1. Where is the water table at its highest? A. under the lowest areas of land surface B.

under the highest areas of land surface C. adjacent to perennial streams D. in lakes

2. A layer of rock or sediment that contains abundant, freely flowing ground water is known as a(n) __________. A. aquiclude B. aquitard C. aquifer D. perched water table

3 Geographers apply the term __________ to the topography of any limestone area where sinkholes, as . shown in this photograph, are numerous and small surface streams are nonexistent.

A. travertine B. karst C. carbonate D. dolomite

4. In cases where many water-pumping wells are in operation, the rate of ground-water depletion

exceeds recharge to the point where ground water is often classified as a __________ resource. A. depleting B. renewable C. nonrenewable D. sustainable

5. A source of ground-water contamination in coastal wells is __________. A. saltwater intrusion B. solid-waste disposal C. high-temperature incineration D. air pollution

6. The __________ of a stream is a narrow trough, shaped by the forces of flowing water. A. course B. fall C. channel D. mouth

7. Stream flow at a given location is measured by its __________. A. gradient B. volume C. water velocity D. discharge

8. A __________ consists of a branched network of stream channels and adjacent slopes that feed the channels. A. drainage system B. drainage boundary C. drainage divide D. drainage basin

9. The most important factor determining the lag time between a period of heavy rainfall or snowmelt and a stream's increased discharge response is __________. A. the size of the drainage basin feeding the stream B. the number of drainage systems involved

C. the amount of drainage basin rainfall or snowmelt D. the steepness of the gradient of the drainage basin

10. A __________ is a particular river surface height at a particular location above which floodplain inundation will occur. A. lag-time stage B. floodplain stage C. center of mass of runoff D. flood stage

11. Flash floods are characteristic of streams draining __________ watersheds with __________ slopes. A. large; gentle B. small; steep C. small; gentle D. large; steep

12. An important point about __________ is that they are short-lived features on the geologic time scale. A. rivers B. floodplains C. lakes D. drainage basins

13. Lakes without outlets other than evaporation often show __________. A. salt buildup B. a lesser surface area C. silty bottoms D. reduced volumes

1 Landforms shaped by __________ are described as fluvial landforms. .

A. glacial ice B. wave action C. denudation D. running water

2. Landforms that are shaped by progressive removal of the bedrock mass are __________ landforms.

A. initial B. erosional C. fluvial D. ablation

3. In steep sloped landscapes, a destructive form of soil erosion called __________ results in many closely spaced channels in response to torrential rain episodes. A. rill erosion B. sheet erosion C. furrow erosion D. gully erosion

4. The term __________ is used to describe any stream-laid sediment deposit. A. colluvium B. alluvium C. fluvium D. sediment

5 The process of mechanical wear by the rolling of cobbles and boulders along the beds of streams is . called __________.

A. deflation B. ablation C. abrasion D. grinding

6. Chemical rock weathering processes such as acid reactions and solution collectively refer to a

mechanism known as __________. A. erosion B. demineralization C. salinization D. corrosion

7. The maximum solid load of debris that can be carried by a stream at a given discharge is a measure of the __________. A. stream suspension pattern B. deposition rate C. stream capacity D. stream velocity

8. Stream velocity increases stream capacity because __________ becomes more intense. A. carrying capacity B. turbulence C. suspension D. flow

9. In the early stages of gradation and tributary extension, the capacity of a stream __________ the load supplied to it. A. exceeds B. increases C. erodes D. weathers

10. A gradual reduction in the channel gradient of a stream leads to __________. A. a greater capacity to carry suspended load B. an increase in stream velocity C. a reduced ability of the stream to carry bed load D. greater erosion at the mouth of the stream

11. An equilibrium condition in which the slopes of all stream channels form a coordinated network that is just able to carry the sediment load contributed by the drainage basin is referred to as a(n) __________. A. braided stream

B. meandering stream C. graded stream D. entrenched stream

12. Waterfalls in East Africa have been formed due to __________. A. block faulting of large crustal blocks B. glacial activity in new river channels C. undermining of softer basement rocks D. overhanging lava flows

13. When a stream's bed load capacity is exceeded, the excess coarse sediment will start to accumulate on the stream bed during a process referred to as __________. A. degradation B. aggradation C. sedimentation D. accumulation

1. The shifting line of contact between water and land is referred to as a __________ while a broader term __________ refers to a zone in which coastal processes operate or have strong influence. A. coastline; shoreline B. beach, coastline C. shoreline, coastline D. seashore, coastline

2. Where a river empties into an ocean bay, the bay is termed a(n) __________. A. estuary B. shoreline C. coast D. coastline

3. The most important agent shaping coastal landforms is __________ action. A. storm B. stream C. salinization D. wave

4. When sand arrives at a particular section of the beach more rapidly than it is carried away, the beach is widened and built oceanward. This is called __________. A. retrogradation B. progradation C. propagation D. retreading

5 Littoral drift, as shown in the diagram, includes __________. .

A. beach drift and ebb tide B. ebb tide and longshore drift C. beach drift and longshore drift D. flood tide and ebb tide

6. Tidal currents are made up of two opposing currents called __________ currents.

A. longshore and littoral B. ebb and flood C. longshore and flood D. ebb and littoral

7. Broad expanses of isolated shallow water called __________ are common features immediately adjacent to barrier-island coastlines. A. salt marshes B. marine terraces C. lagoons D. tidal inlets

8. The deposition of sediments by a stream or river entering a large body of standing water often produces a __________. A. delta B. ria C. marine terrace D. fault

9. __________ coasts are unique in that the addition of new land is made by organisms in warm oceans. A. Delta B. Coral-reef C. Ria D. Volcano

10. __________is formed when fine particles of silt and clay are removed from the surface by wind deflation. Subsequent deposition of the wind-transported silt and clay particles produce __________ deposits that help enrich soils with nutrients. A. Desert bedrock, loess B. Caleche, loess C. Loess, silt D. Desert pavement, loess

11. A __________ sand dune is one that has the outline of a crescent, and the points of the crescent are directed downwind. A. barchan

B. transverse C. star D. parabolic

12. A great sand sea, like the one found in the Sahara desert, is called a(n) __________. A. beach B. desert pavement C. reg D. erg

1 One distinctive type of sand dune, shown in the photograph, is a __________ dune. 3.

A. barchan B. transverse C. star D. parabolic

1. What condition must be met for a glacier to begin flowing downhill? A. Snow compacts into granular ice. B. Snow compacts into hard crystalline ice. C. The ice mass must become so thick that the bottom layers become plastic. D. Evaporation and melting must occur over several years.

2. __________ produces grooved and polished bedrock surfaces that mark the former path of movement of glacial ice. A. Glacial plucking B. Glacial abrasion C. Glacial deposition D. Glacial erosion

3. Where two cirque headwalls intersect from opposite sides, a jagged, knife-like ridge called a(n) __________ is formed. A. arte B. tarn C. horn D. col

4. A ridge or pile of rock debris left by glacial action that marks the terminus of a glacier is called a __________. A. medial moraine B. recessional moraine C. terminal moraine D. lateral moraine

5 Of the following locations, which is not covered with an ice sheet? .

A. North Pole B. South Pole C. Greenland D. Antarctica

6. __________ are bodies of land ice that have broken free from glaciers that terminate in the ocean.

A. Bergs B. Icebergs C. Sea ice D. Pack ice

7. A succession of glaciations regularly interrupted by warmer interglacial periods constitutes a(n) __________. A. glacial period B. freezing epoch C. ice age D. interstadial

8. Closed basins in nonglaciated regions that experienced cooler and moister conditions during glacial periods sometimes filled with water to form __________ lakes. A. marginal B. glacial C. pluvial D. proglacial

9. Agriculture is sometimes difficult in formerly glaciated terrains because __________. A. the climate is too cold to sustain crops B. glacial activity scraped away almost all of the soil C. the topography is too variable for farming D. glacial till is often stony and hard to cultivate

10. What may have caused the Earth to enter into an Ice Age in the late Cenozoic Era? A. volcanic activity B. plate tectonics C. decreased solar output D. all of the above

11. The most likely explanation for the cyclical nature of glaciations and interglaciations during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs involves __________. A. the changing distance between the Earth and Sun B. the changing tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation

C. both a and b D. none of the above

12. The elapsed time span of about 10,000 years since the Wisconsinan Glaciation ended is called the __________. A. Holocene Epoch B. Miocene Epoch C. Paleocene Epoch D. Pleistocene Epoch

1. About __________ of the Earth's fresh water is locked up in ice sheets and mountain glaciers, making it virtually useless for human needs. A. 40% B. 69% C. 83% D. 97%

2. The movement of water through the __________ traces the path of water as it moves from oceans through the atmosphere and back to the land. A. biogeochemical cycle B. carbon cycle C. hydrologic cycle D. methane cycle

3. In the diagram below showing the zones of subsurface water, the light blue area that the well is drilled into is known as the __________ .

A. saturated zone or water table B. soil-water belt C. unsaturated zone D. undersaturated zone

4. The water table is at its highest __________ . A. under the lowest areas of land surface B. under the highest areas of land surface C. adjacent to perennial streams D. in lakes

5. A layer of rock or sediment that contains abundant, freely flowing ground water is known as a(n) __________ . A. aquiclude B. infiltration C. aquifer D. water table

6. Geographers apply the term __________ to the topography of any limestone area where sinkholes, as shown in the photograph below, are numerous and small surface streams are nonexistent.

A. travertine B. karst C. carbonate D. dolomite

7. A source of ground water contamination in coastal wells is ___________ . A. saltwater intrusion B. solid-waste disposal C. high-temperature incineration D. air pollution

8. The __________ of a stream is a narrow trough, shaped by the forces of flowing water. A. course B. fall C. channel D. mouth

9. The diagram below is an example of the __________ stream drainage pattern.

A. dendritic B. trellis C. annular D. radial

10. The volume of water per unit of time passing through a cross section of a stream at a given location is measured by its __________ . A. gradient B. volume C. water velocity D. discharge

11. A __________ consists of a branched network of stream channels and adjacent slopes that feed the channels. A. drainage system B. drainage boundary C. drainage divide D. drainage pattern

12. The most important factor determining the lag time between a period of heavy rainfall or snowmelt and a stream's increased discharge response is the ____________. A. size of the drainage basin feeding the stream B. number of drainage systems involved C. amount of drainage basin rainfall or snowmelt D. steepness of the gradient of the drainage basin

13. A __________ is a particular river surface height at a particular location above which floodplain inundation will occur. A. lag-time stage B. floodplain stage C. center of mass of runoff D. flood stage

14. Flash floods are characteristic of streams draining __________ watersheds with __________ slopes. A. large; gentle B. small; steep C. small; gentle D. large; steep

15. An important point about __________ is that they are short-lived features on the geologic time scale. A. rivers B. floodplains C. lakes D. drainage basins

16. Lakes without outlets other than evaporation often show ____________. A. salt buildup B. a lesser surface area C. silty bottoms D. reduced volumes

17. The process of __________ offers an additional source of fresh water but requires very high energy and economic costs. A. eutrophication B. desalination C. hypoxia D. infiltration

18. Water as a resource is used for all of the following except __________ . A. research B. producing power C. agriculture D. drinking water

1. Landforms that are shaped by progressive removal of the bedrock mass are __________ landforms. A. initial B. erosional C. fluvial D. ablation

2. In steeply sloped landscapes, a destructive form of soil erosion called __________ results in many closely spaced channels due to torrential rain episodes. A. rill erosion B. sheet erosion C. furrow erosion D. plain erosion

3. Sediment deposited when a stream's load exceeds its capacity is known as __________ . A. colluvium B. alluvium C. fluvial D. sediment

4. Potholes, such as those in the photograph below, are formed by mechanical wear from the rolling of cobbles and boulders along the beds of streams, and is called __________ .

A. deflation B. ablation

C. abrasion D. grinding

5. Acid reactions and solution of the stream channel by chemical weathering processes are known as __________. A. erosion B. demineralization C. salinization D. corrosion

6. The majority of the sediment that a stream carries is found in the water column, such as in the photograph below, and is known as the __________ load.

A. dissolved B. bed C. carried D. suspended

7. The maximum solid load of debris that a stream can carry at a given discharge is a measure of the __________ . A. stream suspension pattern B. deposition rate C. stream capacity D. stream velocity

8. In a graded stream, the capacity of a stream __________ the sediment load supplied to it. A. exceeds B. increases

C. erodes D. equals

9. A gradual reduction in the channel gradient of a stream leads to ____________. A. a greater capacity to carry suspended load B. an increase in stream velocity C. a reduced ability of the stream to carry bed load D. greater erosion at the mouth of the stream

10. An equilibrium condition in which the slopes of all stream channels form a coordinated network that is just able to carry the sediment load contributed by the drainage basin is referred to as a(n) __________ . A. braided stream B. meandering stream C. graded stream D. entrenched stream

11. The points where the gradient of a stream changes abruptly are called __________ . A. braided channels B. nickpoints C. meanders D. alluvial terraces

12. In the diagram below the isolated section of stream channel to the west of the main stream is known as a ____________.

A. point bar B. oxbow lake

C. deposition point D. mesa

13. When clay is exposed at the surface, erosion is very rapid, and unstable slopes are soon dissected into ____________. A. badlands B. playas C. alluvial fans D. deltas

14. Landforms shaped by ____________ are described as fluvial landforms. A. glacial ice B. wave action C. denudation D. running water

15. Cliff retreat that produces a large table-topped plateau formation, such as that in the western edge of the photo below, is known as a ___________.

A. mesa B. cliff C. canyon D. plain

1. __________ is formed when fine particles of silt and clay are removed from the surface by wind deflation. A. desert bedrock B. desert pavement C. silt D. loess

2. The hopping movement of small grains of sand, caused by wind is called __________ . A. slip B. loess C. saltation D. ventifact

3. __________ sand dunes form in regions of abundant sand supply and have wave crests at right angles to the wind direction. A. barchan B. transverse C. star D. parabolic

4. A great sand sea, like the one found in the Sahara Desert, is called a(n) __________ . A. beach B. desert pavement C. reg D. erg

5. The distinctive type of sand dune shown in the photograph is a __________ dune.

A. barchan B. transverse C. star D. parabolic

6. The most important agent shaping coastal landforms is ____________ action. A. storm B. stream C. salinization D. wave

7. Littoral drift includes __________ . A. beach drift and ebb tide B. ebb tide and longshore drift C. beach drift and longshore drift D. flood tide and ebb tide

8. Tidal currents are made up of two opposing forces called __________ and __________ currents. A. longshore and littoral B. ebb and flood C. longshore and flood D. ebb and littoral

9. The shifting line of contact between water and land is known as a __________ , and the broader term __________ refers to a zone in which coastal processes operate or have strong influence. A. coastline; shoreline B. beach; coastline C. shoreline; coastline D. seashore; coastline

10. The vertical, needle-like structures found in the far eastern part of the figure below are a product of coastal erosion and are known as ____________.

A. platforms B. wave benches C. arches D. sea stacks

11. The process where beaches are eroded to narrow strips in winter as wave action increases is known as ____________. A. retrogradation B. progradation C. propagation D. retreading

12. Broad expanses of enclosed shallow water called __________ are common features immediately adjacent to barrier islands. A. salt marshes B. marine terraces C. lagoons D. tidal inlets

13. __________ coasts are unique in that the addition of new land is made by organisms in warm oceans. A. fiord B. coral reef C. ria D. barrier island

14. The structures built at right angles to the beach in the photo below influence the shape of the beach by trapping longshore drift sediment and are known as ____________.

A. groins B. jetties C. piers D. retaining walls

15. __________ is not an anticipated impact of global warming on coastal environments. A. increased coastal erosion B. increased coastal wetlands C. estuaries pushed landward D. increased land subsidence

1. Of the locations below, __________ is not covered with an ice sheet. A. the North Pole B. the South Pole C. Greenland D. Antarctica

2. __________ are bodies of land ice that have broken free from glaciers that terminate in the ocean. A. bergs B. icebergs C. sea ice D. pack ice

3. Except with the coldest glaciers, __________ is the primary mechanism of glacial motion. A. plastic flow B. ablation C. abrasion D. basal sliding

4. Between the zone of accumulation and the zone of ablation, shown by the line in the figure below, is the __________ , where the rate of snow accumulation balances the rate of evaporation and melting.

A. equal line B. balancing point C. equilibrium line D. stasis point

5. Glacial __________ produces grooved and polished bedrock surfaces that mark the path of advancing glacial ice. A. plucking B. abrasion C. deposition D. erosion

6. Where two cirque headwalls intersect from opposite sides, a jagged, knife-like ridge called a(n) __________ is formed. A. arte B. tarn C. horn D. col

7. A ridge or pile of rock debris and sediment left by glacial action that marks the farthest extent of a glacier is called a __________ . A. medial moraine B. recessional moraine C. terminal moraine D. lateral moraine

8. In the middle of the diagram below, the circular depressions, which formed from outwash sand and gravel that built up around ice before it melted, are known as __________ .

A. kames B. drumlins

C. eskers D. kettles

9. The __________ layer of permafrost terrains thaws and refreezes each year. A. continuous permafrost B. permafrost C. active D. discontinuous permafrost

10. Ice wedges ____________. A. form when spring meltwater freezes in winter cracks that develop in permafrost B. are found only at high elevations C. are only rarely wider than 10 cm D. are inverted in thermokarst terrains

11. The type of periglacial landform shown in the photograph below, which forms by freezing of water in a drained lake bed, is known as ____________.

A. talik B. gelifluction zone C. pingo D. stone polygon

12. A succession of glaciations regularly interrupted by warmer interglacial periods constitutes a(n) __________ . A. glacial period

B. freezing epoch C. ice age D. interstadial period

13. __________ may have caused the Earth to enter into an ice age in the late Cenozoic Era. A. changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns B. plate tectonics C. formation of perennial ice cover in polar regions D. all of these

14. The most likely explanation for the cyclical nature of glaciations and interglaciations during the Late-Cenozoic Ice Age involves __________ . A. the changing distance between the Earth and the Sun B. the changing tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation C. both of these D. neither of these

15. The elapsed time span of about 10,000 years since the Wisconsin Glaciation ended is called the __________ . A. Holocene Epoch B. Miocene Epoch C. Paleocene Epoch D. Pleistocene Epoch