAT V (500 series) V.BWB
INTELSAT VI (601 to 605) VI.BWB
INTELSAT VII (701 to 705 & 709) VII.BWB
INTELSAT VII-A (706 & 707) VIIA.BWB
INTELSAT VIII (801 to 804) VIII.BWB
INTELSAT VIII-A (805) VIIIA.BWB
INTELSAT APR-1 APR1.BWB
LST will let you enter all the data needed in a link budget using dialog
boxes, edit boxes, and data entry screens. The program assumes that
the user knows certain parameters, which are explained later in this
chapter. This handbook provides charts, tables, and graphics
whenever necessary.
20
This handbook does not intend to replace the LST user’s manual. INTELSAT encourages the reader to read the
LST user’s manual provided under the compressed file LSTDOC4x.EXE.
SEPTEMBER 1998
The following section describes how to perform a

link budget using the LST4x 21. To get started,
3HUIRUPLQJ D open the program by clicking on the LST4x icon as
/LQN %XGJHW ZLWK shown in Figure 6-1. (Refer to Table 6-1 for file
/67
identification.)
Figure 6-1.
Program Icon for
LST4x.
Once the program is running, it will display a window menu. (See Figure
6-2.) At this point, you must select the satellite series that you are likely
to use. For example, if you want to use an INTELSAT VII satellite select
vii.bwb. 22 (Refer to Table 6-1 for file identification.)
Figure 6-2. Satellite Selection Window.
After choosing the satellite, click OK. On the new window, click on the
Enter Data menu, and a drop down menu will appear. Select New Data
(See Figure 6-3.)
21
It is recommended to follow this description by running the LST4x program in a PC.
22
INTELSAT V series are not likely to be used for VSATs because most of them are operating in inclined orbit.
Because VSATs do not have tracking, the inclined orbit will impede proper operations. In most cases, you will likely
use an INTELSAT VII or later series of satellite.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Figure 6-3. Startup Menu for the LST Program.
After choosing New Data, you will be asked to perform several

selections. The sequence is indicated in Figure 6-4. The rationale for

the initial selections follows the sequence of Figure 6-4.
3UHOLPLQDU\
,QIRUPDWLRQ
B)
SELECT SATELLITE
LOCATION
C)
SELECT UP-LINK
BEAM
D)
SELECT U/L BEAM
COVERAGE
E)
SELECT DOWN-LINK
BEAM
F)
SELECT D/L BEAM
COVERAGE
G)
A) SELECT U/L SATURATION
SELECT THE FLUX DENSITY
OCEAN REGION
H)
SELECT CHANNEL
BANK
I)
SELECT A
BANDWIDTH
Figure 6-4. Dialog Boxes for the Selection of Satellite and Satellite Bandwidth.

SEPTEMBER 1998
A. Select the ocean region. (Refer to Figures 6-4a and 6-5.)

INTELSAT satellites operate in four different regions including
the Atlantic Ocean Region (AOR), Indian Ocean Region (IOR),
Pacific Ocean Region (POR), and Asia Pacific Region (APR).
These regions provide the highest connectivity available in the
world.
POR AOR IOR APR POR
Figure 6-5. INTELSAT Four Service Regions.
Select the satellite region that covers your service area. If more than
one region covers your country, then select the region that can provide
you with the highest elevation angle.
B. Select the satellite location (Refer to Figure 6-4b.) The

satellite series and orbital locations for the four regions for the
period from June 1998 to December 2000 are listed in Table 6-
2. These locations are updated from time to time. Check
INTELSAT’s web page for the most up-to-date satellite location
list.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 6-2. Regional Orbital Locations.
AOR IOR POR APR

o o o o
IS 805 @ 304.5 E. IS ___ @ 33.0 E. IS 802 @ 174.0 E. IS _____ @ 72.0 E.
23 24
o o o o
IS 706 @ 307.0 E. IS 604 @ 60.0 E. IS 702 @ 177.0 E. IS APR1 @ 83.0 E.
25
o o o o
IS 709 @ 310.0 E. IS 602 @ 62.0 E. IS 701 @ 180.0 E. IS ____ @ 157.0 E.
26
o o
IS 601 @ 325.5 E. IS 804 @ 64.0 E.
o o
IS 801 @ 328.5 E. IS 704 @ 66.0 E.
o
IS 511 @ 330.5 E.
o
IS 605 @ 332.5 E.
o
IS 603 @ 335.5 E.
o
IS 705 @ 342.0 E.
o
IS 707 @ 359.0 E.
C. Select the type of uplink beam (Refer to Figure 6-4c.)

An INTELSAT satellite can have five different types of
beam coverage, i.e., global, hemispherical, zone, C-
band spot, and Ku-band spot. The type of beams
available in a satellite depends on the satellite series.
Choose the beam coverage that best matches your
connectivity requirements.
D. Select the uplink beam coverage (Refer to Figure 6-
4d.) The different series of satellites have different
numbers of beams. The uplink coverage selected will
depend on the service area for the VSAT network.
Make this selection based on the beam that provides the
best coverage for your location. 27
E. Select the type of downlink beam and downlink

beam coverage. (Refer to Figure 6-4e and 6-4f.)
Usually, VSAT networks operate domestically or
regionally.
23
Satellite to be defined in the future.
24
Satellite to be defined in the future
25
IS 805 and APR1 operate in linear polarization for C-band.
26
Satellite to be defined in the future.
27
To know which beams cover a particular area of interest, you can check the coverage maps provided by
INTELSAT in the Internet web page at http://www.intelsat.int/cmc/connect/globlmap.htm, or check the INTELSAT
Satellite Guide Handbook.

SEPTEMBER 1998
F. Select the uplink saturation flux density value. (Refer

to Figure 6-4g.) Specific values must be requested from
your INTELSAT representative.
G. Select the satellite channel bank. (Refer to Figure 6-
4h.) Channel bank is another way of naming a
transponder. Because a satellite has several beams and
each beam several transponders, INTELSAT created a
convention to number them according to their coverage.
At this point it is only important to know that:
For C-band:
Channel banks with one digit represent a 36 MHz
transponder.
Channel banks with two digits represent a 72 MHz
transponder.
For Ku-band:
Channel banks with two sequential numbers represent
a 72 MHz transponder.
Channel banks with two nonsequential numbers, but
skipping only one number, represent a 112 MHz
transponder.
Channel banks with two nonsequential numbers, but
skipping four numbers, represent a 241 MHz
transponder.
For the purpose of this handbook, we will use 72 MHz

transponders.28
H.Select a bandwidth. (Refer to Figure 6-4i.) If you know

the bandwidth you want to lease from INTELSAT,
select the value from the available options. If you
want to enter a different value, select User-
Specified. If you do not know the bandwidth and
would like LST to calculate it for you, then select
LST-Calculated.
28
Detailed information on capacity, beam coverage, saturation flux density is available by contacting your
INTELSAT sales and marketing representative.
SEPTEMBER 1998

(DUWK 6WDWLRQ
Once you have entered all the initial selections, LST will open a
6SHFLILF ,QIRUPDWLRQ
window in which you will enter the Earth station parameters.
(See Figure 6-6.)
Enter the Earth station’s name for each type of link. For
example, if link 1 describes the hub to VSATs link, name the
transmit station as the hub, and the receive station as VSAT.
There is no need to create a link for every VSAT. The same link
number will reference all the VSATs using carriers with equal
characteristics or receiving the same carrier. If a group of
VSATs operates with different carrier rates or parameters, use
different links with different numbers.
Enter the parameters for the worst-case link for a group of

similar VSATs. The worst case will be the link to a VSAT with
the lowest pattern advantage or the lowest antenna G/T. The
idea is that if you set a performance for the worst-case, the
rest of the VSATs will exceed that performance.
29
Figure 6-6. Information Specific to Earth Stations.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Voltage axial ratio: Enter the voltage axial ratio value for
transmit and receive antennas following the guidelines of Table
6-3.
S/C pattern advantages at E/S: Enter the pattern advantage

value for each link. Calculate the value for the transmit and
receive sites. Each beam has a particular footprint and the
border of the footprint, known as beam edge, is the place to
which all satellite parameters are referred (G/T, e.i.r.p., and
saturation flux density). Pattern advantage equals the difference
in dB between location parameters and beam edge parameters.
Because most antennas will be within a particular coverage
area, the pattern advantage will most likely be a positive value.
Detailed footprints are available in the IESS documents. To
obtain detailed footprints, see the IESS documents or ask your
INTELSAT sales representative.30
PUERTO PUERTO
CABEZAS CABEZAS
BEAM EDGE BEAM EDGE
MANAGUA MANAGUA
31
Figure 6-7. Example of Pattern Advantage Estimation.
29
Values in cells showing double asterisks (* *) will be calculated by the LST4x program. So, do not over write them.
30
Customers with access to the INTELSAT Business Network (IBN) can prepare their own coverage maps by
visiting the ACP/2 Browser located at ‘http://pc6m41a/acp2/MainPage.Asp’.
31
Notice that the drawing in figure 6.7 is only an example and such footprint does not exist in real life.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 6-3. Voltage Axial Ratio Values for Different Antenna Sizes (Based On IESS 207 and 208).
FREQUENCY POLARIZATION ANTENNA FREQUENCY AXIAL ISOLATION

BAND TYPE STANDARD REUSE RATIO (R) (DB)
A&B Yes 1.06 30.7
F1; F2; F3; & D2 Yes 1.09 27.3
Circular D1 Yes 1.3 17.7
C - Band Receive Only No 1.4 15.5
Other < 4.5 Mt. Yes 1.3 17.7
Linear A; B; D2 & F3 Yes 31.6 30
D1; F1 & F2 Yes 22.4 27
Ku - Band Linear C&E Yes 31.6 30
G/T of Earth station: Enter the G/T value using Figure 6-8 to estimate
the value for each antenna diameter. If you have manufacturer’s
information, use those values. Refer to Table 6-4 for clear sky G/T for
typical VSAT receivers and antennas.
After entering all the data for the Earth station, click on Done and
proceed to enter the information on the carrier parameters.
Table 6-4. Clear-Sky G/T [dB/K],for Typical (VSAT) Receivers and Antennas.
ANTENNA DIAMETER TYPICAL G/T [DB/K]

Ku-band
4.5 m 31.0
2.4 m 25.6
1.8 m 23.1
1.2 m 19.5
C-band
7.0 m 27.54
5.5 m 25.45
3.5 m 21.5
2.4 m 18.6
1.8 m 15.1

SEPTEMBER 1998
G/T in Clear Sky

f =4 GHz & f =11 GHz
32.0
28.0
24.0
20.0
G/T (dB/K)
16.0
Ku-Band, Improved
12.0
Ku-Band, Typical
8.0 C Band, Improved
4.0 C Band, Typical
0.0
0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.0
Parabolic Antenna diameter (m)
Figure 6-8. Antenna’s G/T.

&DUULHU 3DUDPHWHUV
The next dialog boxes automatically allow you to select the carrier
parameters. The process follows the sequence detailed in Figure 6-9.
A. Select a link. (See Figure 6-9a.) Select link 1 for the link
describing the hub-to-VSAT link, and link 2 for the VSAT-to-hub
link.
B. Select a carrier type. (See Figure 6-9b.) LST calculates the
resources needed for any type of carrier. In most cases, you will
use Digital carriers for calculating the resources needed in
digital networks.
C. Select a carrier rate. (See Figure 6-9c.) Different link types
have different rates. Choose the rates here. If the rate you plan
to use is not listed in the menu, choose More and enter the new
data rate.
D. Enter the carrier overhead value. (See Figure 6-9d.) Usually
carriers for the VSAT network do not use overhead. Enter “0”.

SEPTEMBER 1998
A)
SELECT A LINK TYPE
B)
SELECT CARRIER
TYPE
C)
SELECT CARRIER
RATE
D)
ENTER THE CARRIER
OVERHEAD
E)
SELECT THE
MODULATION SCHEME
F)
SELECT FEC WITH OR
WITHOUT REED
SOLOMON OUTER CODEC
G)
SELECT FEC RATIO
Figure 6-9. Carrier Parameters Dialog Boxes.
E. Select the modulation scheme. (See Figure 6-9e.) The three

most common schemes are listed. You can start by using QPSK
for all links.
F. Select the type of Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding.
(See Figure 6-9f.). Select the type of FEC ratio you will use for
the links. Use “FEC” for VSATs. “FEC with RS” is used in Digital
TV or on Internet broadcasting links using the DVB parameters.
G. Select the FEC ratio. (See Figure 6-9g.) Select the FEC ratio
you will use for the links. Typically use R1/2 for the link hub-
VSAT, and R3/4 for the VSAT-hub link
When the carrier parameters have been entered, the following editing
box will appear. (See Figure 6-10.) Enter the values requested for each
link.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Figure 6-10. Edit Box for the Link Performance.
C/N Threshold or Eb/No threshold (Info+OH) (See Figure 6-10.) It is

not necessary to provide both C/N and Eb/No values. When provided
with Eb/No, LST will calculate C/N, and vice versa. The Eb/No is
preferred and its value depends on the modulation scheme and the
BER performance. The value entered for Eb/No is the threshold value
and represents the maximum BER allowed in the link before declaring
it unavailable.
Typical BER threshold values are 10-3 for digital voice links, and 10-4
for data links.
The Eb/No value for these thresholds is estimated from the chart in
Figure 6-11.
For example, if we need a threshold of 10-4, BPSK and FEC 1/2, the
Eb/No will be 5.1 dB.
To calculate the Eb/No for a carrier using an RS outer code, use

Figures 6-12 and 6-11 as follows.
A. Select the BER value you want from the values at the BER-out
(Y-axis) of Figure 6-12. Select the curve that corresponds to the
outer code that you want to use. Calculate the BER-in value (X-
axis).
B. Calculate the anti-log of the BER-in value, and use Figure 6-11
to calculate the Eb/No.
Example:
To achieve a BER threshold of 1x 10-11, and use FEC Rate ½ RS

(204,188,8) as inner and outer codes. The result will be:

SEPTEMBER 1998
Log BER out = -11 (From Figure 6-12);
Log BER in = -3.1 (From Figure 6-12);
BER in = [10-3.1] = 7x10 -4 ;
Determine from Figure 6-11 that, if BER = 7x10 -4,
then: Eb/No = 4.5 dB.
A link using FEC ½ and RS (204, 188, 8) will need an Eb/No of 4.5 dB
to achieve a BER = 1x 10 -11.
Rate n/(n+1) Coded CPSK

1.00E+00
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
Probabilitiy of bit error (BER)
1.00E-03
1.00E-04
1.00E-05
1.00E-06 Uncoded CPSK
1.00E-07 Rate-7/8 CPSK
1.00E-13 uncoded-8PSK
1.00E-14
1.00E-15
1.00E-16
2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5

Eb/No (dB)
Figure 6-11. Eb/No versus BER for BPSK/QPSK and Different FEC Ratios (Viterbi Decoding).

SEPTEMBER 1998
Performance of Outer Codes
-3.60 -3.40 -3.20 -3.00 -2.80 -2.60 -2.40 -2.20 -2.00

-4
-6
BCH(128,112,6)
-8
log (BERout
R-S(126,112,7)
-10
R-S(204,188, 8)
R-S(208,192,8) -12
R-S(194,178,8)
R-S(255,239,8) -14
R-S(219,201,9)
R-S(225,205,10) -16
-18
log(BERin)
Figure 6-12. BER IN/BER OUT for Outer Codes.
Uplink and downlink margins (See Figure 6-10.) The values of the
uplink and downlink margins depend on the availability target that is
being planned. Notice that Eb/No defines the threshold for the link
quality. The margins define the link availability. Moreover, the addition
of the margins to the threshold allows the link to operate with higher
quality during clear sky conditions. For example, a link with a threshold
Eb/No of 5.1 dB (BER= 5x10-10 with FEC ½) using 2 dB up and 2 dB
down for margins, will operate with an Eb/No higher than 9 dB during
clear sky conditions (BER < 10-11). The same link will operate with an
Eb/No of 7 dB if the rain attenuates either the up or downlink by 2 dB
How are the margins defined? Margins are very important, especially
in Ku-band, because they counter the effect of rain attenuation and
allow the link to be available for longer periods of time. Adding margins
allows the network to achieve the availability target set forth during the
planning process.

SEPTEMBER 1998
To understand margins, rain attenuation must be understood first. Rain

absorbs RF energy. The amount of absorbed energy is directly related
to the drop size and intensity of the rain, as well as the operating
frequency, elevation angle, size of the clouds, and the geographical
region. The heavier the rain, the higher the attenuation. Using
meteorological data, attenuation is calculated statistically for a region.
The meteorological data consist of statistical information collected over

several years. It includes the rain pattern in millimeters per day as a
percentage of the time. This statistical information can be used to
calculate the rain attenuation pattern results, and presented in an
attenuation chart, called the Attenuation Exceedance Curve. The
attenuation exceedance curve represents the maximum attenuation
calculated for a given percentage of any year. For example, Figure 6-
13 shows the maximum attenuation for an uplink between Rio de
Janeiro and a satellite located at 304.5 degrees E for Ku-band and C-
band. Figure 6-13 shows that 99.9 percent of the time, the attenuation
will not exceed 7.1 dB for Ku-band or 0.6 dB for C-band. The
remaining 0.1 percent of the time the attenuation will be higher than
these values. To counter this attenuation, the margins will need be at
least 7 dB for Ku-band and 0.6 dB for C-band, to achieve 99.9 percent
availability.
Several methods have been developed to calculate rain attenuation.

All the methods make use of the database of meteorological data
collected by the ITU. The ITU-R proposes one under Recommendation
618 in which the Earth is divided into climatic zones. These climatic
zones describe the rain intensity in the globe from the arctic to the
tropics, and are labeled zones A through Q.

SEPTEMBER 1998
20 2
18
16
1.5
14
Att 12 Att
en en
uat10
99.9 % uat 1
ion ion 99.9 %
(d 8 (d
B) B)
6
0.5
4
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Percent Time Ordinate Exceeded. Percent Time Ordinate Exceeded.
Attenuation distribution at RIO DE JANEIRO, F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at RIO DE JANEIRO, F = 6 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure 6-13. C-Band and Ku-Band Attenuation Exceedance Curves for an Uplink.
To calculate the rain attenuation, the reader can use the curves
provided in Appendix B. Appendix B contains the exceedance curves for
all climatic zones. The curves were calculated assuming an antenna
with an elevation angle of 20 degrees in and located at 500 meters
above the sea level.
Number of carriers (Refer to Figure 6-10.) Returning now to the LST

software, it is necessary to enter the number of identical carriers for
each link type. For example, assume that a TDM/TDMA network is
transmitting 2 outbound carriers to all VSATs, and receiving 10 inbound
carriers from the VSATs. The numbers to enter will be “2” under the
hub-VSAT link 1, and “10” under the VSAT-hub link 2. Click on Done to
proceed.

The next window to open will ask you about the type of link analysis that
/LQN %XGJHW
$QDO\VLV 2SWLRQ
you want to perform. The two options are shown in Figure 6-14.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Figure 6-14. Analysis Type Window.
Select Analysis option 1:
• If the VSATs are distributed in a wide geographical area.
• If the VSAT uses mesh topology because it uses larger antennas.
Select Analysis option 2:
• If most of the VSATs are located within 50 km of the hub.

SEPTEMBER 1998

,QWHUSUHWLQJ WKH
A summary table with the results of the LST calculations is shown in
5HVXOWV
Figure 6-15. An interpretation of the information in the summary table
follows.
Figure 6-15. Summary Table with the Results from LST.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Carrier Performance By subtracting the C/N total threshold from C/N

total clear sky, the planner can see the margin for the carriers.
Margins Against Constraints This section summarizes the

performance against the ITU and IESS constraints. A negative value
means the e.i.r.p. is too large or the antenna is too small.
Total Lease Resource Usage:
Total e.i.r.p. Utilized This value shows the total satellite e.i.r.p. used
for all the carriers in a network.
Total e.i.r.p. Available Indicates the total e.i.r.p. available from the
transponder and for the leased bandwidth required.
Margin The difference between used and available e.i.r.p. A positive

value indicates that the network performance can be improved
(increasing the Eb/No requirement) to the point where the margin is
near zero. Alternately, additional traffic can be supported in the lease
resource.
Power Equivalent Bandwidth (PEB) A link can be limited by power or

bandwidth. If the link is limited by power, it means that the carriers
require more power from the satellite than what is available for the
carrier’s allocated bandwidth. I
If the link is limited by bandwidth, the PEB represents the actual carrier
allocated bandwidth. It may happen that the e.i.r.p. margin is a positive
value. The bandwidth margin will be zero.
Total Leased BW Required This represents the total bandwidth

needed for lease from INTELSAT to set up your network.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Because of power constraints in a hub-to-VSAT link, the link budgets

for VSAT networks are almost always power limited. In most

applications the VSAT service provider tries to reduce the satellite
+RZ WR 5HGXFH WKH
bandwidth to reduce the recurring operational costs.
5HTXLUHG /HDVHG
%DQGZLGWK
What actions can be taken to reduce the satellite bandwidth?
There are several steps to take to reduce the satellite-leased
bandwidth, all of which can be tested by reiterating the calculations in
the LST4x spreadsheet.
Factors Affecting the Required Satellite Bandwidth in Any
Network The factors that affect the bandwidth in any network are:
antenna sizes, carrier parameters, BER threshold, offered traffic, call
loss probability, efficiency of the multiple access protocol, and satellite
link availability.
Antenna Sizes The single most influential parameter in the LST

calculation is the antenna size. Antenna size is directly related to
antenna G/T. Antenna G/T is the determining factor to meet an Eb/No
performance. It defines the e.i.r.p. necessary from the satellite and
thus determines the bandwidth. The satellite bandwidth can be
reduced by increasing the VSAT antenna size and, thereby, its G/T.
Increasing the hub antenna diameter (and G/T) also reduces the
required bandwidth. Increasing the hub G/T generally has less impact
32
than increasing the VSAT antenna size .
Carrier Parameters Change the modulation scheme from QPSK to

BPSK, and use a higher FEC rate like FEC 1/2. If the application can
tolerate additional delay, include the Reed Solomon (RS) outer code,
or choose sequential decoding rather than Viterbi decoding for FEC.
However, RS cannot be used for bursty traffic. The use of RS with IBS
carriers with rates below 384 kbit/s is not recommended because of
the delay introduced to the data.
BER Threshold The BER threshold defines the service availability and
must be appropriately selected, taking into consideration the application
and it’s the sensitivity to errors. In voice systems, for example, a
threshold BER of 10-3 is considered adequate, while for data users a
typical value is 10-4. Moreover, BER translates into Eb/No, and Eb/No
changes with modulation scheme and FEC. The user must be careful to
use the right Eb/No value for the type of modulation and FEC used .
32
Notice that some manufacturers offer antennas with improved G/T, try using improved G/T at the VSAT and the
hub before increasing the antenna size.
33
This footnote has been changed to footnote 34.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Offered Traffic This parameter affects the number of satellite channels

required for a given network. Its value depends on a number of factors
including the traffic pattern during the peak busy hour (PBH) and the
tariff structure for the service. Reducing the offered traffic reduces the
number of carriers and, therefore, the required bandwidth. However, in
many cases, where operators introduce new services, the tendency is
to underestimate the traffic demand. Consequently, care should be
exercised in traffic dimensioning because underestimating the traffic will
lead to congestion.34
Efficiency of the Multiple-Access Protocol For data networks, rather

than reducing the offered traffic, the VSAT service provider can select a
multiple-access protocol with higher efficiency. For example Aloha
offers an efficiency of 18 percent while DA-TDMA offers an efficiency of
>80 percent. Greater efficiency requires fewer carriers.
For Voice Networks, the VSAT service provider can alter the voice
compression rate and the voice activation factor.
Voice Compression minimizes bandwidth requirements. DAMA

systems use voice compression without compromising the voice
quality. Compression rates at 4.8 kbit/s to 16 kbit/s per channel are
available and offer bandwidth savings.
Voice Activation. DAMA can employ Voice Activation (VOX), which

turns the carrier off during the pauses of a conversation. VOX reduces
the required bandwidth and, in pools of 100 channels or more, VOX
provides a net reduction of satellite power utilization of up to 2.2 dB. In
the LST program, to change value of VOX, change the value of cells
E73 through I73. Notice that 100 percent means that the carrier is
always “ON”. Typical voice activity factors range from 50 percent to 75
percent.
34
This phenomenon is recognized by the ITU-T in the annex to the Recommendation E.506.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Call Loss Probability This factor applies to voice networks and

defines the number of call attempts that will be dropped during the
PBH. If the call loss probability is high, the number of channels will be
lower than if the probability is low
Satellite Link Availability An easy way to reduce the satellite

bandwidth is by reducing the rain margin. Though it reduces the
satellite bandwidth, it also reduces the network availability. Table 6-5
contains a calculation of the number of hours in outage in a year as a
function of the availability. If the RF equipment includes Dynamic
Uplink Power Control (DPC), it is possible to reduce the rain margins,
while maintaining the availability. DPC increases the e.i.r.p. when the
Eb/No falls and, therefore, improves availability. However,
implementing DPC increased the overall equipment cost.
Activity Factor For the inbound carriers in a TDM/TDMA network, the

efficiency of the access protocol can be used as an activity factor in
cells E73 through I73.
Table 6-5. Hours in Outage per Availability Percentage.
AVAILABILITY 99.96% 99.90% 99.36% 99.00%

Number of hours in outage per 3.5 8.8 56.1 87.6
year
It is important to realize that all these factors interrelate. For example,

link availability can influence the call loss probability and will add to the
blockage. The VSAT service provider must carefully consider the
selection of these parameters.
Some users of LST may want to consider changing the Defaults to

reduce the bandwidth. The Defaults option allows users to change
values like the intermodulation, adjacent satellite interference (ASI),
terrestrial interference, and transponder backoff, among others.
Although the option is available, INTELSAT does not recommend
changing these values. The preset values presume the worst case
scenario and will ensure that the link performance meets the
requirements under the most stringent conditions.

SEPTEMBER 1998
To perform the discussed changes, go to the menu and select Enter

Data, and select Update, and follow the screen menus. (Refer to
Figure 6-3.)
There are two options for saving the LST output.
1) *.BWB File. A *.BWB is a complete workbook including macros,

databases, dialog boxes, etc.
6DYLQJ RU 5HWULHYLQJ
D )LOH
Select File/Save As to provide a new name to the file.
2) *.BDT File. This method is more efficient and only saves the users
input data. *.BDT files are much smaller than the *.BWB files. To
save your spreadsheet as *.BDT files:
Select File/Put Version; enter the file name and save.
To recover a *.BDT file you must have opened the *.BWB file.
Proceed to File/Get Version. Select desired *.BDT file name.
For customers who wish to obtain a rough estimate of the space

segment needed in a network, the following cookbook will prove a

useful starting point. INTELSAT strongly recommends that network
&DSDFLW\ operators do a complete LST analysis for their network. The tables in
&RRNERRN the cookbook include all the satellite series and were prepared with the
assumptions listed in Table 6-6.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 6-6. Capacity Cookbook Assumptions.
C-BAND LINKS KU-BAND LINKS

Pattern advantage: 2 dB Up / 2 dB Down 2 dB Up / 2 dB Down
Rain margin: 0.5 dB Up / 0.2 dB Down 3 dB Up / 2 dB Down
-7 -7
BER threshold 10 10
Eb/No (FEC 1/2) 6.2 dB 6.2 dB
Eb/No (FEC 3/4) 7.7 dB 7.7 dB
Transponder SFD INTELSAT VI = Low INTELSAT VI = Low
INTELSAT VII & VIII = -79 INTELSAT VII & VIII = -83
2 2
dBW/m dBW/m
Antennas diameter G/T (INTELSAT STD35) G/T (INTELSAT STD)
1.2 meter ---- 20.1 dB/K (K-2)
1.8 meter 15.1 dB/K (H-2) 24.1 dB/K (K-3)
2.4 meter 18.6 dB/K (H-3) 26.1 dB/K (E-1)
3.8 meter 22.8 dB/K (H-4) 29.0 dB/K (E-2)
4.5 meter 24.0 dB/K (F-1) 31.3 dB/K (E-2)
6.1 meter 27.0 dB/K (F-2) 34.3 dB/K (E-3)
7.2 meter 29.0 dB/K (F-3) 35.5 dB/K (E-3)
8.1 meter 30.7 dB/K (F-3) 36.5 dB/K (E-3)
35
Each antenna falls under the indicated INTELSAT antenna standard. These values of G/T do not indicate the G/T
requirements for the standard qualification. The G/T requirements are indicated in IESS 207 Rev. 2, table 1, for C-
band, and in IESS 208 Rev. 3, page 1, for Ku-band.
SEPTEMBER 1998
To calculate a bandwidth using the cookbook follow the procedures

below:
Select a beam.
Choose the PEB for the carriers in link 1 from the rates and
the antenna diameters (PEB1). If the rate is not available,
calculate it by scaling the 9.6, 64, or 512 kbit/s rates36.
Indicate the number of carriers for that link (N1).
Choose the PEB for the carrier in link 2 from the rates and the
hub antenna diameter (PEB2).
Indicate the number of carriers for that link (N2).
Calculate the total PEB as follows:

PEBT = PEB1 × N 1 + PEB2 × N 2
Round the total PEB value to the nearest 100 KHz value.
Calculate the total occupied bandwidth in the same manner,
but rather than using the carrier PEB, use the allocated
bandwidth value. Round the value to the nearest 100 KHz.
For BPSK carriers use the indicated PEB, but double the
allocated BW.

BWT = BW1 × N 1 + BW2 × N 2
The larger value of PEBT or BW T will be the leased bandwidth.

Example:
Estimate the leased bandwidth for a VSAT network using Ku-band in

an INTELSAT VII. The network will have 2 x 128 kbit/s outbound
carriers and 12 x 64 kbit/s inbound carriers. The antenna sizes will be
1.2 m for the VSAT and 6.1 m for the hub.
36
For example, a rate of 384 Kbits/s is 64x6. Therefore the value for 64 can be scaled to 384 by multiplying them by
6.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Assuming that Spot beam 3 provides the coverage, (refer to Table 6-

19), the results are as follows.
PEB for 2 x 128 kbit/s FEC 1/2 and 1.2 m VSAT = (0.38 MHz) x 2 =
0.76 MHz.
PEB for 12 x 64 kbit/s FEC 3/4 and 6.1 m hub = (0.06 MHz) x 12 =
0.72 MHz.
PEBT= 0.76 MHz + 0.772 MHz = 1.48 MHz ~ 1.5 MHz.
Allocated bandwidth for 2 x 128 kbit/s = (0.18 MHz) x 2 = 0.36 MHz.
Allocated bandwidth for 12 x 64 kbit/s = (0.059 MHz) x 12 = 0.70 MHz.
BW T + 0.36 MHz + 0.70 MHz = 1.06 MHz ~ 1.1 MHz.
PEBT = 1.5 MHz > BW T = 1.1 MHz.
The leased bandwidth can be estimated to be around 1.5 MHz.

SEPTEMBER 1998
INTELSAT VI Satellite Series:

Power Equivalent Bandwidth and Allocated Bandwidth for QPSK Carriers on
INTELSAT VI Satellites.
Table 6-7. ZONE and HEMI Beams (FEC 1/2).

INTELSAT VI
CARRIER 9.6 KBIT/S 16 KBIT/S 64 KBIT/S 512 KBIT/S
1.8 m 0.23 0.38 1.52 12.17
2.4 m 0.1 0.17 0.69 5.49
3.8 m 0.04 0.07 0.27 2.15
4.5 m 0.03 0.05 0.21 1.65
6.1 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.88
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.6
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.43
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

INTELSAT VI
1.8 m 0.39 0.64 2.57 20.56
2.4 m 0.17 0.29 1.16 9.27
3.8 m 0.07 0.11 0.45 3.63
4.5 m 0.05 0.09 0.35 2.79
6.1 m 0.03 0.05 0.18 1.48
7.2 m 0.02 0.03 0.13 1.01
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.72
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779
Table 6-9. EAST SPOT Beam (FEC 1/2).

INTELSAT VI
1.2 m 0.04 0.06 0.25 1.98
1.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.85
2.4 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.58
3.8 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.35
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.25
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.18
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.16
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.15
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 6-10. EAST SPOT Beam (FEC 3/4).

INTELSAT VI
1.2 m 0.05 0.09 0.35 2.83
1.8 m 0.02 0.04 0.15 1.22
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.83
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.51
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.36
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.25
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.23
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.21
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779
Table 6-11. WEST SPOT Beam (FEC 1/2).

INTELSAT VI
1.2 m 0.04 0.06 0.25 1.98
1.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.85
2.4 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.58
3.8 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.35
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.25
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.18
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.16
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.15
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168
Table 6-12. WEST SPOT Beam (FEC 3/4).

INTELSAT VI
1.2 m 0.05 0.09 0.35 2.83
1.8 m 0.02 0.04 0.15 1.22
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.83
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.51
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.36
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.25
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.23
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.21
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779

SEPTEMBER 1998
INTELSAT VII Satellite Series:

Power Equivalent Bandwidth and Allocated Bandwidth for QPSK Carriers
on INTELSAT VII Satellites.

INTELSAT VII
1.8 m 0.11 0.18 0.73 5.86
2.4 m 0.05 0.09 0.35 2.81
3.8 m 0.02 0.04 0.15 1.2
4.5 m 0.02 0.03 0.12 0.97
6.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.56
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.44
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.37
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

INTELSAT VII
1.8 m 0.17 0.29 1.16 9.26
2.4 m 0.08 0.14 0.54 4.35
3.8 m 0.04 0.06 0.24 1.89
4.5 m 0.03 0.05 0.19 1.53
6.1 m 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.88
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.69
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.58
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779
Table 6-15. SPOT 1 Beam (FEC 1/2).

INTELSAT VII
1.2 m 0.03 0.05 0.21 1.7
1.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.86
2.4 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.65
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.45
4.5 m 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.38
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.33
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.32
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.31
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

SEPTEMBER 1998

INTELSAT VII
1.2 m 0.05 0.08 0.31 2.47
1.8 m 0.02 0.04 0.16 1.25
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.12 0.95
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.66
4.5 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.55
6.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.52
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.5
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.49
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779

INTELSAT VII
1.2 m 0.04 0.06 0.26 2.04
1.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.13 1.01
2.4 m 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.76
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.52
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.43
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.39
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.38
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.37
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

INTELSAT VII
1.2 m 0.06 0.09 0.37 2.97
1.8 m 0.03 0.05 0.18 1.47
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.14 1.1
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.75
4.5 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.62
6.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.57
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.55
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.53
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779

SEPTEMBER 1998

INTELSAT VII
1.2 m 0.03 0.05 0.19 1.53
1.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.1 0.79
2.4 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.62
3.8 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.44
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.38
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.36
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.35
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.34
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

INTELSAT VII
1.2 m 0.04 0.07 0.28 2.22
1.8 m 0.02 0.04 0.14 1.15
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.9
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.64
4.5 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.55
6.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.52
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.5
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.49
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779
Table 6-21. C-SPOT Beam (FEC 1/2).

INTELSAT VII
1.8 m 0.03 0.05 0.21 1.65
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.85
3.8 m 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.45
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.39
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.28
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.26
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.24
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 6-22. C-SPOT Beam (FEC 3/4).

INTELSAT VII
1.8 m 0.05 0.08 0.32 2.54
2.4 m 0.02 0.04 0.16 1.31
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.69
4.5 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.6
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.42
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.41
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.37
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779

SEPTEMBER 1998
INTELSAT VIII Satellite Series:

Power Equivalent Bandwidth and Allocated Bandwidth for QPSK Carriers
on INTELSAT VIII Satellites.

INTELSAT VIII
1.8 m 0.09 0.15 0.59 4.72
2.4 m 0.04 0.07 0.28 2.28
3.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.13 1.06
4.5 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.88
6.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.55
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.46
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.4
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

INTELSAT VIII
1.8 m 0.14 0.23 0.91 7.26
2.4 m 0.07 0.11 0.44 3.51
3.8 m 0.03 0.05 0.2 1.63
4.5 m 0.03 0.04 0.17 1.35
6.1 m 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.84
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.7
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.61
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779

INTELSAT VIII
1.2 m 0.04 0.07 0.28 2.27
1.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.14 1.11
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.83
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.56
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.46
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.39
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.37
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.36
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

SEPTEMBER 1998

INTELSAT VIII
1.2 m 0.06 0.1 0.41 3.26
1.8 m 0.03 0.05 0.2 1.6
2.4 m 0.02 0.04 0.15 1.19
3.8 m 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.8
4.5 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.66
6.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.6
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.58
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.56
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779

INTELSAT VIII
1.2 m 0.04 0.07 0.28 2.27
1.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.14 1.11
2.4 m 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.83
3.8 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.56
4.5 m 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.46
6.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.39
7.2 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.37
8.1 m 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.36
Allocated BW 0.0134 0.0224 0.0896 0.7168

INTELSAT VIII
1.2 m 0.06 0.1 0.41 3.26
1.8 m 0.03 0.05 0.2 1.6
2.4 m 0.02 0.04 0.15 1.19
3.8 m 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.8
4.5 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.66
6.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.6
7.2 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.58
8.1 m 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.56
Allocated BW 0.009 0.0149 0.0597 0.4779

SEPTEMBER 1998

SEPTEMBER 1998
Chapter 7 - ITU Recommendations and International Regulations Page - 107
&+$37(5
7+( ,78 5(&200(1'$7,216 $1'
,17(51$7,21$/ 5(*8/$7,216
Efforts to standardize the VSAT market at the level of applications and

protocols have, by enlarge, been unsuccessful. Each VSAT vendor
offers a proprietary product that operates as a closed network.
However, there are several regulations that apply to the radio portion
of VSATs and these are reviewed in this chapter.
,78
The ITU, specifically Study Group 4 Task Group TG 4/2, has produced
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV
documents and recommendations on VSAT topics that are intended to
serve as guidelines for countries planning to prepare licensing
procedures. This Section presents an overview of the major issues.

ITU-R Recommendation S.725 includes a general description of
*HQHUDO
VSATs. Generally, VSAT networks are closed, have dedicated
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV applications, and have one, or a set, of compatible applications.
5HF ,785 VSATs are usually located at the end-user premises. Any given region
6 or country tends to have many VSAT installations. Some VSAT E/S
facilities are shared. Antenna diameters are typically no more than 2.4
m, but some larger dishes are justifiable. It is usually assumed that
digital modulation is used, that FEC coding is applied, and always
beneficial, and that the information bit rate has a range from 4.8 Kbit/s
to less than 2 Mbit/s. Low-power RF transmitters are used, consistent
with economy and safety.
Recommendation S.725 notes that new recommendations are being

considered by Study Group 4 Task Group TG 4/3. The new
recommendations consider the connection of VSAT to public switched
SEPTEMBER 1998
networks (PSTN, PSPDN, ISDN), and will likely include interfaces,

protocols, and compatibility issues. Several drafts of the new
recommendations have been prepared for future approval.

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ RQ Recommendation S.726-1 describes the requirements to protect the
6SXULRXV (PLVVLRQV terrestrial and satellite radio services from interference, and deals with
5HF ,785 6 limits on spurious emissions. The limits set forth in Recommendation
726-1 are summarized in Figure 7.1.
Notice that the off-axis spurious emissions limits are given for any 100
KHz band at off-axis angles > 7 degrees. The on-axis spurious limit is
4 dBW in any 4 KHz band.
Spurious emissions limit -- Carrier ON

Spurious emissions limit -- Carrier OFF 67 dBpW / 100 kHz
61 dBpW / 100 kHz
55 dBpW / 100 kHz 60 dBpW / 100 kHz
49 dBpW / 100 kHz 54 dBpW / 100 kHz
48 dBpW / 100 kHz
0.96 3.4 10.7 21.2 40 GHz
Figure 7-1. Limits for Off-Axis Spurious Emissions.

SEPTEMBER 1998

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQ RQ To enable frequency reuse by use of dual polarization, cross-
&URVV3RODUL]DWLRQ polarization isolation is an important factor to consider for VSATs. The
,VRODWLRQ ratio of the on-axis co-polar gain to the cross-polar gain of the antenna
5HF ,785 6 in the transmit frequency band should not be less than 25 dB. This
ratio must be maintained within the 0.3 dB contour of the main beam.
For angles away from the 0.3 dB contour, the ratio must be better than
20 dB. These requirements are covered in Rec. ITU-R S.727.

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV Recommendation S.728 tightens the off-axis e.i.r.p. value of Rec.
RQ 2II$[LV HLUS ITU-R S.524. The reason for the tightening is to further protect services
5HF ,785 6 in adjacent satellites. Only Ku-band systems are covered in S.728.
VSAT Earth stations operating in the fixed-satellite services in the 14

GHz frequency band should be designed in such a manner that at any
angle ϕ off the main lobe axis of an Earth station antenna, the e.i.r.p.
density in any direction within 3 degrees of the geostationary satellite
orbit should not exceed the following values:
ANGLE OFF- MAXIMUM E.I.R.P. DENSITY PER 40 KHz

AXIS
o o
2.5 ≤ ϕ ≤ 7 33-25 log ϕ (dBW/40 KHz)
o o
7 < ϕ ≤ 9.2 12 (dBW/40 KHz)
o o
9.2 < ϕ ≤ 48 36-25 log ϕ (dBW/40 KHz)
o
> 48 -6 (dBW/40 KHz)
In addition, the cross-polarized component in any direction ⊥ degrees

from the antenna main lobe axis should not exceed the following limits:
ANGLE OFF-AXIS MAXIMUM E.I.R.P. DENSITY PER 40 KHz

o o
2.5 ≤ ϕ ≤ 7 23-25 log ϕ (dBW/40 KHz)
o
7 < ϕ ≤ 9.2° 2 (dBW/40 KHz)

SEPTEMBER 1998
For networks operating in regions with satellite separation of 2

degrees, the off-axis e.i.r.p. must be reduced by 8 dB. To achieve this
reduction in off-axis e.i.r.p., the manufacturers are working intensely on
developing new VSAT antennas that achieve better radiation patterns.

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV This recommendation suggests the use of a network control center that
RQ &RQWURO DQG inhibits the VSAT transmission during initial start up, after a “parameter
0RQLWRULQJ change” command, or when a fault condition or malfunction is
)XQFWLRQV detected. Moreover, the network control center must monitor the
5HF ,785 6 performance of the VSAT during normal operations and must detect
the status of the VSAT.

ETSI, the European Standards body has issued seven standards on
(XURSHDQ
VSATs, in three broad categories.
6WDQGDUGV
1) General specifications of VSATs
ETS 300 157*: "Receive-only Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs)
used for data distribution operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency bands";
ETS 300 159*: "Transmit/receive Very Small Aperture Terminals

(VSATs) used for data communications operating in the Fixed-Satellite
Service (FSS) 11/12/14 GHz frequency bands".
ETS 300 333: "Receive-only Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs)

used for data distribution operating in the 4 GHz frequency band";
ETS 300 332: "Transmit/receive Very Small Aperture Terminals

(VSATs) used for data communications operating in the Fixed Satellite
Services (FSS) 6 GHz and 4 GHz frequency bands".
2) Control and monitoring of VSATs

ETS 300 160*: "Control and monitoring at a Very Small Aperture
Terminal (VSAT)";
ETS 300 161*: "Centralized control and monitoring for VSAT

networks".
3) Interconnection of VSATs to terrestrial networks

SEPTEMBER 1998
ETS 300 194: "The interconnection of VSAT systems to Packet

Switched Public Data Networks (PSPDNs)".
Those recommendations marked with an asterisk (*) were approved as

of 1995.

The INTELSAT Earth Station Standards (IESS) documents define the
,17(/6$7
requirements of Earth stations and services operating in the INTELSAT
6WDQGDUGV
system.

7\SH$SSURYHG INTELSAT has granted type approval to specific C- and Ku-band Earth
96$7V stations37. The use of type-approved antennas for VSAT networks is
strongly encouraged. The use of such stations avoids the time and
cost of antenna verification testing on every antenna in the network.
The requirements and test procedures to certify an antenna as ‘Type
Approved’ are described in the SSOG-220.

,17(/6$7 INTELSAT has released Revision 6 to IESS-309 that extends the
%XVLQHVV 6HUYLFHV IRU popular INTELSAT Business Service (IBS) to VSAT Earth station
96$7V 96$7 ,%6 Standards H and K. (See IESS 207 and 208.)
37
A list of this equipment is available on the INTELSAT Internet site, under “Technical Information/Earth Stations”.
SEPTEMBER 1998

SEPTEMBER 1998
Chapter 8 - VSAT Case Studies Page - 113
&+$37(5
&$6( 678',(6 2) 96$7 $33/,&$7,216 $1'
6(59,&(6
The following case studies illustrate how well the INTELSAT system
works for VSAT network applications. These case studies also
demonstrate some of the technical tradeoffs necessary when
translating user requirements into a network design. Each case study
presents the user requirements, the service provider's concerns,
design trade-offs, and the results.

This case study is for the establishment of a VSAT network for a
&DVH 6WXG\
financial organization in the Pacific Rim.
96$7 )LQDQFLDO
1HWZRUN User Requirements
The client wants to interconnect 125 widely separated branch offices

with the organization’s headquarters. Rooftop antennas are needed for
each branch office. The minimum services requested are: financial
account inquiries, batch file transfer, electronic mail, and remote
printing. The service requirements are detailed in Table 8-1. Traffic will
be divided equally between each of the branch offices.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 8-1. Summary of User’s Requirements.
SERVICE TYPE AVERAGE # OF TRANSACTIONS INBOUND OUTBOUND RESPONSE

TRANSACTIONS PER MINUTE IN (CHARACTERS) (CHARACTERS) TIME
PER DAY BUSY HOUR (SECONDS)
Financial traffic 880 125 500 500 3
File transfer 1 5 250,000 500 120
E-mail 500 15 500 500 60
Remote printing 500 15 500 500 120
Design Considerations
The design will begin by considering the star topology and how Ku-
band will comply with the stipulation of rooftop antennas. The initial
antenna sizes will be 1.2 and 4.5 meters for, respectively, the VSATs
and the hub. To minimize the bandwidth requirement, the availability
will be 99.6 percent and a BER performance of 10-8.
Now, we need to convert the information in Table 8-1 into bits per
seconds and carriers.
Table 8-2 shows the result of converting the transaction during the
PBH into bits per second.
Table 8-2. Calculated Information Rate during the PBH.
SERVICE TYPE INBOUND RATE OUTBOUND NETWORK PEAK

(BIT/S) RATE (BIT/S) RATE (BIT/S)
Financial traffic 8,333 8,333 16,667
File transfer 166,666 8,333 167,000
E-mail 1,000 1,000 2,000
Remote printing 1,000 1,000 2,000
TOTAL traffic (bit/s) 176,999 18,666 187,667

SEPTEMBER 1998
To calculate the number of carriers, we needed to make some traffic

calculations. The following assumptions will be used for the
calculations.
For the inbound carrier, the efficiency of the satellite access

protocol will be 25 percent for interactive information and 75
percent for non-interactive file transfers and remote printing.
This efficiency assumes the use of DA-TDMA.
The protocol efficiency for the outbound carrier will be 85
percent.
The carrier rate is 64 Kbit/s for the inbound and outbound
carriers.
The number of carriers is calculated as 5 x 64 Kbit/s for the inbound
link and 1 x 64 Kbit/s for the outbound link. These carriers are
calculated following the guidelines given in Chapter 4. Notice that,
even though the file transfer protocol (FTP) provides a better
efficiency, the file transfer still drives the network size by consuming 87
percent of the inbound capacity.
Satellite Link and Equipment Dimensioning
The link is set up in the Spot 3, Ku-band capacity on INTELSAT 701

satellite located at 180.0 degrees East.
The LST gives the following results.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Satellite bandwidth to lease: 0.70 MHz

Carriers’ allocated bandwidth: 0.63 MHz
38
Minimum SSPA for 4.5 m antenna: 40 Watts
Minimum SSPA for 1.2 m antenna: 1 Watt
Antenna transmit gain: 54.6 dBi for 4.5m
43.1 dBi for 1.2 m
Earth station pattern advantage: 2 dB in the Uplink
2 dB in the Downlink
Antenna G/T: 31.5 dB/K for 4.5 m
20.1 dB/K for 1.2 m
Uplink margin: 4 dB
Downlink margin: 2 dB
-7
Eb/No for BER = 1 x 10 6.5 dB
Carrier modulation scheme: BPSK Outbound
QPSK Inbound
Number of carriers: 1 Outbound
5 Inbound
Carrier allocated bandwidth: 0.18 MHz for the BPSK

0.9 MHz for the QPSK
38
A 20-watt SSPA at the hub will allow future expansion. The actual power needed for the VSAT link
at its initial stage is about 1 watt.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Tradeoff Possibilities
Several parameters affect equipment size, network performance, and

satellite bandwidth. Those parameters must be selected after a trade-
off. A brief discussion follows.
What if the file transfer is done during non-peak hours?
As expressed before, the network size in the inbound traffic direction is

driven by the file transfer traffic. By limiting the file transfer to non-peak
hours and assigning only one file transfer to the PBH, the number of
carriers can be reduced to 3 x 64 Kbit/s inbound carriers. The leased
bandwidth can be reduced to 0.6 MHz.
What if the client is willing to reduce the BER threshold to 1 x 10-5

but needs an availability of 99.9 percent?
The Eb/No to get a BER equal to 1 x 10-5 is 5.1 dB. The availability is
expressed in rain margins; by increasing the availability to 99.9 percent
the rain margins must increase to 7 dB in the uplink, and 4 dB in the
downlink. The change results in an increase in the leased bandwidth39
to 1 MHz. Notice that the clear sky BER will be better than 1 x 10-11 .
What if the hub antenna is 3.7 meters instead of 4.5 meters?
If the antenna size changes to 3.7 meters, assuming an availability of

99.6 percent, a BER threshold of 1 x 10-7, and 5 inbound carriers, the
leased bandwidth will increase to 0.8 MHz. The increment in bandwidth
is due to the reduction in G/T at the hub. We are reducing from 31.5
dB/K (for the 4.5-meter antenna) to 29.0 dB/K (for the 3.7-meter
antenna).
What if there are no facilities to interconnect the VSAT hub to the

client’s host computer?
If the terrestrial facilities to interconnect the network hub to the client’s

host are unavailable, the VSAT service provider can implement the link
using another VSAT at the client’s host premises. This link can be
sized according to the client’s traffic and will operate in a permanent
mode. Assuming that the network hub to the client’s premises uses a
64 Kbit/s duplex link, the increment in leased bandwidth will be 0.3
MHz.
39
This bandwidth still assumes that there are only three inbound carriers.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Notice that we assumed the conditions established in the previous

paragraph. (Refer to Figure 8-1.)
64 kbit/s permanent links

Customer's
protocol 64 kbit/s TDM/TDMA links
Client's Host or Server
V
B
P
TERMINALS
H
FEP B
E
V
B
P
VIRTUAL
TERMINALS VIRTUAL
VSAT NETWORK FEP
With satellite efficient
Customer's
data protocol protocol
Figure 8-1. Block Diagram of a VSAT Network Using a Satellite Link for the Hub-to-Host Link.

SEPTEMBER 1998

This case examines the implementation of a rural communications
&DVH 6WXG\
network. The case will examine its implementation using C-band and
96$7V IRU 5XUDO
will discuss several tradeoffs to improve the network performance.
&RPPXQLFDWLRQV
User Requirements
A VSAT network is needed to provide economic telephony services in

a country in Central Asia. The network will provide 2 to 4 channels per
site, and will grow from 75 nodes to 500 nodes over a 2-year period.
The network must allow connection from the VSATs to two major cities
(A and B) using single hop. Remote to remote connectivity will be
allowed using double hop. The double hop channels will be switched at
the station in city A. City A will handle 60 percent of the traffic from the
VSATs and the remaining 40 percent will terminate at city B. In
addition, 10 channels are required for intercity traffic between cities A
and B. The central station at City A will provide the network
management and control facilities.
Network Design Considerations
The network must employ digital voice at 9.6 Kbit/s to save satellite
bandwidth and provide good quality. For this traffic SCPC/DAMA
would be used. The links will use a C-band transponder in the Zone
beam of the INTELSAT APR-1 satellite located at 83.0 degrees E.
The design will consider VSAT dishes of 1.8m for the remote sites, and
4.5m antennas for the two large cities. Figure 8-2 presents a block
diagram of this network. The user’s telephone can be connected either
directly to the Earth station facility or through a PBX.

SEPTEMBER 1998
CENTRAL SITE 2
SITE 1
TRAFFIC BETWEEN CITIES
TRAFFIC FROM / TO VSATS
Figure 8-2. SCPC/DAMA Network Topology.
To reduce the space segment requirement, voice activation will be

used with an activity factor of 50 percent. The threshold BER is
selected at 10-4 because this is a voice-only network intended to
provide an economical service. The links between large antennas will
have an availability of 99.8 percent while the links to the VSATs will
operate at 99.5 percent.
Table 8-3. Link Types and Networks for Telephony Service.
LINK TYPE VSAT - HUB HUB - HUB HUB - VSAT

Transmit station 1.8 m 4.5 m 4.5 m
Receive station 4.5 m 4.5 m 1.8 m
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK
FEC coding 1/2 3/4 1/2

SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 8-4. Network Dimensioning.
INITIAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2

INSTALLATION
Number of VSAT terminals 75 300 500
Number of 2-channel terminals 35 150 200
Number of 4-channel terminals 40 150 300
Total number of remote channels 230 900 1600
40
Erlangs per channel 0.1 0.15 0.2
Erlangs per network 23 135 320
41
Number of satellite channels 30 139 322
Number of channels to the main station 28 93 203
(60 percent)
Number of channels for the site 2 22 66 136
(40 percent)
The link is set up in the C-band capacity on the INTELSAT APR-1

satellite located at 83.0 degrees East. The LST calculation gives the
following results. (See Table 8-5.)
40
The planned increment in the erlangs per channel is due to the fact that the channel occupancy
will grow with the introduction of the VSAT network to new areas.
41
Calculated assuming a probability of loss of 5 percent.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Table 8-5. LST Result for Case Study 2.
INITIAL YEAR 1 YEAR 2

INSTALLATION
Satellite bandwidth to lease: 1.6 MHz 6.0 MHz 13.5 MHz
Carriers’ allocated bandwidth: 1.6 MHz 6.0 MHz 13.5 MHz
Minimum SSPA for 4.5 m antenna: 150 watts, to accommodate traffic of Year 2
Minimum SSPA for 1.8 m antennas with 2 1 watt
channels:
Minimum SSPA for 1.8 m antennas with 4 2 watts
channels:
Antenna transmit gain: 47.8 dBi for 4.5 m antenna
39.9 dBi for 1.8 m antenna
Earth station pattern advantage: 2 dB Up and 2 dB down
Antenna G/T: 24.1 dB/K for the 4.5 m
15.1 dB/K for the 1.8 m
Uplink margin: 1 dB
Downlink margin: 0.5 dB
-4
Carrier modulation scheme: QPSK
FEC rate 1/2 Viterbi decoding
Reduction of Satellite Bandwidth
The LST results indicate that the downlink power margin is 3 dB. This
positive margin indicates that the network is bandwidth-limited, and
that the bandwidth can only be reduced if the number of required
satellite channels is reduced. To reduce the bandwidth, the VSAT
service provider could consider reducing the erlangs per line. The
reduction will cut the number of carriers and the bandwidth as a result.
However, customers may not accept the resulting blockage increase.

SEPTEMBER 1998
What if the size of the antenna in Cities A & B is 3.7 meters?
The size of the antennas can be reduced to 3.7 meters without

increasing the satellite bandwidth. This takes advantage of the fact that
the network has power margin in the downlink. However, the reduction
on hub G/T will require that the 2-channel VSATs use a 2-watt SSPA
and that the 4-channel VSAT use a 5-watt SSPA. The power
requirement at the 3.8 antennas will increase to 250 watts.
What if other values for VOX are used?
VOX can be used to further reduce the satellite bandwidth on power-

limited networks. However, because this network is bandwidth-limited,
changing the VOX values will not reduce the satellite resource.
Finally, because the link is bandwidth-limited, the VSAT service

provider must avoid the use of BPSK because it is not bandwidth-
efficient. BPSK would be needed only if the on-axis emission
constrains are exceeded.
The outcome of this case study shows that the INTELSAT APR-1
satellite is well suited to handle VSAT services, and to allow the
customers to use the smallest dishes possible.

SEPTEMBER 1998

This case study shows the feasibility of implementing asymmetric
&DVH 6WXG\
Internet links via satellite.
,QWHUQHW 6HUYLFHV
YLD ,17(/6$7
User Requirement
The user requirement is to extend Internet access to 12 sites in

Eastern Europe. Each site will have access to the European backbone
via asymmetric links. The link from Europe to Eastern Europe will be a
512 Kbit/s carrier and the return link from the 12 sites will be 64 Kbit/s.
Network Design Considerations
Of particular significance is the asymmetry of the link, the size of the

central antenna, and the rate of the outbound carrier. The fact that the
carriers are permanent and that only 12 remote antennas are needed
make this case a candidate for VSAT IBS. To compare both services,
the network resources will be calculated using LST and the VSAT IBS
parameters. The BER threshold is 10-8.
The links will use QPSK and FEC 1/2 with Viterbi decoding for the LST
calculation. For the VSAT IBS parameters, the links will use BPSK in
the outbound and FEC 1/2 with sequential decoding.
The network will be set up using the Ku-band Spot 1 beam of

INTELSAT 705 located at 342 degrees E.
The network is depicted in Figure 8-3.

SEPTEMBER 1998
BEAM EDGE MODEM
COVERAGE FOR Satellite Earth Station

(VSAT - Remote Site)
INTELSAT 705 SPOT 1
FRAME RELAY
ACCESS DEVICE
(FRAD)
ROUTER
Ethernet LAN
LOCAL USERS
PSTN
COMM SERVER
INTERNET SERVER
Satellite Earth Station

(Hub Site)
Ethernet LAN
REMOTE INTERNET
ROUTER ROUTER
SERVICE PROVIDER
SERVER LOCAL MANAGEMENT
Figure 8-3. Coverage Map and Block Diagram of the Internet Network.
The link must have an availability of 99.96 percent. The services will
be multiplexed in the outbound carrier, and the asymmetry makes the
service highly cost effective in comparison with terrestrial alternatives.
The link is set up using the Ku-band capacity of the Spot-1 beam on
INTELSAT 705 located at 342 degrees E. The LST gives the following
results.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Satellite bandwidth to lease: 3.5 MHz

Carriers’ allocated bandwidth: 1.79 MHz
42
Antenna transmit gain: 49.2 dBi for 2.4 m
46.7 dBi for 1.8 m
Earth station pattern advantage: 2 dB in the Uplink
2 dB in the Downlink
Antenna G/T: 26.1 dB/K for 2.4 m
24.1 dB/K for 1.8 m
Uplink margin (availability 99.96 3.5 dB
percent):
Downlink margin (availability 99.96 2 dB
percent):
-8
Carrier modulation scheme: QPSK outbound and inbound
Carrier rate: 512 Kbit/s outbound
64 Kbit/s inbound
FEC Rate ½, Viterbi O/BRate ½,
sequential I/B
Number of carriers: 1 Inbound

12 Outbound
What if Viterbi decoding is changed to sequential decoding?
The use of FEC 1/2 with sequential decoding improves the link
performance by 1.2 dB in comparison with the FEC 1/2 and Viterbi
decoding. So by choosing sequential decoding the VSAT service
provider can reduce the space segment to 2.5 MHz while keeping the
BER performance.
42
A 40-watt SSPA will allow future expansion. The maximum carrier rate with a 40 watts SSPA will be
2048 kbit/s. The actual power needed for the 512 kbit/s link is about 8 watts.
SEPTEMBER 1998
What if the VSAT IBS carriers are used?
The VSAT service provider can choose to use the VSAT IBS
parameters for the VSAT network and will get the following benefits.
A. The network performance is guaranteed by INTELSAT

in 1 x 10-8. The clear sky BER will surpass 1 x 10-10.
B. The carriers will use either FEC ½, Viterbi decoding,
concatenated with Reed Solomon or FEC ½, sequential
decoding, and no R-S outer coding.
C. The charges will be carrier-based.
D. The space segment cost will be reduced by 16 percent
compared to the lease cost.
E. The service provider need not engineer the link.
The equipment size remains within the previously calculated values.
Comments to the Implementation of an Internet Network
INTELSAT is actively involved in the development of advance products

for the Internet. INTELSAT has participated in the development of
several enhancements to the TCP/IP suite of protocols. The
enhancements are the multicasting protocol, the quick start algorithm,
and the asymmetrical links. These enhancements improve the
performance of the Internet.
These initiatives are undertaken to help the industry and service

providers cope with the enormous increase in Internet traffic by
ensuring that the Internet operates smoothly over satellite.
Finally, the adoption of the extension of IBS to VSATs was the last
stitch needed to provide customers with off-the-shelf and standardized
solutions that allow swift implementation of services.

SEPTEMBER 1998
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SEPTEMBER 1998
Page - 129
Appendix A.
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

SEPTEMBER 1998
Page - 130

SEPTEMBER 1998
Appendix A. List of Acronyms Page - 131
$SSHQGL[ $ /LVW RI $FURQ\PV DQG $EEUHYLDWLRQV
These acronyms and abbreviations are typically used in the telecommunication industry43.
COMPANY AND ENTITY NAMES AND USAGE

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FCC Federal Communications Commission (USA)
INTELSAT INternational TELecommunications SATellite organization
ITU International Telecommunications Union
ITU-R International Telecommunications Union – Radio committee
ITU-TS International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Sector
WRC World Radio Communication conference (ITU)
TECHNICAL TERMS
2B + D Basic rate ISDN channel (2x64 + 16 Kb/s)
8-PSK Octal Phase Shift Keying
16-PSK 16-ary Phase Shift Keying
ADCCP Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol
ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse-Code Modulation
AFC Automatic Frequency Control
AGC Automatic Gain Control
AM Amplitude Modulation
ARQ Automatic ReQuest for retransmission
ATPC Automatic Transmit Power Control
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
AzEl Elevation over Azimuth
BBP BaseBand Processor (payload)
BCH Bose, Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem (coding)
BCM Block-Coded Modulation
BER Bit Error Ratio
BERT Bit Error Ratio Tester
B-ISDN Broadband ISDN
BISYNC BInary SYNchronous Communication
BLER Block Error Radio
43
Taken with permission, from A Guide to Some Acronyms & Abbreviations, published by W.L. Pritchard & Co., Inc.,
available from http:/www.WLPCO.com.
SEPTEMBER 1998
BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying

CAS Channel Associated Signaling
C-band 4,000 MHz - 8,000 MHz
CCS Common Channel Signaling
CDM Code Division Multiplexing
CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access
CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction
C/I Carrier-to-Intermodulation ratio
C/N Carrier-to-Noise power ratio
C/No Carrier power to Noise density ratio
CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
CODEC COder/DECoder
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
CSC Common Signalling Channel
C/T Carrier power to system Temperature ratio
CW Continuous Wave
D/C Down Converter
DA Demand Assignment
DA-FDMA Demand Assignment-Frequency Division Multiple Access
DA-TDMA Demand Assignment-Time Division Multiple Access
DAMA Demand Assignment Multiple Access
dB deciBel
DCPSK Differential enCoding Coherent PSK
DOS Disk Operating System
DPSK Differential encoding Phase-Shift-Keying with non-coherent detection
DS Direct Sequence
DS-0 Data Stream (voice channel at 64 Kb/s)
DS-1 Data Stream (24 DS-0 multiplexed)
DS-3 Data Stream - 3 (45 Mb/s)
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access
DSI Digital Speech Interpolation
DTE Data Terminal Equipment
E1 European equivalent of DS-1; 30 DS-0 multiplexed (2048 Kbit/s)
E3 16 E1s
Eb/No Energy per bit to Noise density ratio
e.i.r.p. effective isotropic radiated power (also EIRP)
FDM Frequency-Division Multiplexing

SEPTEMBER 1998
FDMA Frequency-Division Multiple Access

FEC Forward Error Correction
FFSK Fast Frequency Shift Keying
FR Frame Relay
FRAD Frame Relay Access Device
FSK Frequency-Shift Keying
FSS Fixed Satellite Service
FTP File Transfer Protocol
GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit
GHz GigaHertz
GIF Graphics Interface Format
GII Global Information Infrastructure
G/T Gain to system Temperature ratio
HDLC High-level Data Link Control
HDSL High Speed Digital Subscriber Loop
HPA High-Power Amplifier
HPF HighPass Filter
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
IAPP Inter Access Point Protocol
IBS INTELSAT Business Service
IDR Intermediate Data Rate (INTELSAT)
IF Intermediate Frequency
IM InterModulation product
IOT In-Orbit Tests
IP Internet Protocol; Internal Protocol
IPX Internet Packet eXchange
IRR Internal Rate of Return
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference
ISP Internet Service Provider
K-band 18 GHz - 27 GHz
Ka-band 27 GHz - 40 GHz
kb/s kilobits per second
Ku-band 12 GHz - 18 GHz
kV kiloVolts
LAN Local Area Network
LEO Low Earth Orbit

SEPTEMBER 1998
LHCP Left-Hand Circular Polarization

LIN-SSPA LINearized Solid State Power Amplifier
LIN-TWTA LINearized Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LNB Low Noise Block
LNC Low Noise Converter
LO Local Oscillator
Mb/s Megabits per second
MCPC Multiple Channel Per Carrier
MHz MegaHertz
MODEM MOdulator/DEModulator
MPEG-2 Motion Picture Experts Group, standard #2
MSK Minimum Shift Keying
MTBF Mean Time Between Failures
MTTF Mean Time To Failure
NAK Negative AcKnowledgment
NCC Network Control Center
NPR Noise Power Ratio
NPV Net Present Value
OOK On/Off Keying (modulation)
OQPSK Offset Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
OSI Open Systems Interconnection
PA Power Amplifier
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PBX Private Branch Exchange
PC Personal Computer
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
POP Point Of Presence (Internet)
PSK Phase-Shift Keying
PSN Public Switched Network
PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QOS Quality Of Service
QPSK Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying
RELP Residually Excited Linear Predictive coder
RF Radio Frequency
RHCP Right-Hand Circular Polarization

SEPTEMBER 1998
RMS Root Mean Square

RO Receive Only
RX Receiver; Receive
SCPC Single Channel Per Carrier
SCPC-DAMA Single Channel Per Carrier - Demand Assignment Multiple Access
SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control
SDMA Spatial-Division Multiple Access (frequency reuse)
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SSPA Solid-State Power Amplifier
T1 digital Transmission link at 1.544 Mb/s
T3 28 T1 lines
TAG Technical Advisory Group (ITU-R)
TCM Trellis-Coded Modulation
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TDM Time-Division Multiplex
TDMA Time-Division Multiple Access
T/R, Tx/Rx Transmit / Receive
TV TeleVision
TVRO TeleVision Receive Only
TWT Traveling Wave Tube
TWTA Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier
TX Transmit; Transmitter
U/C UpConverter
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
VF Voice-Frequency signal
VFRAD Voice Frame Relay Access Device
VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal
VSWR Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio
WAN Wide Area Network
WWW World Wide Web
XPC X.75 Protocol Converter
XPOL cross-POlarization Level

SEPTEMBER 1998

SEPTEMBER 1998
Page - 137
Appendix B.
Exceedance Curves for Different Climatic Zones of the World

SEPTEMBER 1998
Page - 138

SEPTEMBER 1998
Appendix B. Exceedance Curves Page - 139
$SSHQGL[ % ([FHHGDQFH &XUYHV IRU 'LIIHUHQW &OLPDWLF =RQHV RI WKH
:RUOG
To assist the VSAT service providers in determining the required

rain margins, INTELSAT has prepared this compendium of
attenuation exceedance curves for the different climatic zones of
the world.
The curves were prepared using the INTELSAT Propagation

Analysis for Rain and Clear-air program (PARC), and assuming
20-degrees elevation angle, at 500 m. above the sea level. These
curves are intended to provide a rough estimate for the rain
margins in C- and Ku-band. INTELSAT strongly recommends
that network providers undertake a more thorough analysis for
their particular network.
Use the curves as follows.
A. Select the appropriate ITU climatic zone for your location

from the attached maps.
B. Select the appropriate curve for the climatic zone and
frequency band.
C. Select the appropriate rain margin based on the availability
target.
For example, The Republic of El Salvador is located in Central
America. (See Figure B-1.) El Salvador is located in climatic zone
P. The exceedance curves for climatic zone P are provided in
Figure B-13. Finally, if Ku-band is chosen, the rain margin values
can be calculated from the upper curves.
It is important to note the difference in the uplink and downlink

curves, and in the values for the different frequency bands.

SEPTEMBER 1998
44
Figure B-1. ITU Climatic Zones - Americas.
44
Printed with permission.
SEPTEMBER 1998
45
Figure B-2. ITU Climatic Zones - Europe and Africa.
45
SEPTEMBER 1998
46
Figure B-3. ITU Climatic Zones - Asia, Australia, and Oceania.
46
SEPTEMBER 1998
8 6
6
4
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
4
2
2
0 0
0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00
P erc en t T im e O rd ina te P erc en t T im e O rd ina te
E xc eed ed . E xc eed ed .
A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e s A , B & C ), F = 1 4 G H z, A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e A , B & C ), F = 1 1 G H z,
M e th o d P A R C . M e th o d P A R C .
2 2
1 .5 1 .5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
1 1
0 .5 0 .5
0 0
0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00
A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e A , B & C ), F = 6 G H z, A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e A , B & C ), F = 4 G H z,
Figure B-4. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zones A, B, and C.

SEPTEMBER 1998
10 8
8
6
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
6
2
2
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone D), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone D), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
2 2
1.5 1.5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone D), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone D), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-5. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone D.

SEPTEMBER 1998
12 8
10
6
8
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
6 4
4
2
2
0 0
0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00
A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e E , F & G ), F = 1 4 G H z, A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e E , F & G ), F = 1 1 G H z,
2 2
1 .5 1 .5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
1 1
0 .5 0 .5
0 0
0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 1 00
A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e E , F & G ), F = 6 G H z, A tte nu a tio n distrib ution a t (C lim a tic Zon e E , F & G ), F = 4 G H z,
Figure B-6. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zones E, F, and G.

SEPTEMBER 1998
14 10
12
8
10
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
6
8
6
4
4
2
2
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone H), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone H), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
2 2
1.5 1.5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone H), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone H), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-7. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone H.

SEPTEMBER 1998
14 10
12
8
10
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
6
8
6
4
4
2
2
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone J), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone J), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
2 2
1.5 1.5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone J), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone J), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-8. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone J.

SEPTEMBER 1998
18 12
16
10
14
12 8
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
10
6
8
6 4
4
2
2
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone K), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone K), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
2 2
1.5 1.5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone K), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone K), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-9. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone K.

SEPTEMBER 1998
20 12
18
10
16
14
8
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
12
10 6
8
4
6
4
2
2
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone L), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone L), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
2 2
1.5 1.5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone L), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone L), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-10. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone L.

SEPTEMBER 1998
22 14
20
12
18
16 10
14
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
8
12
10
6
8
6 4
4
2
2
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone M), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone M), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
6 2
1.5
4
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
2
0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone M), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone M), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-11. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone M.

SEPTEMBER 1998
30 22
20
25 18
16
20
14
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
12
15
10
8
10
6
5 4
2
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone N), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone N), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
6 2
1.5
4
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
2
0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone N), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climate Zone N), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-12. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone N.

SEPTEMBER 1998
35 25
30
20
25
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
15
20
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Cliamte Zone P), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Cliamte Zone P), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC.
25 2
20
1.5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
15
10
0.5
5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Cliamte Zone P), F = 11 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Cliamte Zone P), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-13. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone P.

SEPTEMBER 1998
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone Q), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone Q), F = 14 GHz, Method PARC.
8 2
6 1.5
Attenuation (dB)
Attenuation (dB)
4 1
2 0.5
0 0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone Q), F = 6 GHz, Method PARC. Attenuation distribution at (Climatic Zone Q), F = 4 GHz, Method PARC.
Figure B-14. Exceedance Curves for Climatic Zone Q.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Left Blank Intentionally.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Page - 155
Appendix C.
Model VSAT Request for Proposal

SEPTEMBER 1998
Page - 156

SEPTEMBER 1998
Appendix C. – Model VSAT RFP Page- 157
$SSHQGL[ & 0RGHO 96$7 5HTXHVW IRU 3URSRVDO
& The annex summarizes the major aspects in developing an RFP for
,QWURGXFWLRQ the implementation of a VSAT network. The RFP should include a
Statement of Work (SOW), the specifications of the network, and
the implementation schedule. This appendix gives an overview of
the issues that need to be considered in preparing these
documents.
&
3UHSDULQJ WKH
5)3 The following summary includes a list of issues to consider when
preparing the RFP.
&
7KH 6WDWHPHQW RI
:RUN 62: The SOW is a narrative description of the work to be accomplished
by the contractor. It must include the objectives of the project and a
brief description of the work. A list of details to consider when
preparing the SOW follows:
Before preparing the SOW, gather as much user

information as possible. It will help in determining the user’s
requirements. The user’s data must be uniformly organized
and formatted.
Remember that the SOW will identify design criteria,
drawings and other related studies prepared for the VSAT
network. Use language that is as accurate as possible and
avoid contradictions.
Include a checklist of the mandatory and optional items.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Prepare the SOW as early as possible in the planning stage

to provide sufficient time to include all the requirements.
Make certain that every piece expected from the contractor
is accurately described, and that the responsibility for each
task is clearly defined.
Ensure that the SOW is clearly written. The writer must
realize that this document will be read and interpreted by
people of various backgrounds. It is important to avoid
ambiguity, to not overlook details, and to not be repetitive.
Be specific. Avoid using ambiguous terms such as “as
necessary” or “as needed”.
Write each sentence in an active voice.
&
7KH
6SHFLILFDWLRQV WR Specifications are standards for pricing out a proposal. It is better to

WKH 5)3 concentrate on required end-results, rather than on methods or
work process descriptions. Specifications should stress quality, and
be concise. Avoid unnecessary design and schematics, or
information that is difficult to update. Do not over-specify because
this can inadvertently reduce the number of vendors who will submit
proposals.
&
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
6FKHGXOH The implementation schedule must contain the project start date,
project end date, and other major milestones.
&
,WHPL]HG /LVW RI
62: 7RSLFV The following check list highlights the necessary information
provided in a SOW.

SEPTEMBER 1998
1) Site listing: List all the sites where the VSAT terminals will be
installed. Include the hub location and geographical coordinates
for each site. Describe the satellite to access. (See Table C-1).
2) Description of services to be carried on the network:
Describe all the services and applications to be carried on the
network. Provide as much traffic information as possible and
include the most recent forecast to analyze the network potential
growth. (Refer to Tables C-2 and C-3).
3) Network requirements description: The network description
must include the requirements set forth for satellite links. Provide
specific values of BER, availability, preferred INTELSAT satellite,
preferred frequency band, and preliminary network topology.
4) Contractual requisites: Describe at a high level all the
contractual requisites. Include what you expect in terms of:
quotation format, review meetings, progress reports, test
reports, in-plant testing, and documentation.
5) Compliance: Describe how you expect the contractor to
demonstrate compliance of the submitted proposal with the
specifications and SOW. The compliance should be indicated in
a table for all systems and sub-system of the RFP. Any non-
compliance must be indicated by the contractor along with proper
explanation. (See Table C-4).
6) Documents: Describe required language, format, and delivery
dates of contractual documents. Indicate which documents are to
be delivered, and when. A typical list of documents include,
network manuals, network operations manuals, equipment
manuals, cabling manuals, test reports, test procedures, and
equipment layout.
7) Warranties: Describe the type of warranties you require.
Indicate the period and state the response time you expect to fix
a failed system or equipment.
8) Tasks to be performed by the purchaser: Describe in detail
what tasks the purchaser will perform and when the tasks will be
completed. For example, the purchaser may provide a building or
antenna foundation. These schedules must be indicated.
9) Options: Describe the possible options you might consider
purchasing or allow the contractor to make suggestions. Request
that the contractor provide costs for the options separately.
10) Training: Describe the scope and requirements for training.
Include the number of trainees, expected duration, training
location, language and required training material. Onsite training
will allow the largest number of staff to be trained.
11) Software packages: Describe any special capabilities that may
require software.

SEPTEMBER 1998
13) Technical support: Detail the technical support expected and

the response time required of the contractor to guarantee you
and your customers. Indicate a preference for 24-hour or online
support. Some companies contract on-site technical support
during a period of time, e.g., a year, to assist the local staff to
operate more confidently.
14) Link budgets: Indicate whether you want the contractor to
perform link budgets for you, and have the contractor specify the
expected outcome in terms of antennas, satellite bandwidth,
performance, and carrier rates.
Table C-1. Summary Table Containing the Site Locations.
SATELLITE TO USE: INTELSAT ____ LOCATED AT ____ DEG. EAST.

Number Name of the site Location: Applications
Longitude Latitude
1 HUB Station
2 VSAT 1
3 VSAT 2
4 VSAT 3
5 VSAT 4
6 VSAT 5
..
..
N-1 VSAT N-1
N VSAT N

SEPTEMBER 1998
47
Table C-2. Traffic Information for Voice Networks -- Number of Minute-Traffic per Destination .
NODE 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOTAL
1 0 161943 150139 1295144 95713 395774
2 161943 0 719180 40701 1891282 197720
3 150139 719180 0 84565 831489 241145
4 1295144 40701 84565 0 247042 111363
5 95713 1891282 831489 247042 0 174757
6 395774 197720 241145 111363 174757 0
Total 2098714 3010828 2026521 1778819 3240288 1120765 13,275,934
Table C-3. Traffic Information for Voice Networks -- Number of Channels per Destination.
YEAR 1 2 3
Number of sites with 8 channels 20 30
Total sites 85 170 250
47 Minute-traffic is available from records of phone bills, switching centers, and other devices. The total number of
channels in the right-most column will be used to calculate the total network requirements in terms of leased
bandwidth, antenna sizes, and number of channels. Convert this information to number of channels using the
guidelines in Chapter 4.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Table C-4. Traffic Information for Data Networks -- Number of Packets per Destination.
CLIENT APPLICATION T CI CO NU NVSAT TM RT

Α-; Bank Account management
and ATM transactions 18000 100 400 5 75 4 2
Insurance LAN to LAN 5800 60 300 25 15 3 2
Co. interconnection 48
Manufactur- Inventory control 300 500 500 1 25 1 5
ing ABC, Inc.
Toys Inventory control, 15000 50 200 8 75 8 2-5
Retailers Point-of-Sales (POS)
operations
Credits ATMs and Credit 50 40 100 10 50 0.5 2-5
Unlimited Card verification
points
INTERNET Internet, Intranet for n/a 60 600 15 25 N/A 2
Services Ltd. multiusers,
corporations and
universities.
Where:
T: = Number of transactions per day
CI: = Input characters per transaction in bytes
CO = Output characters per transaction in bytes
Nu: = Number of data terminals or end users per VSAT node
Nvsat: = Number of VSATs with providing the same application
Tm: = Transactions per minute in the PBH
RT: = Response time (in seconds)
48
The LAN-to-LAN interconnection can handle several protocols and services like TCP/IP for Internet, voice over IP,
desktop videoconferencing.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Table C-5. Example Format to Indicate Compliance with Technical Specifications.

(To be completed by contractor).
BIDDER'S NAME:
Item: Description: Indicate Compliance: Comments on page:
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL YES
SPECIFICATIONS
1.0 General YES
2.0 Design requirements YES
3.0 Safety of Personnel YES
4.0 Protection of YES
Equipment
5.0 Special Tools YES
6.0 Configuration of YES
Electronic Equipment
7.0 Finishing NO
8.0 Components
9.0 Intersite Cabling
10.0 Environmental
Requirements
11.0 Documentation
12.0 Spare Parts List
13.0 Software Packages
14.0 Training
15.0 Acceptance Test Plan
16.0 Warranty and Guaranty
17.0 Management Proposal
A similar format MUST be followed for all chapters of the

specifications.
Note to the user: While you are required to understand the

basics of calculating the network size, the ultimate
responsibility for delivering a network that is properly
sized resides on the bidder or manufacturer.
Therefore, make your estimates for the network size
but do not try to calculate the network for the bidder.
Rather, provide as much information on the
applications as you can collect.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
*HQHUDO
6SHFLILFDWLRQV This chapter defines the general design requirements and applicable
6WDQGDUGV DQG standards for the electrical, electronic, and mechanical equipment to
5HTXLUHPHQWV
be provided by the Bidders for the VSAT network in [_____]49.
&
'HVLJQ
5HTXLUHPHQWV Design Life:
A design life of [ (15) ] years is established as an overall network

objective.
Reliability:
The overall design objectives and the operation and maintenance

philosophy must ensure a minimum equipment availability of [99.99
percent], excluding the scheduled downtime.
Equipment Type:
All electronic equipment must be solid-state.
Human Factors:
Safety devices must be implemented so that false operation of any

control does not entail damage to personnel or equipment.
49
Brackets indicate information or values that must be determined by the user.
SEPTEMBER 1998
&
6DIHW\ RI
3HUVRQQHO The following provisions must be met for the safety of personnel:
A. Safety shields must be provided over all moving

parts in which personnel could become entangled or
caught. This provision includes ladders and
stairways.
B. All cabinets, racks, and chassis of all motors and
generators, all external metal parts, meter cases,
control shafts, and adjusting devices must be
grounded.
C. Cautioning notes and appropriate labels must be
provided where voltages are in excess of 300V peak
A.C. or 300V D.C.
D. Earth devices (rods, etc.) must be installed to hang
equipment racks or cabinets in areas in which
voltages in excess of 240V exist.
E. Power cables must be segregated from cables
carrying communications and control signals.
F. Cabinets and RF connections and all RF enclosures
must be designed to protect personnel from radiation
hazards.
&
3URWHFWLRQ RI
(TXLSPHQW Suitable protection devices must be provided in such a way that failure
of any component or unit does not entail failure of other components or
units.
&
(DUWKLQJ
Provide a complete grounding system for lightning protection, safety of

personnel, and suppression of radio frequency interference. The value
of Earth resistance must be [10 Ohms] for lightning protection and less
than [1 Ohm] for system grounding. There must be isolation between
the lightning and power grounding systems.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
5DGLR )UHTXHQF\
,QWHUIHUHQFH Internal:
5),
Any device used that produces RFI must be equipped with interference
suppressing filters.
External:
The bidders must ensure that the selected locations will not be
affected by RFI. If a location is affected by RFI, the bidders must
provide alternate suggestions for consideration.
&
6SHFLDO 7RROV
The bidder must provide any special jigs, tools, fixtures and test
equipment required for installation, assembly, disassembly, test,
adjustment, or repair of any equipment or subsystem during regular
installations or during maintenance.
&
&RQILJXUDWLRQ RI
Cabinets and Racks:
(OHFWURQLF
(TXLSPHQW The bidders must provide [standard 19-inch] racks.
Chassis and Drawers:
All drawers and chassis must permit frontal access to the components,
wiring, connectors, and test points of any unit.
Plug-in Units and Modules:
The use of plug-in replaceable units or modules is preferred.
Monitoring Facilities:
All electronic equipment must have integral and/or remote monitoring
facilities. Sufficient test points must monitor all circuit parameters.
Spare space:
All cabinets, racks, consoles, trenches, cable trays, etc. must have at
least [25 percent] spare capacity for future use.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
)LQLVKLQJ
The antenna reflective surface must be finished with a highly

diffusive flat paint of the highest quality available.
Outdoor equipment and surfaces must be properly protected
from sand and dust storms and the corrosive effect of the
atmospheric salt. Additionally, all outdoor equipment and
surfaces must be painted or galvanized to avoid corrosion.
All metal surfaces internal to the equipment and not normally
visible must be suitably protected from corrosion.
&
,QWHUVLWH &DEOLQJ
Intersite cabling must allow maximum flexibility to cope with

further expansion and possible changes in the location of
equipment.
Cables and distribution frames must provide a minimum of [25
percent spare capacity for future needs].
When conventional telephone-type terminal blocks are used,
the wire connections must be wire-wrapped.
All cables located in underground cable trenches must be
installed in cable trays. The cable trays and their accessories
must be protected against corrosion.
&
3UHVVXUL]DWLRQ RI
5) Wave-guides and air-dielectric coaxial cables must be

7UDQVPLVVLRQ pressurized with dry air to avoid any dust or entrance of
/LQHV
moisture.
At the very minimum, a compressor/dehydrator system must
be provided with low pressure and humidity alarms.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
(QYLURQPHQWDO
5HTXLUHPHQWV The equipment provided must withstand the following conditions

without degradation or service interruptions.
Indoor Temperature: [ +0o C to +50o C ]

Equipment50 Relative humidity: [ up to 90 percent ]
Outdoor Temperature: [ -40o C to +60o C ]
Equipment Relative humidity: [ up to 90 percent ]
&
'RFXPHQWDWLRQ
The bidder’s printed material must follow these recommendations.
General:
The documentation must be offset printed, written in plain [ English ],

and contain all pertinent descriptions of all equipment in the network.
Copies:
The bidders must provide at least [4] copies of all the documentation.
Document List:
The delivered documents must consist of:
network manuals;
installation manuals;
system manuals;
equipment manuals;
equipment part list;
wiring schematic diagrams;
maintenance plans and procedures; and
test reports, including in-plant, onsite, and acceptance tests.
50
Indicate the maximum and minimum temperatures for the location.
SEPTEMBER 1998
&
7UDLQLQJ
Introduction:
The bidders must provide a training program consisting of theoretical

and practical hands-on instructions to accomplish the following:
To enable personnel to properly operate the system, and to

perform system and network monitoring, measurements,
testing, and in-service adjustments that are necessary for the
system to maintain proper operating condition.
To enable the personnel to maintain the system in its nominal
operational status through a program of preventive and
corrective maintenance.
To enable the personnel to properly install new terminals and
to accomplish system reconfigurations and growth.
The training must be in [ _______ ] (language).
Printed training materials must be in [ English].
The training must consist of:
System Training
Operations and Maintenance Training
Practical Training
The scope of the training is discussed below:
System Training at [LOCATION]:
[ XX ] weeks duration at [ LOCATION ] for [ YY ] participants.

The system training program must address the following objectives.
Subsystem and equipment configuration

Subsystem and equipment operation
Subsystem interconnection and interfacing
Commissioning and integration with existing network
Procedures for installation

SEPTEMBER 1998
Failure diagnosis and modules repair

Operation and Maintenance Training at [ LOCATION: ]
[ XX ] weeks duration at [ LOCATION ] for [ YY ] participants.

The system operation and maintenance training program must address
the following basic requirements.
Configuration
Subsystem operation and maintenance
Installation procedures
Failure diagnosis and corrective maintenance
Emergency procedures
All operational procedures
Practical training at [ LOCATION: ]
The bidder’s installation and commissioning crew must provide On-the-

Job Training (OJT) to customer technical personnel during the
installation and commissioning phases.
&
$FFHSWDQFH 7HVW
3ODQ A series of formal acceptance tests must be organized to verify the

correct functioning of the equipment. The test must demonstrate that
actual performance meets specifications with a sufficient margin of
error. Test procedures must be proposed by the bidders, but analyzed
by the [ CUSTOMER.]51
An individual sent by the [CUSTOMER] and/or their representatives

will witness all tests. All necessary test equipment must be provided
by the Bidder, who must be able to demonstrate its correct calibration.
Moreover, the [ CUSTOMER ] has the right to verify the equipment
and to call for repetition of one or more tests if the results are
inconclusive.
Note: The acceptance tests must demonstrate that the

subsystems, equipment, and units have not suffered
from its transport and final integration on-site, and that
they comply with the SOW and planned applications.
51
Replace [customer] with company name.
SEPTEMBER 1998
Final acceptance, end-to-end commissioning and line-up tests must

also be conducted with the support and the participation of the
[CUSTOMER’S ] staff. Final acceptance tests must include live
applications demonstrations via the VSAT network.
&
:DUUDQW\ DQG
*XDUDQW\ The bidders must provide warranty for the replacement of faulty
equipment for a minimum period of [ (18) months]. The bidder must
guarantee that major faults will not occur for a minimum period of [12
months] after successful completion of the provisional acceptance. Any
replacement, within the stated timeframe must be done free of charge.
&
0DQDJHPHQW
3URSRVDO The bidder must submit a management proposal. The proposal must
contain a detailed description of the methodology to be used to
manage the implementation of the VSAT network. This proposal must
identify the bidder’s schedules and organization to implement the
project, and must contain adequate text with supporting graphics
(charts, diagrams, etc.) to clearly demonstrate the bidder’s complete
understanding of the requirements, and the capability to fulfill them in a
logical manner within the contractual schedule.
The project management plan consisting of:
work breakdown structure;

major milestone schedule;
project implementation schedule;
critical path schedule;
project organization chart; and
manpower loading schedule.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
7HFKQLFDO
6SHFLILFDWLRQ IRU These technical specifications address the requirements of the hub
WKH +XE 5) station. The hub will be the gateway for the VSAT network and will
(OHFWURQLFV DQG
include the function of traffic hub and network management and
control. The bidder must install the hub at [_____________ ] as
$QWHQQD
indicated in the SOW.
6XEV\VWHP
&
*HQHUDO
6SHFLILFDWLRQV ANTENNA DIAMETER:
[ ≥ INDICATE SIZE ] in meters, as required to achieve the G/T.
ANTENNA BASIC FUNCTIONS:
The antenna must have continuous tracking, and

[ C (or Ku) ]-band transmit and receive capabilities, and must
conform to any applicable INTELSAT IESS and ITU-R standards.
FIGURE OF MERIT (G/T):
≥ G/T 52 + 20 log10 F/11 ... dB/K for Ku-band.
≥ G/T + 20 log10 F/4…dB/K for C-band.
52
Select G/T using the following values:
C-Band std. d [m] G/T (dB/K) Ku-Band std. d [m] G/T (dB/K)
H-2 1.8 15.1 K-2 1.2 19.8
H-3 2.4 18.3 K-3 1.8 23.3
H-4 3.5 22.1 E-1 2.4 25.0
F-1 4.5 22.7 E-2 3.5 29.0
F-2 7.2 27.0 E-3 5.5 34.0
F-3 9.0 29.0

SEPTEMBER 1998
The antenna must meet or exceed the G/T under any elevation angle
above 10 degrees.
OPERATING FREQUENCY BAND:
Transmit: C (or Ku) -band
Receive: C (or Ku) -band
&
$QWHQQD DQG
7UDFNLQJ The hub antenna must have a tracking system consisting of the
6XEV\VWHP following blocks.
1) Antenna Drives and Servo

2) Antenna Control Subsystem
3) Antenna RF Subsystem
The antenna and tracking subsystem must be capable of operation
from an Antenna Control panel. The panel must include alarms,
remote controls, meters, and monitoring indicators.
&
$QWHQQD
6WUXFWXUH The antenna must meet the following requirements:
Angular travel:
Azimuth: ± 180 degrees from the north, in segments of 80 to 120

degrees.
Elevation: +5 to +85 degrees
Antenna Foundation:
[If the CUSTOMER will build the foundation, the bidder must provide
specifications for the structure.]

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
$QWHQQD 'ULYH
DQG 6HUYR An automatic tracking system must follow these specifications.
Slew Velocity:
[≥ 0.08 degree] per second with drive to STOW capability under 130
Km/h winds.
Tracking Pointing Rates:
[≥0.01 degree ] per second with acceleration in each axis and

simultaneous axis operation.
Tracking Pointing Accuracy:
Better than [0.025 degree]
Antenna Position Readout:
With a resolution of 0.01 degree for elevation and azimuth.
Antenna Safety Features:
The Bidders must provide appropriate safety features such as brakes,

stowing devices, buffers, or mechanical stops, interlocks, RF, and AC
power disconnect switches, grounding, disable switches, and battery
powered emergency lights, lighting (automatically controlled aircraft
warning lights), and other devices needed to ensure safety of
personnel and proper operations.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
$QWHQQD &RQWURO
6XEV\VWHP The Antenna Control Unit (ACU) must provide an integrated capability
for controlling the antenna in all operational and maintenance modes.
Operational Modes:
Autotracking
Manual Tracking
Program Tracking with provision for entering the 11-
Ephemeris parameters from INTELSAT
Controls and Indicators:
The following minimum controls and displays must be available at the

ACU.
Antenna angle digital displays for both axes

Relative beacon signal strength
Pre- and final-limit indicators for both axes
Low elevation cutoff indicator
Manual positioning controls for both axes
Limit control override
Operational mode control and display
Beacon frequencies:
The network will operate in INTELSAT [ ________ ] Satellite.
Refer to IESS documents for the pertinent INTELSAT satellite.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
$QWHQQD 5)
3HUIRUPDQFH Side Lobes: Polarization:
[Circular (or Linear) ] as dictated by the satellite to be used.
Polarization Isolation:
≥ 30 dB within the 1 dB contour of the antenna pattern in any plane

and any frequency of the operating band.
Axial Ratio:
[≥ 1.09 for C-band antennas]
[ (≥ 31.6 for Ku-band antennas) ]
Transmit & Receive:
G = 29 - 25 log θ dBi, 1° ≤ θ ≤ 20°
G = -3.5 dBi, 20° < θ ≤ 26.3°
G = 32 - 25 log θ dBi, 26.3° < θ ≤ 48°
G = -10 dBi, θ > 48°
Where: G is the gain of the sidelobe envelope relative to an isotropic

antenna in the direction of the geostationary orbit in dBi.
Feed pressurization:
Provide pressurization with a dew point at -40° C, and provide low

pressure alarms.
TX/RX Isolation:
85 dB minimum

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
(QYLURQPHQWDO
&RQGLWLRQV The antenna must be capable of supporting the environmental

conditions stated in Table C-6.
Table C-6. Environmental Conditions.
*
OPERATION WITHIN HOLD IN ANY DRIVE TO SURVIVAL WITHOUT DAMAGE
SPECIFICATIONS POSITION STOW
**
Wind 50 km/h 120 km/h 130 km/h 200 km/h (no ice)
***
Gusting 72 km/h (3ΣÍ) 100 km/h (4 cm radial ice)
72 km/h
Rain 16 cm/hour
Snow 1 cm water equivalent per
hour
Seismic The station must be able to survive earthquakes of Intensity IX

(Mercalli modified with a 50 km/h wind).
Solar Radiation 350 BTU per square feet
HUMIDITY 0 to 100 %
TEMPERATURE -10° C to +50° C
*
(Survival stresses must not exceed those allowed by the applicable documents; i.e., AISC, ACI, ASCE, etc.).
**
Wind velocities are the fastest kilometer values.
***
Gusts are 3 sigma values. The 1 sigma value is the standard deviation for a normal distribution of wind gusts about
the fastest kilometer wind and 3 sigma represents the peak gust.
SEPTEMBER 1998
&
5HFHLYH
6XEV\VWHP The receive subsystem (if required), must contain line amplifiers (LNA),
and cables, etc. The receive chain must perform as follows.
Type of Amplifiers:
Uncooled FET
Configuration:
[ 1:1 (but 2:1 preferred) ]
Bandwidth:
[ C-band (or Ku-band) ]
Gain:
60 dB
LNA Noise Temperature:
To meet the proposed G/T
Resistance to Overload:
Designed to withstand prolonged overload to input level up to 0 dBm
Control Panel:
Must provide power supply, status, and switching condition indicators
&
7UDQVPLW
6XEV\VWHP The transmit subsystem must consist of High Power Amplifiers (HPAs),
and waveguide runs. The HPA must provide the following performance:
Frequency bandwidth:
[ C-band (or Ku-band) ]
Configuration:
[ 1:1 ]
Gain Control:
Continuous over a 20 dB range

SEPTEMBER 1998
e.i.r.p.:
[Consistent with stated transmission performance]
e.i.r.p. Stability:
±0.5 dB/24 hours
Group Delay in any 40 MHz band:
Linear: ±0.25 ns/MHz
Parabolic: ±0.05 ns/MHz2

Ripple: 5 ns p-p max
Harmonic Outputs:
60 dB below carrier with maximum output power
Meters and controls:
RF output power
RF input power
RF reflected power
Prime power on
Transmit or RF Inhibited
Standby
Alarms:
Low RF power
Equipment failure
Summary fault
Cooling:
Air-cooled
Switches:
Electronically and manually controlled with isolation better than 60 dB
Control panel:
Must indicate the switches’ status and amplifiers’ alarms

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
6SHFLILFDWLRQV RI
WKH *URXQG This section sets forth the technical specifications applicable to the
&RPPXQLFDWLRQV equipment to be supplied and installed by the Bidders as GCE at the
(TXLSPHQW JFH hub location.
&
7UDQVPLW
6XEV\VWHP The transmit subsystem comprises the equipment between the output
of the modems, and the input of the SSPAs. It includes the following
parts.
RF combiner
Up converter subsystem
IF combiners
IF and RF patch panels
&
5) &RPELQHU
The input of the SSPAs must be equipped with a RF combiner to add
the signals from several up-converters.
Number of inputs: [4].
In case of a two-polarization operation: Provide a combiner for

each polarization.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
8S &RQYHUWHUV
IF frequency: [70 or 140 MHz].
IF bandwidth: [40 MHz minimum].
RF frequency range: [C-band (or Ku-band)].
Frequency stability: ≥ ± 2 x 10-8 per month and ± 5 x 10-8 per day

over temperature ranges from 0 C to 45 C
Output level: Adjustable over a range of +10 dB to -20 dB around the

SSPA saturation drive level
Phase noise: Consistent with INTELSAT document IESS 308.
Amplitude response: ± 0.5 dB at ±36 MHz.
IF/RF group delay: ± 2ns at ± 24 MHz and ± 4ns at ± 36 MHz
Frequency synthesizer step size: 1 MHz
Gain stability: better than ± 0.5 dB per day over temperature ranges
of 25 C ± 10 C.
&
,) &RPELQHUV The Bidders must supply an IF combiner network that combines the
1HWZRUN outputs of modulators within a contiguous IF band for the
interconnection with the frequency up-converters. The IF combiner
must have a minimum of 50 percent of free input ports. The combiner
network must be rack-mounted on a front panel plate above the up-
converters.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
5HFHLYH The receive subsystem comprises the equipment between the output
6XEV\VWHP of the LNAs, and the input of the modems. Receive subsystem
includes the following parts:
RF dividers
Down converters
IF dividers
&
5) 'LYLGHUV The Bidders must supply a RF divider network that divides the entire
receive frequency band into an appropriate number of ports with equal
level and performance.
The proposed dividers must be [ 1:4 ] for each polarization with 50

percent of unused ports.
&
'RZQ&RQYHUWHU
3HUIRUPDQFH Frequency band: [ C-band (or Ku-band) ].
IF center frequency: [ 70 or 140 MHz ].
IF bandwidth: 40 MHz minimum.
Phase noise: Compliant to IESS-308 Rev. 7.
Frequency Stability: ± 2 x 10-8 per month and ± 5 x 10-8 per day.
Output: -15 to +10 dBm.
&
,) 'LYLGHUV
1HWZRUN The Bidders must supply an IF divider network that provides the inputs
to the demodulators for the interconnection with the frequency down
converters. The IF dividers must have a minimum of eight (8) output
ports. The divider network must be rack-mounted on a front panel
plate above the down-converters. Type BNC Connectors must be
used with coaxial cables as patching cords.
The Bidder must provide detailed schematics about this proposal.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
VOICE NETWORK—DAMA TERMINAL
7HUUHVWULDO
,QWHUIDFH
The following information is provided for a voice network.
At the hub, the DAMA terminal must consist of the DAMA channel
equipment, the DAMA network controller, and the operator’s interface.
At the VSAT, the DAMA terminal will consist of the DAMA channel
equipment. The requirements for each unit follow.
&
'$0$ &KDQQHO
(TXLSPHQW DW WKH The bidder must supply DAMA channel equipment that uses
+XE FDMA/SCPC access and has the following characteristics.
IF interface: Consistent with the frequency converter IF.
Output IF power: Variable in steps of 1 dB, with individual TX

ON/OFF control for each channel.
Input IF level: Variable from -50 to -30 dBm.
Modularity: The equipment must be modular to allow future

expansion. The bidder has to explain how the equipment will expand.
Built-in IF combiner/divider: The chassis must include a 1:4

combiner/divider.
Power supply: either 48 VDC or 120/240 VAC 60 Hz.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
'$0$ 9RLFH
&KDQQHO 8QLW Each VCU must comprise the modem, filtering, voice compression,
9&8 and baseband interface with the following characteristics.
Operating Frequency Range: 70 ± 18 MHz or 140 ± 36 MHz for TX

and Rx
Modulation: BPSK/QPSK
FEC: Convolutional encoding - Vitervi decoding, rate 3/4 and ½
Data Scrambler/Descrambler: V.35
Voice Compression: 4.8 to 16 Kbit/s
Compression Algorithm: VSELP, CELP, RELP, or IMBE.
Voice Activation (VOX): Yes. With VOX ON - VOX OFF selection
Facsimile Handling: Group 3 facsimile demodulation - remodulation.
Echo Cancellation: Built-in with 16-m sec of tail delay.
Signaling: The VCU must handle R1 and R2 signaling as well as

DTMF signaling via a 2-wire interface.
Telephone Side Interface:
4-wire E&M types I to V.
2-wire loop start and connector RJ- 45.
It is preferred to have an E-1 interface to the PST rather than 4-wire

interfaces at the hub.
Audio Bandwidth: 300 ~ 3400 Hz.
Telephone Side Interface Impedance: 600 Ohm.
Optional features: The bidder is invited to provide these optional

features to the proposed equipment. They are not mandatory features
SEPTEMBER 1998
but the [CUSTOMER ]will consider them for future expansion of the
network.
Data capabilities:
The VCU must provide capabilities to transmit synchronous and

asynchronous data on-demand.
Data interface:
RS-422/449, V.35, RS-232C or G.703.
Data rate:
[4.8 to 192 Kbit/s].
&
'$0$ 1HWZRUN
&RQWUROOHU The DAMA network controller’s primarily purpose is to support the

DAMA incoming and outgoing control channels (CCs). The controller
must have the following characteristics:
Mode of operation for the control channels:
Outgoing CC: permanent TDM stream
Incoming CC: Aloha or S-aloha
Control channel rate:
[TBD by bidder]
Call set up time: < 3 seconds
Call tear down time: < 3 seconds
Link power control:
The network controller must provide real-time link quality monitoring to

dynamically adjust the system uplink power to overcome the rain
attenuation. [ (Applicable for Ku-band networks) ]

SEPTEMBER 1998
Redundancy: See 3.4.5.
Network controller functions:
Control the operation of all VSATs.

Control the configuration of the DAMA VSAT terminals.
Maintain the network operation.
Control the call set up and tear down, call routing, call
statistics, and to perform test calls.
Assign satellite frequencies and manage the resources.
Monitor the VSAT status.
Select frequency for CC and VCUs.
Reset system and components.
Control the in-service, out-of-service, and maintenance state
of the VSAT terminals.
Monitor detailed traffic status and statistics.
Modify parameters associated with configuration.
Add/Delete network terminals or components.
PC requirements: TBD by bidder
Operating system: TBD by bidder.
&
2SHUDWRU
LQWHUIDFH The operator interface will provide the operator with the network
information, and allow for the configuration, monitoring, and control of
the network.
Purpose: Provide the operator with an interface to configure, monitor,

and control the DAMA network.
Display: Color oriented graphical display with a series of windows

showing the different functions of the system.
Menu presentation: Drop down menus or buttons for mouse

selection.

SEPTEMBER 1998
Language: [ English. Quote prices for a Spanish or French text display

].
Functions:
At a minimum, the interface must show the following.
Customer records including profiles of all VSAT services

Satellite traffic statistics
Site record including geographical locations, configuration, and
status
Module port definition at each terminal
Operator records including profiles and access privileges
Alarms records
Remote access: The operator’s interface must provide the capability
of remotely controlling the network. To this aim, the bidder must
provide a laptop computer with a modem and the required software.
&
5HGXQGDQF\
5HTXLUHPHQWV The Bidder must provide the MTBF figures of all major GCE system
components and the detailed computations to evaluate the overall
availability performance of this subsystem.
The bidders must demonstrate that the redundancy scheme of the

proposed GCE system must meet the availability objectives set forth in
the SOW. The bidders must fully describe the power supply
arrangement and demonstrate the reliability figure of these modules.
The Bidder must state any particular operational constraints caused by

the proposed redundancy scheme.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
'$0$ 7HUPLQDO
DW WKH 96$7 The specifications are the same as in C.4.2 above.

7HUPLQDOV
&
3RZHU 6XEV\VWHP
The power supply will be provided by [CUSTOMER]. The bidder will be

responsible for:
1) distributing the power in the hub equipment;

2) connecting the power to the VSAT terminals; and
3) indicating the load requirements to [CUSTOMER].
&
6WDWLRQ &RQWURO
DQG 6XSHUYLVRU\ This section outlines the requirements for station control and
)DFLOLWLHV supervision of the Earth station subsystem.
& The bidder must provide an operation and control console. The
3XUSRVH purpose of the operation console is to gather, within the same
operational room, the control and monitoring information of all the
subsystems comprising the Earth station. A single person should
accomplish all operation and control of the network.
&
*HQHUDO
'HVFULSWLRQ The Bidders must provide an integrated functional Station Control

Facility (SCF). The bidder will optionally decide whether this facility is
an integral part of the DAMA network controller.

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
6WDWLRQ 6WDWXV DQG
$ODUPV The bidder must provide the ability to indicate station status, i.e., units
in operation, and readiness of standby equipment. Indicators and
alarms must cover all essential operations of the Earth station,
including at least the following.
Antenna and tracking subsystem indicators and alarms

Equipment status (online, standby, maintenance, failure, and
jack-out) for all signal paths in the transmit or receive chain,
with alarms upon any path failure, including DAMA equipment
Operation status of nonredundant equipment (i.e., satisfactory
operation, ready to operate, failed)
&
6ZLWFKLQJ DQG
&RQWUROV The switching and control capability must include at least the following
functions.
Ability to manually switch to stand-by equipment, in case of

failure of in-service equipment, loss of power or signal,
degradation of performance, etc.
Remote and local switching must be controlled at the local
position and indicated at both locations.
&
$ODUPV DQG
6XPPDU\ Equipment for remote control through the operator's console follows:
,QGLFDWRUV
antenna and tracking subsystem
tracking converter/receiver
High Power Amplifiers (HPAs)
up-converter subsystem
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) power supply and switches
down converter
DAMA equipment (alarms only)
Earth station facilities like air conditioning, pressurizer

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
&RPSXWHUL]HG
&RQWURO DQG The operation console must include a Computerized Control and
0RQLWRULQJ Monitoring System terminal.
6XEV\VWHP
&&06 Note: The Computerized Control & Monitoring System must
incorporate spare capacity to accommodate future expansions of the
equipment. The bidders must indicate the spare capacity available.
& The operation console must include a weather station terminal that
:HDWKHU 6WDWLRQ indicates outside temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction.
It must be possible to set an alarm by the operator for wind speeds

exceeding 50 Km/h.
The range of measurements must be from 0 up to 250 Km/h.
&
96$7 7HUPLQDO
6SHFLILFDWLRQV The VSAT terminal comprises the far-end equipment to provide the
telecommunications services, and consists of an antenna, outdoor
equipment, and interfacility cables to connect to the VSAT-DAMA
terminal. It must adhere to the following specifications.
Channels per VSAT: [2 or 4 channels] with capabilities to expand to [4

and 8 channels].
VSAT antenna size: [2.4 m or smaller]
Operating frequency: [C-band (or Ku-band)]
Figure of merit (G/T): TBD by bidder
Polarization: To be compatible with INTELSAT satellite
Transmit side lobes:
Transmit & Receive:
G = 29 - 25 log θ dBi, 1° ≤ θ ≤ 20°
G = -3.5 dBi, 20° < θ ≤ 26.3°
G = 32 - 25 log θ dBi, 26.3° < θ ≤ 48°
G = -10 dBi, θ > 48°
Where: G is the gain of the sidelobe envelope relative to an isotropic

SEPTEMBER 1998
antenna in the direction of the geostationary orbit in dBi.
Polarization isolation: ≥ 26 dB within the 1 dB contour of the antenna

pattern in any plane and any frequency of the operating band
Axial ratio: ≥ 20
Polarization ports: 2 switchable ports
Tracking: NO
Outdoor unit functions: Power amplifier, LNA, and frequency

converters
Outdoor unit power rating: [TBD by bidder]
IF output frequency range: 70 or 140 MHz
Supporting structure: [Any. Roof top nonpenetrating preferred]
Environmental conditions:
Wind load: 55mph

Temperature: -5 o C to +50 o C
Rain: 1/2 inch/hour
Atmospheric
conditions: Salt and pollutants as in coastal or industrial areas
Solar 360 BTUs/hour/foot2
radiation:

SEPTEMBER 1998
&
7HVW DQG
0HDVXUHPHQW Use the following list only as a reference. Bidders must list minimum
(TXLSPHQW measurement sets required by their own configuration:
1) [Spectrum Analyzer]
2) Frequency Counter]
3) [IF Noise Generator]
[Opt. 2 110 dB Attenuation in 1 dB step]
[Opt. 4 Combiner for Input Signal]
[Opt. 8 BNC Remote Output Connector]
[Opt. 10 1-dB Attenuation in 0.1 dB Steps]
4) [Fixed Attenuation Set ]
5) [Selective Level Meter]
6) [Level Generator]
7) [Power Meter and Sensor]
8) [Frame Analyzer]
[Opt. 2048 Kbit/s Generator]
[Opt. Bit Error Measurements]
[Opt. Printer Paper]
[Opt. Transcript Case TPK-3]
9) [Digital Multimeter]
10) [Set of Accessory and Cables]
[10 dB, 20 dB Coaxial Couplers]
[BNC, N, SMA Transitions]
[Waveguide Couplers]
[Circulators]
[and 50 Ohm dummy Loads]
[Waveguide Term]
[50 Ohm Connecting Cables with BNC, N, Ends]
[75 Ohms Connecting with BNC Ends]
[Tool Kits]
[Test Translator (14 to 11 GHz) or 6 to 4 GHz]
&
*HQHUDO
6SHFLILFDWLRQV In general, the network must comply with all the mandatory and

SEPTEMBER 1998
recommended specifications below. Even if these were not explicitly

defined in the paragraphs above.
INTELSAT Earth Station Standards (IESS)
IESS No.207 (or 208) Standard A, B, F & H. Wideband RF

Performance Characteristics of C band Earth Stations accessing the
INTELSAT space segment. (or Standard C & E. Wideband RF
Performance Characteristics of Ku band Earth Stations accessing the
INTELSAT space segment).
IESS No 401 Performance Requirements for Intermodulation Products

Transmitted from INTELSAT Earth Stations (6 and 14 GHz Frequency
Bands).
IESS No 402 Earth Station e.i.r.p. Adjustment Factors to Account for

Satellite Antenna Pattern Advantage and Path Loss Differential with
Elevation Angle (k1 and k2).
IESS No 412 Earth Station Pointing Data:
IESS No 601 Performance characteristics for Earth Stations accessing

the INTELSAT space segment for international and domestic services
not covered by other Earth station standards.

SEPTEMBER 1998

VSAT Handbook

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What are VSAT networks and their applications?

What are VSAT networks and their applications?

What are the different satellite access protocols for VSAT networks?

What are the different satellite access protocols for VSAT networks?

PREFACE

The INTELSAT VSAT Handbook was prepared by the

From time to time INTELSAT will update the handbook and if

Telephone: +1 202 944 7070

First printed on: September 1998

5.2.1 Shared Hub Networks....................................................................................58

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

8.1 Case Study 1. VSAT Financial Network ................................................................113

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

Figure 6-3. Startup Menu for the LST Program. ............................................................................ 74

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

Table 6-17. SPOT 2 Beam (FEC 1/2). ........................................................................................ 101

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

INTELSAT, YOUR CONNECTION TO THE WORLD

Founded in 1964, INTELSAT is a global commercial cooperative of over

INTELSAT’s modern satellite fleet of high powered, technically

The INTELSAT Advantage

INTELSAT is the recognized leader in the satellite telecommunications

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

INTELSAT operates basically as a wholesale provider of satellite

• providers of basic long distance telephone services such as

Guide To Getting Connected

Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) networks provide affordable

Basic VSAT concepts defined in this chapter include VSAT

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) is a micro-Earth station that

VSAT networks provide users with simple equipment that requires

As depicted in Figure 1-1, a typical VSAT installation consists of an

Figure 1-1. Block Diagram of a Typical VSAT Terminal.

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

VSAT terminals are generally part of a network, with a larger Earth

A hub consists of RF equipment, VSAT interface equipment, and user

The VSAT interface equipment controls and supervises the network

CUSTOMER BASEBAND VSAT INTERFACE RF EQUIPMENT

MODEM UP/CONV SSPA

DEMOD DN/CONV LNA

NETWORK MONITORING AND CONTROL

Figure 1-2. Typical Block Diagram of a Hub Earth Station.

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

VSAT technology used in the INTELSAT system offers high

Suppose that a corporation has a data network in which 150 branch

If the same corporation needs to upgrade the service by increasing the

When considering dedicated lines, the corporation found the following.

• The cost per lease line increases in proportion to the distance

• The installation fee is directly related to the required data rate.

• If a cable connection breaks, they have to rely on the phone

INTELSAT VSAT HANDBOOK

NODE NODE HOST

USER USER PERMANENT LINE

Figure 1-3. Typical Terrestrial Network.

By contrast, for a VSAT network, the corporation discovered the

• Long distance prices do not apply to VSAT networks.

• Each VSAT had a flat cost, independent of distance, making costs

• The equipment and installation costs of VSATs is higher than

• A VSAT network can be managed independently of the terrestrial

Monthly maintenance charges for a dedicated

Service charges = $_____

Installation fee (nonrecurring) = $_____ 2

full control over the entire communications network;

higher grade of service and flexibility;

price lists, inventory records;

data request retrieval from remote sensing on oil drillings, pipe

wide range of data, voice, and video applications;