PHONETICS

LAVER 1 2 - 3

ACTS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE elements of a coded system of signs. CO E system of s!"ns with characteristics in common that has to be shared !nderstood" b# the $artici$ants. The# ha%e to be ab&e to $rod!ce and !nderstand it to ma'e comm!nication s!ccesf!&. SPEECH has man# &a#ers ca$as". Each one carries different t#$es of information. SE#IOTICS science that st!dies the system of s!"ns( inc&!ding the mechanisms of comm!nication between s$ea'er and &istener and a&so the information that signs carr# abo!t their $rod!cers. )!ring a s$eech( there is an e*change of 3 ty$es of !nfo%mat!on + SE#ANTIC EVI ENTIAL RE&'LATIVE 1. SE,ANT-C refers to the direct mean!n" of signs. -t.s foc!sed on the words and how meaning can be inter$reted thro!gh other means( &i'e for e*am$&e a gest!re.

2. E/-)ENT-AL in con%e#ed b# s$eech signs which act as att%!()t!*e mar'ers ad0ecti%a&( descri$ti%e signs". These gi%e or show $ersona& characteristics of the s$ea'er. There is a s!bdi%ision of mar'ers 1 P+ys!cal info abo!t se*( age( $h#sica& a$$arience( hea&th" 1 Psyc+olo"!cal $ersona&it#( mood" 1 Soc!al abo!t region( ed!cation( 0ob( economic $osition" Sympthoms of a 1 Among $s#sica& mar'ers we can ta'e into acco!nt the s$ea'er.s %oice 2!a&it#. speakers individual 1 Ps#cho&ogica& mar'ers show the habit!a& and tem$orar# tone of %oice. characteristics 1 Socia& mar'ers show the accent and the %ocab!&ar#. ,ar'ers of the &ang!age that identif# an indi%id!a&.s membershi$ to a gi%en socia& gro!$ are of grate interest to the SOC-OL-NGU-ST-CS or socio&og# of &ang!age". 3. 3EGULAT-/E it contro&s the t!me-s+a%!n" of the interaction4 reg!&ation of t!rns and their d!ration. -t o$erates thro!gh different channe&s ora&( %is!a&( etc" or b# con%e#ed signa&s. /OCAL 5 NON /OCAL 6E7A/-OU3 VOCAL is a)d!(le. Thro!gh it we $ercei%e so!nds( b!t a&so semantic( reg!&ati%e and e%identia& information. NON VOCAL is *!s)al. -t s!$$orts and com$&ements s$eech acti%it#. A sma&& $art is !ni%ersa&&# !nderstood( b!t most of it is c!&t!ra&&# restricted. /E36AL 5 NON /E36AL 6E7A/-OU3

VER,AL as$ects of the &ang!age that ser%e to identif# indi%id!a& -o%ds as )n!ts of s$o.en lan")a"e. Eg+ %owe&s and consonats( word stress. NON VER,AL a&& non %erba& f!nctions. Eg+ intonation( tone of %oice. S-GNS 5 S8,6OLS 6oth are triang!&ar re&ations+ $e%son / ent!ty / s!"n %elat!on The &in' between the entit# and the sign can be arbitrar# con%entiona& and non9 moti%ated" or non-a%(!t%a%y moti%ated". The &in' between onomato$oeic so!nds and signs is non9arbitrar# tho!gh the &ing!istic sign %aries de$ending on the &ang!age"( b!t a&& the rest of the &in's are arbitrar#. S0#,OLIC SI&NS are inter$reted b# those who had &earned the a$$ro$iate con*ent!on words are s#mbo&ic signs". LIN&'ISTIC SI&NS the# are a&so s#mbo&ic signs4 the# are the l!n.s (et-een t+e s!"n and t+e %efe%ent entit#". P3ONUNC-AT-ON :$r;n<ns-=e->n? -t.s a s$eech so!nd which re$resents signs in a concrete wa#4 it transforms the abstract e&ements of a code into sensib&e ones. The code has a d)al le*el o% a do)(le a%t!c)lat!on beca!se it is formed b# @ &e%e&s + H!"+e% A &RA##ATICAL wider one" Units which can ma'e reference to the e*terna& wor&d. Lo-e% A PHONOLO&ICAL s$ecific4 $art of gram. &e%e&" Units that constr!ct the higher &e%e& !nits.

GRAMMATICAL LEVEL: represents the semantic world a stractl!. Made o" com inations o" phonolo#ical $nits. Le%ical& morpholo#ical& sintactic and semantic entities.
SE,ANT-C '()*)L)GICAL LEVEL: represents the #rammatical le+el concretel! thro$#h speech acts. BO3L) consonants& +owels, consonats - +owels . s!lla les.

FO3, 5 SU6STANCE The s$o'en &ang!age $resents *a%!a(!l!t!es as regards 1 $%on)nc!at!on different ones" 1 $atte%n $resence or &ac' of it" There is an economy of lan")a"e( based on com$ressing words and $ron!nciation 'ind of %ariation". For a $attern to e*ist( there has to be an em(od!ment or rea&iCation for it". @ terms that ha%e to do with $atterns are FO3, and SU6STANCE. 1OR# has to do with the identit# of the $attern as re$resentati%e of a &ing!istic !nit. S',STANCE is the medi!m in which the $attern is embodied.

CO)E 5 ,E)-U, CO E &ang!age to be inter$reted. #E I'# what embodies the code. CO,,UN-CAT-/E 5 -NFO3,AT-/E 6E7A/-OU3 CO##'NICATIVE !ntended transmission of information and it is informati%e as we&&. IN1OR#ATIVE non-!ntended transmission of information( b!t e%identia&. L-NGU-ST-C( PA3AL-GU-ST-C (coded & communicative) 5 EDT3AL-NGU-ST-C 6E7A/-OU3 (informative) LIN&'ISTIC ora& and written" formed b# the d!a& &e%e&. -t.s formed b# the writing s#stem and the sign &ang!age. PARALIN&'ISTIC non9&ing!istic and non9%erba& b!t coded. -t ta'es into acco!nt the attit!de of the s$ea'er and the emotiona& state e%identia& information" and ten reg!&ation of the time sharing reg!&ati%e information". -t.s formed b# gest!res( $ost!res( bod# mo%ement( e*$ressions and &oo'ing beha%io!r. Similitudes: 1 both are coded. 1 neither of their meanings are considered as ob%io!s !ni%ersa&&#. 1 their inter$retations ha%e to be &earned. Differences: 1 Ling!istic is %oca& and Para&ing!istic is non9%oca&. E2TRALIN&'ISTIC is informati%e b!t not comm!nicati%e4 it.s not coded. -t is that that remains after the ana&#sis of &ing!istic and $ara&ing!istic signa&s A the conc&!sions we ma'e abo!t the s$ea'er. E LE/ELS OF SPEEC7 P3O)UCT-ON ACO'STIC PERCEPT'AL OR&ANIC PHONETIC PHONOLO&ICAL

1. ACOUST-C C&osest &e%e& to the $s#sics of the origina& s$eech materia& aco!stic $honetics". 2. PE3CEPTUAL -t.s the $ercei%er.s registration of sensor# data. A/0IT)R1 'ERCE'TI)* The sensor# sistem is formed b# 1 the a!ditor# s#stem ear". 1 the sense of hearing. F. -t has G domains 1 3)al!tyT(E 0I22ERE*CE3 I* T(E3E 1 d)%at!on 0)MAI*3 MA4E 3)/*03 0I22ER A/0I5L1 2R)M EAC( )T(ER 1 $!tc+ 1 lo)dness

4. O3GAN-C in this &e%e& we find the differences among the s$ea'ers as regards the %oca& chords and organs( hea&th( hormons( etc which inf&!ence on the %oice( %o&!me( etc". On&# in twin brothers theses differences are minima&. 5. P7ONET-C &earneab&e as$ects of the !se of the %oca& a$$arat!s. Phonetic beha%io!r is ac2!ired fromthe &ing!istic conte*t socia&" and it.s simi&ar the the other member.s beha%io!r. Phonetics ignore the organic differences among s$ea'ers and s$eeches can be considered $honetica&&# e2!a&( beca!se $honetics are abstract. The s$eech ca$ab&e of being re$rod!ced e2!i%a&ent&# at the $hono&ogica& &e%e&" is ca&&ed $+one so!nd". There is a sca&e of e2!i%a&ence ca&&ed $+onet!c s!m!la%!ty. P7ONET-C NOTAT-ON set of written s#mbo&s to transcribe the $hones of act!a& $ron!nciations. These are enc&osed into s2!are brac'ets : ?. P7ONET-CS -S )-/-)E) -NTO F 63ANC7ES+ 6 A3T-CULATO38 P7ONET-CS+ tends to dea& with the identification and c&assification of ind%id!a& so!nds. 6 ACOUST-C P7ONET-CS+ restricted to instr!menta& ana&#sis and meas!ring of the so!nd wa%es. 6 AU)-TO38 H PE3CEPTUAL P7ONET-CS. 6. P7ONOLOG-CAL $honetics connect $hono&og# with grammatica& !nits. P7ONOLOG-CAL S8STE, a&& the $ossibi&ities in the !nits that form contrast a&& the m!n!mal $a!%s $ossib&e" which are in systemic contrast and are in paradigmatic opposition. P7ONOLOG-CAL ST3UCTU3E re$&acing $honetic s#mbo&s with C for consonants" and / for %owe&s". Eg+ KE8 A :'i+? A C/I o$en s#&&ab&e". POOL A :$!+&? A C/C c&osed s#&&ab&e". Bords can.t begin with more that F consonants a&&together 5 the first is a&wa#s S eg+ s$ring". A %owe& can be regarded as the n!c&eo!s of a $hono&ogica& s#&&ab&e. #INI#AL PAIRS are those words of identica& str!ct!re C9/" in a gi%en accent of a &ang!age( which differ in the s#stemic choice made at on&# one $&ace in the str!ct!re. Eg+ :mi+? :ti+? :t)4? A a&wa#s C/I P7ONOLOG-CAL CONTEDT is formed b# @ 'inds of conte*ts+ St%)ct)%al conte5t $&aces where the !nits can occ!r within a word". Eg+ the segment J a&wa#s a$$ears at the end of a word A :&KJ? En*!%onmental conte5t one !nit ne*t to another se2!ence within a word or a word ne*t to another"4 &eft H right conte*t and a&&o$hones. Eg+ the segment J goes a&wa#s after short %owe&s A :&KJ? Eg+ As$iration $&osi%es in initia& $osition an after %owe&s are as$irated A :$ h!+&&? $&osi%es after HsH are inas$irated A :s$riJ? Eg+ Labia&iCation $&osi%es before ro!nd %owe&s A :s$w!+n? P7ONOLOG-CAL )-ST3-6UT-ON range of $ermitted &ocations of a !nit in a word cons. 5 %owe&s". P7ONOTACT-C 3ANGE range of conte*t!a& oc!rrences.

Bhen two consonants or two %owe&s share e*act&# the same distrib!tion the# are said to be in $a%allel d!st%!()t!on or to be d!st%!()t!onally e3)!*alent a&& of these !nits are in com$etition or contrasti%e o$$osition". Bhen the# don.t share the distrib!tion are said to be com$lementa%y different a&&o$hones of the same $honeme are com$&ementar# beca!se the# occ!r in different conte*ts". Consonants share the distrib!tion in some conte*ts b!t not in others4 this is o*e%la$$!n" d!st%!()t!on. Each consonant or %owe& $artici$ate in @ a*es interacting with other C or /+ 1 System!c a5!s A $aradigmatic A %ertica& a&& consonants and %owe&s com$eting. 1 Synta"mat!c a5!s A conte*t!a& A horiConta& words re&ated in a chain of !nits. Each gro!$ of !nits can be considered at sma&&er or &arger &e%e&s word( $hrase( sentence..."

CONSONANTS SYSTEM
C)*3)*A*T3 C)M'ETI*G I* T(E 313TEMIC A*0 'ARA0IGMATIC A7E3

P7ONE,E 5 ALLOP7ONE P7ONE,E manifested thro!gh s$eech so!nds and transcribed thro!gh $honetic transcri$tions. ALLOP7ONES members of a gi%en $honeme A %ariations of a $honeme de$ending on the conte*t and str!ct!re abstract conte*t".

CONSONANTS SYSTEM
ALL)'()*E3 )2 C)*3)*A*T 7 Allophones competin#
prod$ced in the same places

Complementar! allophones
prod$ced in di""erent places

Consonants are in com$&ementar# distrib!tion with %owe&s. ACCENT 5 )-ALECT ACCENT $honetic and $hono&ogica& conce$t. ,anner of $rono!nciation A ora&. -t.s indi%id!a&. )-ALECT t#$es and meanings of words a%ai&ab&e in a &ang!age( $&!s the range of grammatica& $atterns into which the# can be combined. -t can ado$t the ora& or written form. -t can be associated with more than one accent. LANGUAGE entit# made !$ of a gro!$ of re&ated dia&ects and their associated accents. -t.s im$ossib&e to s$ea' witho!t e*$ressing an accent and a&so to s$ea' or write witho!t e*$ressing the choice of a dia&ect that is e%identia& thro!gh the %ocab!&ar#".

 One dia&ect in Eng&ish is Standa%d En"l!s+( !sed for ed!cating and in its n!mber of s$ea'ers is &arger than an# other Eng&ish dia&ect. Standard Eng&ish can be com$osed b# man# accents in fact it is"( which mar' the origin of the s$ea'er. -f the accent is from a $a%t!c)la% %e"!on eg. CLrdoba in Argentina" it is said to be regiona& or &oca&. Those accents which are mo%e "ene%al are ca&&ed (%oad accents eg. 3io de &a P&ata accent". -f the accent is identified not with a region b!t with a co)nt%y eg. S$ain" it.s a non%e"!onal accent. RP 3ecei%ed Prono!nciation" is a non-%e"!onal acent of So!thern" 6ritish Eng&ish. -t.s recei%ed in $o&ite societ#( de%e&o$ed in Eng&ish $!b&ic schoo&s. As it is non9regiona&( it shows not the region b!t the econom!c $os!t!on 9 regiona& accent M stat!s". The e2!i%a&ent for 3P in 'SA is &A Genera& American( most&# heard in T/ shows"( and in Scotland the SE Scottish Eng&ish". 3P %s. GA %s. SE N in mor$ho&og#( sinta*( semantics and &e*icon. N 3P 5 SSE 5 GA ACCENT N There are words which are homo$hones in one accent b!t not in the other. Eg+ 3P A tied 5 tide :ta-d? SSE A tied :ta-d? 5 tide :taed? STR'CT'RAL N Eg+ 3P A is a non-%+ot!c accent( so HrH is ne%er $rono!nced before a consonant. First :fF+st? GA A is a %+ot!c accent6 so HrH can be $rono!nced before a consonant. First :fF+rst? SELECTIONAL N Two accents share the same $honemic s#stem b!t the# se&ect different !nits in the same $osition. Eg+ 3P A &ast :&a+st? GA A &ast :&Ost? REALISATIONAL N -n 3P there are @ $honemes that share feat!res of $rono!nciation s!ch as H a+H 5 HOH ( b!t in SE there is on&# HOH which is !sed for the 3P cases of @ $honemes. Eg+ 3P A Sam :sOm? 5 $sa&m :sa+m? SSE A Sam 5 $sa&m :sOm? -n the s$ea'ers of an accent there are indi%id!a& rea&isations that identif# the s$ea'er in e*treme cases( it can be considered a s$eech defect. Eg+ cecear". )-FFE3ENCES OF ST8LE AN) F3EE /A3-AT-ON SPEEC7 ST8LE 1 degree of fo%mal!ty d!e to the re&ation between the $arties and the sit!ationa& conte*t" 1 economy of the &ang!age M informa&+ 9 com$&e* and 9 s#&&ab&es". Po&is#&&abic words are reorganiCed in @( F or more wa#s for !sing in informa& s$eech. Act!a&&# A :ae 'M>!;&i? A1 :ae >&i? 1 *o-el %ed)ct!on. Eg+ often A :oftn? A1 :ofn? 1 sylla(!c s!m$l!f!cat!ons 1 N %)les go%ering forma& and informa& s$eech. Eg+ :tna-t? A tonight

F3EE /A3-AT-ON $ossibi&ities a%ai&ab&e in the same accent for a s$ea'er. Acce$tab&e wa#s of $rono!ncing something. Eg. E%o&!tion A :e%o&!>n? or :-%o&!>n?. ACCENT is a ma%.e% of s$ea'ers. gro!$ membershi$ and indi%id!a&it#. SOC-OLECT ACCENT OF A SOC-AL G3OUP. -)-OLECT accent of an indi%id!a&. &IE&ERICH 3 /OBEL P7ONE,ES OF 3P 12 '/RE V)8EL3 1 9 :i:: 2 9 :I: 3 9 :e: ; 9 :<: = 9 :a:: > 9 :0: ? 9 ::: @ 9 : : A 9 :$:: 1B 9 :<: 11 9 :3:: 12 9 :: @ 0I'(T()*G3 :aI:C :eI: :I:C :I: :e: - :: :a:C - :: Ctr$e diphthon#s

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

-I 9 9 9 9 9 > TRI'(T()*G3 :aI: :eI: - :I: :a: ::

/OBEL C7A3T

( E I G ( T

5AC4*E33
/OBELS g&otta& tones modified b# the action of the !$$er resonators of the mo!th( $haringea& and nasa& ca%ities. The mo%ab&e o%"ans main&# res$onsib&e for sharing these resonators are the soft $alate( the l!$s and the ton")e. To differenciate them we ha%e to ta'e into acco!nt+ 6 The $os!t!on of the soft $alate 1 raised for ora& 1 &owered for nasa&iCed %owe&s. 6 The 'ind of a$e%t)%e of the l!$s 1 s$reading 1 ro!nding degrees. 6 The $art of the ton")e that is %a!sed and the degree 1 ti$ 1 centre 1 bac' CLOSE( ,-) 5 OPEN refer to the distance between the tong!e and the roof of the mo!th. F3ONT( CENT3E 5 6ACK refer to the $art of the tong!e. 7E-G7T OF T7E TONGUE refers to the $osition of each $honeme and $art of the tong!e that.s raised.

SC7BA H;H is the centra& %owe& !sed in )nest%essed s#&&ab&es. -t.s not front or bac' neither high nor &ow. -t.s in contrast with H-H when it.s not in fina& $osition indeed the# are sometimes interchangeab&e" and with HiH when it.s in fina& $osition. P3O,-NENCE OF T7E )-P7T7ONGS -t can be 1 fa&&ing more genera& in Eng&ish" 1 rising more genera& in S$anish" -n fa&&ing di$hs( the first segment is $rono!nced as a %owe& and the second 0!st s&ight&#( as %anishing. Eg+ down A :dan? A HaH is strong 5 HH is &ight A FALL-NG Eg+ fiesta A HiH is &ight 5 HeH is strong A 3-S-NG The e*ce$tion for Eng&ish di$hthongs is the centring di$hthong H -;H in !nestressed $osition A 3-S-NG Eg+ easier A :i+C-;? A H-H is &ight 5 H;H is strong A :i+CP;? )i$hthongs ha%e two characteristics+ )-3ECT-ON to where the tong!e tra%e&s 1 o$en to c&ose or centra& 1 c&ose to o$en )-STANCE how far the tong!e tra%e&s in the chart" 1 c&ose distance eg. :e ;?" A NA33OB di$h. 1 &ong distance eg. :-?" A B-)E di$h. )i$hthongs can be fa&&ing 5 centring finished in H ;H" or fa&&ing 5 c&osing finished in HH5 H-H". )ESC3-PT-ON 5 CLASS-F-CAT-ON OF SPEEC7 SOUN)S P7ONET-C )ESC3-PT-ON to c&assif# so!nds( 3 sta"es are ta'en into acco!nt within each so!nd. Prod!ction Transmission 3ece$tion 6!t the most con%enient and brief descri$ti%e techni2!es re&# on+ Artic!&ation A!dition 0!dgement 6oth together /OBELS 5 CONSONANTS /OBELS 9 Traditiona&&# are considered as the n!c&eo!s of the s#&&ab&e the#.re in its midd&e". 9 The#.re median air m!st esca$e o%er the midd&e of the tong!e". 9 Ora& air m!st esca$e thro!gh the mo!th( not the nose". 9 Friction&ess the#.re rea&iCed witho!t friction" and contin!ant the so!nd can be $rod!ced with no &imits".

SE,-/OBELS 9 Are a&so ca&&ed a$$ro*imants. 9 The#.re $hono&ogica&&# &i'e %owe&s beca!se the#.re friction&ess b!t $honetica&&# &i'e consonants beca!se the# f!nction at the edges of the s#&&ab&es. CONSONANTS 9 Traditiona&&# the# are considered as those segments which occ!r at the edges of the s#&&ab&es. 9 Their main characteristic is that the# are $rod!ced with air obstr!ction( b!t the# are c&assified considering man# other feat!res.

PLACE OF A3T-CULAT-ON in the ora& ca%it#. 1 ,!la(!al+ c&os!re of" !$$er &i$ M &ower &i$ 1 La(!odental4 &ower &i$ M !$$er teeth 1 ental+ ti$ 5 rims bordes" of the tong!e M c&ose to" !$$er teeth or between !$$er 5 &ower teeth". 1 Al*eola%+ ti$ 5Hor b&ade of the tong!e M a&%eo&ar ridge 1 Post-al*eola%+ ti$ of the tong!e M bac' $art of the a&%eo&ar ridge 1 Palato-al*eola%+ the ti$ 5Hor b&ade of the tong!e M a&%eo&ar ridge M rising of the front of the tong!e towards the hard $a&ate 1 Palatal4 front of the tong!e M hard $a&ate 1 Vela%+ bac' of the tong!e M soft $a&ate 1 &lottal+ obstr!ction or narrowing ca!sing friction b!t no %ibration" between the %oca& fo&ds.

 Some consonats ha%e two $&aces of artic!&ation( a main 5 a secondar# one A )OU6LE A3T-CULAT-ON. ,ANNE3 OF A3T-CULAT-ON CO,PLETE CLOSU3E 1 Plos!*e 7 Sto$s+ soft $a&ate raised4 the air $ress!re $rod!ces the so!nd with an e*$&osion. 1 Aff%!cate+ soft $a&ate raised4 there.s air $ress!re too b!t a more e*tended friction than the $&osi%es. 1 Nasal+ com$&ete c&os!re of the &i$s( or the tong!e against the $a&ate4 the soft $a&ate is &owered and the air esca$es thro!gh the nasa& ca%it# nose". Contin!ant so!nds. PA3T-AL CLOSU3E 1 Late%al+ c&os!re of the b&ade of the tong!e against the a&%eo&ar ridge4 the air is a&&owed to esca$e on one or both sides of the contact. Contin!ant 5 friction&ess so!nd. NA33OB-NG 1 1%!cat!*e+ two organs are c&ose eno!gh so that the air $asses between them with friction and so!nd. NA33OB-NG B-T7OUT F3-CT-ON 1 A$$%o5!mant+ a narrowing in the mo!th that.s not s!fficient to ca!se a!dib&e friction.

'LACE )2 ARTIC/LATI)* M A * * E R A R T I C
CONSONANTS C7A3ACTE3-ST-CS 9 P!&monic N non9$!&monic 9 Air egressi%e N ingressi%e 9 /ibrated N non9%ibrated %M N %9" 9 Soft $a&ate raised N &owered ora& N nasa&" 9 C&os!re narrowing between organs A $&ace of artic!&ation" 9 T#$e of c&os!re manner of artic!&ation" O6ST3UENTS %s. SONO3ANTS -f d!ring the $rod!ction the constriction im$eding the air f&ow thro!gh the %oca& tract is eno!gh to $rod!ce a no!se the res!&t is a Obstr!ent $honeme $&osi%es( fricati%es 5 affricates. Those %oiced so!nds in which there is no no!se com$onent are sonorants nasa&s( a$$ro* 5 %owe&s. FO3T-S 5 LEN-S -n a $air of %oiced 5 %oice&ess so!nds( the %oiced is $rod!ced with &ess effort and is ca&&ed Lenis. The %oice&ess so!nd re2!ires more energ# to be re&eased and it.s ca&&ed Fortis. ALLOP7ONES CO7ALESCENT ASS-,-LAT-ON P7ONE,-C P3OG3ESS-/E ASS-,-LAT-ON OF /O-CE P7ONE,-3 3EG3ESS-/E ASS-,-LAT-ON OF PLACE ALLOP7ON-C 3EG3ESS-/E ASS-,-LAT-ON OF /O-CE ASP-3AT-ON GE,-NAT-ON 3ELEASE ,ASK-NG NASAL 3ELEASE LATE3AL 3ELEASE LA6-AL-QAT-ON NASAL-QAT-ON NEUT3AL-QAT-ON LE/ELL-NG L-NK-NG S-,-L-TU)E S8LLA6-C-T8 )ENTAL-QAT-ON