CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

2.1 Theoretical Foundation

2.1.1 S !te" According to Satzinger2 system is a collection of interrelated components that function together to achieve some outcome, while according to Wikipedia3 a system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. rom both definitions, we can conclude that system is a collection of function that works together to achieve some outcome. 2.1.2 Su#! !te" According to Satzinger! subsystem is a system that is part of a larger system. "t means that system is divided into several level or several elements, parts of system can be in a form of subsystem or an elements. "n contrary if a system is a part of a bigger system, and then the bigger system will be called super system #Satzinger$%

2 3 Satzinger

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2.1.$ S !te" De%elo&"ent Li'e C cle According to Satzinger* S0,1 is a pro2ect management framework organized into phases and activities. (herefore S0,1 can be assumed as a systematic and organized approach that consists into phases and activities to solve business problem and to develop and support the outcome of information system.
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(he steps in S0,1 according to Satzinger are' -. )ro2ect )lanning )hase (he primary ob2ectives are to identify the scope of the new system and plan the pro2ect 2. Analysis )hase (he primary ob2ectives is to understand and document the business needs and the processing re4uirements of the new system 3. 0esign )hase (he ob2ective is to design the solution system based on the re4uirements defined and decisions during analysis. !. "mplementation )hase (he ob2ective is not only provide a reliable, fully functional information system but also to ensure that the users are all trained and that the organization is ready to benefit as e5pected from use of the system.

* 3 Satzinger

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$. Support )hase (he ob2ective is to keep the system running productively after it6s installed 2.1.( Data Flo) Dia*ra" +DFD, According to Satzinger/ a 0ata low 0iagram is a graphical system model that shows all the main re4uirements for an information system in one diagram' inputs and outputs, process, and data storage.

1omponents of data flow diagram are'

Fi*ure 1 Sa"&le o' Conte-t Dia*ra"

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2.1.. Entit Relation!hi& Dia*ra" According to Satzinger7 890 is graphical model of the data needed by a system, including things about which information is stored and the relationship among them, produced in structured analysis and information engineering.

Custo mer Cust Number* Name Bill Address Home Phone Office Phone

ORD ER Order ID* Order Date Amoun t

ORDER ITEM Item ID* Quan tity Price

Fi*ure 2 Sa"&le o' ERD

2.1./ Nor"ali0ation According to Satzsinger-& :ormalization is a techni4ue that ensures relational database schema 4uality by minimizing data redundancy. :ormalization is a 3 step techni4ue that changed data model into first normal form #-: %, second normal form #2: %, and third normal form #3: %. 0efinition of -: , 2: and 3: are' -. irst :ormal orm #-: % irst :ormal orm is a relational database table structure that has no repeating fields or groups of fields

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2. Second :ormal orm Second :ormal orm is a relational database table structure in which every non;key field is functionally dependent on any other non;key. 3. (hird :ormal orm (hird :ormal orm is a relational database structure in which no non; key field is functionally dependent on any other non;key field#s% 2.1.1 Conte-t Dia*ra" According to Satzsinger-- 1onte5t 0iagram is a 0 0 that summarizes all processing activity within the system in a single process symbol.

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2.1.2 Internet "nternet-2 is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected

computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard "nternet )rotocol #")%. "t is a <network of networks< that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web #WWW%. "t means that by using "nternet we can connect customer, employee, supplier to achieve many things such as cost efficiency, time efficiency, etc. 2.1.3 H &erte-t 4ar5u& Lan*ua*e +HT4L, =(.,-3 is the predominant markup language for web pages. "t provides a

means to describe the structure of te5t;based information in a document > by denoting certain te5t as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on > and to supplement that te5t with interactive forms, embedded images, and other ob2ects. =(., is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. =(., can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code #such as ?avaScript% which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and other =(., processors.

-2 -3"nternet,

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2.1.16 Electronic Co""erce +E7Co""erce, 8lectronic 1ommerce-!, commonly known as e;commerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the "nternet and other computer networks. A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, "nternet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange #80"%, inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. 2.1.11 Data#a!e 0atabase-$ is a structured collection of records or data. A computer database relies upon software to organize the storage of data. (he software models the database structure in what are known as database models. (he model in most common use today is the relational model. @ther models such as the hierarchical model and the network model use a more e5plicit representation of relationships #see below for e5planation of the various database models%.

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2.2Su&&l Chain 4ana*e"ent 2.2.1 Su&&l Chain A supply chain-* or logistics network is the system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. "n sophisticated supply chain systems, used products may re; enter the supply chain at any point where residual value is recyclable. 2.2.2 4ana*e"ent .anagement-3 in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. .anagement comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization #a group of one or more people or entities% or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. 9esourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. 2.2.$ Su&&l Chain 4ana*e"ent Supply chain management-/ #S1.% is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the operations of the supply chain as efficiently as possible. Supply 1hain .anagement spans all movement and storage of raw materials,

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work;in;process inventory, and finished goods from point;of;origin to point;of; consumption.

2.$Techni8ue 'or In'or"ation 9atherin* 2.$.1 Inter%ie)

"nterview-7 is one of the methods of information gathering. "n the interview, interviewer ad interviewee has a one on one conversations, the interviewer must have been prepared the design of the interview so they can gather information as much and as 4uick as possible. Ay using interview the interviewee can communicate what they want to say in their own words and the answer has much more variations compared to the other information gathering methods. (ypes of interviews2&' 1 "nformal interviews "n the informal interview, interviewer must improvise 4uestions based on the interviewee personality and priorities. Aecause its unstructured, it can draw unwanted information. (he interviewer must have a strong communication skill in order to maintain the conversation on the right track. (he data is hard to be analyzed and compared because there are too many varieties in the answer.

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85' in the 4uestionnaire Bwhat ice cream flavor did you likeCD a. 1hocolate b. @range c. Strawberry d. etc (hey could only answer either a+b+c+d, but in interview the customer can answer B" like chocolate orange flavorD + B" like chocolate with a little part of strawberry and orange on topD 1 Euided interviews "n this type of interview, interviewer brings a list of 4uestions to be asked and they might be able to improvise the 4uestions during interview. 8ven though the interview is guided, sometimes interviewee answer can be out of topic. Euide interview often to use open;ended 4uestion type, it used to prevent vague answer from the interviewee. Euide interview usually used in a special case such as survey on a group of e5pert. 1 Standardized interviews "n the standardized interview, interviewer asks the same 4uestion to all interviewees. Fuestion type might be open + closed type depending on the purpose of the interview.

=ow to "mplement21 0escribe the program and its conte5t. 1 "dentify stakeholder needs and develop central 4uestions. 1 0etermine the purpose of interviewing. 1 0etermine how you will use interview results. 1 Write 4uestions and organize the interview. Gse these guidelines' -. Ask questions that encourage description and depth 0iscourages elaboration' <0id you register for the program to increase your knowledge in the fieldC< 8ncourages elaboration' <)lease tell me how you got interested in this program.< 2. Use simple, clear language Avoid asking 4uestions that have several possible meanings or 4uestions that are so long that they are difficult to follow. 3. Avoid universal words Aecause respondents may avoid choosing e5tremes, do not use universal words such as <all,< <always,< <none,< and <never.<

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! Avoid !iased questions Aiased' <(his semester you were introduced to state;of;the;art technology through the AS( (e5 )rogram. What is your opinion of the programC< Aetter' <What is your opinion of the AS( (e5 programC< $ "ne concept per question 0ouble;barreled' <=ow did using Alackboard and the 1lassroom )erformance System help you learn the material in this courseC< Aetter' <=ow did using Alackboard help you learn the material in this courseC< <=ow did using the 1lassroom )erformance System help you learn the material in this courseC< * Choose relevant su!#ects "f participants lack knowledge about a sub2ect, they may provide responses that are of little use. 3. Consider the capa!ility of respondents )articipants may not be able to accurately answer certain 4uestions.

Suggested Gses of "nterviews 22' H H H H H H 8valuating an instructional program Eaining insight into attitudes and perceptions Assessing instructional changes or innovations Gnderstanding non;verbal as well as verbal communication )roviding insight to inform subse4uent surveys ollowing up results from surveys to gain insight into interesting or une5pected findings H H H 1apturing and describing learning or other comple5 processes Ac4uiring in;depth information 85ploring individual differences in e5periences and outcomes

"nterview ,imitations' 1 (ime consuming' since it6s like a having a chat, it can take a long time to finish all target 85' -&& target I 3& minutes J 3&&& minutes or $& hour 1 :eed huge amount of resources' to interview -&&& people it will take up to $&;-&& people, if it6s done by only one people, it will takes 3&,&&& minutes or $&& hour 1 85pensive' hiring -&& people need a lot of cost, but it depend on the business type and the interview purpose.

0""A #2&&3%. Interview $ow to. Available' http'++www.ute5as.edu+academic+diia+assessment+iar+howKto+methods+interviews.php. ,ast accessed -$ .arch 2&&/
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1 0ata collected is comple5 and time consuming to be analyzed. 1 :ot appropriate for faculty to interview their students 2.$.2 Sur%e A survey23 is an ordered series of 4uestions or statements assessing attitudes, behaviors, or personal characteristics that is administered to individuals in a systematic manner. Surveys may be administered in a variety of mediums #e.g., paper, oral, electronic% using various delivery methods #e.g., face;to;face, telephone, mail, "nternet%. (ypes of surveys' With the growth of the "nternet and e;mail, electronic surveys are becoming more widely used. (hey can be distributed by paper, as e;mail messages, or posted as forms on the "nternet. Aoth paper and electronic surveys have strengths and weaknesses. Suggested uses of surveys' H H H 8valuating program performance. Eaining insight into client attitudes and outcomes about the program. Assessing changes in program practices, especially when used as part of a single;group e5periment.

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Survey. Available'

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.easuring the effects of a program activity or service when used as part of a single;group e5periment.

,imitations of surveys' H H H :ot suitable for assessing individual client performance. :ot suitable for collecting in;depth information. 9e4uires some knowledge or understanding of relevant issues in order to write appropriate 4uestions and properly organize a survey. )lan your survey by' H H H H H 0escribe the conte5t "dentify stakeholder needs and develop central 4uestions 0etermine the purpose of the survey 0etermine how you will use the results 0evelop your assessment plan

1reate the survey' H Write survey 4uestions Writing good survey 4uestions is crucial to avoid compromising the validity of responses and limiting your ability to answer research 4uestions. 9ewrite 4uestions until they are clear and succinct. H 0etermine 4uestion type (he information you want to obtain and how you plan to use it should dictate the 4uestion type or response scale you choose.

@rganize and format the survey (he survey format is very important because a poorly organized survey may confuse respondents and lead them to skip 4uestions or not complete the survey.

1onduct pilot testing (est the survey on a small sample of individuals that resembles your target sample #but does not include it% to check if the 4uestions are answered as you intended and how long it takes to complete the survey. 9evise 4uestions as necessary before administering them to the study sample.

2.$.$ O#!er%e and docu"ent #u!ine!! &roce!! According to 1ashman2! from observation we can see the system in actionsL it can give us an additional perspective and a better understanding of system procedures. (here are some advantages that we can get from a personal observation' 1 "t will allows you to verify statements made in the interview 1 0etermines whether procedures really operate as they describe 1 Mou can discover that neither the system documentation nor the interview statements are accurate 1 )rovide important advantage as the development process continues. 1 @bservation can provide the knowledge needed to test or to install new future changes. 1 1an help built relationship with the user that will use the new system (homas ?.1, Eary A.S, =arry 9.A.#2&&3%. System analysis and design. $th ed., Aoston' (homson. ).---

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The disadvantage of doing observation According to hr;guide.com

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one problem with the direct @bservation method of

?ob Analysis is that the presence of an observer may affect the incumbent causing the incumbent to alter their normal work behavior. "t is important for the analyst to be unobtrusive in their observations. "ncumbents may alter their work behavior if they know they are being observed. When we want to do an observation, there are some checklists that 1ashman2* made that we can use' H Ask sufficient 4uestion to ensure that you have a complete understanding of the current system operations. (he primary goals is to identify the methods of handling situations that are not covered by standard operations procedures H @bserve all steps in a transactions and note the documents, inputs, outputs, and process involved H 85amine each form, record and report. 0etermine the purpose of each item of information serves H 1onsiders each user who works with the system and the following 4uestions' o What information does that person received from other peopleC o What information does this person generateC o =ow is the information communicatedC o =ow often do interruptions occurC
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$% &uide to the Internet' (o! Analysis' )ethods "f "!servation. Available'

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o =ow much down time occurC o =ow much support does the user re4uire and who provide itC H (alk to people who receive current reports to see whether the reports are complete, timely accurate, and in useful form. 2.$.( Re%ie) e-i!tin* docu"ent! and 'or"! According to 1ashman23, by reviewing e5isting documents can help researcher to understand how the current system is supposed to work. (he system documentation can be obsolete neither it is been changed, or discontinued. We should obtain copies of actual forms and operating documents that are currently being used #we must have at least one blank document and the completed ones%. "f the system is in a form of software, we should reviews the document of that software

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;homas <&C" =ary B&," Harry >&B& ,ystem Analysis and Desi)n *th edition ;homson 7449 Boston #&111