Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

Header Files

The Precompiler and Global Variables

Loops

Enums

5. Applicative Programming 1. Juli 2011

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Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

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Outline

Recapitulation Computer architecture extended:

Registers and caches

Header les Global variables and constants Namespaces Loops revisited Enums

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Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

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The Precompiler and Global Variables

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Recapitulation
i n t foo ( i n t a , i n t b ) { i f ( a==0) { return b; } b = b%a ; }

What is missing in this code?

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The Precompiler and Global Variables

Loops

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Recapitulation
i n t foo ( i n t a , i n t b ) { i f ( a==0) { return b; } b = b%a ; }

What is missing in this code? What does the return b do?

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Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

Header Files

The Precompiler and Global Variables

Loops

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Recapitulation
i n t foo ( i n t a , i n t b ) { i f ( a==0) { return b; } b = b%a ; }

What is missing in this code? What does the return b do? What happens if we replae a==0 with a=0?

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Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

Header Files

The Precompiler and Global Variables

Loops

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Recapitulation
i n t foo ( i n t a , i n t b ) { i f ( a==0) { int a; a=b ; return b; } b = b%a ; return b; }

What value does a have in each single code line?

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Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

Header Files

The Precompiler and Global Variables

Loops

Enums

Recapitulation
i n t foo ( i n t a , i n t b ) { i f ( a==0) { int a; a=b ; return b; } b = b%a ; return b; }

What value does a have in each single code line? What happens with the following snippet? i n t a =10; i n t b =20; i n t r =foo ( a , b )

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Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

Header Files

The Precompiler and Global Variables

Loops

Enums

Recapitulation
i n t foo ( i n t a , i n t b ) { i f ( a==0) { int a; a=b ; return b; } b = b%a ; return b; }

What value does a have in each single code line? What happens with the following snippet? i n t a =10; i n t b =20; i n t r =foo ( a , b )

Can foo() modify the value of the variable a in our main application?

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Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

Header Files

The Precompiler and Global Variables

Loops

Enums

Recapitulation
i n t foo ( i n t a , i n t b ) { i f ( a==0) { int a; a=b ; return b; } b = b%a ; return b; }

What value does a have in each single code line? What happens with the following snippet? i n t a =10; i n t b =20; i n t r =foo ( a , b )

Can foo() modify the value of the variable a in our main application?

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The Precompiler and Global Variables

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5.1. Computer Architecture Excursus: Registers and Caches

John von Neumann

19031957 Manhattan Project (Los Alamos) June 30, 1945 (but Turing et. al. published similar ideas)

Computer Consists of Four

Components
There is a Von-Neumann bottleneck

John von Neumann

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The Neumann Bottleneck

One or two documents in the ofce (two registers in the ALU) aint sufcient. Introduce more registers (Itanium e.g. has 128 of them). However, number of registers still is limited.

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The Neumann Bottleneck

Running into the basement is time consuming, and The bigger the basement (memory), the slower the search becomes. The faster the processor, the more annoying the slow search in the memory is. Can we study this effect?

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The Memory Gap

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Idea of a Cache

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Loops

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Cache Levels

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Caches
Computers have a hierarchy of caches and lots of registers. The time to nish one operation depends signicantly on where the data is located

right now.
It is important for many algorithms to exhibit spatial locality and temporal locality. Brain teaser 1: How would you implement a matrix-vector product? Brain teaser 2: What is the fundamental challenge if we transpose a matrix? Brain teaser 3: What is the best way to run through a Cartesian grid?

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5.2. Header Files

C/C++ distinguishes declaration and denition. Motivation for this is still missing and requires a more general denition than

before.
Declaration: Tell the compiler what names are available. Denition: Dene where the name is stored.

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Functions and Their Declaration

void foo ( i n t a ) { / / do something i n t e l l i g e n t } ... foo ( 4 4 ) ;

This denition is both a declaration and a denition. A function call is replaced by a reset of the program counter (and some additional

things).
Sometimes, wed like to split up les into several les.

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Functions and Their Declaration

/ / File A void foo ( i n t a ) { / / do something i n t e l l i g e n t } / / File B v o i d bar ( i n t a ) { foo ( a +2); }

We can invent some clever C/C++-concatenate operation (C/C++ actually has such a thing) and make le B compile.

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. . . However
/ / File A void foo ( i n t a ) { / / do something i n t e l l i g e n t } / / File B v o i d bar ( i n t a ) { foo ( a +2); } / / File C void t a r ( i n t a ) { foo ( a +4); }

We can invent some clever C/C++-concatenate operation (C/C++ actually has such a thing) and make le B and le C compile. However, the linking process fails as the symbol foo() is dened twice.

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Function Denitions
/ / File A void foo ( i n t a ) { / / do something i n t e l l i g e n t } / / File B void foo ( i n t a ) ; v o i d bar ( i n t a ) { foo ( a +2); } / / File C void foo ( i n t a ) ; void t a r ( i n t a ) { foo ( a +4); }

First, this code compiles ne. Second, this code links ne, if we pass the linker all three les. Third, we now know why! The compiler does not resolve the program counter

modications, but the linker does.

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Function Denitions
Writing the functions declaration over and over again is cumbersome and error prone. Lets put it into a le of its own. Files containing solely declarations, are called header les and typically have the extension .h or .hpp.
/ / F i l e my . h void foo ( i n t a ) ; / / F i l e my . cpp # i n c l u d e my . h void foo ( i n t a ) { / / do something i n t e l l i g e n t } / / File B # i n c l u d e my . h v o i d bar ( i n t a ) { foo ( a +2); } / / File C # i n c l u d e my . h void t a r ( i n t a ) { foo ( a +4); }
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Header Files
/ / F i l e my . h void foo ( i n t a ) ; / / F i l e my . cpp # i n c l u d e my . h void foo ( i n t a ) { / / do something i n t e l l i g e n t }

A good header le never contains denitions. A good header les has lots of comments as other editors of les see it frequently. A header le is typically accompanied by one implementation le (best practice).

Every C/C++ and every UNIX installation comes along with tons of header les.

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Linker Usage
C comes along with lots of useful standard libraries. These libraries provide tons of useful operations.

See math.h for example or iostream which provides the terminal output function << (this is also just a function with the name <<).

We add denitions due to include statements. We add the compiled les either by

passing the object les to the linker or passing the library les (a,so) due to the -l argument with -L giving the compiler the library search path.

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5.3. The Precompiler and Global Variables Circulant Declarations

/ / File a.h void foo ( i n t a ) ; void foo ( i n t a ) ; / / F i l e b . cpp # i n c l u d e my . h v o i d bar ( i n t a ) ; / / F i l e b . cpp # i n c l u d e my . h # i n c l u d e my . h / / m u l t i p l e d e f i n i t i o n s . Has t o be removed v o i d bar ( i n t a ) ;

/ / m u l t i p l e d e f i n i t i o n s . Has t o be removed

Sometimes, it is pain to remove multiple denitions. In particular, if a headers include other headers (transitivity of includes).

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Include Guards
/ / File a.h # i f n d e f INCLUDE A H # d e f i n e INCLUDE A H void foo ( i n t a ) ; #endif / / File b.h # i n c l u d e my . h v o i d bar ( i n t a ) ; / / F i l e b . cpp #include b . h v o i d bar ( i n t a ) {\ l d o t s } / / File c .h # i n c l u d e my . h #include b . h void t a r ( ) ; / / F i l e c . cpp #include c . h v o i d t a r ( ) {\ l d o t s }

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The C/C++ Precompiler

/ / T h i s i s my header # i f n d e f IDENTIFIER FOR MY HEADER H # d e f i n e IDENTIFIER FOR MY HEADER H / / A l l t h e d e c l a r a t i o n s here #endif / / T h i s i s my i m p l e m e n t a t i o n # i n c l u d e myheader . h / / a l l t h e d e f i n i t i o n s here

The C/C++ is a powerful precompiler (does something similar like cut-n-paste). Its symbol mechanism allows us to avoid multiple declarations. Embed every header le into ifndef-define-endif statements. Precompiler can do a lot of additional things we wont discuss here.

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Global Variables and Constants

/ / T h i s i s my header # i f n d e f IDENTIFIER FOR PI HEADER H # d e f i n e IDENTIFIER FOR PI HEADER H / / A l l t h e d e c l a r a t i o n s here c o n s t double PI ; / / T e l l s c o m p i l e r t h a t t h i s v a r i a b l e may n o t be / / changed . #endif / / T h i s i s my i m p l e m e n t a t i o n #include pi . h c o n s t double PI = 2 0 ; / / Another f i l e #include pi . h \ldots double myValue ; \ldots myValue = p i ; Remember difference of declaration and denition. Other les only need the denition of the variable (which is a constant here). Linker then is responsible to bring together denition (address) and references to
5. Applicative Programming

the symbol.
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Einfuhrung in die ProgrammierungIntroduction to C/C++, Tobias Weinzierl

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Enums

Multiple Declarations with Different Context

/ / T h i s i s header A # i f n d e f IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER A H # d e f i n e IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER A H / C a l c u l a t e s f o r c e between two p a r t i c l e s ( LennardJones ) / f u n c t i o n double getForce ( c o n s t double& d i s t a n c e ) ; #endif / / T h i s i s header B # i f n d e f IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER B H # d e f i n e IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER B H / C a l c u l a t e s f o r c e between two p a r t i c l e s (WCA model ) / f u n c t i o n double getForce ( c o n s t double& d i s t a n c e ) ; #endif Sometimes, functions and variables have the same name as they were developed

by different people and written into different les.

It is very difcult to distinguish between these names, i.e. we have to analyse the

(indirect) include paths.

Sometimes, we might want to use both functions within one implementation le.
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Namespaces
/ / T h i s i s header A # i f n d e f IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER A H # d e f i n e IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER A H namespace lennardJones { / C a l c u l a t e s f o r c e between two p a r t i c l e s ( LennardJones ) / double getForce ( c o n s t double& d i s t a n c e ) ; } #endif / / T h i s i s header B # i f n d e f IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER B H # d e f i n e IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER B H namespace wca { / C a l c u l a t e s f o r c e between two p a r t i c l e s (WCA model ) / double getForce ( c o n s t double& d i s t a n c e ) ; } #endif

With namespaces, we can group variables, constants, and functions into logic subsets.
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Using Namespaces
/ / T h i s i s t h e header # i f n d e f IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER A H # d e f i n e IDENTIFIER FOR HEADER A H namespace lennardJones { / C a l c u l a t e s f o r c e between two p a r t i c l e s ( LennardJones ) / double getForce ( c o n s t double& d i s t a n c e ) ; } #endif / / This i s the implementation # i n c l u d e lennardJones . h double lennardJones : : getForce ( c o n s t double& d i s t a n c e ) { \ldots } Namespaces are predecessors of the identier. Namespaces can be embedded into each other. Alternatively, you can use u s i n g namespace lennardJones ;
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The Standard Library

# i n c l u d e <iostream > i n t main ( ) { i n t a = 1; std : : cout < < my d a r l i n g i s my no . < < a< < std : : endl ; return 0; }

All the functions, constants, . . . of the standard library are embedded into the

namespace std.
std::endl is just a constant whose denition can be found in iostream or a

header includes by iostream.

Hint: Never use using namespace within a header le.

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5.4. Loops
Create three les: main.cpp,

fibonacci.cpp, and fibonacci.h.

Dene a function void

printFibonacci(int max) in fibonacci.cpp. It shall be embedded into the namespace fib.

Make printFibonacci(int max) print all

Fibonacci numbers Fn = Fn1 + Fn2 from Fn {0, max } .

At least F0 and F1 shall be printed! Realise the computation with a while

F0 = 0 F1 = 1

loop, or do it recursively.

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Do-While Loop

do { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t } while ( expression ) ;

Rewrite your code using the do-while loop.

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The For-Loop
i n t a =0; do { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t a ++; } w h i l e ( a < 20);

Often, we want to run through a sequence with xed size. While loops are error-prone as we might forget the increment. Alternatively: Use the for loop. f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a++) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t }

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Semantics of the For Loop

f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a++) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t }

The for statements opens a new scope. Statement int a creates a new variable (loop counter) within this scope. Statement a<20 is the termination criterion. It is evaluated before one iterate. Statement a++ is an increment.

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Scoping within a For Loop

i n t a =20; f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a++) { / / a i s hidden w i t h i n l o o p body / / something i n t e l l i g e n t }

f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; ) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t } a+=20; / / a a i n t known o u t s i d e t h e scope

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A For Loop is a While Loop

f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a++) { / / a i s hidden w i t h i n l o o p body / / something i n t e l l i g e n t }

{ i n t a =0; w h i l e ( a <20) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t a ++; } }

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What do These Snippets Do?

f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a++) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t a =2; }

f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a++) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t a =2; }

f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a =2) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t }

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What do These Snippets Do?

f o r ( i n t a =0; a < 20;) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t a +=2; }

i n t b =2; f o r ( i n t a=b 2; a < 20;) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t b ++; }

f o r ( i n t a =0; a <20; a + + ) ; { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t }

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For Best Practices

f o r ( i n t a =0; a < 20;) { / / something i n t e l l i g e n t a +=2; }

Use for for xed ranges (compiler can optimise and parallelise). Do not invoke a function in the guard or increment section. Always open brackets after a for loop. Do not manipulate the counter within a for loop (error-prone; optimisation).

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5.5. Enums
In the next session, we will create more sophisticated data structures such as sequences of variables and complex data types that represent whole records (like tuples of time and measurement in an experiment). Before, we however have to talk about the last (primitive) datatypeenumerations.
enum Colour { Red , Green , Blue };

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Enums in Action
enum Colour { Red , Green , Blue }; \ldots Colour myColour = Red ; \ldots i f ( myColour==Green ) { ... }

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Enums
enum Colour { Red , Green , Blue };

Mind the semicolon terminating the enum denition. Enums are basically integers (no type safety). Enum variants belong the enclosing namespace.

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Enums and Integers

enum Colour { Red , Green , Blue }; / Maps c o l o u r t o a grey v a l u e / i n t getGreyValue ( c o n s t Colour& c o l o u r ) { ... } ... i n t a = getGreyValue ( 1 7 ) ;

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Enums and Namespaces

namespace mySpace { enum Colour { Red , / / i s mapped t o 0 Green , / / i s mapped t o 1 Blue / / i s mapped t o 2 }; enum TUMColours { Blue , / / i s mapped t o 0 Orange , / / i s mapped t o 1 White , / / i s mapped t o 2 Black / / i s mapped t o 3 } } mySpace : : Colour c o l o u r = mySpace : : Blue ; / / what happens?

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