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HYDROMECHANICS
EVALUATION OF STRESSES IN WEB-STIFFENED

CYLINDRICAL SANDWICH SHELLS SUBJECTED TO UNIFORM

EXTERNAL PRESSURE

AERODYNAMICS

by

James A. Nott and Gerald

D.

Ward

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
Distribution of this

Document

is

Unlimited

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS LABORATORY

'^
/

JSTICS

AND

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT

BRATION
September 1965

Report 2092

EVALUATION OF STRESSES IN WEB-STIFFENED

CYLINDRICAL SANDWICH SHELLS SUBJECTED TO UNIFORM

EXTERNAL PRESSURE

by

James A. Nott and Gerald

D.

Ward

Distribution of this

Document

is Unlimited

September 1965

Report 2092 S-F013 03 02 Task 1956

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

ABSTRACT

1 1 1

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION

DESCRIPTION OF MODELS
INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST PROCEDURE
TEST RESULTS

2 3

3 3

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

13

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
1

Model Dimensions

5 5

SER Models after Instrumentation

Circumferential Strains on Outer Surface of Outside Shell Circumferential Strains on Inner Surface of Outside Shell Circumferential Strains on Outer Surface of Inside Shell Circumferential Strains on Inner Surface of Inside Shell
Longitudinal Strains on Outer Surface of Outside Shell
Longitudinal Strains on Inner Surface of Outside Shell Longitudinal Strains on Outer Surface of Inside Shell Longitudinal Strains on Inner Surface of Inside Shell

Figure
Figure Figure Figure

10

11

Figure 10

12

ABSTRACT
Four cylindrical web-stiffened sandwich models were tested under external hydrostatic pressure. Experimental strains were recorded on both outside and inside shells and compared with theoretical strains computed from existing formula developed at the David Taylor Model Basin. The differences between experimental and theoretical results were within the range of experimental error.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION
This investigation was conducted under the sponsorship of the Bureau

of Ships, Code 442, Project No. S-F013 03 02, Task 1956.

INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the Navy has shown great interest in the explor-

ation of the depths of the ocean by means of deep-diving manned submarines.

Since the pressure hulls of these submarines are weight critical

and often involve the use of thick plates, new types of structures are

being investigated to reduce fabrication difficulties and to produce hulls

with improved strength-to-weight ratio characteristics.
One of these

structures is a cylindrical sandwich shell consisting of two concentric

cylinders connected by annular webs; this type is illustrated in Figure
1.

To evaluate the structural strength of a cylindrical sandwich shell,

the locations and magnitudes of maximum stresses must be determined.

Anal-

yses for stress distribution in sandwich shells loaded under external

hydrostatic pressure were carried out in References

and 2.

The maximum

stresses occur in the shells at locations next to the webs and midway between adjacent webs.

The stresses in these locations are of interest for A graphical analysis for determining

the purposes of structural design.

References are listed on page 13.

these stresses is also shown in Reference

by use of this analysis,
2

2.

From the stresses obtained

theoretical strains can be computed and com-

pared directly with observed data.

To evaluate the theoretical analysis, four sandwich-type models

were fabricated from epoxy resin and tested under external hydrostatic
pressure.

Strains were recorded at locations next to the webs and midway

A longitudinal

between the two webs on both outside and inside shells.

strain distribution along a web spacing was also measured in one model.
This report presents the experimental strains and a comparison of observed
and theoretical values.

DESCRIPTION OF MODELS
Four models, designated SER-1, SER-2, SER-3, and SER-4, were

fabricated from epoxy resin.

The composition of the epoxy resin was 50 A sandwich-type con-

percent Versamid 125 and 50 percent Epon 828.

figuration for the models was constructed by joining a series of channel-

shaped rings together.

These rings were individually formed by pouring

liquid resin into a mold, allowing the resin to harden at room temperature
for 24 hr, and then post curing the rings in an oven for
8

hr at a tem-

perature of 130
dimensions.

F.

Each ring was then machined to the final required

1.

The dimensions of these rings are shown in Figure

Specimens were made to determine the material properties of the

epoxy resin.
A Young's modulus of 328,000 psi and a Poisson's ratio of

0.4 were determined from separate tests using a compressometer, deflectometer, and a Tuckerman optical strain gage.

These values were used for

determining the theoretical strains presented in this report.

The design of the four models was oriented to study the effects of
shell lengths on stress distributions in the sandwich shells.

The basic
3

design of the shell thicknesses and the radii was fashioned after a

geometry for a proposed deep-diving oceanographic hull structure.

On

each of the four models, the outside radius was 5.40 in., the inside

radius was 4.11 in., the outside and inside shell thicknesses were 0.163
in.,

and the web thickness was 0.138 in.

Only the web spacing in the four

shown in Figure
1.25 in.
1)

models varied.
for Model SER-1,

The spacings (dimension L

1.00 in.

were 0.75 in.

for Model SER-2,

for Model SER-3, and

1.50 in.

for Model SER-4.

INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST PROCEDURE

Each model was instrumented with foil-type strain gages 0.063 in.
in length.

These gages were located on the two shells of each model in

The middle ring (Ring 5) on each model was in-

areas of critical stress.

strumented at locations next to the web and midway between adjacent webs
on the 0- and 180-deg orientation.

Check points were instrumented at

locations midway between the webs on an adjacent ring (Ring 6).

Additional

gages were also placed on the outside surfaces of the models next to the

webs at the 45-, 90-, and 135-deg orientations on Ring

5.

Model SER-2

was instrumented with additional longitudinal gages covering the area be-

tween midbay and the web juncture.

After the models were instrumented,

the rings were bonded together with the same type of epoxy resin used in the models.

Figure

shows the four models before testing.

The models were

tested hydrostatically in a pressure tank to obtain elastic strain data.

Two pressure runs were made on each model to a pressure of 100 psi, and

strains were read at each 10-psi increment.

TEST RESULTS
The strain recordings obtained during the second run of each test

were used to compute strain sensitivities.

a function of x/

These strains were plotted as

(where x is the distance from the web to the center of

I

the strain gage and

is the

unsupported length of the bay) and are shown

in Figures 3 through 10.

The solid line represents theoretical strains

2.

computed by utilizing Reference

The dotted vertical lines in these

figures represent the fillet at the intersection of the web and shell.

DISCUSSION
The primary purpose of this investigation was to establish experimental verification for the analysis of deformations in web-stiffened sand-

wich cylinders.
In general,

excellent agreement was obtained as shown in Figures

through 10.

Data on the longitudinal strain gradient between webs pro-

vided by the additional longitudinal gages on SER-2 agreed well with the
theoretical values.

The largest discrepancies occurred at the intersection of the shell

and web where the fillet was located.

This fillet [Figure

1]

was incor-

porated to reduce the effects of shear and possible stress concentrations

due to undercutting or voids that could have developed during fabrication.

Observation of the experimental strains suggested that a portion of the

fillet acted as a stiffener. This effect is less noticeable or negligible

on the two models with longer bay lengths.

CONCLUSION

Theoretical analysis as given in Reference

will adequately predict

the elastic axisymmetric behavior in web-stiffened cylindrical sandwich

shells subjected to hydrostatic pressure.

MODEL LENGTH MODEL Lf(IN)

SER-I

-0.040"

i
0.163"!

J
ISTl

0.75
1.00
1-25 1.50

reR

SER-2
SER-3
SER-4

-0.138"

0.163"!

Figure

Model Dimensions

Figure

SER Models after Instrumentation

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2 u 5 5

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-40
1

-35 -30

I3
1

EXPERIMEMTAL REFERENCE 2

'

SER-4

__
iT

"

1
1

SER-3
6>

SER-2

C>

'

SER-I

0.16

0.20

0.24

0-28

0.32

036

040

0-44

0.48

050

Figure

Circumferential Strains on Outer Surface of Inside Shell

-35

Oo
SER-4
1

O EXPERIMENTAL
REFERENCE
2

-20

SER-3

)0

SER-2

ol
.1
1

o
^

1 1

SER-I
0.|2

0.04

08

0.16

0-20

0.24

0.28

0.32

0.36

040

0.44

0.48

0-50

Figure

Circumferential Strains on Inner Surface of Inside Shell

1
1

SER-_4,

O EXPERIMENTAL REFERENCE 2

sn

^.^^

^
^^

CD

L^ ^
1

-"^

SER-3^

^^

^
o

?L>-'

SER-2_

boo

o^

^1
oo
)4

^<r-^ ""o

"1

./

__^
1

SERiL-

_0.

0. 08

0.

0.

20

0. 24

28

32

0. 36

40

44

0.

50

Figure

Longitudinal Strains on Outer Surface of Outside Shell

^.

O EXPERIMENTAL REFERENCE 2

"^ vL

iX "^\^
^^^-s.

"""^

SER-4

^^
'^ ^
^^^
SER-3

"-'

ol

"""""""^P

o
1

^^
(

SER-2
o
~

1 1

__LJ
1
'

.
1 1

0.i6

SER-I
1

0.04

0.08

0,12

0.20

0.24

0.28

0.32

0.36

0.40

0.44

048 050

Figure

Longitudinal Strains on Inner Surface of Outside Shell

10

^
-40
-30

REFERENCE 2

O EXPERIMENTAL

o
1

^'^^

""^^^ SER-4

""^^

-50
1

-40

"~-^^

SER-3

o """

'

SER-2

~
o

^-

u-

SER-I
,

Figure

Longitudinal Strains on Outer Surface of Inside Shell

11


1 1
1

REFERENCE

O EXPERIMENTAL
2

\IJTJ

SER-4^

1 1

^"^

1 1

+ 10
4-20

1
1

^^

^ ^^ ^

^"^^

+30

y^ f
1 1

J
^

SER-3
1

'
'

in

=> ^^^^
1

+?o

oo
SER-2
J

-in

'

+ 10

n O

o.

"^
-

J
0. 12
0.

SER-I

0. 34

DC)8

20

0-2

28

32

0. 36

40

0. 44

0, 48

Figure 10

Longitudinal Strains on Inner Surface of Inside Shell

12

REFERENCES
Pulos, John G., "Axisynunetric Elastic Deformation and Stresses

1.

in a Web-Stiffened Sandwich Cylinder under External Hydrostatic Pressure,'

David Taylor Model Basin Report 1543 (Nov 1961).

2.

Nott, James A., "Graphical Analysis for Maximum Stresses in

Sandwich Cylinders under External Uniform Pressure," David Taylor Model

Basin Report 1817 (May 1964)
3.

Horn,

Kenneth and Blumenberg, William F., "Hydrostatic Tests of

Structural Models for Preliminary Design of a Web-Stiffened Sandwich

Pressure Hull," David Taylor Model Basin Report 1763 (Sep 1963).

13

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ABSTRACT

Four cylindrical web-stiffened sandwich models were

tested under external hydrostatic pressure.

Experimental

strains were recorded on both outside and inside shells

and compared with theoretical strains computed from

existing formula developed at the David Taylor Mode.l Basin.

The differences between experimental and theoretical results

were within the range of experimental error.

DD

/.AN^''e.

1473

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Web -Stiffened Sandwich

External Hydrostatic Pressure

Stresses in Sandwich Cylinders

Concentric Cylinders

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