Finalprintedbook PDF

6
th
International Congress of the European Bioelectromagnetics Association
1315 November 2003 Budapest, Hungary

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Dear Congress Participants!

Welcome to Budapest at the 6
th
Congress of European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA)!

On behalf of the EBEA 6
th
Congress Organising Committee, I have the honour to present you the
Program and the Abstracts of the meeting. The possibility of adverse effects of exposure to
electromagnetic fields has become a major issue of health policies, both at the level of individual
countries and internationally. The European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA) gathers most
of European scientists involved in research on biological and health effects. Since its foundation in
1989, EBEA has organised five congresses with increasing success. At the 6
th
EBEA congress in
Budapest, we anticipate more than 250 participants and we have received almost 200 scientific
contributions.

The EBEA Congress is the most important forum to discuss, from a European perspective, the
advancement of research on biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields, and its
implications for health policies. The scientific meeting will be co-organised with the International
Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the World Health Organisation
(WHO) and the EU research project COST 281 Potential Health Implications from Mobile
Communication Systems.

At present, there are a growing number of scientists conducting studies in the area of
bioelectromagnetics. These studies focus on two main aspects of human health: therapeutic
applications and potentially harmful effects of exposures to electromagnetic fields. The scope of the
6
th
EBEA Congress provides a forum for presentation and discussion of the latest findings on
biological effects of electromagnetic fields including dosimetry, interaction mechanisms, health
effects of mobile communication systems and medical applications. Special attention will be given
to topics of great international significance with presentations by the four invited keynote speakers.

I would like to thank the members of Scientific Organising Committee and the Local Organising
Committee for their work in selecting the papers and preparing the program. I would like to thank
the organisations and institutions that have sponsored the congress.

I hope all of you will find the Congress informative and interesting. I sincerely believe that it will
provide a useful forum for exchange of ideas and the latest results in bioelectromagnetism, as well
as an opportunity to meet experts from all over the world.

I hope you will enjoy the Congress and your stay in our beautiful capital city of Budapest.

Dr. Gyrgy Thurczy
chairman of the Congress
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Scientific Committee

Gyrgy Thurczy, National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Hungary, chair
Ruggero Cadossi, IGEA, Carpi, Italy
Guglielmo d'Ambrosio, University of Naples, Italy
Guglielmo d'Inzeo, Universita La Sapienza, Italy
Birgitta Floderus, Karolinska Institute, National Institute for Working Life, Sweden
Yngve Hamnerius, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Maila Hietanen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland
Martine Hours, Lyon, France
Jukka Juutilainen, University of Kuopio, Finland
Niels Kuster, ETH Zrich, Switzerland
Isabelle Lagroye, University of Bordeaux, France
John Male, Croydon, UK
Thomas McManus, Department of Public Enterprise, Ireland
Carmela Marino, ENEA Rome, Italy
Damijan Miklavcic, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Kjell Hansson-Mild, National Institute for Working Life, Sweden
Lluis M. Mir, CNRS, France
Anne Perrin, Health Service Research Center of the Army, France
Michael H. Repacholi, WHO, Geneva
Maria Rosaria Scarfi, CNR Naples, Italy
Ren de Seze, INERIS, France
Paolo Vecchia, National Institute of Health, Italy
Luc Verschaeve, Flemish Institute for Technological Research VITO, Belgium
Bernard Veyret, University of Bordeaux, France
Joe Wiart, France Telecom, France

National Organizing Committee

Jzsef Bakos
Zsolt Forgcs
Gyrgy Kteles
Bla Szentpli
Zoltn Somosy
Lszl D.Szab
Judit Szab
Gyrgy Thurczy

Congress Organisers
European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA)

In collaboration with
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
World Health Organisation (WHO)
COST 281 Potential Health Implications from Mobile Communication Systems

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Chairperson
Gyrgy Thurczy
Fodor Jozsef National Center for Public Health
National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene
H-1221 Budapest, Anna u. 5., Hungary
E-mail: thuroczy@hp.osski.hu

Congress Secretariat
Diamond Congress Ltd. EBEA 2003
H-1255 Budapest, P.O. Box 48, Hungary
Phone: +36 1 214 7701 Fax: +36 1 201 2680
E-mail: diamond@diamond-congress.hu
Website: http://www.diamond-congress.hu/ebea2003

PATRONAGE
Dr. Mikls Persnyi, Minister of Environment and Water

SPONSORS OF THE CONFERENCE

Antenna Hungria Rt.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
European Office of Aerospace Research & Development (EOARD)
Fodor Jozsef National Center for Public Health - National Research Institute for Radiobiology and
Radiohygiene
Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Hungary
Ministry of Environment and Water of the Republic of Hungary
Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF)
OncoTherm Ltd.
Research Association for Radio Applications (FGF)
World Health Organisation (WHO)

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Table of Contents

Plenary Session 17

The role of science in health policy and development of WHO recommendations on EMF
M.H. Repacholi, T.E. van Deventer - PL-1 19

EMF public protection: European situation and initiatives
M. Seguinot - PL-2 21

New approach in EMF research proteomics and transcriptomics
D. Leszczynski, R. Kuokka, S. Joenvr, J. Reivinen - PL-3 23

Medical application of non-ionising electromagnetic energy: clinical biophysics
R. Cadoss - PL-4 26

Oral Session

Session 1 - Dosimetry and exposure systems I 29

Occupational exposure to static and ELF magnetic fields on railway engines
P. Rossi, R. Falsaperla, V. Brugaletta, P. Betti, A. Gaggelli - O-1-01 31

Pulsed magnetic field exposure from digital mobile phone
K. Jokela, L. Puranen, A.-P. Sihvonen - O-1-02 32

Towards a computer aided dosimetry: the virtual bioelectromagnetic laboratory
L. Ardoino, F. Bardati, G. Lovisolo, G. Marrocco - O-1-03 33

SARs from resonant tetra radio accessories
P. Chadwick - O-1-04 34

EMF exposure by on-body mounted devices
A. Christ, J. Frhlich, A. Klingenbck, N. Kuster - O-1-05 35

Comparion of theoretical and experimental electropermeabilization on cells in vitro
D. Miklavi, B. Vali, M. Golzio, M. Pavlin, A. Schatz, C. Faurie, B. Gabriel, J. Teissi, M.-P. Rols - O-1-06 36

Dosimetry of the 40-mice 900 MHz Ferris-Wheel exposure system
A. Faraone, S. Chebrolu, W. Luengas, M. Ballen, G. Bit-Babik, M. Kanda, Tad Babij, M. Swicord,
C. K. Chou - O-1-07 37

Extension of the parametric rapid SAR measurement to the SAM phantom
O. Mercke, J.-Ch. Bolomey, G. Fleury - O-1-08 38

Session 2 - Combined exposures and Genotoxic effects 39

Optimal sampling time for the exposure assessment of the magnetic field for epidemiological purposes
G. Decata, M. Crassonb, E. Peetersa, W. Van Loockc - O-2-01 41

Combined effects of ELF magnetic fields with other physical and chemical agents: review of in vitro and
short-term in vivo studies J. Juutilainen, T. Kumlin, J. Naarala - O-2-02 42

Kinetics of reactive oxygen species formation in L929 cell cultures following exposure and co-exposure
to RF radiation (900 MHz) and MX O. Zeni, R. Di Pietro, G. dAmbrosio, R. Massa, M. Capri, C. Franceschi,
J. Juutilainen, M.R. Scarf - O-2-03 43

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Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lympocytes of workers exposed to ELF magnetic fields in
various occupations F. Gobba , L. Roccatto, B. Sinigaglia, M. Scaringi, P. Rossi - O-2-04 44

In vitro genotoxic effects of extremely-low-frequency electro-magnetic fields
S. Ivancsits., E. Diem, O. Jahn, H.W. Rdiger - O-2-05 45

Evaluation of micronucleus induction in human lymphocytes following in vitro exposures to
radiofrequency radiation: a study in the framework of CTIA- FDA project M.R. Scarf, M. Sarti, O. Zeni,
M. Roman, A.M. Fresegna, C. Marino, R. Pinto, P. Villani, G.A. Lovisolo - O-2-06 46

Cytogenetic studies in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to radiofrequency radiation used
at two cellular telephone frequencies (835.62 MHz & 847.74 MHz) Vijayalaxmi - O-2-07 47

In vitro exposure of proliferating human peripheral blood lymphocytes to 1800 MHz radiofrequency
M. Capri, E. Scarcella, E. Bianchi, C. Lanzarini, S. Carosella, P. Mesirca, C. Agostini, C. Franceschi,
F. Bersani - O-2-08 48

Session 3 - Health policy, standards and compliance 49
Ulf Bergqvist Memorial Session

Exposure assessment of mobile phones: a comparison of EU and US requirements
K. Lamedschwandner, G. Schmid, G. Neubauer - O-3-01 51

Will completion of ongoing epidemiologic and long-term animal studies provide sufficient data to evaluate
the carcinogenic potential of RF energy? M. Swicord, J. Morrissey, J. Elder - O-3-02 52

Planning new dwellings near overhead power lines
G. Kelfkens, R. Pennders, M. Pruppers - O-3-03 54

Peruvian mobile communications base stations and its international guidelines compliance
V. C. Ornetta - O-3-04 55

ELF electric and magnetic fields residential exposure induced by high voltage (HV) power lines: a survey
campaign in urban area C. Malacarne, L. Cristoforetti, A. Vaccari, L. Sandrini, M. Mazzurana,
T. Friz, R. Pontalti - O-3-05 56

Hungarians on base stations: a public opinion poll
K. Lnrt - O-3-06 57

Session 4 - In-vivo studies 59

Chronic exposure to radiocellular telephones and psychomotor performance
R. de Seze, A. Besset, F. Espa, K. Martin, S. Martin, G. Szwarcberg, J. Erkes, A. Teisserenc, Y. Dauvilliers,
M. Billiard - O-4-01 61

Research project on the detection and analysis of alleged cognitive, biochemical, and immunological
consequences of chronic exposure of three generations of rats to electromagnetic GSM- and UMTS-fields
of mobile communication M. Bornhausen, M. Stangassinger, M. Erhard, M. Stohrer, J. Detlefsen,
S. Schelkshorn, J. Eberle, O. Petrowicz - O-4-02 62

Sub-chronic effects of local exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields with a loop antenna on the
cerebral microcirculation in rats H. Masuda, S. Hirota, A. Ushiyama, K. Wake, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka,
M. Taki, C. Ohkubo - O-4-03 63

Chronically exposure to the 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near-field use for cellular phones does not promote
Ethylnitrosourea-induced central nervous system tumors in F344 rats T. Shirai, M. Kawabe, Ichihara,
O. Fujiwara, M. Taki, S-i. Watanabe, K. Wake, Y. Yamanaka, K. Imaida, S. Tamano - O-4-04 64

Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on experimental degenerative osteoarthrosis
F. Cavani, M. Fini, S. Setti, V. Can, R. Cadossi - O-4-05 65
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Study of the potential leukemogenic effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields and harmonics in a rat lymphoblastic
leukemia model N. Bernard, C. Jacquemont, L. Devevey, P. Chretien, M.-L. Tanguy, J.-J. Guillosson,
J. Naftiger - O-4-06 66

Session 5 - Dosimetry and exposure systems II 67

Relevant exposure parameters for the comparison of animal studies
V. Berdias-Torres, J. Frhlich, A. Klingenbck, N. Nikoloski, N. Kuster - O-5-01 69

Tissue-equivalent liquids for SAR measurement in practice
K. Fukunaga, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka - O-5-02 70

Prediction of field distributions in complex environments
G. Neubauer, R. berbacher, P. Preiner, J. Wiart, G. Schmid, K. Lamedschwandner, H. Haider,
W. Giczi - O-5-03 71

Analysis of parameters influencing exposure to EMF from mobile phones
L. Ardoino, E. Barbieri, P. Vecchia - O-5-04 72

A semi-automatic method for developing a numerical model of dielectric anatomy by MRI
L. Sandrini, M. Mazzurana, A. Vaccari, C. Malacarne, L. Cristoforetti, R. Pontalti - O-5-05 73

Dosimetry for two generation experiment: RF exposure of up to nine non-restrained rats of various body mass
kept in the same cage T. Reinhardt, A. Bitz, J. Streckert, V. Hansen, J. Buschmann - O-5-06 74

Calculation of current densities induced in an anatomical model of the human body caused by emission from
household appliances in the low frequency range S. Nishizawa, N. Angwafo, H.-O. Ruoss, W. Spreitzer,
F. Landstorfer, O. Hashimoto - O-5-07 75

Statistical analysis of SAR data : the effective mass concept
V. Monebhurrun, J.-Ch. Bolomey, A. Azoulay, L. Duchesne, M. Legoff, P. Garreau - O-5-08 76

Session 6 - Epidemiological studies, Human studies 77

Neurodegenerative diseases in welders and other workers exposed to high levels of magnetic fields
N. Hkansson, P. Gustavsson, C. Johansen, B. Floderus - O-6-01 79

How to combine the use of different mobile and cordless telephones in epidemiological studies?
K. H. Mild, J. Wiln, M. Carlberg, M. Sandstrm, L. Hardell - O-6-02 80

Sleeping disorders and mobile phone base stations: a pilot study
M. Rsli, Y. Baldinini, M. Egger, C. Braun-Fahrlnder - O-6-03 81

Exposure 50 Hz electromagnetic fields and cutaneous malignant melanoma in adults
T. Tynes, L. Klaeboe, T. Haldorsen - O-6-04 82

Influence of location during calls on output power of mobile phones
L. Hillert, A. Ahlbom, M. Feychting, L. Jarup, A. Larsson, D. Neasham, P. Elliott - O-6-05 83

Study of effects of modulated microwaves on perceptual system of visual information processing
J. Lass, A. Rodina, T. Bachmann, H. Hinrikus - O-6-06 84

Mobile phone use and increase in skin temperature due to insulation, heat conduction, and RF absorption
G. Oftedal, A. Straume, A. Johnsson - O-6-07 85

The pituitary-gonadal axis in electric utility workers chronically exposed to 50-Hz magnetic fields
M. Souques, Y. Touitou, H. Charbuy, F. Camus, J. Lambrozo - O-6-08 86

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Session 7 - GUARD: Potential effects of cellular phones on the hearing system 87

GUARD Project: Sensitive methods for studying effects of GSM on hearing in humans
M.E. Lutman, S. Bell, M. Tsalighopoulos - O-7-01 89

GUARD Project: GSM cellular phones and the hearing system: effects of exposure of Sprague-Dawley
rats and combined effects of gentamicin and microwaves exposure in Guinea-pigs. Progress report
P. Galloni, A. Brazzale, N. Carrere, P E. Dulou, Y. Hondarrague, M. Parazzini, M. Piscitelli, G. Tognola,
B. Veyret, J. M. Aran, C. Marino, P. Ravazzani - O-7-02 90

SVM-based criterion for classification and variable selection in AEPs recorded under electromagnetic fields
E. Maby, R. Le Bouquin-Jeanns, G. Faucon - O-7-03 91

Effects of the electromagnetic field of mobile telephones on hearing of humans and rats
O. Ozturan , A. Kizilay , T. Erdem, M.C. Miman, M.T. Kalcioglu - O-7-04 92

Study to evaluate the effects of mobile telephone usage on labyrinthine function
L Luxon, B. Ceranic, R. Cox, P. Chadwick - O-7-05 93

Chronic exposure to radiocellular telephones and auditory system
R. de Seze, J.-P. Artaud, F. Espa, K. Martin, S. Martin, G. Szwarcberg, A. Teisserenc, M. Mondain - O-7-06 94

Session 8 - Interaction mechanisms 95

On a numerical method for the Zeeman-Stark model of Ligand binding under EM explosure
B. Bianco, S. Giordano, E. Moggia, I. Mallarini - O-8-01 97

A possible mechanism for the interaction between an ELF electromagnetic field and membrane dipolar structures
M. Cappelli, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio, G. DInzeo - O-8-02 98

Application of a computational chemistry study to model exogenous field action on molecular heme system
L. Dominici, F. Apollonio, G. d'Inzeo, M. Aschi, A. Amadei - O-8-03 99

TCAD of Mobile phones: heading for a generic modeling approach
P. Futter, N. Chavannes, N. Nikoloski, N. Kuster, J. Keshvari, A. Toropainen - O-8-04 100

Electrical response of non spherical biological cell models from direct RF exposure
J.L. Sebastin, S. Muoz San Martn, M. Sancho, J. M. Miranda - O-8-05 101

A possible energy accumulation mechanism
V.O. Ponomarev, A.V. Karnaukhov - O-8-06 102

Session 9 - In-vitro studies 103

Time-varying ELF fields effects on a single-cell Dictyostelium discoideum (protista)
A. Amaroli, F. Trielli, B. Bianco, S. Giordano, E. Moggia, M. U. Delmonte Corrado - O-9-01 105

Effects of electromagnetic fields and insulin growth factor-I on proteoglycan synthesis in Bovine articular cartilage
M. De Mattei, A. Pellati, M. Pasello, L. Massari, D. Gemmati, A. Ongaro, A. Caruso - O-9-02 106

The effect of GSM-900 RFR on camptothecin-induced apoptosis in human U937 lymphoblastoma cells
I. Lagroye, E. Haro, B. Billaudel, B. Veyret - O-9-03 107

In vitro studies on promyelocytic cells with the help of gene expression profiling on cDNA microarrays show an
increase of protein synthesis after RF-EMF exposure C. Maercker, K. Schlatterer, R. Gminski, J. Schuderer,
N. Kuster, F. Adlkofer, R. Fitzner, R. Tauber - O-9-04 108

Microwave exposure system for patch clamp recording equipment
F. Duelli, M. Liberti, F. Apollonio, G. DInzeo - O-9-05 109

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Alteration of synaptic transmission by neuron excitation-synchronized high-power microwave pulses:
a replication study A. Pakhomov, J. Doyle, M. Murphy - O-9-06 110

Mechanisms of cell activation processes after exposure to electromagnetic fields
M. Simk, M. Lupke, J. Rollwitz, M. Lantow - O-9-07 111

Static magnetic fields modulate the kinetics of apoptosis and secondary necrosis in HL60 and glioblastroma cells
G. Clavarino, A. Bergamaschi, C. Cerella, Z. Darzynkiewicz, M. De Nicola, L. Ghibelli, W. Goedhe, P. Smolewsky,
D. Tirindelli, L. Teodori - O-9-08 112

Session 10 - Medical applications 113

Microwaves in breast cancer detection. A comparison between active and passive methods.
F. Bardati, G. Marrocco, M.P. Massaro - O-10-01 115

Experience with treatment of non-unions with capacitively coupled electric field. Italian experience
A. Impagliazzo, A. Mattei, G. Spurio Pompili, S. Setti, R. Cadossi - O-10-02 116

Elecrtomagnetic fields in biomedicine: cytoprotection and gene therapy
R. Goodman, H. Lin, M. Blank - O-10-03 117

Magnetic and electromagnetic field therapy of pain
M.S. Markov - O-10-04 118

Microwave detection of breast tumours
R. Nilavalan, I. J.Craddock, A. Preece, J. Leendertz, R. Benjamin - O-10-05 119

Technical and clinical aspects of microwave thermotherapy
J. Vrba, R. Hlavac, , R. Chovanec, J. Herza, J. Cvek, L. Opp, J. Kvech, J. Kubes - O-10-06 120

Poster session 121

Combined effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation and vimclozolin on NIH 3T3 cell cultures
M. Capri, E. Scarcella, E. Bianchi, C. Lanzarini, S. Carosella, P. Mesirca, C. Agostini, F. Bersani, O. Zeni,
G. DAmbrosio, R. Massa, M.R. Scarf, J. Juutilainen, C. Franceschi - P-001 123

Magnetic field near electrical welding equipment a change from ELF to VLF
K.H. Mild, O. Stensson, M. Sandstrm, J. Wiln - P-002 124

Combined personal EMF exposure inside the office buildings in the Warszawa urban area
J. Karpowicz, K. Gryz, A. Lewandowski - P-003 125

An indirect effect of microwaves, under different exposure conditions, to mutagenesis using the AMES test
A. Perrin, C. Bachelet, P. Levque, R. Malabiau, J.C. Debouzy - P-004 126

Effects of exposure to pulsed microwaves on movement initiation in rats exposed to the mitochondrial toxin
rotenone R.L. Seaman, S.M. Fleming, K. Prosolovitch, M.F. Chesselet, S.T. Lu1, S.P. Mathur, C.D. DiCarlo,
A.S.Garcia, A.R. Grado , T.H. Garza - P-005 127

GUARD Project: Controlled set-up for localized exposure in rats
R. Pinto, L. Ardoino, S. Mancini, P. Galloni, C. Marino, G. A. Lovisolo - P-006 128

A method for evaluating the electric field in biological samples at ELF/LF frequencies
B. Bianco, M. Nervi, S. Di Martino, E. Moggia, S. Giordano, P. Girdinio - P-007 129

Technical aspect of EMF biomedical experiments
P. Bienkowski, H. Trzaska - P-008 130

On the electromagnetic absorption from whole blood exposed to THz radiation
G. DInzeo, M. DArienzo, A. Doria, G. P. Gallerano, E. Giovenale, M. Sarti - P-009 131
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Low cost exposure set-up for RF biological experiments
S. Molfetta, F. Apollonio, M. Liberti, G. DInzeo - P-010 132

Implementation of commercial FEM software to prediction of the EMF indirect hazards
K. Gryz, P. Zradziski, J. Karpowicz - P-011 133

SAR analysis of radio wave in the human eyes
M. Hanazawa, K. Wake, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka - P-012 134

Method for evaluation of the exposure to non-ionizing radiation on personnel in physiotherapy
M. Israel, P. Tchobanoff - P-013 135

Thermal analysis of an irradiation chamber used for in vitro protein studies at 900 MHz
K. Jokela, T. Toivo, A.-P. Sihvonen - P-014 136

Impedance measurement of the ammunition-boots adopted by the Hungarian army in the 10 Hz-13 MHz
frequency band E. Joo, A. Szasz - P-015 137

Human body impedance for contact current measurement
Y. Kamimura, M. Shoji, Y. Yamada, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka - P-016 138

Numerical analysis of electromagnetic interference of a cardiac pacemaker in realistic Voxel models of
Japanese adult male and female R. Kumahara, S. Mochizuki, S. Watanabe, M. Hanazawa, Y. Yamakana,
H. Shirai - P-017 139

Mobile phone radiation effect on Lemna minor
K. Malaric, M. Tkalec, Z. Vidakovic-Cifrek - P-018 140

SAR profiling of GSM base station antennas for comparison to basic restriction exposure guidelines
F.J.C. Meyer, M. van Wyk - P-019 141

Use of homogeneous lossy dielectric sphere model for comparison of continuous and digital modulated
radiofrequency field deposition inside biological objects S. Miclaus, P. Bechet, S. Demeter - P-020 142

GUARD: Temperature imaging of cellular phones and human head surface by infrared thermo
camera measurement B.F. Molnr, E. Rahne, J. Bakos, Gy. Thurczy - P-021 143

E-field probes fabricated by thick film method
B. Szentpli, V. van Tuyen, Gy. Thurczy - P-022 144

The calibration of miniature E-field probes
B. Szentpli, Gy. Thurczy - P-023 145

GUARD project: human exposure system and RF domestry
B. F. Molnr, Gy. Thurczy - P-024 146

Development of near-field head exposure system for cranial-window rats
H. Watanabe, K. Wake, M. Hanazawa, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka, T. Uno, M. Taki - P-025 147

An experimental study on SAR measurement for body-worn wireless terminals
S. Watanabe, K. Fukunaga, Y. Yamanaka, K. Sato, Y. Miyota, M. Takabe, H. Asou, Y. Ishii - P-026 148

Is there some dependency between the degree of the RFs syndrome and the exposure to microwaves from
GSM-DCS base stations? C. Gmez-Perretta, E. Navarro, J. Segura, M. Portols, C. Maest,
J.L. Bardasano - P-028 149

Personal measurements of occupational 50 Hz magnetic fields exposures among women in Sweden
U.M. Forssn, G. Mezei, G. Nise, M. Feychting - P-029 150

Using GIS to identify postcodes in close proximity to high voltage powerlines
M.G. Wright, M.B. Smith, E.J. Dunn, A.W. Preece - P-030 151

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EMF exposure survey in residences above transformer stations
J. Szab, G. Jnossy, Gy. Thurczy - P-031 152

Evaluation of mutagenicity of complex magnetic fields with static and time-varying components.
M. Ikehata, T. Nagai, Y. Suzuki, M. Taki ,J. Miyakoshi, T. Koana - P-032 153

A fundamental study of an exposure system at 60 GHz band
M. Hanazawa, K. Wake, R. Kumahara, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka, H. Shirai - P-033 154

Investigation on the mutagenicity of short-wave electromagnetic fields using the tradescantia micronucleus
bioassay H. Lehmann, C. Pickl, M. Urech - P-034 155

Evaluation of genotoxic effects in human peripheral blood lymphocytes following 900 MHz RF exposure
O. Zeni, M. Roman, A. Perrotta, M.B. Lioi, R. Barbieri, G. dAmbrosio, R. Massa, M.R. Scarf - P-035 156

Problem of standardization of radiofrequency radiation effects
Y. Chukova - P-036 157

Cell phones increase hsp70 and induce specific transcription factors in drosophila
D. Weisbrot, M. Blank, R. Goodman - P-037 158

Harmonic distortion of magnetic fields from indoor distribution transformers
K. Jokela, H. Nyberg, A.-P. Sihvonen - P-038 159

EMF occupational hazards assessment and reduction, implemented by OSH regulations in Poland
J. Karpowicz, K. Gryz - P-039 160

Assessment of guidelines compliance near base-stations antennas
M. Martnez Brdalo, A. Martn, M. Anguiano, R. Villar - P-040 151

NIRR Project: enviromental high frequency electromagnetic fields monitoring activity in an alpine region
C. Malacarne, R. Pontalti, A. Vaccari, U. Furlani, G. Anderle, L. Cristoforetti - P-041 162

Correction of ankle SAR of homogeneous human models by effective ankle cross-dection
Y. Tanaka, S. Watanabe, Y. Yamanaka, M. Taki, M. Takahashi - P-042 163

Critical review of the western protection standards
H. Trzaska - P-043 164

Possible effects of RF/MW radiation on the ionosphere
R. Coghill - P-044 165

Grounding the human body to earth reduces chronic inflammation and related chronic pain
C. Ober, R. Coghill - P-045 166

No influence of 50 Hz continuous magnetic field exposures on cognitive functioning in human.
M. Delhez, S. Brdart, J.-J. Legros, M. Crasson - P-046 167

Effects of mobile phone expoisure on hearing function of users
S. Dasdag, M. F. Oktay - P-047 168

Effect of radiofrequencies (RF) on hearing function of people occupationally exposed to RF
M. F. Oktay, S. Dasdag, S. Cureoglu, M. Cebe, M. Yazicioglu, F. Meric, I. Topcu - P-048 169

Effects of 50Hz electromagnetic fields (EMF) on dental pain threshold, blood pressure (BP) and heart
rate (HR) in humans S. Ghione, C.D. Seppia, L. Mezzasalma, L. Bonfiglio - P-049 170

Changes in EEG caused by modulated microwave field
H. Hinrikus, J. Lass, M. Parts, V. Tuulik - P-050 171

Helix aspersa single unit neuron shows a frequency windows under applied magnetic field of variable frequency
A. del Morala, R.N. Prez Bruznb, M.J. Azanzac - P-051 172
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Study of mechanisms of high frequency electromagnetic fields bacterial effects
K. Bagramyan, M. Hakobyan, A. Poladyan, A. Trchounian - P-052 174

Exposure to 50 Hz magnetic field does not affect isoproterenol induced pineal melatonin synthesis in
perifusion system at 100 and 500 T flux densities in vitro
J. Bakos, Gy. Kubinyi, H. Sinay, Gy. Thurczy -P-053 175

GSM microwaves and 50 Hz EMF induce stress response in lymphocytes from hypersensitive and
healthy persons I. Belyaev, L. Hillert, M. Protopopova, L. Malmgren, B. Persson, G. Selivanova,
M. Harms-Ringdahl - P-054 176

Eeffect of high voltage power lines on topsoil microbes
T. Galonja-Coghill, R. Coghill - P-055 177

Elecrtomagnetic fields in articular cartilage: field intensity and exposure length dependent effect
M. De Mattei, A. Pellati, M. Pasello, A. Ongaro, L. Massari, G. Stabellini, A. Caruso - P-056 178

Effects of electromagnetic fields and interleukin-1 (IL-1) on proteoglycan metabolism of bovine articular
cartilage explants M. De Mattei, M. Pasello, A. Pellati, A. Ongaro, G. C. Traina, A. Caruso - P-057 179

50 Hz magnetic field exposure increases the amount of adherent cell contact proteins of primary mouse
Leydig cells in culture Zs. Forgcs, Z. Somosy, Cs. Rvsz, G. Jnossy , Gy. Thurczy - P-058 180

Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on cellular proliferation, ODC activity, and apoptosis
A. Hyt, M. Sokura, J. Juutilainen, J. Naarala - P-059 181

Effects of extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic fields on the proliferation and differentiation of
HepG2 cells X. L. Huo, T. Zheng, W. Yang, T. Xu, T. Song - P-060 182

Proteomics approach to study effects of mobile phone radiation using two variants of human endothelial
cell line R. Kuokka, D. Leszczynski - P-061 183

Effects on cell differentiation in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to electromagnetic fields associated
to mobile phones (900 MHz) C. Laconi, M. C. Pirozzoli, L. Mosiello, A. Negroni, R. Pinto, A.G. Lovisolo
C. P. Marino - P-062 184

Effects of GSM-900 RFR on the apoptosis of brain cells
F. Poulletier de Gannes, I. Lagroye, E. Haro, M. Taxile, P.E. Dulou, B. Billaudel, B. Veyret - P-063 185

HSPs expression in human skin cells after exposure to GSM-900 S. Sanchez, B. Billaudel, A. Milochau,
I. Lagroye, M. Lassegues, F. Poulletier de Gannes, J. E. Surlve-Bazeille, B. Veyret - P-064 186

Effects of GSM-1800 RFR on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in L929 mouse fibroblasts
M. Taxile, B. Billaudel, E. Haro, I. Lagroye, B. Veyret - P-065 187

Morphometric estimation of human placental syncytiothrophoblast nuclei in low magnetic induction of variable
magnetic fields following perfusion in vitro M. opucki, B. Jdrych, W. Rogowska, S. Pietruszewski,
K. Kornarzyski, M. acut, K. Czerny, J. Kotarski - P-066 188

Exposure to ELF electromagnetic fields turned to Zn inhibits growth of cancer cells
E. Markova, R. Sarimov, F. Johansson, D. Jenssen, G. Selivanova, I. Belyaev - P-067 189

Effects of exposure to 1950 MHz Radio-frequency fields on expression of Hsp 27 and Hsp70 in human
glioma MO54 cells J. Miyakoshi, G.-R. Ding , H. Hirose, S. Koyama - P-068 190

Effects of THz radiation on carbonic anhydrase loaded liposomes
A. Ramundo-Orlando, M. DArienzo, A. Doria, G. P. Gallerano, E. Giovenale, G. Messina - P-069 191

Evaluation of DNA damage by alkaline comet assay after in vitro exposure to ELF magnetic field
Gy. Kubinyi, Z. Salamon, Gy. Thurczy - P-070 193

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GSM microwaves induce stress response in human lymphocytes
R. Sarimov, J. Torudd, L. Hillert, L. Malmgren , B. Persson, M. Harms-Ringdahl, I. Belyaev - P-071 194

Evaluation of DNA damage in human lymphocytes exposed to THz radiation
O. Zeni, M. Roman, A. Perrotta, M. Sarti, A.Doria, G. P. Gallerano, E. Giovenale, G. Messina, A. Lai,
G. Campurra, M. DArienzo, M.R. Scarf - P-072 195

Cell proliferation and viability in human gliomas and normak fibroblasts cell exposed to CW and W-CDMA
modulated signals at 2-GHz band microwaves M. Sekijima, H. Takeda, K. Yasunaga, T. Nojima,
J. Miyakoshi - P-073 196

Study the effects of magnetic (50Hz ) field in distribution of structural proteins of junctional complex in
Madin-Darby kidney cells Z. Somosy, G. Bognr, Gy. Thurczy - P-074 197

Action of GSM signals on the expression of FGF-receptors by neural cells
M.A. Trillo, G. Alegra, M.A. Martnez, M.A. Cid, A. beda, J. Leal .- P-075 198

Power-frequency MF can influence proliferation and Apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells
M.A. Trillo, M.A. Martnez, M.A. Cid, A. beda, G. Alegra, J. Leal. - P-076 199

Immuno-protective effect of endogenous electric fields
R Coghill, T. Galonja-Coghill - P-077 200

Effects of ELF electric and static magnetic fields (SMFs) on saline solution flow rate and conductivity
C. Conners, R. Coghill - P-078 201

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a candidate molecule for ELFMFs effect on increasing
the alveolar epithelial tight junction permeability A. Ebrahimpour, B. Shahsavan Behboodi,
M. Shahbazimoghadam, Gh. Riazi - P-079 202

Some effects of high-gradient magnetc field on gravisensing cell of higher plants of roots
A.V. Kondrachuk - P-080 203

A long-term study on the athermal biological effects of microwaves
D. Adang, A. Vander Vorst, M. Zizi - P-082 204

Methodological and instrumentation approach for study of aquarium fishes transient behavior in-vivo
V. V. Alexandrov, B. V. Alexandrov, Y. M. Balagula, N. V. Korovkin, I. N. Serov , D. A. Ustavnikov - P-083 205

Effect of GSM exposure on gliosis
E. Brillaud, R. de Seze - P-084 206

Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the integration of osteochondral autografts in sheep
F. Cavani, F. Benazzo, M. Fini, S. Setti, V. Can, R. Cadossi - P-085 207

Influence of chronic exposure to variable magnetic field with low induction value on antioxidant reactions in rats
G. Cieslar, J. Zalejska-Fiolka, E. Birkner, S. Kasperczyk, A. Sieron - P-086 208

Influence of chronic exposure to variable magnetic field with low induction value on analgesic reaction in rats
G. Cieslar, K. Sieron-Stotny, A. Dydon, P. Dydon, A. Plech, S .Kasperczyk, A. Sieron - P-087 209

Influence of chronic exposure to variable magnetic field with low induction value on behaviour in rats
G. Cieslar, K. Sieron-Stotny, A. Dydon, P. Dydon, A. Plech, S .Kasperczyk, A. Sieron - P-088 210

The effects of owhole body cell phone exposure on the T relaxation times and trace elements in the serum
of rats F. Aksen, S. Dasdag, M. Z. Akdag, M. Askin, M. M. Dasdag - P-089 211

Status of PERFORM-A: Co- and carcinogenicity studies in rodents on radiofrequency related to mobile
telephones and base stations C. Dasenbrock, R. Hruby, G. Oberto, P. Smith, N. Kuster - P-090 212

Effects of microwaves from GSM mobile phones on the rat brain
J. L. Eberhardt, B. Persson, L.G. Salford, A. Brun - P-091 213
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1800 MHz GSM-Like microwave exposure elevates the serum testosterone level and red blood cell
count of male mice Zs. Forgcs, Gy. Kubinyi, H. Sinay, J. Bakos, Cs. Rvsz, A. Hudk, A. Surjn,
Gy. Thurczy - P-092 214

Changes in mice exploratory activity induced by low-level microwave exposure
C. Goiceanu, G. Blceanu, R. Dnulescu, F. Grdinariu , D.D. Sandu - P-093 215

Cell phones increase hsp70 and induce specific transcription factors in drosophila
D. Weisbrot, M. Blank, R. Goodman - P-094 216

The effect of ELF and RF EMF on the activity/inducibility of cytochrome P450 system in rat liver
R. Wiaderkiewicz, J. Karpowicz, P. Czekaj, K. Gryz, A. Paasz, A. Wiaderkiewicz ,
K. Miranowicz-Dzierawska - P-095 217

Propagation velocity in nerve fibre exposed to microwave
H. Hinrikus, J. Lass, V. Tuulik - P-096 218

Multicenter replication study of the blood-brain barrier neurodegeneration study conducted in Sweden
I. LaGroye, B. Veyret, F. Poulletier de Gannes, Gy. Thurczy, G. Neubauer, C. Ohkubo, J. Wiart,
J. McQuade, J. Merritt, P. Mason - P-097 219

RF GSM Artifact suppressor for in situ electrophysiological recordings
L. Kellnyi, G.P. Kovcs, G. Stefanics, I. Herndi, Gy. Thurczy - P-098 220

Pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic irradiation alters spontaneous neural activity in the rodent prefrontal cortex
P. Kovcs, I. Herndi, L. Kellnyi, Gy. Thurczy - P-099 221

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in skin keratinocytes after exposure to GSM signals of hairless rats.
S. Sanchez, H. Masuda, M. Taxile, B. Billaudel, P. Dulou, E. Haro, I. Lagroye, B. Veyret - P-100 222

Radio frequency bioeffects and dosimetry research at the U.S. Air Force research laboratory
M. R. Murphy, J. H. Merritt, P. A. Mason - P-101 223

Parthenogenetic ability of silkworm strains after EHF-radiation impact on pupae
V.G. Shakhbazov, L.M. Chepel, N.N. Grigoryeva, S.P. Sirenko, V.V. Navrotskaya, A.I. Fisun,
O.I. Belous - P-102 224

The light of different zones of spectrum as a possible factor of the gametes differentiation
V.V. Navrotskaya, A.V. Salov, V.G. Shakhbazov - P-103 225

Histological and stereological analysis of cutaneous mast cells in rats exposed to 50 Hz EMF
V. Rajkovic, M. Matavulj, O. Johansson - P-104 226

Therapeutic efficacy of variable magnetic field with low induction value in patients with depression
syndromes A. Sieron, R.T. Hese, J. Sobis, G. Cieslar - P-105 227

The specific frequency magnetic field medical-biological effects.
I. Detlavs, A. Turauska, K. Grundsteins - P-106 228

Stress proteins as the mediators of high-frequency electromagnetic wave effects
O. Glushkova, E. Novoselova - P-107 229

Education of biomedical application of microwaves
G. Mtay, L. Zombory - P-108 230

A liquid phantom medium for microwave breast imaging
J. Leendertz, A. Preece, R. Nilavalan, I.J. Craddock, R. Benjamin - P-109 232

Hyperthermia in onclogy: heat or field?
A. Szsz, O. Szsz, N. Szsz - P-110 233

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Biotropic influence of low-power (nonthermal) millimeter waves: 60 years of scientific research in Russia
Y. Tkachenko, M. Krevsky, Y. Koshurinov, G. Chidichimo, A. Beneduci - P-111 234

About evolution of electromagnetic fields in living systems: model structures and bioobject
E.Z. Gak - P-112 235

The BBEMG web site project : for scientists and the general public?
M. Ledent, M. Crasson , C. Delfosse, J. J. Legros - P-113 236

Electromagnetic compatibility between WCDMA mobile phones and medical electronics
N. Lvehagen, P. Hkansson, L.-E. Larsson, T. Marve, C. Trnevik, M. Wallin - P-114 237

Method for simultaneous electromagnetic stimulation and electrical recording of the human brain
J.L. Bardasano, C. Maest J.L. Ramos, E. Gomez-Utrero, I. Gutierrez, J.M.R. Delgado - P-115 238

The treatment of psycho-vegetative disorders after psychophysical overloadin women in menstrual period
by white light & electric field effects G.S. Markarov, V.M. Marchenkova, S.B. Shvarkov,
J.V. Cherevishnik - P-116 239

ATHEM - An Austrian research initiative on biological effects of mobile telephony by the national occupation
hazard insurance association W. Mosgoeller, E. Diem, G. Neubauer, G. Schmid, H. Tuschl, M. Kundi ,
C. Gerner, E. Traxler, H.-P.Hutter, S. Ivancsits, H. Molla-Djafari - P-117 240

Assessment of ELF magnetic fields exposure in different occupational groups in Italy
F. Gobba, P. Rossi - P-118 241

No influences of GSM base stations on cardiac pacemakers
G. Schmid, G. Neubauer, F. Rauscha - P-119 242

Investigations of influences of radio sets on cardiac pacemakers
G. Schmid, G. Neubauer, F. Rauscha - P-120 243

Seed-stimulation by glow-discharge plasma
G. Vincze, P. Szendr, N. Szsz, O. Szsz, A. Szsz - P-121 244

Stimulation of seeds by Electromagnetic potentials.
A. Szsz, P. Szendr, G. Vincze, N. Szsz, O. Szsz - P-122 245

Is the electromagnetic radiation of the flow of electrically neutral liquids realistic?
O. Szsz, P. Szendr, G. Vincze, A. Szsz - P-123 246

Electromagnetic seed selection.
P. Szendr, G. Vincze, N. Szsz, A. Szsz - P-124 247

Characterization of chronic 50-Hz magnetic field using mutidimensional analysis techniques
Verrier, F. Wallet, M. Souques - P-125 248

Author Index 249

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Plenary Session

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PL-1

THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN HEALTH POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT OF WHO
RECOMMENDATIONS ON EMF

DR M.H. REPACHOLI AND DR T.E. VAN DEVENTER

World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

INTRODUCTION
The World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations scientific health body and has been assessing health risks
for over 50 years. With its mandate to provide national authorities with sound advice based on the best available
science, and using methodology that has been recognized and accepted world wide, WHO is the logical agency to
conduct health risk assessments of new and emerging technologies, especially those that emit electromagnetic fields
(EMF).
Biological effects and possible health consequences of exposure to EMF need to be assessed according to an
appropriate set of guidelines. Through the International EMF Project, WHO is collaborating with its specialized agency
on cancer research, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and other international organizations,
including the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), governmental agencies and
independent research institutions, to assess health effects of exposure to static and time varying electric and magnetic
fields in the frequency range 0 - 300 GHz. The main objectives of the Project are to identify gaps in knowledge,
establish a research agenda to enlarge the scientific database and complete reviews of the literature in a manner that
leads to scientifically defensible conclusions on possible health risks from EMF exposure.
This paper provides information on how the International EMF Project conducts evaluations and particularly the criteria
for evaluating scientific reports and assessing health hazards from EMF exposure.

ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH RISK
In its constitution WHO defines health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity. It is thus important to identify whether EMF-induced biological effects can be
considered a hazard to human health.
Living systems respond to many stimuli as part of the process of living; such responses are examples of biological
effects. Interactions leading to measurable biological effects that remain within the range of physiological compensation
of the body and do not detract from the physical and mental well-being of humans should not be considered as
hazardous. Interactions that lead to biological effects outside the normal range of compensation of the body may be an
actual or potential health hazard. The time course of the effect should be determined, i.e. under what conditions the
effect disappears after cessation of exposure, or if exposures are additive even after a rest period, or whether effects are
permanent, such as the induction of cancer.
Reports of subjective effects (symptoms without concomitant signs - reactions that are difficult to measure
quantitatively, e.g. headaches) are useful for identification of health consequences only if the studies are conducted in a
truly scientific manner, are shown to be statistically significant and a direct causal relationship is demonstrated.
Subjective effects, if substantiated, can detract from the physical and mental well being of a person, and should
therefore be considered a health hazard. If it is determined that certain EMF exposure conditions exist that have a finite
probability of being unsafe for even a very small part of the population, this should be addressed.

SCIENTIFIC DATABASE
The database used to evaluate whether exposure to any physical or chemical agent produces a carcinogenic risk has
been described by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, 1995). A similar database can be used for
determining any risk to health from EMF exposure. The International EMF Project has worked to establish a database
of high quality studies that can be assessed by WHO using accepted health risk assessment methodology.
Literature for review should have been published in scientific peer reviewed journals, and should thus be free of most
common deficiencies in methodology, analysis and conclusions. Unfortunately, the rigour of peer review varies widely
among scientific journals. While peer-review adds confidence in the study results, health risk assessment requires
additional review to evaluate study design, conduct and analysis of each report, and to compare them with the results of
other studies. Peer-reviewed reports not published in scientific journals may be considered, but conference abstracts are
of little value in health risk assessment as they generally receive no prior peer review, contain sparse information useful
for a proper evaluation, and cannot be considered as the final outcome of an experiment until all results are available
and properly analysed.
For health risk assessments, the database needed includes a range of study types. A summary is given here, but more
details can be obtained from IARC (1995), Repacholi and Cardis (1995) and Repacholi (1998).

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HUMAN STUDIES: Investigations of associations in human beings between exposure levels and adverse health
effects can utilize both human laboratory and epidemiological studies. These studies require the fulfillment of a number
of criteria to effectively take into account and reduce possible impacts of bias, confounding, and chance variation in the
interpretation of results. Lack of appropriate action to reduce the impact of these sources of error can decrease the
credibility and the final weight given to the results of the study.

ANIMAL STUDIES: All known human carcinogens studied adequately in experimental animals have produced
positive results in one or more animal species. In general, if adequate data are absent from human studies, it is
biologically plausible and prudent to regard studies that provide sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals, as
evidence of carcinogenic risk in humans. However, the animal models need to be relevant to cancers reported in
humans. The possibility that EMF may cause cancer through a species-specific mechanism that does not operate in
humans should also be considered. Consistency of positive results using a variety of animal models is important.
An assessment of disease from exposure to EMF involves several considerations of qualitative importance. These
include the animal model (animal species, strain, sex, age), the experimental conditions under which the study was
performed (exposure regimen, and duration of follow-up), the consistency of the results across species and target
organs, the spectrum of disease outcomes (e.g. for cancer, the spectrum of neoplasm response from preneoplastic
lesions and benign tumours to malignant neoplasms), and the possible role of modifying factors. Since the probability
that a disease will occur may depend on the species, sex, strain, age of the animal, and the duration of exposure,
evidence of an increase in disease with level of exposure strengthens the inference of a causal association. The form of
the dose-response relationship is important and may vary widely. For carcinogenesis, both DNA damage and increased
cell division are important aspects.

IN VITRO STUDIES: Studies on molecules, cells and tissues contribute to the overall understanding of effects and
especially mechanisms of interaction. Such studies can be very useful for identifying effects that should be pursued in
vivo, but it must be remembered that effects found from in vitro studies cannot be claimed to occur in vivo until this has
been experimentally confirmed. In vitro systems are simpler than in vivo systems and so do not necessarily have the
feedback or other exchange mechanisms that occur within whole organisms that may preclude effects being observed.
However, in vitro systems are particularly useful for elucidating mechanisms of interaction of EMF that, when
confirmed in vivo, may be used as a basis for extrapolation for exposure levels (e.g. from low to high field levels) or
across a frequency range.

CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE OF STUDIES FOR HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Certain criteria should be met if individual studies reporting positive or negative effects are to be accepted into the body
of established scientific literature. These criteria should be viewed as a whole; no individual criterion is either necessary
or sufficient for the conclusion that there is a causal relationship between exposure and a disease.
1. Study techniques, methods and conditions should be as objective as possible using methodology or biological
systems appropriate to end points studied.
2. All data analyses should be fully and completely objective, no relevant data deleted from consideration and
appropriate analytical methods used. Data from experiments within the same study should be internally consistent,
within normal statistical variability.
3. The published description of methods should be given in sufficient detail that a critical reader would be convinced
that all reasonable precautions were taken to meet requirements 1 and 2.
4. Results should demonstrate an effect of the relevant variable at a high level of statistical significance using
appropriate tests.

OVERALL EVALUATION OF HEALTH RISK
One of the greatest problems in assessing health risks has been the lack of consistency of results in the EMF scientific
database. Many studies have not been replicated so results that could have important implications for health remain
unsubstantiated. While exact replication of studies may not be necessary, additional studies are needed to support the
conclusions. To evaluate the confusing and contradictory laboratory and epidemiological studies, Hill

(1965) developed
a set of criteria that have been widely accepted when evaluating epidemiological studies. Similar criteria have been
developed for other studies (Repacholi and Cardis, 1995). Under these criteria, strength and consistency of the
association between EMF exposure and biological effects, evidence of a dose-response relationship, evidence provided
by laboratory studies, and plausibility that biological systems exposed to EMF fields manifest biological effects, are all
examined.
A common approach for assessing health risks is by weight of evidence. Here the results of each study are considered
and compared to similar studies. Then the results of studies within a particular group are considered, for example the
epidemiological evidence is evaluated for consistency, any dose response relationships and other factors to determine
what the weight of the evidence suggests. There is no way to prove something does not cause some health effects since
one cannot prove a negative. Thus it is necessary to estimate how much of a given set of evidence (established scientific
database) changes the probability that exposure will cause the health outcome under consideration. This procedure is
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conducted for the human, animal and laboratory (in vitro) studies, and the evidence is compared overall (e.g.
consistency of results, dose-response) for the final evaluation.
To reach an overall evaluation of EMF health consequences in humans the body of scientific evidence is considered as a
whole. Under the WHO umbrella, two entities are working on the EMF risk assessment. First, IARC conducts the
hazard identification and classification of possible carcinogens. Second, the EMF Project takes into consideration the
results of this carcinogen analysis and completes a risk assessment of all health outcomes, including quantitative risk
estimation. The final assessment is then made by a committee of scientists with the range of disciplines necessary to
conduct the evaluation of the science.

WHO RECOMMENDATIONS AND PRECAUTION
Whenever possible, WHO makes its conclusions and recommendations following evaluation of scientific evidence, and
bases decisions on information fully supported by scientific studies (evidence-based policy). Within WHO, a cluster
called Evidence and Information for Policy (EIP) is responsible for ensuring that scientific evidence is evaluated in an
acceptable manner and that the conclusions are valid.
WHO increasingly deals with health threats that are incompletely characterized or about which scientific evidence is
lacking, especially in developing countries. Prompted by some of the WHO Member States, the EMF Project has
embarked on an activity to determine what measures can be taken to protect public health in cases where scientific
uncertainty exists. In such cases it may be important to take public health measures before a cause and effect
relationship has been scientifically established. In this way, precautionary measures can be integrated naturally into
existing public health policy and can complement actions taken for disease prevention after a cause and effect
relationship has been established. A framework on how to deal with uncertain risks is being developed by the EMF
Project, and it is anticipated that this will be completed in 2004 and will include generic case studies on various
environmental health risks.

REFERENCES
Hill, AB (1965) The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
58, 295-300.
IARC (1995) International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks
in humans: Preamble. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Repacholi MH, Cardis E (1997): Criteria for EMF Health Risk Assessment. Radiat Prot Dosim 72: 305-312
Repacholi MH (ed) (1998) Low-Level Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: Health Effects and
Research Needs. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 1-19 (1998)

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PL-2

EMF PUBLIC PROTECTION
EUROPEAN SITUATION AND INITIATIVES

MARC SEGUINOT

EU, Bruxelles

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PL-3

NEW APPROACH IN EMF RESEARCH PROTEOMICS AND TRANSCRIPTOMICS

DARIUSZ LESZCZYNSKI, REETTA KUOKKA, SAKARI JOENVR, JUKKA REIVINEN,

BioNIR Research Group at the Radiobiology Laboratory,
STUK Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland
dariusz.leszczynski@stuk.fi

ABSTRACT
Use of high-throughput screening techniques (HTST) of transcriptomics and proteomics, although expensive and
laborious, is scientifically justified and necessary in studies that examine biological effects of mobile phone radiation.
HTST will allow rapid identification of molecular targets of this low-energy radiation what will help in defining
potential end-points for further investigations. Although such screenings will not provide information about health risks,
however, they will indicate what physiological processes might be potentially affected. Further studies will be then
necessary to determine whether these alterations might cause any human health-related risk.

***

Elucidation of the biological and health effects of mobile phone radiation (radio-frequency modulated electromagnetic
fields; RF-EMF) has been done for decades but the reliable answers concerning potential health hazard are still missing
[1]. Extensive epidemiological studies are commonly expected to provide the answer whether RF-EMF might be
hazardous to people. However, finding and scientific validation of any potential health hazard, whether it would be
cancer or non-cancer effect, might not be possible using epidemiological approach alone. This, because the low
sensitivity of epidemiological methodology might be insufficient to reliably detect health impact of the weak
biological effects caused by RF-EMF [1]. Therefore, although epidemiological studies will be needed to ultimately
validate the extent of any potential health hazard of RF-EMF to human population, they also need to be supplemented
and supported by data from animal and in vitro studies.

The so far used research approach to search
for biological effects of RF-EMF does no
provide sufficiently fast and sufficiently
broad variety of biological end-points that
could be used for health hazard studies
(Figure 1).

HYPOTHESIS
Guess a lot Know a lot
Screen a lot Read a lot
Test its relevance to health issue
Classic Science
Approach
new
Discovery Science
Approach
Dariusz Leszczynski

To determine the usefulness of HTST to search for the biological effects induced by RF-EMF, we have performed a 5-
step feasibility study (Figure 2, modified from [2]).

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Step-1.
Step-2.
Step-3.
Step-4.
Step-5.
will identify numerous molecular
events, including some false positives
Approach Outcome
will dismiss false-positives and
leave fewer events for analysis
will dismiss physiologically
insignificant target events
Identification of target molecular events
using HTST methods
Validation of target molecular events
using non-HTST methods
Selection of group of
target molecular events and
validation of their physiological impact
Generation of health effect-related
hypothesis
HTST-identification
of new target events
Validation or dismissal
of the hypothesis
modified, after: D Leszczynski, R Kuokka, S Joenvr, J Reivinen; PROTEOMICS 4 (2), Feb.2004 in press
Testing of hypothesis
volunteers/epidemiology

Step-1: HTST-identification of target molecular events
Firstly, we have determined the extent of cell response to RF-EMF [3]. This has been done by analyzing global changes
in the pattern of protein phosphorylation in our experimental model - cultures of human endothelial cell line EA.hy926.
The
32
P-labelled proteins were separated using standard two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). Using PDQuest
software (Bio-Rad, UK), some 1266 different protein spots were identified in silver-stained 2DE gels. Among them, in
sham exposed cells were detected some 110 phosphoproteins whereas in RF-EMF exposed cells were detected some
372 phosphoproteins. Then, using either western blot or mass spectrometry it is possible to identify these
phosphoproteins. Using simple western blot screening we have identified Hsp27 as one of the phosphoproteins
responding to RF-EMF by transiently increasing expression and activity (phosphorylation) [3].

Step-2: Validation of target molecular event
The change in phosphorylation status of Hsp27 was then confirmed in several ways to assure the validity of this
observation [3] by:
immunoprecipitation of phosphorylated Hsp27,
immunoprecipitation of p38MAPK, an up-stream kinase indirectly involved in phosphorylation of Hsp27,
inhibition of Hsp27 phosphorylation by introduction to cell cultures of the inhibitor of Hsp27-up-stream kinase
p38MAPK (SB203580) and determining Hsp27 phosphorylation status by immunoprecipitation.

Step-3: Cellular response validation of the physiological event
Phosphorylation and increase in expression of Hsp27 is a well-established mechanism of cell response to a broad
variety of stress stimuli [4]. Therefore, the observed by us doubling of Hsp27 expression and 2- to 7-fold increase in
amount of phosphorylated Hsp27 in cells [3] have suggested that EA.hy926 cells have recognized RF-EMF as external
stress stimuli and have launched an Hsp27-dependent counter-response.
Phosphorylation of Hsp27 has been shown to regulate polymerization of F-actin and stability of stress fibers [5].
Examination of the stress fibers with AlexaFluor-labeled phalloidin has revealed that RF-EMF exposure increases
stability of F-actin stress fibers. Inhibitor of p38MAP kinase (SB203580) prevented stress fibers stabilization. Such
behavior of Hsp27 and stress fibers, in cells exposed to RF-EMF, suggests that RF-EMF-induced change in Hsp27
expression and phosphorylation may indeed be of sufficient magnitude to have impact on cell physiology.
Also, the activated (phosphorylated) Hsp27 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis by forming complex with the
apoptosome (complex of Apaf-1 protein, pro-caspase-9 and cytochrome c), or some of its components, and preventing
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proteolytic activation of pro-caspase-9 into active form of caspase-9 [6,7]. This, in turn, prevents activation of pro-
caspase-3 which is activated by caspase-9.

Step-4: Generation of hypothesis based on molecular and physiological events
Based on the above results we have formulated a working hypothesis [3] that the activation (phosphorylation) of Hsp27
by mobile phone radiation might be the molecular mechanism regulating:
(i) increase in blood-brain barrier permeability, which would explain, observed in some animal experiments,
increase in blood-brain barrier permeability, and
(ii) apoptosis through interference with the cytochrome c/caspase-9/caspase-3 pathway
Thus, it might possible that the RF-EMF might have effect on cytoskeleton-related and apoptosis-related cell functions.
This notion supports and scientifically justifies further examination of cytoskeleton- and apoptosis-related physiological
processes in RF-EMF exposed cells.

Step-5: HTST-identification of new target events, with support of the hypothesis
Further experiments using HTST have revealed additional information pertinent to the cytoskeleton- and apoptosis-
related physiological processes occurring in RF-EMF exposed endothelial cells. Using 2DE was determined that
another class of cytoskeletal proteins are affected by RF-EMF exposure. Using cDNA Expression Arrays and
screening expression of 3600 different genes has shown that all genes that encode proteins of the Fas/TNF-apoptotic
pathway are down-regulated by RF-EMF exposure. This coincides with the known inhibitory effect of phosphorylated
Hsp27 on this apoptotic pathway. These findings, yet again, give support to the notion that RF-EMF-induced changes in
Hsp27 might have physiologically significant impact on cellular processes that are regulated by cytoskeleton or by
Fas/TNF apoptotic pathway.

CONCLUSIONS
The above presented evidence suggests that by using HTST it will be possible to identify the RF-EMF-induced changes
in protein and gene expression [2]. Based on this information it will be possible to predict what cellular processes might
be affected and determine what physiological functions of the body should be examined.
Even though the increase in expression/phosphorylation of the examined by us Hsp27 protein was modest it was
possible to show that even this change had impact on cell physiology. Whether it will have any broader physiological
impact remains to be determined by in vivo studies.
Although the use of HTST will not provide direct evidence of health hazard or its absence, it will be essential in
unraveling of multitude of biological effects exerted by RF-EMF exposure [2]. Further elucidation of the physiological
significance of these biological effects, for the health and well-being, will allow determination whether any health
hazard might be associated with the use of mobile phones at the presently allowed radiation safety levels.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Pia Kontturi and Hanna Tammio are thanked for skillful assistance in performing experiments. Dr. Kari Jokela, Lauri
Puranen, Tim Toivo and Ari-Pekka Siihvonen of the Non-Ionizing Radiation Laboratory, STUK, Helsinki, Finland, and
Dr. Niels Kuster and Juergen Schuderer of the ITIS ETHZ, Zurich, Switzerland have provided mobile phone radiation
exposure equipment and dosimetrical support. Dr. Cora-Jean S. Edgell, North Carolina University at Chapel Hill, NC,
USA has provided EA.hy926 endothelial cell line and Dr. Jacques Landry of the Laval University, Quebec, Canada has
provided hamster cells transfected with human Hsp27 variants. Funding support was provided by Finnish Technology
Development Center Tekes (LaVita project), 5th Framework Programme of the European Union (REFLEX project),
by the Academy of Finland (project #48861) and by STUK.

REFERENCES
1. Stewart Report (2000). Mobile Phones and Health. (http://www.iegmp.org.uk)
2. Leszczynski D, Kuokka R, Joenvr S, Reivinen J, Proteomics 2004, 4(2), in press
3. Leszczynski D, Joenvr S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R, Differentiation 2002, 70, 120-129
4. Rogalla T, Ehrnsperger M, Preville X, Kotlyarov A, Lutsch G, et al.,. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 18947-18956
5. Landry J, Huot J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 1995, 73, 703-707
6. Pandey P, Farber R, Nakazawa A, Kumar S, Bharti A, et al., Oncogene 2000, 19, 1975-1981
7. 11. Concannon CG, Orrenius S, Samali A., Gene Expression 2001, 9, 195-201

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PL-4

MEDICAL APPLICATION OF NON-IONISING ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY:
CLINICAL BIOPHYSICS.

RUGGERO CADOSSI, M.D.,

Research and Development IGEA.
Via Parmenide, 10/A, 41012 Carpi, (MO), Italy
e-mail: cadossi@igea.it

The therapeutic possibilities at the physician's disposal foresee the use of both chemical and physical energy. Whereas
the use of chemicals (drugs) and ionising electromagnetic energy for disease treatment has been well defined in the
different branches of medicine and surgery, it has not been the same for non-ionising electromagnetic energies.
The therapeutic and diagnostic use of physical means in medicine is based on the observation that biological systems
are able to absorb electromagnetic energy. In radiotherapy, the property of the biological systems to absorb energy has
introduced the concept of energy/dose on which "all" effects depend, even though the biological targets can show
specific susceptibilities.
The capability to modify the activity of a biological target through electromagnetic energy, independently of its energy
content, is a recent acquisition. The dependence of the biological effects on other parameters, for example waveform,
frequency, or ratio energy/time, has been addressed and dose response curves for these parameters have been identified
only recently.
Today, several diseases, in different fields of medicine, are treated with non-ionising electromagnetic energy, even
though the mechanism of action is not fully explained, so that the clinical applications appear certainly more advanced
than the basic research.
During the last century, the treatment with electromagnetic energy has been introduced to favour bone healing and its
clinical use is now based on scientific evidence. Other diseases have been treated with electromagnetic energy, but more
research is needed in these areas, for example skin ulcer treatments.
The "clinical biophysics" is that branch of medical science that studies the action process and the effects of non-ionising
electromagnetic fields utilised for therapeutic purposes. The principles on which the clinical biophysics is based are
represented by: the recognizability and the specificity of the electromagnetic energy applied.
As to recognizability, we mean the capacity of the biological target to recognise the presence of the electromagnetic
energy: this aspect becomes more and more important with the lowering of the energy applied.
As to specificity, we mean the capacity of the electromagnetic energy applied to the biological target to elicit a response
which depends on its physical characteristics: waveform, frequency, duty-cycle, energy, etc.
These observations foresee that electromagnetic energy can produce different effects when applied to different
biological systems. Only during last century, it has become clear that it is possible to modulate biological processes in a
selective way. At present, we cannot foresee a specificity of electromagnetic energy similar to the one of drugs, even
though it is clear that different physical energies produce different effects and, moreover, that they follow different cell
membrane transduction pathways, activating different cellular functions.

Electromagnetic energy can be applied to the human body by a direct contact or irradiation. In direct contact modality
electromagnetic energy is applied through contact electrodes. Otherwise, the biological target can be exposed to the
electromagnetic energy through electric or magnetic field generators placed in proximity of the body. Table I lists
examples of the clinical applications most frequently used.
Unlike drugs, the effect of electromagnetic energy is local and limited to the site of application. No systemic effects are
known deriving from the exposure to low energy electromagnetic fields of part of the body.
Table I.
Clinical applications of electromagnetic energy.

EFFECTS
Non thermal Thermal
Administration
DIRECT tissue repair: bone, skin, nervous
control of pain
electroporation: ECT and EGT
electrochemical treatment of solid cancers
IRRADIATED
tissue repair: bone, skin, nervous
control of inflammation and pain
control of pain
cancer treatment by hyperthermia

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27
Certainly, the orthopaedic community has played a central role in the development and understanding of the importance
of the physical stimuli to control biological activities, having studied the clinical importance of the electric or magnetic
stimulation of endogenous bone repair. Table II summarises the main European orthopaedic clinical studies.

Table II
Clinical studies demonstrating that electrical and magnetic stimulation favours endogenous bone repair.

Author Method Pathology Protocol
Fontanesi, 1986 Inductive Recent Tibia Fractures Control
Borsalino, 1988 Inductive Femur Osteotomies Double-blind
TRAINA, 1989 Inductive Pseudoarthrosis Control
Sharrard, 1990 Inductive Tibia Delayed Union Double-blind
Mammi, 1993 Inductive Tibia Osteotomies Double-blind
Capanna, 1994 Inductive Osteotomies + Bone Grafts Double-blind
Scott, 1994 Capacitive Tibia Pseudoarthrosis Double-blind
Simonis, 2003 Inductive Tibia Pseudoarthrosis Double-blind

The biophysical treatment can be an important integration to pharmacology, in order to potentiate locally the effects of
drugs; electroporation techniques for electrochemiotherapy and electrogenetherapy will shortly be part of the clinical
routine in skin cancer treatment.
Today several new areas of medicine are interested in the possibility to utilise non chemical means to treat different
pathologies. Some applications are simply at their beginning or still at the preliminary stage of research; however,
everything induces to think that these therapeutic possibilities will be more and more utilised. The biophysical therapy
has, when compared to the pharmacological treatments, the undiscussed advantage of being easy to administrate. Being
a local therapy it can reach the maximum "concentration" at the treatment site and thus the maximum therapeutic
efficacy, without general negative side effects. The biophysical therapy seems to be suitable for protracted treatments in
the presence of chronic degenerative diseases, whereas it does not seem possible to treat systemic disorders. Further
development of the clinical application of electromagnetic energy introduces many and complex questions, however,
the possibility to recognise and define a therapeutic development area as the clinical biophysics represents a
fundamental moment of synthesis necessary to create a common ground of reference for researchers of different fields.
In Europe there is still an important open issue that can significantly damage the development of this area that involves
physics, engineering, biology and medicine. Unlike the USA, where entry of apparatuses on the market is regulated by
the FDA, there is no norm in Europe regarding the use of non-ionising radiation for therapeutic purposes in humans.
While this has favoured the development of new technologies, it has also meant the proliferation of systems of treating
patients with no scientific basis or study demonstrating their effectiveness. This exposes the patients to the risk of being
treated with devices whose efficacy has not been proven or worst that can potentially be harmful. This deficiency will
certainly need to be remedied by the responsible authorities in the next future.

REFERENCES
Consensus Conference Impiego della Stimolazione Elettrica e Magnetica in Ortopedia e Traumatologia; Giornale
Italiano di Ortopedia e Traumatologia, 24, 1, 13-31,1998.
Ryaby JT. Clinical effects of electromagnetic and electric fields on fracture healing. Clin Orthop. 1998 Oct; (355
Suppl):S205-15
Ieran M., Zaffuto S., Bagnacani M., Annovi M., Moratti A., Cadossi R. Effect of Low Frequency Pulsing
Electromagnetic Fields on Skin Ulcers of Venous Origin in Humans: A Double-Blind Study. J Orthop. Res., 1990, 8,
276-282.
Bassett C.A.L. Therapeutic uses of electric and magnetic fields in orthopaedics. In: Biological Effects of Electric and
Magnetic Fields. Eds.D.O. Carpenter and S. Ayrapetyan. Academic Press. Dan Diego, (II) 13-48, 1994.
Sersa G., Cemazar M., Rudolf Z. Electrochemotherapy: advantages and drawbacks in treatment of cancer patients.
Review Article. Cancer Therapy vol1, 133-142, 2003.
Kotnik T, Pucihar G, Rebersek M, Miklavcic D, Mir LM. Role of pulse shape in cell membrane
electropermeabilization.Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Aug 7;1614(2):193-200.
Gehl J. Electroporation: theory and methods, perspectives for drug delivery, gene therapy and research. Acta Physiol
Scand. 2003 Apr;177(4):437-47.
Mir LM. Therapeutic perspectives of in vivo cell electropermeabilization. Bioelectrochemistry. 2001 Jan;53(1):1-10.

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Session 1

Dosimetry and exposure systems I
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31
O-1-01

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO STATIC AND ELF
MAGNETIC FIELDS ON RAILWAY ENGINES

P. ROSSI*, R. FALSAPERLA*, V. BRUGALETTA*, P. BETTI
, A. GAGGELLI

*
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention (ISPESL) ROME ITALY
Trenitalia S.p.A. Rolling Stock Technologies Unit, FLORENCE ITALY

The assessment of occupational exposure of railway engine-drivers to static and ELF magnetic fields is the
purpose of this work. In cooperation with Trenitalia S.p.A. (the transportation company of the Italian State railways) we
carried out measurement surveys on 8 different models of engine or electrified train. All measurements was performed
on board during real service condition, thus implying the presence of two engine-drivers. The routes involved in surveys
ranged from a few tens km (Rome-Nettuno) to hundreds km (Rome-Florence).
Given the actual electrification system of the Italian railway network, the main sources of static magnetic field
inside the engines are the electric line itself (3 kV DC), wiring, traction motors and other equipments supplied by direct
current. The main sources of ELF magnetic field are power traction systems and supply units, traction motors,
equipments supplied by alternate current and wiring. For each engine we performed measurements both inside the
driving cab and in the high-voltage corridor, that is typically in the rear of the cab, when potentially accessible by
personnel. We used a Metrolab ETM-1 Hall effect meter in order to measure static magnetic fields. As far as concerns
ELF magnetic fields, the peculiar pattern of absorption currents and traction condition implies extremely complex
waveforms and a frequency spectrum that is varying at every instant. We adopted a simplified approach based on the
use of wide-band field meters operating in a frequency range extended to all expectable contributions, allowing
however to monitor the changes of the fields during the various phases of traction; several different meters were
employed at the same time in order to get the maximum information. We used a W&G EFA-1 meter in order to
characterize the spatial pattern of the magnetic field in the frequency range 5 Hz-30 kHz, by means of spot
measurements. A W&G EFA-3 meter was used to measure and store the magnetic field in the same frequency range, in
a fixed place of the engine control board during all the trip time with a step of 5 s. An Enertech Emdex Lite meter was
used to measure and store individual engine-driver exposure to the magnetic field in the frequency range 40 Hz-1 kHz.
The meter was worn by the driving operator at the waist; it was synchronized with EFA-3 and set-up at the minimum
permittable step of 10 s. Last, a similar Microrad HT-300 meter operating at the same condition was fixed at the seat of
the second engine-driver about 50 cm above the floor, to measure and store the magnetic field during all the trip time.
All data acquired have been post-processed to produce comparable tables and graphics that will be shown in the
presentation. As summary, the average exposure to magnetic static field is little higher than the background
geomagnetic field; occasionally in few areas it can reach levels in the order of mT. The average exposure to ELF
magnetic field is in the order of 1-2 T, with higher levels (few T) only for one engine; occasionally in spot points,
close to wiring or specific equipment, the field values can reach several tens of T.
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O-1-02

PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE FROM DIGITAL
MOBILE PHONES

KARI JOKELA, LAURI PURANEN, ARI-PEKKA SIHVONEN

STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, PO Box 14, FIN-00881, Finland

Battery currents of digital mobile phones generate broadband and pulsed magnetic fields and currents at low
frequencies in the head of the user. The peak value and the waveform of the battery current were measured for seven
different models, and the results were applied to estimate the magnetic flux density and induced currents. A simple
circular loop model was used for the magnetic field source and a homogeneous sphere consisting of average brain
tissue equivalent material simulated the head. The magnetic flux density and the maximal induced current density were
compared with the guidelines of ICNIRP (1998) using the multiple frequency rule (MFR) and the new weighted peak
approach. (Jokela 2000, ICNIRP 2003) In the latter approach the waveform was weighted in the time domain with a
simple low-pass RC filter and the peak value was divided by a peak limit, both derived from the guidelines. The low-
pass filter consists of one shunt capacitor and series resistor dimensioned for a 3-dB cut-off frequency of 1 kHz. The
attenuation of the filter follows approximately the variation of the basic restrictions of ICNIRP.
With the maximum transmitting power (2 W) the measured peak current varied from 1 to 2.8 A. The computed
peak magnetic flux density exceeded significantly the derived peak reference level. The exposure ratio for the current
density (current density/basic restriction) varied from 0.04 to 0.14 for the weighted peak restriction and from 0.08 to
0.28 for the multiple frequency rule (Table 1). The exposure is directly correlated with the peak current and inversely
with the rise time of the current. Hence, the exposure does not seem to exceed the basic restrictions.

Table 1. Exposure ratio.

Phone Exposure ratio
MFR Weighted peak
Exact Filtered
Peak
current
[A]
Rise time
[s]

1 0.10 0.05 1.0 18
2 0.08 0.04 1.2 88
3 0.12 0.06 1.6 28
4 0.12 0.06 2.1 120
5 0.28 0.13 2.8 22
6 0.22 0.11 1.9 18
7 0.27 0.14 2.4 22

REFERENCES
Jokela K. Restricting exposure to pulsed and broadband magnetic fields. Health Phys 79: 373388; 2000.

ICNIRP, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Guidelines for limiting
exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys 74: 494522;
1998.

ICNIRP, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation. Guidance on determining compliance of exposure to
pulsed and complex non-sinusoidal waveforms below 100 kHz with ICNIRP guidelines. Health Phys 84: 383387;
2003.
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33
O-1-03

TOWARDS A COMPUTER AIDED DOSIMETRY:
THE VIRTUAL BIOELECTROMAGNETIC LABORATORY

L. ARDOINO
(1)
, F. BARDATI
(2)
, G. LOVISOLO
(1)
, G. MARROCCO
(2)

(1) Sezione di Tossicologia e Scienze Biomediche, ENEA, Roma
(2) Dipartimento di Informatica Sistemi e Produzione, Universit di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma - Italy

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
Biological effects of the exposure to electromagnetic fields are currently investigated. Multicenter laboratory
experiments are performed which exploit various biological samples, exposure modalities and biological endpoints. The
necessity of specific electromagnetic simulation tools is largely recognised by biologists in the experiment design and
control and in the data analysis. However, ad hoc simulators should cope with the generality of problems and structures
that are met in performing such experiments. In this paper we present a virtual bioelectromagnetic laboratory (VBLAB)
that has been designed for computations of composite electromagnetic scenarios including biological structures and
electromagnetic devices, which will assist the biologist to set up an exposure experiment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
VBLAB exploits an FDTD-based 3-D solver. The mesh can be adjusted to account for local dielectric or boundary
inhomogeneities, while MUR or PML absorbing conditions can be adjusted at the boundaries. Time stimuli such as
pulse, continuous wave or modulated pulse can be launched to simulate the excitations that are used in the experiments.

The tool is endowed with a variety of electromagnetic sources (plane wave, electrical dipole, printed antennas,
and enclosed structures simulating the most common exposure systems) whose parameters and size can be adjusted to
match many experimental situations. Similarly an archive of biological targets is available, such as rat, mouse, Petri
dishes, multiwells, and human head models.

A database with the complex dielectric constant for
about fifty tissues can be accessed over a large
band of frequencies. The elemental objects in the
database can be combined to build more complex
sources and targets. Alternatively, external
biological and geometrical maps can be imported.

VBLAB outputs the electrical and magnetic fields
in both frequency and time domains at mesh points.
The tool is equipped with a postprocessor
providing the must dosimetric parameters such as
SAR (maximum, minimum, average and diagrams
on cross-sections or volumes) and system
efficiency. A statistical data analysis can be
accessed providing dose-percent histograms and
volume-dose diagram in any selected volume.

Work is in progress to equip VBLAB with tools for
the assisted computation of temperature
differentials within samples.

Snapshot of the post-processing facility: plane wave exposure of a
Petri dish, dosimetric and statistical results for the volume of
interest (bottom layer)
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O-1-04

SARS FROM RESONANT TETRA RADIO ACCESSORIES.

P CHADWICK.

MCL, London, UK

There have been claims that exposures from mobile phone hands-free kits can be greater than exposures from the
antennas of the phones themselves. Intuitively, this seems unlikely, and the results of measurements contradicting the
original claims have been published by several researchers. However, the proposed mechanism of resonance effects in
the cable of the hands-free kit leading to high localised exposures at the earpiece has not been investigated fully.

TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a digital landmobile radio communication system enabling the
deployment of secure, digital PMR services required by the emergency services and other professional bodies. TETRA
is becoming a global PMR standard in the same way as GSM has done in cellular telephony. TETRA supports
simultaneous, encrypted, high-speed voice and data transmission. It offers direct mode operation that enables two or
more users to communicate directly, as well as a GSM-type cellular telephony mode. TETRA is specified to work
within the VHF and UHF bands (150 MHz to 900 MHz). In the UK there are frequency allocations between 380 and
430 MHz. TETRA radios are often used in conjunction with accessories such as remote speaker-microphones and
hands-free microphone/earpiece sets and there is the potential for the accessory cables to give rise to SARs in the users
body as well for the microphone or earpiece to give rise to SARs in the head.

Head SARs from the use without accessories of several TETRA radios were measured using the standard
CENELEC phantom and measurement procedures developed for the assessment of mobile phones. The CENELEC
procedures were then adapted to allow the measurement of head SAR from the hands-free accessories and to investigate
the effect on head SAR of changing the accessory cable length and position. Body SARs from the accessory cables
were assessed using a whole-body phantom, adapting the existing CENELEC measurement procedures accordingly.
Electric and magnetic field distributions inside the empty phantom were measured also to allow comparison with the
measured SAR distribution.

There was evidence of resonant behaviour in the accessory cables, with clear spatial variations in electric field
strength, magnetic field strength and SAR. Head SARs from the accessories themselves varied with accessory cable
length and also showed strong indications of resonant behaviour.

However, all measured head and body SARs were below (and in most cases very much below) the SARs from
the antennas of the TETRA radios when used without accessories.

This work was supported by the UK Home Office.
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O-1-05

EMF EXPOSURE BY ON-BODY MOUNTED DEVICES

ANDREAS CHRIST, JRG FRHLICH, ANJA KLINGENBCK AND NIELS KUSTER

Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (ITIS), Zurich, Switzerland

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
In the near future, upcoming wireless communication technology will broaden the spectrum of the exposure of the
public to electromagnetic radiation. Current compliance testing procedures for mobile communication devices do not
cover the required frequency range (30MHz 6 GHz) as well as all the different exposure scenarios arising from body-
mounted devices. In order to ensure safe operation of these novel devices, a new compliance testing procedure must be
developed asserting a conservative estimate of the user exposure. The objectives of this study were the 1) definition of
exposure locations with respect to sensitive body tissues and operational distances (worst-case scenarios), 2) SAR
assessment of actual human exposure and verification of the obtained results and 3) development and characterization
of a flat phantom (dielectric vessel of rectangular shape filled with tissue simulating liquid) for a conservative exposure
estimate.
METHODS
The numerical study has been conducted using the simulation platform SEMCAD including a whole-body human
phantom derived from the dataset of the Visual Human Project. Simulated results were experimentally verified using
the DASY4P scanner. Two different generic transmitters were chosen, /2-dipole antennas for the frequency range of
450 MHz up to 5.8 GHz and helical antennas for 30 MHz up to 236 MHz. The sensitive tissues identified included 1)
heart/lung, 2) kidney, 3) spine, 4) penis/testicles and 5) muscle. The antennas were placed at different distances from
the body (10mm, 20mm, 50mm, 200mm). The 1g and 10g spatial peak SAR values were compared to the setup,
consisting of a flat phantom in lieu of the human body. Different sizes of the flat phantom and different tissue
simulating liquids were investigated.

Figure: Whole-body human phantom irradiated by a dipole antenna at different locations of the body (from left to right:
heart/lung, kidney, spine, penis/testicles, muscle).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Conservative exposure estimation can be obtained using a flat phantom filled with tissue simulating liquid. However, at
distances larger than 50mm, focusing or matching effects must be considered either by liquids with higher losses or
appropriate weighting coefficients. An overall uncertainty evaluation shows the advantages and disadvantages of the
chosen compliance procedure.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was generously supported by the Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI), Bern
(Switzerland) and the Mobile Manufacturers Forum, Brussels (Belgium).
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O-1-06

COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
ELECTROPERMEABILIZATION ON CELLS IN VITRO

DAMIJAN MIKLAVI (1), BLA VALI (1), MURIEL GOLZIO (2), MOJCA PAVLIN (1), ANNE SCHATZ (2),
CECILE FAURIE (2), BRUNO GABRIEL (2), JUSTIN TEISSI (2), MARIE-PIERRE ROLS (2)

(1) Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Traka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
(2) Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS, UMR 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077
Toulouse cedex, France

Electropermeabilization is a basis for electrochemotherapy and non-viral gene transfection. Electrochemotherapy
is successfully used in patients for local tumor control, whereas electrogenetherapy holds great promise as a non-viral
gene delivery system which was successfully used in vivo. In order to obtain cell membrane permeabilization the
induced transmembrane potential must exceed a critical value.

When a cell is exposed to an electric field, transmembrane potential is induced on the cell membrane, due to
material and geometrical properties of the cell. The induced transmembrane voltage on the cell membrane due to
applied electric filed is superimposed to the resting transmembrane voltage.

In our study, the effect of cell shape and orientation on the induced transmembrane voltage was analyzed.
Transmembrane voltage was calculated on prolate and oblate spheroidal cells for various orientations with respect to the
direction of the applied electric field both numerically and analytically.

Changing the orientation of cells decreases the induced transmembrane voltage from its maximum value when
the longest axis of the cell is parallel to the electric field, to its minimum value when the longest axis of the cell is
perpendicular to the electric field. The dependency on orientation is more pronounced for elongated cells while it is
negligible for more spherical cells. The part of the cell membrane above the critical transmembrane voltage represents
the area of electropermeabilization, i.e. the membrane area through which the transport of the molecules can be
obtained. Therefore the part of the cell membrane exposed to the transmembrane voltage above the critical value was
calculated. The biological relevance of these theoretical results was confirmed by experimental results of
electropermeabilization of plated Chinese hamster ovary cells which are elongated.

Theoretical and experimental results show that permeabilization is not only a function of electric field intensity
and cell size but also of cell shape and orientation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This research was in part supported by the PROTEUS programme of scientific, cultural and technological cooperation
between France and Slovenia.

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37
O-1-07

DOSIMETRY OF THE 40-MICE 900 MHZ FERRIS-WHEEL
EXPOSURE SYSTEM

FARAONE
1
, S. CHEBROLU
2
, W. LUENGAS
2
, M. BALLEN
1
, G. BIT-BABIK
1
,
M. KANDA
1
, TAD BABIJ
2
, M. SWICORD
1
, AND C. K. CHOU
1
.

1
Motorola Labs, Corporate EME Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.

2
Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.

The Ferris-Wheel mouse exposure system was developed for a follow-up lifetime bioassay study on transgenic
mice exposed to pulsed-wave RF energy at 900 MHz [1]. The original [2] and follow-up studies (the outcome of the
latter was published recently [3]) have been carried out at the Australian Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science
(IMVS) in Adelaide.
The dosimetry of the Ferris-Wheel exposure system required the use of computational and experimental
techniques to assess individual and collective exposure of the forty mice. Possible effects of asymmetries in mouse
position and size were simulated using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain (Microwave Studio, by CST) model
incorporating all the main features of the exposure system. The whole-body SAR of mice at different locations (0
o
, 90
o
,
180
o
and 270
o
) and body masses was measured using a calorimetric method, which allowed estimating the exposure
system efficiency. The method employs a differential (TwinWell) calorimeter to determine the heat differential
between exposed and sham exposed mouse cadavers. SAR measurements in mouse-simulating phantoms were carried
out using a robotic system (DASY3, by SPEAG) to characterize the exposure uniformity at different locations.
Thermometric measurements, using Luxtron and Vitek probes, were performed to determine the point-SAR and
thermographic techniques were employed to determine the SAR distribution across the sagittal plane of mouse cadavers
at select locations. The lifetime mass range of the mice employed in the follow-up study [3] was taken into account to
determine the target mass of the mouse cadavers to be used in the present dosimetric study, resulting in the selection of
three targets: 24 g, 32 g and 36 g.

The results demonstrate that the Ferris Wheel exposure system design employed in [3] provides controlled
exposure levels, thus allowing reliable dose response bioassays of large mouse populations. The calorimetric
measurement confirmed preliminary efficiency estimates [1], with about 90% of input power actually dissipated in the
mice. The lifetime variations of the whole-body SAR is within about +1dB, with the largest statistical SAR variation
observed for the smallest mice, probably due to larger position uncertainty in the plastic restrainer. Thermographic
images showed SAR peaks in the belly, due to eddy currents, in the neck due to high current density, and in some cases
in the head.

Because of these favorable characteristics, the Ferris Wheel exposure system concept has been adopted by
researchers in several other bioassays involving large mouse populations.

REFERENCES
[1] Q. Balzano, C.K. Chou, R. Cicchetti, A. Faraone, and R. Tay, An Efficient RF Exposure System with Precise
SAR Estimation for In-Vivo Animal Studies at 900 MHz, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Techniques, Vol. 48, pp. 2040-2049, Nov. 2000.
[2] M.H. Repacholi, A. Basten, V. Gebski, D. Noonan, J. Finnie, and A.W. Harris, Lymphomas in E -Pim1
transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields, Radiation Research, vol. 147, pp. 631-640,
1997.
[3] T.D. Utteridge, V. Gebski, J.W. Finnie, B. Vernon-Roberts and T.R. Kuchel, Long-term exposure of E-Pim1
transgenic mice to 898.4 MHz microwaves does not increase lymphoma incidence, Radiation Research, Sept.
2002.
6
th

38
O-1-08

EXTENSION OF THE PARAMETRIC RAPID SAR MEASUREMENT TO THE SAM
PHANTOM

O. MERCKEL, J.-Ch. BOLOMEY, G. FLEURY

SUPLEC Dpartement de Recherche en Electromagntisme
3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Increasing the rapidity of SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) measurements has become a key-point for the
dosimetry of mobile phones, especially since the new European standard prEN50361 has introduced an increasing
number of measurement configurations with the more realistic SAM phantom. A new approach has been already
presented [1] to achieve rapid SAR measurements, using a parametric ellipsoidal reconstruction algorithm. This
technique has been validated on a hundred of commercial phones [2], in a truncated hemispheric phantom (previous
recommandation). This paper then presents the extension of the ellipsoidal reconstruction to the SAM phantom,
showing the ability of this method to be implemented on various and current systems.
The parametric approach uses an ellipsoidal modeling of the electric field in a phantom. From a small set of
measurement points, for instance 36, the algorithm estimates the parameters of the ellipsoidal model, from which the
electric field values are calculated at the points measured in the standard way (about 320 for the prEN50361 standard).
This technique can be seen as a powerful non-linear interpolation of the E-field. The time needed for the measurement
of one particular phone-phantom configuration is then reduced to less than one minute for the data acquisition and the
post-processing.
From the first planar distribution of the measurement points in the truncated hemispheric phantom, we have then
moved on a more realistic shape of the SAM phantom, accordingly to the new European standard. Until now, 25 SAR
measurements in the SAM phantom have been reconstructed with the parametric method (fig. 1a), both at 900 and 1800
MHz, with an absolute mean error less than 4 mW/kg on the 10 g averaged SAR. These preliminar results confirm the
previous obtained with the hemispheric phantom (fig. 1b), showing apparently that the method can be used in any
phone-phantom configuration, and is independent of the phantom shape.

fig. 1 : SAR averaged in 10 g reconstructed with 36 points versus SAR measured with a full measurement procedure

[1] MERCKEL O., FLEURY G., BOLOMEY J.-Ch., Rapid SAR measurement via parametric modeling , EBEA 2001,
Helsinki, Finland, 6-8 september 2001, p. 75-77.
[2] MERCKEL O., BOLOMEY J.-Ch., Near-Field techniques for rapid SAR measurements , RF Interactions with
Humans, IEE, Institute of Physics, London, 27-28 fvrier 2002.
a
b
6
th

39

Session 2

Combined exposures and Genotoxic effects
6
th

41
O-2-01

OPTIMAL SAMPLING TIME FOR THE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF THE
MAGNETIC FIELD FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PURPOSES

GILBERT DECAT
A
, MARION CRASSON
B
, EEFJE PEETERS
A
AND WALTER VAN LOOCK
C

A
Vito Mol Belgium,
B
University of Lige Belgium,
C
University of Gent Belgium

Some epidemiological studies showed a positive association between residential exposure to the ELF magnetic
field (induction field or field B in T) of high-voltage transmission lines and childhood leukemia. The exposure
assessment of the association was mainly based on the wire codes method, calculated fields and last but not least 24 h
and 48 h measurements. Because sampling time is a compromise between experimental costs and result confidence, the
purpose of this paper is to find out which is the optimal sampling time for estimating the real magnetic field exposure: is
it 1 h, 24 h or 48 h? Therefore the magnetic field was recorded (EMDEX Lite monitor) on the first floor of a house
below a three-phase 380 kV power line (average current load 650 ampere/phase) during 5 weeks at a sampling rate of 5
minutes. Under these conditions 11500 magnetic field values were recorded, the arithmetic mean, the median and
geometric mean were 1.55, 1.54 and 1.52 T respectively. This sample was considered as the population sample from
which 50 sub-samples of 1 h, 24 h and 48 h were randomly generated. Figure 1 shows the percentage transformed
deviations of the sub-sample means from the population mean (1.55 T = 0) which is the best estimator of the real
magnetic field exposure. Figure 2 shows the histogram for the probability of the deviation (class interval 10%) of the
sub-sample means from the population one.

Figure 1: Deviation(%) of the sub-sample means
from the population mean
Figure2: Probability of deviation of the sub-sample
means from the population mean

Although more sub-samples of more power line types (380, 220, 150 and 70 kV-lines) have to be analyzed it is
concluded that a 1 hour sampling time is too short: the probability of deviation is substantially greater than the one at 24
and 48 hours respectively. Because of the small difference between 24 and 48 hours sampling time for estimating the
real magnetic field exposure, it turns out that 24 h is the optimal sampling time. A 48 h sampling time seems only to be
time-consuming and therefore needless.
6
th

42
O-2-02

COMBINED EFFECTS OF ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH OTHER PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL AGENTS: REVIEW OF IN VITRO AND SHORT-TERM IN VIVO STUDIES

JUKKA JUUTILAINEN, TIMO KUMLIN AND JONNE NAARALA

University of Kuopio, Department of Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland

INTRODUCTION.
Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans by the
International Agency for Research on Cancer working group (IARC, 2002). This classification was mainly based on
epidemiological evidence for an association with childhood leukemia. The results of experimental studies were not
considered as adequate evidence for carcinogenic effects of MFs. Better understanding of the biological effects of MFs
is needed for concluding whether the epidemiological association reflects a causal relationship.
Long-term animal carcinogenicity studies that have tested ELF magnetic fields alone have not provided support for
carcinogenic effects (IARC 2002). Animal studies that have combined MFs with known carcinogenic agents are more
equivocal, although also these are mostly negative (IARC, 2002; Juutilainen et al., 2000). Also in vitro studies support
lack of direct carcinogenic effects: most of them have not shown DNA damage from exposure to MFs alone. However,
as noted in the IARC review, several groups have reported that MFs enhance the effects of known DNA-damaging
agents (IARC, 2002). We report here the results of a review on combined effects, aiming at increased understanding of
the biological effects and mechanisms of ELF magnetic fields.

METHODS.
We carried out a comprehensive literature search to identify cancer-relevant in vitro studies and short-term animal
studies that have combined ELF magnetic field exposure with other physical or chemical exposures. The main
experimental characteristics (magnetic field exposure data, other exposures used, biological model) and results
(qualitative and quantitative descriptions) were stored in a database. This database of 67 studies was used for
quantitative and qualitative analysis of the published studies.

RESULTS.
The main results were:
No effects were seen in prokaryotic organisms
In eukaryotes, about 65% of the studies showed combined effects (enhanced or attenuated effects, depending on
experimental characteristics)
It is unlikely that the reported effects are explained by publication bias
The percentage of studies showing combined effects demonstrated a non-linear dose-response relationship with
increasing magnetic flux density
The percentage of studies showing combined effects was highest among studies that used MF exposure before the
other exposures

REFERENCES
IARC. Non-ionizing radiation, part 1: Static and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. IARC
monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 80. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer,
2002.
Juutilainen J, Lang S, Rytmaa T. Possible cocarcinogenic effects of electromagnetic fields may require repeated long-
term interaction with known carcinogenic factors. Bioelectromagnetics 21:122-128, 2000.
6
th

43
O-2-03

KINETICS OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES FORMATION IN L929 CELL CULTURES
FOLLOWING EXPOSURE AND CO-EXPOSURE TO RF RADIATION (900 MHz)
AND MX

O. ZENI
1
, R. DI PIETRO
1
, G. DAMBROSIO
2
, R. MASSA
2
, M. CAPRI
3
, C. FRANCESCHI
3
,J.JUUTILAINEN
4
,
M.R. SCARF
1

1
ICEmB at CNR- IREA, Naples, Italy;
2
ICEmB at Dept. of Electronic Engineering and Telecomm., University Federico II, Naples, Italy;
3
ICEmB at Dept. of Experimental Pathology, Section of Immunology, University of Bologna, Italy;
4
Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland.

Aim of this study was to investigate the induction of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in a murine cell line (L929)
exposed in vitro to radiofrequency (RF) radiation (900 MHz), both continuous wave and GSM signal, and co-exposed
to RF radiation and MX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone), a potent environmental carcinogen
produced during chlorination of drinking water.
Murine L929 fibrosarcoma cells were cultured according to standard procedures and 2.5 x 10
6
cells were seeded in 15
ml medium 24 h before exposures or co-exposures. RF exposure was carried out in a waveguide in rigorously controlled
conditions of sample temperature and dosimetry. Two different SAR values were applied, 0.3 and 1W/kg, for 10 and 30
minutes. For each condition exposed and sham-exposed samples were set up.
MX treatment was performed at sub-toxic dose of 500 M and the kinetics of ROS formation was followed soon after
and following several times until 1 hour from exposure and co-exposure by measuring the conversion of 27-
dichlorofluresceine diacetate to dichlorofluoresceine (DCF) by ROS mediated oxidation with a Fluorimeter.

The results obtained following exposures and co-exposures to 900 MHz RF and MX indicate that, at both SAR levels
and signals investigated, no increase in ROS formation has been induced. Two tailed paired Students t test gave a P
value higher than 0.05 in all cases. On the contrary, when untreated and MX treated cultures were compared, a
statistically significant increase in ROS formation was detected, and the effect was higher during the first 30 minutes. In
conclusion, while MX induced oxidative stress, RF radiation did not affect ROS formation either alone (sham exposed
samples vs. exposed ones) or in combination with MX (sham exposed and MX treated samples vs. exposed and MX
treated ones).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Research supported by the EU -Fifth Framework Programme, Grant No. QLRT-1999-01129, Combined Effects of
Electromagnetic Fields with Environmental Carcinogens (CEMFEC).

6
th

44
O-2-04

CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES OF
WORKERS EXPOSED TO ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS

1
GOBBA F,
1
ROCCATTO L,
2
SINIGAGLIA B,
2
SCARINGI M,
3
ROSSI P.

1
Chair of Occupational Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia;

2
Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Dept of Oncology and Haematology,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, ITALY;

3
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention (ISPESL) Rome, ITALY.

We studied chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes as indices of genotoxicity in 50 workers
exposed to different levels of ELF in various occupations. Excluding cigarettes smoking, any exposure to known
mutagens or carcinogens was ruled out. In all subjects exposure to ELF (40 Hz 1 kHz) magnetic fields (MF) was
measured with personal dosimeters. The geometric mean of individual TWA levels was 0.29 T; in all workers but two
(96%) the exposure was lower than 2 T. According to individual exposure, subjects were divided into two groups:
Low Exposed (TWA 0.2 T) and Higher Exposed (TWA > 0.2 T); the mean MF levels in the 2 groups were 0.04
and 0.52 T respectively. The difference in chromosomal aberration between Low and Higher Exposed was not
significant.
Low Exposed
(n 24 workers)
Higher Exposed
(n 26 workers)

CYTOGENETIC
PARAMETER
No. Mean S.D. No. Mean S.D. P value
Chromatid Gaps 28 1.17 1.30 48 1.81 1.17 0.075
Breaks 10 0.42 0.58 8 0.31 0.47 0.473

Chromosome Gaps 9 0.17 0.48 4 0.15 0.46 0.924
Breaks 1 0.04 0.20 1 0.04 0.20 0.955
Any significant correlation between ELF-MF exposure and the values of genotoxicity indices was also excluded
by multiple regression analysis. Results were not influenced by smoking habit.
The results of our study do not support the hypothesis of a genotoxic effect induced by ELF-MF occupational
exposure, at least in workers exposed to up to 2 T about, i.e. in the range of the levels currently found in the most part
of workplaces.
6
th

45
O-2-05

IN VITRO GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY-LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTRO-
MAGNETIC FIELDS

S. IVANCSITS, E. DIEM, O. JAHN, H.W. RDIGER

Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.

Epidemiological data point to a weak association of electromagnetic fields with increased risk of cancerous
diseases albeit without clear dose-effect relations. Therefore, we studied genotoxic effects of extremely-low-frequency
(ELF) electromagnetic fields under controlled conditions with human cells in vitro.
We used diploid fibroblasts of 6 different donors (age 6-81), blood lymphocytes, melanocytes, and skeletal
muscle cells of human origin and rat granulosa cells. The cells were exposed to an intermittent (5 min on/10 min off)
vertical ELF electromagnetic field (50 Hz, sinusoidal, 1-24 h, 1000 T). Occurrence of DNA single and double strand
breaks was determined using the alkaline and the neutral comet assay. In addition, induction of micronuclei and
chromosomal aberrations were evaluated.

Intermittent fields reproducibly induced a significant increase of DNA strand breaks with exposure time, being
largest at 15-19 hours. Comet assay levels declined thereafter, but did not return to basal levels. Fibroblasts from older
individuals exhibited more single and double strand breaks and, their DNA strand break levels started to decline later
than from younger donors. When exposure was terminated after 12-15 hours the comet factor returned to basal levels
after a repair time of 7 to 9 hours, comprising in a fast repair rate of DNA single strand breaks (< 1 hour) and a slow
repair rate of DNA double strand breaks (> 7 hours). Testing different tissues revealed that, rat granulosa cells were
most sensitive to ELF-EMF exposure and that melanocytes also responded, but not as high as fibroblasts or granulosa
cells. In contrast, skeletal muscle cells and stimulated lymphocytes did not respond at all. Exposure conditions
producing maximum strand break levels also induced a significant increase of micronuclei and chromosomal
aberrations in human fibroblasts. In addition, a dose dependent response of comet tailfactors, beginning already at 35
T, could be demonstrated.

The time and dose dependent induction of DNA damage, which varied in cells of different tissues and donors,
may reflect specific differences in DNA repair efficiency of ELF-EMF induced damage. In summary, our data strongly
indicate a genotoxic and clastogenic potential of intermittent ELF-EMF.

6
th

46
O-2-06

EVALUATION OF MICRONUCLEUS INDUCTION IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES
FOLLOWING IN VITRO EXPOSURES TO RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION:
A STUDY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF CTIA- FDA PROJECT

M.R. SCARF
1
, M. SARTI
1
, O. ZENI
1
, M. ROMAN
1
, A.M. FRESEGNA
2
, C. MARINO
2
, R. PINTO
2
,
P. VILLANI
2
, AND G.A. LOVISOLO
2
,

1
ICEmB at CNR-IREA, Napoli, Italy;

2
ICEmB at ENEA, Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, Roma, Italy

In the framework of the CTIA funded research on wireless phone safety, the Italian Interuniversity Center on
Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems (ICEmB) is involved in the study of micronucleus
induction following 24 hours exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to 900 MHz, GSM signal, RF radiation.
Four Specific Absorption rate levels are tested: 0, 1, 5 and 10 W/Kg peak value. Moreover, experiments to evaluate the
role of temperature increase (from 35 to 42C) will be also performed, by using either conventional heating and
radiofrequency at two peak SAR values: 1 and 5 W/Kg. For this purpose an exposure system has been designed and
constructed according to the specific characteristics of the study. It consists of four Wire Patch Cells (WPC) made of
two parallel plates short-circuited at the edge by four posts[1], supplied with the different power levels.

A four RF channel system, fully computer controlled, allows us to blindly expose the biological samples. Due to
the small dimension of WPCs they can be hosted inside a standard CO
2
incubator (two WPCs for each incubator) and
surrounded by RF absorbing panels positioned inside a Faraday cage in order to avoid Electromagnetic Compatibility
problems. An appropriate system has been realized for maintaining and monitoring the samples temperature in the WPC
during the exposure in order to avoid undesired temperature increase due to EM power dissipation in the medium.

The dosimetry for the characterization of WPC has been carried out [2] by experimental measurements and
numerical code evaluation (XFDTD and CST Microwave Studio).

The exposed biological samples (fixed slides) are examined ( blind) in both the involved labs in order to allow an
independent scoring.
In order to standardize the procedures for micronucleus assay, preliminary experiments have been carried out in
both the involved labs in terms of a) cell culture harvest and slide preparation; b) acceptance criteria for experiments.
Moreover, intercalibration has been conducted between operators from the two involved labs in order to reduce
differences in slides scoring.
At the moment the RF exposures are in progress in both labs.

REFERENCES
[1] Laval L, Leveque Ph, Jecko B. Bioelectromagnetics, 21: 255-263, 2000
[2] Lovisolo GA, Asta D, Ciammetti L, Mancini S, Marino C, Pinto R, and DInzeo G, Proceedings of Millenium
International Workshop on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Field. eds. P. Kostarakis and P. Stavroulakisp,
Crete, p. 527-532, 2000.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank dr. Q. Balzano for his helpful suggestion in designing the exposure system. Research supported by Cellular
Telecommunications & Internet Association (CTIA), with scientific oversight of U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
6
th

47
O-2-07

CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN HUMAN BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES EXPOSED IN VITRO
TO RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION USED AT TWO CELLULAR TELEPHONE
FREQUENCIES (835.62 MHz & 847.74 MHz)

VIJAYALAXMI

Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center,
San Antonio, TX 78229, USA. Tel: +(210) 616 5648; Fax: +(210) 949 5085; email: vijay@uthscsa.edu

BACKGROUND:
The widespread use of cellular telephones and other types of handheld transceivers have led to rising concerns about the
potential human health hazards of increased and chronic exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR). The data on the
cytogenetic response of human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to RFR at two frequencies used for cell phone
communications (835.62 MHz and 847.74 MHz) are reported here.

METHOD:
Separate experiments were conducted using freshly collected peripheral blood samples from four healthy non-smoking
human volunteers. The samples were diluted with tissue culture medium and exposed in vitro for 24 hours to continuous
wave RFR: (1) 835.62 MHz (FDMA, forward power 68 W, power density 860 mW/m
2
and average specific absorption
rate 4.4 or 5.0 W/kg), and (2) 847.74 MHz (CDMA, forward power of 75 W, power density 950 W/m
2
and average
specific absorption rate 4.9 or 5.5 W/kg). Aliquots of blood samples which were sham-exposed or exposed in vitro to an
acute dose of 150 cGy of gamma radiation were included as controls. The temperatures of the medium during RFR- and
sham-exposures in the radial transmission line facility were controlled at 37+0.3
o
C. Immediately after the exposures,
lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and cultured at 37+1
o
C for a total period of 48 or 72 hours. The
extent of genetic damage was assessed from the incidence of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei. The kinetics of
cell proliferation was determined from the mitotic indices in 48 hour cultures, and from the incidence of binucleate cells
in 72 hour cultures.

RESULTS:
The data indicated no significant differences between RFR- and sham-exposed lymphocytes with respect to mitotic
indices, frequencies of exchange aberrations, excess fragments, binucleate cells and micronuclei. The response of
gamma-irradiated lymphocytes was significantly different from both RFR- and sham-exposed cells for all of these
indices.

CONCLUSION:
There was no evidence for induction of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in human blood lymphocytes
exposed in vitro for 24 hours to RFR at 835.62 MHz and 847.74 MHz, at specific absorption rates of 4.4 - 5.5 W/kg.

REFERENCES:
1. Vijayalaxmi et al., Radiation Research., 155, 113-121, 2001
2. Vijayalaxmi et al., Radiation Research., 156, 430-432, 2001
6
th

48
O-2-08

IN VITRO EXPOSURE OF PROLIFERATING HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES TO 1800
MHZ RADIOFREQUENCY

MIRIAM CAPRI
1
, ELENA SCARCELLA
1
, ENRICA BIANCHI
1
, CATIA LANZARINI
1
, SIMONA CAROSELLA
1
,
PIETRO MESIRCA
2
, CHIARA AGOSTINI
2
, CLAUDIO FRANCESCHI
1
AND

FERDINANDO BERSANI
2

1
Dept. of Experimental Pathology, Section of Immunology, Via S. Giacomo 1,2
University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
2
Dept of Physics, Via Berti Pichat 6/2, University of Bologna, 40127Bologna, Italy

AIM OF THE WORK:
Within the frame of the Reflex Project, we studied the possible non-thermal effects of radiofrequency (RF) on
stimulated human lymphocytes in vitro. The cells, from 13 healthy young donors were exposed to1800 MHz GSM
Talk modulated RF (SAR= 2W/Kg), and analysed for the proliferation of the following T lymphocyte subsets:
1. CD4+CD28+/- helper cells; 2. CD8+CD28+/- cytotoxic cells. In specific, CD28 is an important, co-stimulating
membrane protein that transduces signals delivered by T cell receptor complex.

EXPOSURE SYSTEM:
It was provided by Prof. Kusters team (ITIS, CH) and consisted of two wave guides placed inside the CO
2
incubator
at 37 C and connected to a signal generator, an amplifier and a PC by which is randomly determined the operating
wave guide, so that all experiments were performed in blind. Two conditions of exposure duration were applied: i. 10
min ON and 20 min OFF for 44 hours; ii. 2 hours/day for 72 hours. In both cases, the exposures started immediately
after lymphocytes stimulation, which was performed by PHA at 1 L/mL. At the end of 72 and 120 hours of culture
lymphocytes were analysed.

METHODS:
Lymphocyte proliferation was evaluated by flow cytometry techniques using a specific probe, CFSE
(carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester or CFDA-SE, Molecular Probe, Eugene, OR, USA). CFSE is an
intracellular fluorescent dye, which binds free amines of cytoplasmic proteins and it is divided equally between
daughter cells upon cell division. Moreover, by using monoclonal antibodies, such as anti-CD4, anti-CD8 and anti-
CD28 (Serotec, UK), lymphocytes were stained in order to identify proliferating, or non proliferating CD4+CD28+/-
helper and CD8+CD28+/- cytotoxic T lymphocytes. 10.000 cells for each sample were acquired (FACScalibur
cytometer, Becton Dickinson) and Paint-a-gate software was used for the analysis of T cell subsets.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:
Data obtained until now, clearly indicated that the number of proliferating cells was not different in sham and field-
exposed cultures, in all the conditions tested. On the contrary, slight significant changes were noticed in T
lymphocytes compartment. In fact, proliferating CD4+CD28+ appeared increased (2-3%) and CD8+CD28+
lymphocytes appeared decreased (2-3%). If these results will be confirmed by further experiments, important
questions will be open about the opposite effects on cell proliferation and the possible risks linked to modulation of
immune cellular response for humans due to RF exposure

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
This study was fully supported by REFLEX project (5
th
Framework Programme of the European Union) Risk
Evaluation of Potential Enviromental Hazards From Low Energy Electromagnetic Field (EMFs) eXposure Using
Sensitive in vitro Methods.We want to acknowledge Professor Niels Kuster and his co-workers for the exposure
system set up and their assistance to quality control.
6
th

49

Session 3

Health policy, standards and compliance

Ulf Bergqvist Memorial Session
6
th

51
O-3-01

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF MOBILE PHONES: A COMPARISON OF EU AND US
REQUIREMENTS

K. LAMEDSCHWANDNER
1
, G. SCHMID
1
, G. NEUBAUER
1

1
ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria

INTRODUCTION:
Compliance testing of mobile phones is based on the measurement of the specific absorption rate (SAR). For exposure
assessment of mobile phones in the EU and the US different requirements have to be met.

EU VERSUS US REQUIREMENTS:
For radio frequency safety compliance of products in the EU the R&TTE-Directive 1999/5/EC is in use. Health
protection and the safety of the user is one of its essential requirements. According to the product standard for mobile
phones (EN 50360) harmonised under this directive since 26.7.2001 every mobile phone has to comply with the basic
restrictions as specified in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC on the limitation of exposure of the general public to
electromagnetic fields. The basic standard EN 50361 [1] specifies the method for demonstration of compliance with the
SAR limits for mobile phones.

In the US the FCC specifies its radiofrequency rules in volume 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The FCC
limits for partial-body exposure are used primarily for evaluating exposure due to portable transmitting devices. Such
devices (e.g. mobile phones) are defined as transmitting devices designed to be used while the radiating structures of the
device are within 20 cm of the body of the user. Further information on evaluating compliance with these limits can be
found in the FCCs OET Bulletin 65 and in the IEEE P1528 draft standard [2]. The IEEE P1528 specifies measurement
protocols which are very similar to the EN 50361.

DISCUSSION: Table 1 shows that the SAR limits for exposure assessment of mobile phones are different in the EU
and the US.

Table 1: Comparision of EU and US Basic Restrictions (localized SAR in the head)

The difference in the averaging mass is also of great importance. An averaging mass of 1 g is more restrictive
compared to an averaging mass of 10 g. In the presentation an overview on exposure assessment requirements for
mobile phones will be given. Existing exposure assessment procedures have to be analysed and if necessary adapted in
respect of the exposure due to electromagnetic sources of future technologies (e.g. Bluetooth, Wireless LAN,...).

REFERENCES
[1] EN 50361, Basic Standard for the Measurement of Specific Absorption Rate Related to Human Exposure to
Electromagnetic Fields from Mobile Phones (300 MHz 3 GHz), July 2001, CENELEC, Brussels
[2] IEEE P1528-2002, Draft Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption
Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques, Draft CD
1.1, December 2002, IEEE-SCC34

Council Rec. 1999/519/EC FCC 47 CFR, 2.1093
100 kHz - 10 GHz 100 kHz - 6 GHz
2 W/kg, 10 g 1,6 W/kg, 1 g
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O-3-02

WILL COMPLETION OF ONGOING EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND LONG-TERM ANIMAL
STUDIES PROVIDE SUFFICIENT DATA TO EVALUATE THE CARCINOGENIC
POTENTIAL OF RF ENERGY?

M SWICORD, J MORRISSEY & J ELDER

Motorola Labs, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida USA

A fundamental element of any public health analysis is clear definition of the body of research data necessary to
allow a decisive and reliable determination of the potential risk of cancer and other adverse health effects from exposure
to chemical or physical agents. Since it is not possible to determine whether any agent is absolutely risk-free even with
an infinite amount of research results (one can not prove the null hypothesis), the question has to be answered from a
public health perspective and not from interests of researchers. It is a proper objective for researchers to continually
generate new hypotheses to be tested because science can only progress through such a process whether health related
or not. However, it is incumbent on public health officials to bring closure health related questions and such decisions
are reached by evaluation of the literature. At the same time the researcher is or should be driven by scientific interest to
generate new hypothesis.

First lets explore the historical RF database and see what consistent biological effects have been reported that
are related to the carcinogenic process. We search for a phenomenon that is repeatable or has supportive findings. If
such is found, then its potential health consequence must be determined. A listing of the peer-reviewed publications
concerning RF biological effects can be found in the IEEE database on the WHO website. The database contains 1949
listings but only 1297 of these qualify as biological effects related peer-reviewed publications; the remainder is reviews
and other reports. The 1297 studies are tabulated per subject area in Table 1.

RF Biological Effects Studies
Ongoing
1
Reported
but not
published
1
Published
2

Epidemiology 26 6 113
Human / Provocation 8 3 38
Long Term Animal studies
Normal Life-Time study, Bioassay
10 0 13
Cell Line Injection Tumor Bioassay 0 0 4
Chemical-Radiation-Genetically Initiated
aaaaaTumor Bioassay 7 4 14
Other Human and Animal Studies 18 23 193
Other In Vivo & In Vitro 55 69 922
Grand Total 124 105 1297
1
From WHO Database
2
From IEEE Database

Table 1

A review of the 1297 published studies and the additional 105 reported-but-yet-to-be-published reports does not
reveal any consistently and independently repeatable carcinogenic effect. Thus, attempts at replication or confirmation
of earlier reported effects have failed to support the original finding. Some replication studies are still underway and we
await the outcome of these studies to determine the necessity for further research. Thus the historical database does not
provide us with additional testable hypotheses to pursue with the exception of a few studies that are under investigation
currently.

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53
A process for evaluating chemical or physical agents as to their potential for causing cancer has been defined by
IARC. This process has been used by IARC to evaluate 885 agents and to place them into five categories: 1)
Carcinogenic to humans (88 agents), 2A) Probably carcinogenic to humans (64 agents), 2B) Possibly carcinogenic to
humans (236 agents), 3) Unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans (496 agents) and 4) Is probably not
carcinogenic to humans (1 agent). The evaluation process places emphasis on human data (epidemiology) but relies on
animal data when human data are weak or nonexistent. In vitro data are only used as supportive evidence of a
mechanism when evidence exits in vivo. The epidemiological and long-term animal studies for RF are summarized in
the table above. The majority of the epidemiological data suffers from poor to inadequate exposure assessment but
studies including a current large multi-center case control study (INTERPHONE) is seeking to address this issue.
However, a recent review of the subject (Boyce & McLaughlin 2002) reported that epidemiology studies do not indicate
adverse health effects from RF exposure. This conclusion is strongly supported by the long-term animal studies. No
author of the 13 published normal lifetime animal studies using various exposure schedules from 2 22 hours per day
claims any biological significant increase in tumor formation in exposed animals. Similarly, no increase in tumor
progression has been reported in four rodent studies using injected tumor cell lines, but one author reported finding
effects at thermal levels only.

Of the 14 sensitized animal studies, 11 have reported no effect of RF exposure, and the results of the other three
(Rephacholi et al. 1997, Szmigielski et al. 1980, 1982) have either not been supported by direct replication using
improved study design or contain serious study flaws and are inconsistent with the majority of reports in the database.
The weight of evidence of these animal studies suggests that RF does not cause or promote tumor formation.
Furthermore, these studies in the RF database have employed a wide range of frequencies and modulations and the
results suggest that there is no frequency dependent or modulation dependent response.

Do we need more animal or epidemiology studies to address the cancer issue? The one toxic agent placed into
category 4 by IARC is caprolactam, an agent that causes skin and eye irritation. In vitro studies suggest this agent
causes chromosomal aberrations. A single series of long-term animal studies involving two species and two sexes was
sufficient to place caprolactam in category 4. This analysis suggests it would appear that more than sufficient amount
of data will be available to evaluate RF as to its ability to cause or promote cancer, particularly upon completion of the
10 ongoing lifetime animal studies and the 26 epidemiological studies now underway and listed in Table 1.

A similar analysis can be made for non-cancer health studies.

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54
O-3-03

PLANNING NEW DWELLINGS NEAR OVERHEAD POWER LINES

GERT KELFKENS, RON PENNDERS AND MATHIEU PRUPPERS

RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,
P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands, e-mail: gert.kelfkens@rivm.nl

New housing developments in the Netherlands may lead to an increase in the number of children exposed to
magnetic field strengths above 0.4 T of more than 40% over the next 25 years.

Several epidemiological studies have indicated an association between childhood leukaemia and living near
overhead power lines. This has led the International Agency on Research of Cancer (IARC) to classify the power
frequency magnetic fields as being possibly carcinogenic to humans, although a biological mechanism has not been
shown.

On the basis of the precautionary principle, the Dutch government is considering measures to reduce the
populations exposure to magnetic fields due to overhead power lines. KEMA (a consultant to the electricity sector) and
the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) have shown a possible 30-90% reduction in
residents exposure to magnetic fields in existing dwellings, albeit at high costs
1
. However, building near power lines
may increase the populations exposure. To investigate this, RIVM studied the building plans for new dwellings to be
realised in the coming 25 years in the Netherlands. Digitised into the New Map of the Netherlands, these building
plans include close to 1300 elements according to which 800,000 new dwellings will be added to the existing 6.85
million dwellings in the Netherlands.

A possible increased risk for childhood leukaemia is expected at exposures to magnetic fields strengths of more
than about 0.4 T. Ten thousand dwellings in the New Map are planned within the 0.4 T contour of the Dutch
overhead power lines, which will mean an increase of more than 40% with respect to the 23,000 existing dwellings
within this contour.

For most of the plans in the New Map, type and exact location of the dwellings have not yet been fully
established; furthermore, the area contained in the 0.4 T contour represents a small fraction of the total planned area.
Therefore, if the presence of the power lines is properly taken into account in the more detailed plans, a substantial
share of this 40% increase will be eliminated.

1
Gert Kelfkens, Jos van Wolven, Ron Pennders, Claudi Stuurman, Lodewijk van Aernsbergen,
Ginevra Delfini, Mathieu Pruppers (2002). Costs and benefits of the reduction of magnetic fields due to overhead power
lines. In: Proceedings - 2
nd
International Workshop on Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Field (Rhodes, Greece,
October 7-11, 2002), ed. P. Kostarakis, vol. I, pp. 309-317.
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55
O-3-04

PERUVIAN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS BASE STATIONS AND ITS
INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES COMPLIANCE

MG. ENG. VICTOR CRUZ ORNETTA

Peruvian National Institute for Research and Training in Telecommunications, Peru

The issue of non-ionizing radiation health effects produced by telecommunication base stations has created an
increasing concern of people worldwide.
This concern has been taken into account by the World Health Organization, the International
Telecommunication Union, and the administrations of health, telecommunications and environment of many countries.

In Peru there is also a great concern about telecommunications stations in general, but in particular in relation
with mobile base stations.

INICTEL has conducted several measurement campaigns nationwide since 1998 and base on these information
we have focused our attention in mobile base stations.

The research that is presented in this paper was carried out by INICTEL, and the main objective was to perform a
detailed compliance analysis of electric field strength from aproximately 50 mobile telecommunication base stations:
digital trunking, mobile telephony and PCS. These base stations includes AMPS, TDM, GSM and IDEN technologies.

The ICNIRP guidelines are used as a reference to evaluate compliance. It was also carried out an analysis to
compare the values obtained from measurement with computed values using ITU propagation models and formulas.

This paper includes a theoretical introduction on electromagnetic fields and their main characteristics in the RF
range, guidelines that were used, measurement protocol, measurement methodology including uncertainty and errors
computation. It specially emphasize the necessity of playing two kind of measurements: broadband measurements in
order to verify compliance and narrow band in order to verify emissions from main sources.

Finally discussion and conclusions summarize main results of this research.

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56
O-3-05

ELF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE INDUCED BY
HIGH VOLTAGE (HV) POWER LINES: A SURVEY CAMPAIGN IN URBAN AREA

C. MALACARNE
1
, L. CRISTOFORETTI
1
, A. VACCARI
1
, L. SANDRINI
1
, M. MAZZURANA
1
,
T. FRIZ
2
AND R. PONTALTI
1

1
Istituto Trentino di Cultura (ITC-irst), 38050 Povo Trento, Italy
2
Enviromental Dept. Municipal District of Trento Trento, Italy

In the last years the request of information about ELF electric and magnetic fields exposure levels both from
general public and local government agencies has grown in importance
&
. Aims of this study are i) to give an answer on
the evaluation and estimation of the actual levels of electric and magnetic fields intensity distributions and ii) to present
the criteria adopted to obtain a set of environmental impact indexes in the urban area of the municipal district of
Trento, a city located in Northern Italy, with 106000 inhabitants.

As the most important sources of man-made fields in the ELF range consist - from an environmental point of
view - in HV transmission lines, the present survey campaign is devoted to such sources, while occupational exposures
and/or induced by other electrical wiring and appliances were intentionally neglected.

The municipal district of Trento covers an area of 156 km
2
and is crossed by 84.8 km of 132 kV and by 51.7 km
of 220 kV overhead power lines.

By means of prediction tools implemented in GIS (Geographic Information System) software 11 sub-areas were
first selected within the district, corresponding to the most populated and exposed regions. Each sub-area was then
analyzed with measurements and simulations. Both magnetic flux density and electric field measurements were
performed according to the National Standards
*
, the former inside the buildings and for the duration of 24 hours, the
latter outside of them and instantly. The software implemented for the calculation of magnetic flux density distribution
provides the field values induced by power lines in a three-dimensional volume, while electric field values are obtained
on bi-dimensional planes.

Results show an exposure intensity ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 T, depending on line electric and geometric
characteristics and relative distance between line and measuring point.

Moreover, the methodology here adopted, with the concurrent use of measured and simulated values, of
databases for sources and for results, and the knowledge of demographic and territorial information provides the
government with a useful set of environmental impact indexes. This will represent a new instrument for environmental
monitoring and a planning tool for the future urban development.

REFERENCES
&
C. Malacarne et al. Proceedings of the 4
th
EBEA Congress, D. imuni Ed. - Zabreg 1998
*
Norm CEI 211-6, Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano, January 2001

This work is financed by Municipal Council of Trento (Italy)
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O-3-06

HUNGARIANS ON BASE STATIONS: A PUBLIC OPINION POLL

KATALIN LNRT

M&H Communications.

Even though Hungarians use mobile phones with pleasure, most of them do not favor the base stations needed for
their technical support, as a survey made by M&H Communications in 1999 showed. The survey was based on the results
of a public opinion-poll (Eye on Eastern Europe, Vol.1 No.2, 2000. July).

Twenty four percent (24%) of the population in Hungary has a mobile phone. The typical user lives in the capital,
Budapest, is between 20-40, has a university or college degree and works in the entrepreneurs sector. The answers on the
health-related questions showed that the questioned believe that mobile phones are only insignificantly dangerous, while
base stations are only moderately dangerous. Both are placed behind other health-threatening factors, such as pollution in
big cities, power plants or pesticides. 23% of the questioned believe that mobile phones do not threaten our health at all,
64.5% believe that they only threaten moderately, 15.5% think that they are significantly dangerous. Most of the ones
believing that mobile phones are significantly dangerous are among the ones who do not have a mobile phone at all.
Every second of these questioned mentioned a serious health damage effect, every third believed that they have only
minor health-related effects.

The answers to further more detailed questions proved the uncertainty and skepticism of the Hungarian population.
While 78.7% agreed that mobile phones are essential in telecommunications and they have more advantages than
disadvantages. Despite the above mentioned results, 28.2% agreed, that mobile phones are the most dangerous among the
hi-tech appliances. On the other hand, 86.4% shared the opinion, that almost everything could be proven as dangerous.
59.6% reported that it is not of advantage to live near a base station, as they might threaten their environment. 79.2%
believe that taking the given information into consideration, it can not be decided what the truth was. The inconsistency
of opinions, the low level of knowledge and the general skepticism is a show a fundamental lack of reliable data on this
growing technology among responders.

The third major issue of the survey is the installation of base stations and the demolishing of these. In accordance
to the public mistrust towards base stations, 68.6% of the evaluable answers, and 54% of all answers say that the
questioned would not allow a base station to be built on their homes, no matter how much money is offered. 10% would
give their permission, if compensation was paid, 15% would have no objections against it at all.
The most surprising result of the survey was that among mobile phone owners and people without mobile phone
the percentage of objective opinions against the installation of base station was about the same (70%). The answers to the
questions on information sources show, that most of the population is primary informed through television, while the
experts opinion is not expected by most of the population. Newspapers are treated as certified and trustworthy sources of
information.

All in all, the opinion of the Hungarian population on mobile phones and base stations is uncertain and
inconsistent. On one hand, a significant part of the population has no doubts that mobile phones have advantages, but on
the other hand, the questioned have considerable doubts when it comes to health effects of base stations and the phones
themselves. This goes back to the lack of information on this topic. This results in a schizophrenic state of mind of the
population accepting mobile phones but clearly refusing the base stations.

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59

Session 4

In-vivo studies
6
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61
O-4-01

CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO RADIOCELLULAR TELEPHONES
AND PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCES

R. DE SEZE
1
, A. BESSET
2-3
, F. ESPA
2-3
, K. MARTIN
4
, S. MARTIN
4
, G. SZWARCBERG
4
,
J. ERKES
4
, A. TEISSERENC
4
, Y. DAUVILLIERS
3
, M. BILLIARD
3
.

1-INERIS - Parc ALATA - BP 2 - 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte - FRANCE
2-INSERM E-9930 CRLC Val dAurelle 34298 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
3-Sleep and wake disorders center, Neurology B dept, Gui de Chauliac Hospital,
34295 Montpellier cedex 5 France

INTRODUCTION:
The increasing use of radiocellular telephones (RCT) has raised the problem of the effects of chronic electromagnetic
fields exposure on human health. Up to now many papers have been published concerning the effects of acute RCT
exposure on psychomotor performances. In a preliminary experiment, a slight but not statistically significant
improvement of attentional functions could be hypothesised in view of an increase and a decrease of raw scores of
forward digit span and reaction time in exposed subjects during EP. We looked in this study to check the effects of
chronic exposure to RCT GSM 900 type on psychomotor performances including attentional functions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
55 subjects, 27 males and 28 females, aged from 18 to 40 years (mean age 24.25 3.8 years) who previously used RCT
less than 10 min a day, were selected and randomly divided into two groups: 28 subjects (14 male and 14 female) with
emitting RCT and 27 subjects (13 male and 14 female) with non-emitting RCT. Subjects were paired by IQ.
Subjects underwent a first psychomotor test learning session on D-2 (pre-exposure period: PP). The psychomotor test
battery was as the following: Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Digit Span (forward and backward) and digit-
letters sequences, visuospatial span (forward and backward), sustained attention and visuospatial availability (barrage
de Toulouse-Piron), stress test by Stroop, Visual reaction time and Choice reaction time (Hagfors), manual dexterity
(Purdue Pegboard), visual memory (Benton), amorage perceptif. Eight parallel series were made for the AVLT and the
Digit spans. Three days later (D1), subjects began the exposure period (EP). They came to the lab and were "exposed"
during 4 weeks (until Day 28), 2 hours/day, 5 days/week from 05:00 p.m. to 07:00 p.m. or 06:00 p.m. to 08:00 p.m..
During exposure, subjects were sitting on a chair, hanging a RCT and watching a movie on TV in order to sustain
attention and initiate a correct holding of the phone. In order to appreciate the reversibility of possible effects of RCT on
psychomotor performances, all subjects were sham-exposed for two more weeks (recovery period: RP). Psychomotor
tests were performed three days before the EP (PP), then on the morning following the last day of every two-weeks
intervals, i.e. twice during the EP (after two and four weeks of exposure) and once two weeks later at the end of the RP.

RESULTS: Psychomotor tests were not modified in human volunteers after chronic RCT exposure.
This study was supported by Bouygues Telecom and the Ministry of Ecology
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O-4-02

RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF ALLEGED
COGNITIVE, BIOCHEMICAL, AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF
CHRONIC EXPOSURE OF THREE GENERATIONS OF RATS TO
ELECTROMAGNETIC GSM- AND UMTS-FIELDS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION

M. BORNHAUSEN
1
, M. STANGASSINGER
1
, M. ERHARD
2
, M. STOHRER
1
,
J. DETLEFSEN
3
, S. SCHELKSHORN
3
, J. EBERLE
5
, O. PETROWICZ
4

1
Animal Physiology and
2
Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich,
3
High-Frequency Engineering HFS, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology,

4
Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, and
5
Coucil of the Technical University Munich, Germany

In response to a research initiative of the German Federal Office of Radiation Protection (BfS) on alleged effects
of chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of mobile communication, an interdisciplinary cooperation
between several institutes of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) and the Technical University of Munich
(TUM) has submitted a joint research proposal with the following outlines:

Three consecutive generations (F0, F1, F2) of Wistar rats will be continuously exposed within the framework of
a double-blind study to either GSM- or UMTS-EMFs in HF-exposure chambers (80x80x200 cm
3
) provided by T-
Systems Nova GmbH. In a first experiment, the SAR values for GSM- and UMTS-exposure will be identical to those of
human exposure levels (0.4 resp. 0.08 W/kg). Conventional parameters of health and reproduction including
developmental landmarks will be recorded in dams and their offspring and compared to those of simultaneously sham-
exposed control animals. Further experiments in litter mates are planned to assess eventual EMF-induced changes of
biochemical reactions to stress, immunological responses, and those of the blood-brain-barrier.

Regarding the particular sensitivity and vulnerability of the central nervous system during development, our
experiment focuses furthermore on the assessment of eventual cognitive or learning ability deficits. For that purpose the
rats of the three generations will be confronted with a series of 9 different operant-behavior performance tests with
increasing learning demand. Test sessions are run automatically during night. Test performance (lever presses, food
reinforcements, test efficiency) of each animal is stored and related to the occurrence of specific inter-response interval
(IRI) pattern (Bioelectromagnetics 21:566-574, 2000). To minimize inter-individual variability among the members of a
test group, all subjects will be preselected by appropriate measures of IRI dynamics. Resulting test groups, thus,
represent subjects who show the least difference to the group mean.
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63
O-4-03

SUB-CHRONIC EFFECTS OF LOCAL EXPOSURE TO RADIO-FREQUENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS WITH A LOOP ANTENNA ON THE CEREBRAL
MICROCIRCULATION IN RATS.

H. MASUDA*
1
, S. HIROTA*
1
, A. USHIYAMA*
1
, K. WAKE
2
, S. WATANABE
2
, Y. YAMANAKA*
2
,
M. TAKI
3
AND C. OHKUBO
1
.

1
Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo 108-8638, Japan.
2
EMC Research Group, Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution, Tokyo 184-
8975, Japan.
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-
0397, Japan.

Acute exposure effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) which was generated by a loop antenna
on the cerebral microcirculation were investigated in our previous study. The results of previous study suggested that no
noticeable changes in the cerebral microcirculation were recognized due to EMF exposure. The aim of the present study
was to evaluate the sub-chronic exposure effects of EMF with a loop antenna on the cerebral microcirculation including
BBB function in the rat.

A cranial window method as in vivo model enables us to observe the cerebral microcirculation including the
blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in the rat for long term. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats (B.W. 45413 g) were
used in the present study. The rats were divided into three groups, EMF group as rats exposed to EMF, Sham group as
rats sham-exposed to EMF, and Control group as a cage control. EMF exposure system consisted of a small anechoic
chamber and a loop antenna. The head of each rat was locally exposed to 1,439 MHz electromagnetic near-field TDMA
(time division multiple access) signal for PDC (Personal Digital Cellular, Japanese cellular telephone standard) system.
The intensity of EMF exposure was controlled by mean brain SAR (approximately 5.3-8.8W/kg). The EMF exposure
duration of 60 minutes a day was performed five times a week, for four weeks.

The infection of piamater, the regeneration of dura mater and the serpiginous change of vessel were not observed
within a cranial window of each group throughout the experiment. There was no significant difference in the maximal
plasma velocity of the pial venule of each group at 4th week. No extravasation of two kinds of fluorescence dyes, FITC-
Dx (MW: 250,000) and sodium-fluorescein (MW: 376), from the pial venule was noticed in any groups.

These results suggested that no noticeable changes in the cerebral microcirculation were recognized under the
present EMF exposure conditions by using the cranial window method as in vivo model.
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64
O-4-04

CHRONICALLY EXPOSURE TO THE 1.5 GHZ ELECTROMAGNETIC NEAR-FIELD
USE FOR CELLULAR PHONES DOES NOT PROMOTE ETHYLNITROSOUREA-
INDUCED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMORS IN F344 RATS

TOMOYUKI SHIRAI
1
, MAYUMI KAWABE
1,2
, ICHIHARA
1,2
, OSAMU FUJIWARA
3
, MASAO TAKI
4
,
SO-ICHI WATANABE
5
, KANAKO WAKE
5
, YUKIO YAMANAKA
5
, KATSUMI IMAIDA
6

AND SEIKO TAMANO
1

1
Depart.of Experiment. Pathol. and Tumor Biol., Nagoya City Univ.,
2
Daiyukai Instit. of Med. Sci.,

3
Depart. of Elec. and Compt., Nagoya Inst. of Technol.,

4
Graduate Sch. of Engineering, Tokyo Metr. Univ.,

5
Communications Research Laboratory,

6
Onco-Pathol., Kagawa Medical Univ.

1
Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan

The present study was designed to evaluate whether a 2 year exposure to an electromagnetic near-field (EMF)
equivalent to that generated by cellular phones can accelerate tumor development in the central nervous system of rats.
For this purpose, pregnant F344 rats were given a single administration of N-ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on gestational day
18. A total of 500 (400 ENU-treated F1 and 100 ENU non-treated F1) pups were divided into 5 groups, each composed
of 50 males and 50 females: Group 1, complete control; Group 2, ENU alone; Groups 3 to 5, ENU + EMF(3 exposure
levels including sham exposure). A 1.439-GHz time division multiple access (TDMA) signal for the Personal Digital
Cellular (PDC), Japanese standard cellular system was used for the exposure to the rat head through a 1/4-wavelength
monopole antenna starting from 5 weeks of age, 90 min a day, 5 days a week, for 104 weeks. Brain average SAR was
0.67 and 2 W/kg and whole-body averaged SAR was less than 0.4 W/kg, that is, the exposure levels were within non-
thermal conditions. In the exposure boxes, 10 rats individually fixed in plastic tubes were set like a carrousel with the
nose direction to the center, where the antenna was located. Setting rats in the exposure boxes was itself associated with
suppressed growth but this was not exacerbated by actual EMF exposure. There were no inter-group differences in body
weights, food and water consumption, and survival rates. Many tumors developed in the central nervous system, brain
and spinal cord, limited to ENU-exposed F1 animals, these being mainly astrocytomas and mixed glioma. However, no
increase in their incidences or numbers per group, either in males or females, was detected in the EMF-exposed groups.
Thus, under the present experimental conditions, 1.5-GHz EMF exposure to the heads of rats for a 2 year period was
demonstrated not to accelerate ENU-initiated brain tumorigenesis.

This work was supported by a Grant from the Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and
Telecommunications, Japan

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th

65
O-4-05

EFFECTS OF PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (PEMFS) ON EXPERIMENTAL
DEGENERATIVE OSTEOARTHROSIS

F. CAVANI
1
, M. FINI
2
, S. SETTI
3
, V. CAN
1
, R. CADOSSI
3
.

1
Dipartimento di Anatomia e Istologia, Universit di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy,;

2
Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, 40126 Bologna, Italy;

3
Laboratorio di Biofisica Clinica, IGEA, 41012 Carpi (Mo), Italy

INTRODUCTION. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been shown to increase condrocyte proliferation (1)
and to reduce proteoglycan degradation (2) suggesting a potential application as a treatment for osteoarthrosis (3).

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the degeneration
of articular cartilage, typical of osteoarthrosis, in Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs that spontaneously develop
osteoarthrosis with age.

METHODS. Ten Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs, aged 12 months, were included in the study. Each of them was placed
in a cage with a coil underneath. Five animals were stimulated with PEMFs (75 Hz, 1.8 mT) generated by a pulse
generator (ELLIXIA, IGEA S.r.l., Carpi, Italy) and the other animals were sham treated. The animals were stimulated
six hours/day for three months and then sacrificed. Knee joints were harvested, embedded in methylmethacrylate and
were sectioned. For each animal eight sections were microradiographed and further cut for histological analysis.
Toluidine blue-fast green staining was performed and a score was given taking into consideration articular cartilage
structure and toluidine blue staining (marker of proteoglycan content).The possible total score ranged from 0 (normal
cartilage) to 14 (severe structural damage and complete loss of toluidine blue staining). Moreover, the number of
histological sections that showed signs of articular cartilage degeneration was calculated. The presence of superficial
fibrillation on the cartilage of the medial tibial plateau was the parameter considered as sign of articular cartilage
degeneration.

RESULTS. The histomorphometrical analysis showed in all animals signs of articular cartilage degeneration. While
the average number of section showing signs of articular cartilage degeneration was 3.4 1.14 in the stimulated
group, it was 5,4 1.01 in the control group (p < 0.01). Moreover a significant difference (p<0.05) in articular
cartilage score was observed between the treatment and control group.

DISCUSSION. The results showed that PEMFs exposure seems to reduce articular cartilage degeneration by
decreasing the extension of the damage and the progression of the pathology. In fact in the treatment group the
superficial fibrillation of the cartilage is limited and the proteoglycan content of the matrix is preserved with respect
to the control group. PEMFs treatment seems to exert a beneficial effect on cartilage, thus confirming the potentiality
of the stimulation as a treatment to reduce osteoarthrosis progression.

REFERENCES
1) De Mattei M, et al., Connect Tissue Res. 2001; 42(4):269-79.
2) Liu H. et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1336(2):303-14.
3) Trock, DH et al. J. Rheumatol. 1994, 21: 1903-11.
6
th

66
O-4-06

STUDY OF THE POTENTIAL LEUKEMOGENIC EFFECTS OF 50 Hz MAGNETIC
FIELDS AND HARMONICS IN A RAT LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA MODEL.

NATACHA BERNARD*, CLINE JACQUEMONT*, LIONEL DEVEVEY*,
PASCALE CHRETIEN
$
, MARIE-LAURE TANGUY
#
JEAN-JACQUES GUILLOSSON*,
AND JOLLE NAFZIGER*

*Laboratoire dHmatologie Cellulaire et Molculaire CNRS FRE 2444, Facult de Pharmacie, Paris, France.
$Laboratoire dImmunlogie Hmatologie, Hpital Intercommunal, Crteil, France.
#
Laboratoire de Biostatistiques et informatique mdicale GH Piti-Salptrire, Paris France.

A large number of epidemiologic studies have been devoted to the possible association between 50 Hz magnetic fields
(MFs) exposure and the risk of leukemia in people living near power lines. Although no clear relationship was found in
occupational studies, a positive association among children exposed to MFs was reported in certain residential surveys.
Nevertheless the controversy persists, so that experimental animal models of leukemia are required to establish whether
or not MFs are potentially leukemogenic. We developed a rat model of chemically induced lymphoblastic leukemia. This
leukemia model is the first one that permits to study the lymphoblastic leukemogenic process from the initiation to the
progression. Since B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are the most common leukemia among children we
decided to expose our rat model to 50 Hz MFs and to harmonics to examine their potential leukemogenic effects.

Leukemia was chemically induced by N-butylnitrosourea (BNU) at a dose of 6 mg/day, 5 days/week, for a period of 24
weeks in 3 month-old male WKAH/Hkm rats (SLC Inc Hamamatsu, Japan). Rats were divided in 5 groups: 1- BNU was
administered to a 60 rats control group. 2- 60 rats were treated with BNU and exposed 18 hours a day to 50 Hz MFs
(100 T). 3- 60 rats were treated with BNU and exposed to 50 Hz MFs (100 T) with superimposed 3
rd
, 5
th
, and 7
th

harmonics. 4- a positive control group of 30 rats were treated with BNU plus PMA a promoting agent. 5- 30 cage-control
had no treatment and no exposure. Sentinels were periodically analyzed during the entire process. The development of
leukemia was followed by white blood cells counts, appearance of blasts in peripheral blood, and loss of body weight.
Rats were sacrificed before death. Bone marrow cells were extracted. Bone marrow differential cell counts,
cytochemestry and immunophenotyping were performed on cells to characterize the leukemia.

RESULTS
Results showed no significant differences between the control group and the group exposed to 50 Hz MFs or to 50 Hz
MFs plus harmonics, in terms of survival, total number of leukemia, and percentage of B cell ALL. 60% of leukemia
were obtained in each group, 65% of those leukemia were B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. No co-initiating or co-
promoting effect of MFs or harmonics could be detected in this preliminary experiment.
6
th

67

Session 5

Dosimetry and exposure systems II

6
th

69
O-5-01

RELEVANT EXPOSURE PARAMETERS FOR THE COMPARISON OF ANIMAL
STUDIES

VERONICA BERDIAS-TORRES, JRG FRHLICH, ANJA KLINGENBCK,
NEVIANA NIKOLOSKI AND NIELS KUSTER

Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (ITIS),
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland

INTRODUCTION
One crucial factor of exposure systems for the assessment of potential health risks from mobile communication is the
accurate determination of all exposure uncertainties. Measurements and numerical simulations are used for their
assessment. Because measurements within living organisms are not practicable, high-resolution anatomical models are
needed for the exposure assessment of animal studies.

OBJECTIVES
Different anatomical models for rats and mice have to be generated in order to enable the dosimetric analysis of life
span studies. The influence of the slice distance and the discretization on the SAR values will be assessed. The extracted
dosimetric data includes the average whole-body SAR, the averaged spatial peak SAR as well as the average SAR of all
organs. In addition, the ratio between the exposure of the tail and the body will be evaluated. The dependence of the
SAR values on different polarizations and frequencies will be assessed using plane wave exposure. Simulations will be
validated by measurements using an appropriate phantom for both, mouse and rat. The exposure of animals will be
compared to human exposure using a whole body human model.

METHODS
The animal models were generated using Microtom slices. More than 30 different tissue types were discriminated.
Based on the data of the Visual Human Project, a whole body human phantom was developed. The SAR distributions
were calculated using the simulation platform SEMCAD including the automated extraction of organ specific data.
Measurements were carried out using the DASY4 near-field scanner.

The meaningful comparison of animal studies requires a combination of whole-body SAR data and knowledge of organ-
specific SAR data. These data should include:

Average whole-body SAR including the standard deviation over all test animals and over the whole duration of the
study.
Average spatial peak SAR over the whole body including standard deviation over all test animals and over the whole
duration of the study. The averaging volume used should correspond to the 1g and 10g volumes for human exposure.
Average SAR of all organs including standard deviation over all test animals and over the whole duration of the
study.

Accurate determination of the SAR distribution in animals and humans requires high-resolution anatomical models in
order to reduce the uncertainties with respect to the model parameters. Models resolved using grid steps of /10 related
to the tissue having the highest permittivity are not sufficient to take into account all relevant anatomical aspects as well
as the steep field gradients occurring within tissue.
How the results of animal studies can be meaningfully transferred to human exposure remains an open question.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was generously supported by the German Agency for Radiation Protection, xxxx (Germany) and and the
Mobile Manufacturers Forum, Brussels (Belgium).

6
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70
O-5-02

TISSUE-EQUIVALENT LIQUIDS FOR SAR MEASUREMENT IN PRACTICE

K. FUKUNAGA, S. WATANABE AND Y. YAMANAKA

Communications Research Laboratory

The RF safety of the mobile phone has been evaluated by specific absorption rate (SAR), generally obtained by
measuring the electric field in a phantom made of a shell filled with a tissue-equivalent liquid. We measured time and
temperature dependence of dielectric properties of several glycol-type tissue-equivalent liquids recommended by
international standard organisations [1] to clarify their stability in practical use. Specimens were prepared by following
the recipes in the standards. Time dependence of dielectric properties was measured by keeping the specimens in an
open cubic shell. Permittivities and conductivities were measured by using an open-ended coaxial probe.

Experimental results suggest that the conductivity is temperature dependent and it would exceed the tolerance in
the standard 5 %, when the temperature changes 3C, so that it is reasonable to perform SAR measurements at
temperature with a tolerance of 2C as indicated in the standards (Figure 1). The complex permittivity decreases with
time due to the evaporation of water. We have measured SAR values with a cubic phantom and a dipole antenna and
found that the change was within 5 %. Concerning the experimental results and additional numerical simulation by
using the FDTD method, larger tolerance of the dielectric properties might be acceptable for practical SAR
measurements of numerous handsets. The difference between the experiments and the calculations suggests that other
error factors, such as the sensitivity of the E-field probe, can be affected by the change of the dielectric properties of
specimens.

[1] IEC 106/49/CD "Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and elecromagnetic fields associated with
human exposure". Committee Draft. November, 2002.

Figure 1 Temperature dependence of dielectric properties.
6
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71
O-5-03

PREDICTION OF FIELD DISTRIBUTIONS IN COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTS

G. NEUBAUER
1
, R. BERBACHER
1
, P. PREINER
1
, J. WIART
2
, G. SCHMID
1
, K. LAMEDSCHWANDNER
1
,
H. HAIDER
1
, W. GICZI
1

1
ARC Seibersdorf research GmbH,
2
France Telecom, R&D Unit

INTRODUCTION:
Reliable exposure assessment involves accurate measurements but also spatial averaging since fast fading effects exists.
Therefore it is imperative to have knowledge on laws of field distributions in complex environments. To determine the
exposure of the general population in the vicinity of base stations according to the requirements of the R&TTE directive
and the EU recommendation L199/59 not only the field levels of the respective base station have to be assessed but also
contributions of other sources, e.g. broadcast stations, other base stations, have to be taken into account. Based on the
mandate M 305 of the European Commission, the Technical Committee TC 106x of CENELEC is currently in the
process of developing in situ standards dedicated to assess exposure in the environment of base stations. In the frame
of the ongoing work statistical laws governing the field distributions are derived to make reliable and reproducible
exposure assessment possible.

METHODS:
A project was started to assess laws of field distributions in complex environments. The main part of the project consists
of a large measurement campaign. All measurements are performed using frequency - selective equipment. Due to the
fact that the impact of other electromagnetic sources has to be taken into account it is necessary to investigate the field
distributions of broadcast and TV transmitters in typical environments, too. Table 1 gives an overview on the number of
measurements performed so far in the frame of this project.

Source Number of investigated scenarios Number of measurements
GSM 900 4 2353
DCS 1800 2 1434
UMTS 1 383
TV 1 908
Broadcasting (UKW) 1 376

Table 1: Number of investigated scenarios and number of frequency - selective measurements.
To define a scenario the investigated area, the type of emissions determined and additional descriptors like line of sight
have to be known.

All these measurements were performed according to the method Add3D. The field variations in space were
investigated following different types of protocols. In most cases the field distributions within volumes of about 1 m
were investigated using regular grids, however, also other volumes, planes and lines were examined. In addition the
field levels at randomly distributed positions were analysed.

DISCUSSIONS:
The main target of the project is to define laws of field distributions that can be expected in typical exposure scenarios,
e.g. indoor scenario, line of sight, far field conditions. Reliable exposure assessment procedures like scientific sound
averaging methods might be based on the outcome of this study.

The authors like to acknowledge FMK, Mobilkom Austria, T-Mobile, Connect Austria and Hutchison 3G for the
support of the ongoing investigations.

6
th

72
O-5-04

ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS INFLUENCING EXPOSURE TO EMF FROM MOBILE
PHONES

LUCIA ARDOINO
1.2
, ENRICA BARBIERI
1
AND PAOLO VECCHIA
1

1
. Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
2
. ICEmB A. Chiabrera, Genoa, Italy

The assessment of exposure to electromagnetic fields is of crucial importance in epidemiological studies on
cellular phones and tumours. A number of such investigations have been published in the latest years. While no
association has been found with the duration and frequency of use, these studies are not informative about possible
correlation with electromagnetic fields because of the lack of adequate exposure assessment.

Theoretical analyses indicate that the absorption of energy in body tissues is related on one side to the power
actually emitted by the phone depending on the modality of connection with the base station, on the other one to the way
the energy is radiated depending on the characteristics of the phone and its position relative to the users head. This
paper deals with the first issue.

Mobile phones operate at different power levels, that change dynamically upon command from the base station,
depending upon the quality of connection and communication. Every time a link is established (at the start of a call, or
after hand-over between base stations) the communication starts at the highest levels. The power levels is then stepped
down to the lowest level compatible with a good quality of the signal. The frequency of hand-overs, in addition to the
position relative to base stations, is therefore relevant.

In this study, the distribution of power levels has been investigated through the use of software-modified phones
(SMPs) specially manufactured for validation studies to be carried out within the INTERPHONE project. Different
condition of use (stationary vs moving, in urban areas vs rural areas, outdoor vs indoor) have been investigated, and
different parameters (power levels distributions, proportion of communication time in each band, weighted average
power) have been analysed in order to identify possible differences in exposure. The tests have been carried out
according a specific protocol, to investigate separately the effect of each of the conditions mentioned above.

The results, summarised in the Table below, confirm the importance of hand-overs, whose rate depends not only
on the frequency of crossing of cell borders, but also on a complex algorithm for the optimisation of service.

Test1 Test2 Test3
urban rural stationary moving outdoor indoor
Number of calls 20 40 13
Total duration (min) 74,2 74,5 272 269 119 119
Weighted Avg P (mW) 43,5 47,0 47,2 79,7 37,0 126,5
St Dev (mW) 37,7 50,2 42,6 45,2 34,3 41,8
% of time in 1800 MHz band 87 86 88 74 98 80

6
th

73
O-5-05

A SEMI-AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR DEVELOPING A NUMERICAL MODEL OF
DIELECTRIC ANATOMY BY MRI

L. SANDRINI
1,2
, M. MAZZURANA
1
, A. VACCARI
1
, C. MALACARNE
1
, L. CRISTOFORETTI
1

AND R. PONTALTI
1

1
2
ICEmB University of Genova, Italy

Complex permittivity values have a dominant role in radiofrequency dosimetry. There are still some concerns
about the accuracy of published data and about their variability due to the heterogeneous nature of biological tissues.
Objective of this study is to provide a fast semi-automatic method by which numerical, non-segmented, dielectric
human models for dosimetric studies can be obtained.

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging tomographer has been used to acquire the data from a male volunteer. The
procedure for developing the model is based on two steps. 1) Correcting the nonuniformity of the MR images due to the
RF field: the ratio between spin-echo MR images obtained at two different repetition times has been calculated; the new
image, called ratio image, has grey-level intensity (I
ratio
) which depends only on T
1
and drastically attenuated
nonuniformities. 2) Relating I
ratio
to complex permittivity values: I
ratio
can be put in correspondence to the water content
[1], this latter, in turn, to the complex permittivity values [2]. With this relationship the values of permittivity and
conductivity, assigned to every pixel of human model, vary with continuity even throughout the same tissue, reflecting
the intrinsic realistic spatial dispersion of such parameters. On the other hand the previously published models were
segmented and one single value was assigned to each tissue. To evaluate the applicability of this frequency dependent
relationship, the complex permittivity values of eleven different human tissues is compared with the published data [3],
by showing a satisfactory agreement.

The human model is tested with a FDTD algorithm at different frequencies; it was grounded and impinged by a
plane wave with frontal incidence, the amplitude was equal to 61.4 V/m. The results of layer-averaged and whole-body-
averaged SAR are compared with published work and with those obtained for a segmented version of the model, which
was directly extracted by the rough MRI slices. Due to the short time needed to obtain a whole body model -
approximately two hours for the MRI scanning and two hours for the processing - this semi-automatic method may be
suitable to efficiently study various conditions that can determine large differences on the SAR distribution, as body
shape, posture, fat/muscle ratio, height and weight.

REFERENCES
[1] Fatouros PP and Marmarou A 1999 J.Neurosurg. 90 109-115
[2] Smith SR and Foster KR 1985 Phys.Med.Biol. 30 965-973
[3] Gabriel S, Lau RW and Gabriel C 1996 Phys.Med.Biol. 41 2271-2293
6
th

74
O-5-06

DOSIMETRY FOR TWO GENERATION EXPERIMENT: RF EXPOSURE OF UP TO
NINE NON-RESTRAINED RATS OF VARIOUS BODY MASS KEPT IN THE SAME
CAGE

T. REINHARDT
1
, A. BITZ
1
, J. STRECKERT
1
, V. HANSEN
1
, J. BUSCHMANN
2

1
Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, Department of Electrical and Information
Engineering, University of Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
2
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine,
Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany

During the last years the market of cellular-phone-network has grown rapidly. The launch of the wideband
UMTS in Europe causes an enhancement of the number of base station antennas which reinforces the ongoing public
discussion about health risks of weak electromagnetic fields. For intensifying the scientific work concerning that
question, a substantial amount of research funds has been provided by industrial and official organisations, at least in
Germany. The present project sponsored by the Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk (FGF) is designed to investigate a
number of endpoints during the development of Wistar rats that will be exposed for two generations to electromagnetic
fields around 2 GHz which are modulated by UMTS-typical signals. 20 hours/day exposure is applied during the
complete period of the experiment of appr. 6 months including the exposure of rats during mating and pregnancy of the
first generation, as well as lactation, weaning, maturation, mating and pregnancy of the second generation.

This biological design implies that rats of different body masses are kept inside the same cage and that the rats
are able to move freely within their cages. In order to minimize the variation of the absorption inside the rats to that
amount which is introduced by the biological design, the exposure field shall be as uniform as possible. Therefore,
several radial waveguides of about 2 m in diameter, each loaded with 16 cages, are used. The prescribed height of the
cages by animal protection authority is about 15.5 cm. In order to operate in the fundamental TEM-mode of the radial
waveguide, its height increases from less than half the wavelength in the centre, where the feeding system is located, to
about 17 cm in the exposure region by a tapered transition. Because of the unfavourable ratio of body size to
wavelength, the rats can introduce larger field distortions. For maintaining the propagation of the fundamental TEM
mode adjacent cages are separated by special walls whose surface impedance tends to infinity.

The experiment is planned to be performed at the maximum whole body SAR, which does not initiate an increase
of the rats body temperature and which will be acquired in a pilot study. By application of numerical computations,
extensive dosimetric analysis of whole body SAR is performed under consideration of the wide range of numbers and
sizes of the animals per cage during the period of exposure (e.g. 1 adult rat, 1 adult couple, 1 pregnant rat, 1 female rat
with 8 pups, 2 juvenile rats). Moreover, different positions and postures of the animals are analysed. From this
investigation can be judged which configuration is the most critical with respect to the exposure of an individual rat and
the maximum admissible total input power which shall be kept constant during all stages of the experiment can be
determined.
6
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75
O-5-07

CALCULATION OF CURRENT DENSITIES INDUCED IN AN ANATOMICAL MODEL
OF THE HUMAN BODY CAUSED BY EMISSION FROM HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES
IN THE LOW FREQUENCY RANGE

S. NISHIZAWA
*
, N. ANGWAFO
*
, H.-O. RUOSS
*
, W. SPREITZER
*
, F. LANDSTORFER
*
AND O. HASHIMOTO
**

(*) Institut fr Hochfrequenztechnik, University of Stuttgart,Germany
(**) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan

To protect the users of electric and electronic appliances (e.g. household appliances, electric shavers, hair dryers,
etc.), exposure limits have been set up by international standard setting bodies [1]. In former studies [2][3], a new
numerical source model (equivalent source model) was proposed, which magnetic field distribution deviates only
slightly from that of real electric appliances, for the purpose of validating the ELF inhomogeneous magnetic field
dosimetry. In this paper, the equivalent source model [2][3] is applied for a household appliance (hand mixer) and the
ELF inhomogeneous field dosimetry is calculated with the SPFD method [4]. For the numerical body model, the
anatomical human body model [5][6] as well as simple human body models (Elliptical and rectangular models with
homogeneous conductivity) are applied for the investigation.

In the figure, the x- and the y-axes represent the distance [cm] between the source and the surface of the body
models and the maximum induced current density J
max
[mA/m
2
], respectively. Because of the cell size (3mm) of the
body models, the calculated induced current density components are averaged over a cross section area of 0.91cm
2

perpendicular to the current directions, instead of 1.0cm
2
as defined in the ICNIRP guideline [1]. As shown by the
results, J
max
is decreasing with the distance for both homogeneous and anatomical body models as expected. Comparing
J
max
between the homogeneous and the anatomical body model, the peak values that occur with the homogeneous body
models are smaller than with the anatomical real body model. This difference is caused by the different conductivity
parameter of the anatomical body model. Additionally, the difference depends on the location of the equivalent source
model due to the complex arrangement of the tissues inside the anatomical human body. Next, the maximum current
density of the anatomical real human model is compared with the basic level (ICNIRP limit for general public:
2mA/m
2
). It is shown that J
max
(d=4cm: 0.389mA/m
2
) of the anatomical real body model is clearly lower than the basic
level. Due to this result, it is confirmed that the appliance satisfies the basic restriction of ICNIRP guideline, even if the
B-field (355T) is exceeding the reference level (ICNIRP limit for general public: 100T)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This work is partially supported by the TAF (Telecommunications Advancement Foundation) Japan.

REFERENCES:
[1] ICNIRP, Health Phys., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 449-
522, 1998.
[2] S. Nishizawa, H. O. Ruoss, W. Spreitzer, F.
Landstorfer: IEICE Tran. COM. Vol.E84.C, No.10,
pp.1612-1614, 2001.
[3] S. Nishizawa, H. O. Ruoss, F. Landstorfer and
O. Hashimoto, Numerical study on an equivalent
source model for inhomogeneous magnetic field
dosimetry in the low frequency range,IEEE T-BME,
Be published in 2003
[4] T.W. Dawson, K. Caputa and M. Stuchly:
Biolelectromagnetics, Vol. 18, pp.478-490, 1997.
[5] IROE-CNR, http://sparc10.iroe.fi.cnr.it
/tissprop/htmlclie/htmlclie.htm#atsftag Florence
(Italy), 1997-2000
[6] Air Force Research Lab., AFRL/HEDR,
ftp://starview.brooks.af.mil/EMF/dosimetry_models/computer_coded_binary_files/
6
th

76
O-5-08

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SAR DATA : THE EFFECTIVE MASS CONCEPT

V. MONEBHURRUN
1
, J.-CH. BOLOMEY
1
, A. AZOULAY
1
,
L. DUCHESNE
2
, M. LEGOFF
2
AND P. GARREAU
2

1
SuplecL2S, Service dlectromagntisme, Plateau de Moulon
91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
2
Satimo, 22 avenue de la Baltique, ZA de Courtaboeuf
91953 Courtaboeuf, France

SAR (specific absorption rate) compliance of mobile phones marketed in Europe follow the CENELEC standard
[1]. The recommended measurement procedure is quite rigorous and time-consuming. Indeed, several measurement
configurations have to be considered for a given frequency band. Today the SAR assessment of a dual-band mobile
phone typically requires about half a day. A faster but nevertheless reliable SAR measurement procedure would
definitely prove more appropriate during the design stage of mobile phones. Furthermore, since significant deviations
are often observed between mobile phones of a given model, SAR would clearly be better characterized if fast and
numerous measurements became possible. Considering that the definition of the phantom and the calculation of
measurement uncertainties are both based on statistical analysis, SAR assessment of mobile phones could similarly be
envisaged using statistical information from a database of SAR measurements. Indeed, a simple analysis of about two
hundred commercially available dual-band mobile phone models previously measured with a truncated spherical
phantom revealed a strong correlation between the maximum averaged 10g SAR (<SAR>
max
) and the total power
dissipated (P
diss
) in the phantom. Introducing the effective mass (M
eff
), the total dissipated power can be expressed as
P
diss
=M
eff
<SAR>
max
. More interestingly, if the effective mass is considered as a statistical variable, SAR can be derived
within some given confidence interval from the knowledge of the total dissipated power. The latter can be obtained
using either an anechoic chamber or a reverberating chamber. The statistical analysis has been extended to a database of
SAR measurements recently built up using the SAM (specific anthropomorphic mannequin) phantom. Furthermore,
measurements of the dissipated power using a small reverberating chamber will be presented. The comparison between
reverberating chamber and previous anechoic chamber measurements as well as numerical simulation results will also
be discussed.

REFERENCE
1. CENELEC, Basic standard for the measurement of Specific Absorption Rate related to human exposure to
electromagnetic fields from mobile phones (300 MHz - 3 GHz), EN50361-2001.
2. L. Duchesne et al., Non-invasive statistical SAR assessment from rapid near-field measurements in a spherical
antenna test range, in Proc. IEEE Wireless and Radio Conf., RAWCON2002, Boston, Aug. 2002, pp. 129-132.

6
th

77

Session 6

Epidemiological studies, Human studies
6
th

79
O-6-01

NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES IN WELDERS AND OTHER WORKERS EXPOSED
TO HIGH LEVELS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS.

NICLAS HKANSSON
1,2
, PER GUSTAVSSON
3,4
, CHRISTOFFER JOHANSEN
5
, BIRGITTA FLODERUS
1,2

1
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

2
National Institute for Working Life, Stockholm, Sweden.
3
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm Center for Public Health, Stockholm, Sweden.
4
Division of Occupational Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
5
Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

BACKGROUND: Previous work has suggested an increase in risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and
Alzheimers disease (AD) among workers exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF).
1
We
evaluated the relation between occupational exposure to ELFMF and mortality from neurodegenerative diseases.

METHODS: The study was based on a cohort of Swedish engineering industry workers, comprising 537,692 men and
180,529 women.
2
The cohort was matched against the three most recent censuses and The Causes of Death Registry.
ELFMF exposure levels were obtained by linking occupation according to the censuses to a job exposure matrix. We
used four levels of exposure and considered both primary and contributing causes of deaths, 1985-96.

RESULTS: The risk of AD as primary or
contributing cause of death increased with
increasing exposure to ELFMF among
both men and women, with a relative risk
(RR) of 4.0 and a 95% confidence interval
(95% CI) of 1.4-11.7 in the highest
exposure group for both sexes combined.
There was a RR of 2.2 (95% CI: 1.0-4.7)
for ALS in the highest exposure group
with the suggestion of an exposure-
response relationship. No evidence of
increased risk was seen for Parkinsons
disease or multiple sclerosis

CONCLUSIONS: The findings support previous observations of an increased risk of AD and ALS among employees
occupationally exposed to ELFMF. Further studies based on morbidity data are warranted.

REFERENCES:
1. ELF Electromagnetic Fields and Neurodegenerative Disease. Report of an Advisory Group on Non-ionising
Radiation. Documents of the NRPB, Vol 12, No 4, 2001. National Radiological Protection Board.
2. Hkansson N, Floderus B, Gustavsson P, Johansen C. Olsen JH. Cancer incidence and magnetic field exposure in
industries using resistance welding in Sweden. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:481-486.
6
th

80
O-6-02

HOW TO COMBINE THE USE OF DIFFERENT MOBILE AND CORDLESS
TELEPHONES IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES?

KJELL HANSSON MILD
1,2
, JONNA WILN
1
, MICHAEL CARLBERG
3
, MONICA SANDSTRM
1
AND
LENNART HARDELL
2,3

1. National Institute for Working Life, Ume,
2. rebro University, Dept of Natural Sciences, rebro,
3. rebro University Hospital, Dept of Oncology, rebro, Sweden.

Most users of mobile phones have not been using just one single telephone, and it is even more likely that if they
have been using a mobile phone for more than a few years they have been changing the phone a few times. Many users
will also have been using different phone systems such as analogue and digital, and probably many of them have also
been using a cordless phone at home or at work. In the epidemiological studies on mobile phone use and brain tumours
this has not been taken into account and the main reason for this is that at the moment it is not clear how to combine the
use of different phones with different power output, different systems, different frequencies, different anatomical SAR
distribution, into one exposure and dose measure. The difficulties lays in the fact that we do not know the interaction
mechanism(s) between the electromagnetic fields emitted from the phone and the biological organism. However, in
spite of this we need to start a discussion on how to take into account the use of several phones, and with this paper we
are taking a small step towards a combined exposure measure.

The most obvious combination of the use of different phones is to add the total time on each phone without
putting different weight to each of them.

A second approach may be to look at the different output power of the phones. The NMT phones are operating
with a maximum output power of 1 W and very seldom down regulates this; the GSM 900 phones are operating with a
maximum of 0.25 W but can down regulate the power to a few mW depending on the distance to the base station, and a
typical value would be 0.1 W; the cordless phones operate at 10 mW. One selection of weighting factors according to
mean output power of the phones could then be NMT = 1, GSM = 0.1, and cordless = 0.01. These factors should then
be multiplied with the time spent on each of the phone types before adding them into one score. In the paper these
apporaches will be discussed and illustrated with examples from the large epidemiological study by Hardell et al (
Internat J Oncol 22:399-407, 2003).

The third refinement would be to take the SAR distribution into account. Because of different antennas and sizes
of the devices different phones deposit the RF energy at different anatomical localizations in the head, and hence the
SAR distribution as well as the maximum SAR
1g
and SAR
10g
differs between the phone models, and this needs to be
taken into account. Also, the total calling time needs to be taken into consideration and different approaches to combine
the SAR value and the calling time to approach a dose concept will be discussed based on the paper by Wiln et al
(Bioelectromagnetics 24:152-159, 2003).

KEY WORDS:
exposure, dose, cellular phones, epidemiological studies

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81
O-6-03

SLEEPING DISORDERS AND MOBILE PHONE BASE STATIONS: A PILOT STUDY

RSLI M.
, BALDININI Y.
, EGGER M.
, BRAUN-FAHRLNDER C.

Department of Social and Preventive Medicine of the University of Bern, Switzerland

Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine of the University of Basel, Switzerland

BACKGROUND:
Exposure to radiation from mobile phone base stations may be associated with sleep disorders. We performed a pilot
study in the vicinity of a future base station site during the process of setting the station up. Because the date
transmission started is not known to the public, this design may allow the distinction between psychological effects (due
to the building of a station) and physical effect (due to radiation).

METHODS:
Study participants were recruited from areas that were expected to be most heavily exposed. Study participants filled in
a sleep diary every evening and morning during 6 weeks (the mast was set up on day 16). Every Wednesday morning
we collected samples of first void urine to determine cortisol levels. In one participant an actiwatch device was tested to
record activity during the night. At the beginning and the end of the study period the study participants were visited at
home in order to ask about exposure to various environmental factors (e.g. indoor and outdoor noise) and to measure
radiation in the radio and microwave frequency range.

RESULTS:
In the event, only the period during which the station was set up could be examined due to logistical problems.
Exposure levels were almost identical after transmission started because the radiated power was set very low. Sleep
duration changed little after the base station started to transmit, compared to the time period before (difference= -8.3
min; 95%-CI: -21.1 to 4.6 min) after adjusting for numerous covariates (individual, day of week, caffeine and alcohol
intake, bedtime, wind velocity, precipitation, time trend, moon phase, use of sleeping drug, etc). Neither latency to sleep
onset (difference= +1.0 min; 95%CI: -2.9 to 4.9 min) and awakening during night (odds ratio=0.94; 95%CI: 0.65 to
1.36) nor self rated fatigue in the morning, general well-being, perceived levels of stress and mood were associated with
exposure after adjusting for covariates. In contrast sleep duration was significantly associated with numerous covariates
such as day of week (p<0.001), moon phase (p<0.001), sleeping during day (p=0.03), and wind velocity (p=0.02). No
correlation of cortisol levels with sleep duration was found. There was a tendency of lower cortisol levels if individuals
stated to be less stressed, to perceive less fatigue or to feel better in general.

CONCLUSIONS:
The exposure setting is crucial in this type of research. Appropriate sites are rare and transmission starts at a low level,
because of the dense net which already exists. Close collaboration with telecommunication companies could overcome
this difficulty: exposure could be set to the level desired, dummy signals could be used to blind study participants and
radiation could be interrupted in a randomised controlled design. Diary data reflect external influences on sleep such as
caffeine/alcohol intake, day of week, moon phase and therefore should provide sensitive outcome data for this type of
study. Actimeter data provide additional information whereas urinary cortisol levels appear to be less useful. This pilot
study will inform the design of a large scale trial planned in Switzerland.
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82
O-6-04

EXPOSURE 50 Hz ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT
MELANOMA IN ADULTS

TORE TYNES
1,2
, LARS KLAEBOE
2
, TOR HALDORSEN
2

1
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority
2
The Cancer Registry of Norway

OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this nested case-control study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to electromagnetic fields from high-
voltage power lines increases the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in adults aged 16 and above.

METHODS:
The study population comprised subjects aged 16 and above who had lived in a residence situated in a broad corridor
around a high-voltage power line in 1980, or one of the years from 1986 to 1996. The cases were incident cases that
were diagnosed 1980-96 and reported to the Cancer Registry of Norway. Two controls were matched to each case by
year of birth, sex, municipality and first year entering the cohort. Time-weighted average exposure to residential
magnetic fields generated by the power lines was calculated for the exposure follow-up from January 1, 1967 until
diagnosis by means of a computer programs in which distance from a residency to the line, line configuration, and
current load were taken into account. Exposure was analysed using cut off points at 0.05 and 0.2 microtesla (T). In
addition exposure to magnetic fields at work was classified by an expert panel who assessed magnetic field exposure by
combining branch and occupation into one of three levels: < 4 hours, 4-24 hours and > 24 hours per week above
background (0.1 T). The categories were cumulated over the occupationally active years for the exposure follow-up
January 1, 1955 until diagnosis, and cut off points at 18 and 31 category-years were evaluated.

RESULTS:
The analysis of the two upper residential magnetic field categories showed an odds ratio of 2.01 (95% CI 1.09-3.69)
and 2.68 (95% CI 1.43-5.04) for women, and an odds ratio of 1.70 (95%CI 0.96-3.01) and 1.37 (95 % CI 0.77-2.44) for
men, respectively. Occupational exposure showed no significant association with cutaneous malignant melanoma, and
analysis of both residential and occupational exposure simultaneously, showed no additional effect.

CONCLUSION:
The present study provides some support for an association between exposure to calculated residential magnetic fields
and cutaneous malignant melanoma, but because of the lack of a biological hypothesis and the known strong association
between solar radiation and melanoma, no firm conclusions can be drawn and further studies would be of interest.

6
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83
O-6-05

INFLUENCE OF LOCATION DURING CALLS ON OUTPUT POWER OF MOBILE
PHONES

L. HILLERT
1
, A. AHLBOM
1
, M. FEYCHTING
1
, L. JARUP
2
, A. LARSSON
1
, D. NEASHAM
2
, P. ELLIOTT
2
.

1
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

2
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK.

INTRODUCTION:
There is a growing concern that long-term exposure to radiofrequency fields from mobile phones may cause adverse
health effects. Epidemiological studies of good quality are needed to provide a basis for risk assessment.

The efficacy of a study to assess accurately a relationship between mobile phone use and health effects will be greatly
dependent on the quality of exposure assessment and classification. Exposure classification is often based on duration of
mobile phone use and calling time per day, but this is a rather crude method. The actual output power of the phone may
vary by a factor of 1000 depending on the degree of down regulation. Determining the actual exposure from mobile
phones is difficult even in laboratory settings and ideally a large number of factors should be taken into consideration.
However, even if some factors of importance could be collected in an epidemiological study, e.g. where a person
typically makes most calls, the influence these factors may have on an exposure index is uncertain.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of the study was to investigate if there were systematic differences in output power between calls made from
indoor versus outdoor locations and in stationary versus moving (by car) situations, and if these results differed between
urban and rural areas.

METHODS:
Approximately fifty 1-minute and fifty 5-minute calls were made between two mobile phones under the following
conditions:
1. One phone inside a house (residence, shop or restaurant) and the other outside the same house.
2. One phone in a moving car and the other in an outdoor stationary position.

The design was applied to rural as well as urban areas.
Handsets were held to the ear during calls and we did not use any hands free devices. No calls were made during busy
hours, i.e. between 3 and 5pm.
The proportion of calling time at the highest output power, 2W as well as the proportion of time that the phones were
transmitting at one of the three highest output levels were compared for the contrasting situations.

RESULTS: The study is currently ongoing and the results will be presented at the conference. We will present
information on the relative difference in exposure to radiofrequency fields between the contrasting situations during
mobile phones calls. The results will be discussed in relation to what effect such factors may have on an exposure index
in epidemiological studies of mobile phone use and health effects.
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84
O-6-06

STUDY OF EFFECTS OF MODULATED MICROWAVES ON PERCEPTUAL SYSTEM
OF VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING

J. LASS
1
, A. RODINA
1
, T. BACHMANN
2
, H. HINRIKUS
1

1
Biomedical Engineering Centre, Tallinn Technical University, Tallinn, Estonia
2
Institute of Law, University of Tartu, Tallinn, Estonia

In this paper, effects of low-power modulated microwaves on central nervous system function are studied
experimentally utilising the phenomenon of visual masking. Visual masking can be defined as impairment or total
suppression of the perception of certain transient visual stimulus/image A as a consequence of the exposure of another
visual stimulus/image B within the immediate spatiotemporal proximity to A, or in the partial or total spatiotemporal
overlap with it. As a result of masking the stimulus could appear dimmer (contrast reduction), change its perceivable
figural characteristics, be perceived as fragmented or having undetermined quality (e.g. "something" is seen, however it
is impossible to tell, what), or can be lacking in perceptual experience at all [1].

Ten volunteers participated in current study, 4 male and 6 female, aged between 20-32 years. All participants
were healthy and had normal or corrected to normal vision. The subjects were presented two photos of a male face one
after another (first during 40ms, second during 20ms, interval 0ms) and the task of a subject was to identify the pictures
from a group of six photos and the order of their appearance. The tests were performed in 16 sessions for a subject,
using the pseudo random distribution of the sessions to EMF exposure and to sham exposure, so that finally each
subject made 8 sessions with EMF and 8 sets without EMF (sham exposure). Each set consisted of 50 trials, altogether a
subject made 800 trials, 400 with and 400 without EMF exposure. The EMF exposure conditions were the same for all
subjects. The 450 MHz EMF (1W, 100% amplitude modulated by the pulse modulator at the frequency of 7 Hz, duty
cycle 50%) was guided via coaxial to the 13 cm quarter-wave antenna located at 10 cm from the skin of the right side of
the head. The measured field power density at the cortex was 0.158 mW/cm
2
, calculated SAR was 0.351 W/kg [2]. The
responses of the subjects were grouped into eight exclusive categories regarding correct identification of the faces and
the order of their presentation. The categories were as follows: both correct, first correct, second correct, both incorrect,
both correct but wrong order, first correct but wrong order, second correct but wrong order, no answer. The t-test for
paired samples was made for statistical comparison of means for different categories. No significant differences were
observed between the exposed and sham exposed groups. The results differ from our previous study where different
physiological tests were used [2].

In conclusion we can say that visual information processing is an overwhelmingly robust and routine (and
adaptively significant) activity, so that the physical field-effects exerted upon it are extremely weak, if there are any at
all.

[1] T. Bachmann, Psychophysiology of visual masking, Nova Science Publishers, NY, 1994.
[2] J. Lass, V. Tuulik, R. Ferenets, R. Riisalo and H. Hinrikus, Effects of 7 Hz-modulated 450 MHz electromagnetic
radiation on human performance in visual memory tasks, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. vol. 78, no 10, pp. 937 944, 2002.
6
th

85
O-6-07

MOBILE PHONE USE AND INCREASE IN SKIN TEMPERATURE DUE TO
INSULATION, HEAT CONDUCTION, AND RF ABSORPTION.

G. OFTEDAL*
1,2
, A. STRAUME*
1
, A. JOHNSSON*
1
.

Dept. of Physics,
1
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
2
Sr-Trndelag University Collage (HiST), 7004 Trondheim, Norway.

INTRODUCTION:
In an epidemiological investigation of mobile phone users in Norway and Sweden [1, 2] thirty percent of the Norwegian
responders and 13 % of the Swedish responders reported about symptoms attributed to the use of mobile phones.
Warmth sensation on/around the ear was most often reported. The increased skin temperature may be due to insulation
by holding the phone against the skin, heat conduction when the phone is heated because of the currents drawn from the
battery, and absorption of radio frequency (RF) energy. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution to
increased skin temperature due to each of these factors.

METHODS:
A digital mobile phone (GSM 900), transmitting at 900 MHz, that could transmit at adjustable fixed power level was
used. Three different levels were chosen: 2.0 W, 0.02W and 0 W (OFF). The battery saving function, DTX
(Discontinuous transmission) was inactive during the experiments. We eliminated the RF exposure by replacing the
antenna with a 50 load. For each power level, the mobile phone was used with a transmitting antenna, and with the
load. One healthy male subject was selected for the study. He held the mobile phone in the normal position for 30 min
in each exposure session, which was repeated six times for each of the six exposure conditions. The experiment was
administered to compensate for skin temperature variations throughout the day. It was designed as a double blind
experiment. Pictures of the exposed skin area and of the opposite side were taken at 0, 15 and 30 min of the exposure by
using a thermo camera. The temperature of the skin area under the mobile phone was analysed. This area was divided
into two: the ear region and the cheek region. The temperature increase in the exposed area (mobile phone side of the
head) relative to the increase at the non-exposed side was investigated.

RESULTS:
Here results after 30 min of exposure are presented. When the phone was switched off, the increase in skin temperature
was statistically significant (about 0.8 C for the cheek and 1.7 C for the ear). When the phone was switched on, there
was an additional statistically significant increase in skin temperature, both with 0.02 and 2.0 W output power. At the
highest output power, the temperature increase was 1.1 and 2.3 C for the skin and ear region, respectively. The effect
of the RF exposure was not statistically significant. These results therefore suggests that the heat sensations reported by
some mobile phone users are most likely caused by the insulation and the heat conduction from the phone unless the
SAR is higher than for the phone used in this study.

1. Oftedal G, Wilen J, Sandstrm M, Hansson Mild K. Symptoms experienced in connection with mobile phone use.
Occup Med (Lond) 2000;50(4):237-45.
2. Sandstrm M, Wilen J, Oftedal G, Hansson Mild K. Mobile phone use and subjective symptoms. Comparison of
symptoms experienced by users of analogue and digital mobile phones. Occup Med (Lond) 2001; 51:25-35.
6
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86
O-6-08

THE PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS IN ELECTRIC UTILITY WORKERS
CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO 50-Hz MAGNETIC FIELDS

M. SOUQUES, Y. TOUITOU, H. CHARBUY, F. CAMUS, J. LAMBROZO

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Piti-Slptrre, 91 boulevard de lHpital,
75013 Paris, France, and Service des Etudes Mdicales, EDF/GDF, Paris, France.

The hypothalamus-pituitary system has an intricate time structure : rhythmic variations of multiple frequencies
are found at all levels of the system from hypothalamic neurons to the cells of the peripheral target tissues. The
frequencies observed range from neuronal discharges to ultradian rhythms and pulsatile secretions to circadian and
circannual rhythms. The stability of this endocrine system, which is one of the bodys primary physiological regulators,
maintains homeostasis in mammals. In fact, perturbation by environmental factors can be manifested by functional
changes in this regulatory system.

In this study, we examine the circadian rhythm of testosterone, LH, FSH in 15 men exposed chronically and
daily for a period of 1-20 years, in the workplace and at home, to a 50 Hz magnetic field in search of any cumulative
effect from those chronic conditions of exposure. The weekly geometric mean of individual exposures ranged from 0.1
to 2.6 T. The results are compared to those for 15 unexposed men who served as controls (individual exposures ranged
from 0.004 to 0.092 T). Blood samples were taken hourly from 2000 to 0800. This work shows that subjects exposed
over a long period (up to 20 years) and on a daily basis to magnetic fields experienced no changes in the concentration
and circadian profiles of testosterone, LH and FSH. Our data suggest that a chronic exposure to magnetic fields does not
affect the hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis in man.

6
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87

Session 7

GUARD: Potential effects of cellular phones on the
hearing system
6
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89
O-7-01

GUARD PROJECT: SENSITIVE METHODS FOR STUDYING EFFECTS OF GSM ON
HEARING IN HUMANS

MARK E LUTMAN
1
, STEVEN BELL
1
, MILTOS TSALIGHOPOULOS
2

1
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton
2
AHEPA District General Hospital of Thessaloniki

Cellular (GSM) telephones have become very commonly used throughout the world within a short period of
time. Although there is no clear evidence to show harmful physiological effects of GSM at the levels used by mobile
phones, there is widespread public concern that there may be potential for harm. Therefore, it is appropriate to conduct
sensitive studies to allay any public concern. Such studies should employ methodology that is able to detect very small
effects with appropriate statistical power.

Because mobile phones are usually held close to the ear, or because GSM exposure at the ear is high due to
radiation from a remote earpiece, it is appropriate to study effects on hearing. The external ear provides a natural route
by which GSM radiation may reach the peripheral and central nervous system without severe attenuation by the bone of
the skull. Moreover, the outer hair cells of the inner ear (cochlea) are exquisitely sensitive and relatively easily damaged
by excessive sound exposure. It is possible that GSM may modify the uptake of toxic agents produced during activation
of these inner ear structures There is the potential for the combined sound and GSM exposure from the telephone to
interact, aggravating the potential for damage to the outer hair cells.

The GUARD project involves experimental work with both laboratory animals and humans. The human studies
have entailed development of protocols to identify small changes in auditory function. In addition to conventional
measures of hearing threshold level, which require a subjective response, the study focuses on two types of objective
response: otoacoustic emissions and the auditory brainstem response. Otoacoustic emissions are low-intensity sounds
emitted by the healthy cochlea in response to sound, while the auditory brainstem response provides information on the
functioning of the auditory nervous system. Two experimental paradigms are used with these measures. The within-
subject paradigm entails measurements immediately before and immediately after exposure to GSM via a Nokia
mobile phone. The procedure is conducted twice in a double-blind design: once with a genuine exposure and once with
a sham exposure. The between-subject study compares two groups of mobile phone users: heavy and light users. A total
of 500 subjects in six laboratories will be involved across both studies.

Pilot studies have confirmed the practicality of the protocols. The presentation will describe the study design and
test protocols with preliminary analysis of data from the first three months of testing.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was financed by the European Project GUARD Potential
adverse effects of GSM cellular phones on hearing (European Commission, 5th
Framework Programme, QLK4-CT-2001-00150, 2002-2004).

6
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90
O-7-02

GUARD PROJECT: GSM CELLULAR PHONES AND THE HEARING SYSTEM:
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS AND COMBINED EFFECTS
OF GENTAMICIN AND MICROWAVES EXPOSURE IN GUINEA-PIGS.
PROGRESS REPORT

P. GALLONI
1
, A. BRAZZALE
2
, N. CARRERE
3
, P. E. DULOU
4
, Y. HONDARRAGUE
3
, M. PARAZZINI
2
, M.
PISCITELLI
1
, G. TOGNOLA
2
, B. VEYRET
4
, J. M. ARAN
3
, C. MARINO
1
, P. RAVAZZANI
2

1
Unit Di Tossicologia e Scienze Biomediche, Enea Casaccia, Roma, Italy;

2
Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica CNR Italy;

3
Equipe Mixte Inserm 99/27 "Cellular and Molecular Biology of Hearing, Pellegrin Hospital and
University Victor Sgalen Bordeaux, France;
4
PIOM Laboratory " Physique des Interactions Ondes Matire, ENSCPB, UMR 5501 CNRS, France;

The aim of this study is to assess potential changes in auditory function of animals due to exposure to
electromagnetic fields produced by GSM mobile phones at frequencies of 900 and 1800 MHz. This paper presents the
preliminary results of two investigations: i) the study of the effects on the hearing system of Sprague-Dawley rats
exposed to GSM modulated EMF and ii) the study of the putative potentiating effect of GSM microwaves on the
ototoxicity of gentamicin (GM) in Guinea pigs. The hearing system of the animals was tested before and after exposure
by Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) and Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) that are well known
tools to investigate effects on hearing due to exogenous agents.

In the first investigation, a population of 48 rats was subjected to a localised exposure near the right ear by 3
different sets of 4 loop antennas, one for sham and two for exposed animals (changing loops for 900 and 1800 MHz). 12
animals per set were exposed 2 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks, 2 W/kg of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR).
DPOAE tests were carried out before exposure, during exposure (i.e. at the end of each week) and after (i.e. the last day
of exposure, the day after and one week after). The experiments and the statistical evaluation were performed in blind
mode with respect to the exposure conditions. The experiments, results evaluation and statistical analysis are currently
in progress. However, the preliminary results show that no statistically significant differences were found between the
DPOAE recorded from the two groups.

In the second investigation, 8 guinea pigs (GPs) were treated with daily intramuscular injections of GM at 60
mg/kg (a dose close to ototoxicity) one hour prior to exposure of the left ear to 900-MHz GSM microwaves at a SAR of
2W/kg for 2 hours. They were so treated 5 days/week for 4 weeks. 8 other GPs were submitted to the same GM
treatment but sham-exposed. All GPs were tested before, at the end and one month after the end of the treatment for
DPOAEs and for ABR thresholds. At the end and 1 month after the end of the treatment period, a slight ABR threshold
elevation, at the highest frequency tested (24 kHz), typical of aminoglycoside ototoxicity, was noted. However no
statistically significant difference in threshold elevation was noted between the exposed and sham-exposed groups.
DPOAEs were not modified. A second experiment presently in progress investigates the effects of combined higher
doses of gentamicin (75 mg/kg, 5 days/week, 4 weeks) and of GSM exposure (900 MHz, SAR 4 W/kg, 2 hours/day, 5
days/weeks during 4 weeks).

These study were partially financed by the European Project GUARD Potential adverse effects of GSM cellular
phones on hearing (FP5,QLK4-CT-2001-00150, 2002-2004), by the national research project Salvaguardia delluomo
e dellambiente dalle emissioni elettromagneticheand by a grant from ELETTRA 2000 Consortium.
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91
O-7-03

SVM-BASED CRITERION FOR CLASSIFICATION AND VARIABLE SELECTION IN
AEPS RECORDED UNDER ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

E. MABY, R. LE BOUQUIN-JEANNS, G. FAUCON

Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image, Inserm EMI 9934, Universit de Rennes 1,
Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, Fax : 33 2 23 23 69 17

OBJECTIVE
This work deals with the study of the influence of radiofrequency (RF) fields emitted by mobile phones on human
auditory cortical activity. We analyze Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs) recorded on the scalp of healthy humans and
epileptic patients with or without RF exposure. In this contribution, variables are extracted from AEPs and used in the
learning and testing process of a classifier using Support Vector Machines (SVM).

AEPs are recorded using a 32 electrodes helmet in response to two pure tones, which are directly emitted through the
loudspeaker while a system allows to control the RF power. An experimental session is devoted to the recording of two
phases: in the first one, no radiofrequency is emitted (phase 1) and in the second one, RF power is maximal (phase 2).
In a second session, which is a control session, we find the two same sequences, but no radiofrequency is emitted. From
the AEPs recorded on a set of 14 selected electrodes [1], we extract electrophysiological characteristics like the N100
and P200 waves' amplitudes and latencies. The other variables are cross measures between AEPs recorded in both
phases: they are the correlation coefficient between signals, the correlation coefficient between spectra, the cepstral
distance and the distance in the time-frequency plane. We base our study on the variable classification using Support
Vector Machines. The variables obtained on healthy subjects (or on epileptic patients), in the control and experimental
sessions, compose the data set. The variable selection algorithm aims at reducing the variables number for
classification. We improve the classification performance of the decision function evaluated on a test set with respect to
its ability to predict the real class. Then, we search for the "best" variables by a backward sequential selection which
ranks the variables with respect to their relevance [2]. Lastly, the greatest discriminating variable is statistically
analyzed by a Wilcoxon signed rank test [3].

RESULTS
From a data set of 10 variables and 504 data (2 sessions 14 electrodes 2 stimuli 9 subjects) for healthy subjects
and 448 data (2 sessions 14 electrodes 2 stimuli 8 patients) for epileptic patients, we assign 70 % of the data set
for the learning period and 30 % for the test. The classification using Support Vector Machines on all variables
indicates a classification performance equal to 0.72 for healthy subjects and 0.78 for epileptic patients. Thus, there is a
correct discrimination of variables according the RF influence. For the healthy subjects, the correlation coefficient
between spectra is the variable the most disturbed by radiofrequencies. Moreover, the Wilcoxon test shows that the
correlation coefficients between spectra obtained in the experimental session are significantly lower than those of the
control session. The decrease of the correlation coefficient is due to the decrease of the correlated spectral components
induced by the radiofrequencies. For the epileptic patients, the N100 latency is the most discriminating variable
obtained by the backward selection. The statistical analysis indicates a significant lengthening of N100 latencies under
RF influence which can be caused by an afferent tract alteration.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Gourevitch, R. Le Bouquin Jeanns, "K-means clustering method for auditory evoked potentials selection",
Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 41, 2003.
[2] I. Guyon, J. Weston, S. Barnhill, V. Vapnik, "Gene selection for cancer classification using support vector
machines", Machine Learning, 46:389-422, 2002.
[3] S. Siegel, "Non parametric statistics", Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences, McGraw-Hill
editions, pages 68-82. New York, 1956.
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92
O-7-04

EFFECTS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF MOBILE TELEPHONES ON
HEARING OF HUMANS AND RATS

OZTURAN O, KIZILAY A, ERDEM T, MIMAN MC, KALCIOGLU MT

Inonu University, School of Medicine, Turgut Ozal Medical Center,
Department of Otorhinolaryngology,Malatya, TURKEY

OBJECTIVE:
The widespread use of mobile telephones has given rise to concern about potential influences of electromagnetic field
(EMF) on health. Although the ear has the closest proximity to mobile telephone, little attention has been paid to the
effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) of mobile telephones on hearing. Hearing loss due to mobile telephone use has
not been described in the medical literature, but if subtle cochlear involvement occurs, it might be detected through
changes in evoked otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of acute short
exposure to EMF emitting from mobile telephones on the hearing of human subjects and relatively longer and chronic
exposure to EMF emitting from mobile telephones on the hearing of adult and developing rats using evoked OAEs.

METHODS:
Thirty volunteers with normal hearing were exposed to 10-minute mobile telephone EMF. Transiently-evoked and
distortion-product OAEs were measured before and after the exposure. On the other hand, seven of 14 adult and four
newborn rats were exposed to one-hour daily mobile telephone EMF for 30 days, while the other seven adult rats were
assigned to control group. Distortion-product OAEs were measured in both groups before and after 30 days of chronic
exposure to EMF. The newborn rats were tested following similar exposure beginning on the 2
nd
day after birth.

RESULTS:
No measurable EMF associated changes in evoked OAEs were detected in human subjects and in adult or developing
rats. Besides, none of the human subjects reported hearing level deterioration.

CONCLUSION:
It was concluded that a 10-minute close exposure of EMF emitting from a mobile telephone had no after-effect on
hearing in human subjects and chronic exposure of EMF, as long as 30 days one hour per day, emitting from a mobile
telephone did not also cause any measurable hearing deterioration in adult and developing rats, at least at outer and
middle ear and cochlear levels. It is speculated that since the cochlea is enclosed by a very dense compact bone and
located relatively deep, this helps to shield it from the mobile telephone EMF. In addition, the cochlea is positioned as
congested with endolymph and perilymph. These two reasons may save the cochlea from heat fluctuations. The
technical features of the GSM telephones may also have a role for not causing any detrimental effect on hearing. In
view of the above, mobile telephones may appear safe on hearing. But it is not sufficient to conclude that long-term
exposure, such as 5 years, to EMF do not lead to any hazardous hearing effects. The measurements of this study had
been restricted by the frequency spectrum of the commercially available OAE instruments designed for human use.
Higher frequency measurements could be able to reveal more comprehensive information about the effects of EMF
exposure. Even a small elevated risk may have a large implication for public health because of commonly use of mobile
telephones worldwide.
6
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93
O-7-05

STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF MOBILE TELEPHONE USAGE ON
LABYRINTHINE FUNCTION

PROFESSOR L LUXON
*++
, DR B CERANIC
++
, DR R COX, AND DR P CHADWICK

National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery+
+
,
University College London*, and MCL

Low level, radio-frequency signals applied to one side of the head may produce vague symptoms of
disorientation, headache and nausea as a result of stimulation of the balance receptors in the internal ear. This double
blind study will test at least 20 subjects, who complain of specific symptoms, defined by a questionnaire, after
prolonged mobile telephone use (more than 15 minutes) and 20 people, who have no such complaint.

Each person will undergo a series of trials, in which a specially designed device is held, in a standard position, to
each ear for 30 minutes in one of three different test modes. The device can be programmed to emit a pulsed or
continuous radio-frequency emission or no emission and, in the active pulsed and continuous modes, will deliver the
same mean power, on the same GSM900 operating frequency, and will mimic the output of a typical handset. Before
and during/after each trial, subjective visual vertical and horizontal assessment, otoacoustic emissions and video-
oculography will be conducted to determine whether radio-frequency signals cause stimulation of the internal ear.

The ear and mode of operation of the device will be randomly selected for each trial by a computer programme,
such that neither the experimenter, nor the subject is aware of the test mode for any particular trial. After each trial, the
subject will be asked if the device was emitting signals to confirm whether or not he/she was blind to any test radio-
frequency stimulation. At the end of the protocol, each subject will have undergone trials of all three test modes in each
ear. The results of the hearing and balance tests will be compared between trials with and without pulsed emissions and
with and without continuous emissions, between the ears of those subjects with only one symptomatic ear, for both
pulsed and continuous stimulation.

The rationale and protocol for this study will be described, although, as a consequence of the double blind
design, the code for analysis of results will not be broken until the end of the study and results are, therefore, not
available.
6
th

94
O-7-06

CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO RADIOCELLULAR TELEPHONES
AND AUDITORY SYSTEM

R. DE SEZE
1
, J.-P. ARTAUD
2
, F. ESPA
3-4
, K. MARTIN
4
, S. MARTIN
4
, G. SZWARCBERG
4
,
A. TEISSERENC
4
, M. MONDAIN
2
.

1
INERIS - Parc ALATA - BP 2 - 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte - FRANCE
2
ENT Dept, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5 France
3
INSERM E-9930 CRLC Val dAurelle 34298 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
4
Sleep and wake disorders center, Neurology B dept, Gui de Chauliac Hospital,
34295 Montpellier cedex 5 France

INTRODUCTION:
The increasing use of radiocellular telephones (RCT) has raised the problem of the effects of chronic electromagnetic
fields exposure on human health. Up to now many papers have been published concerning the effects of acute RCT
exposure on the auditory system. In a preliminary experiment, a sparse change on distortion products of otoemission
(DPOE) has been observed after 30 min. exposure. We looked in this study to check the effects of chronic exposure to
RCT GSM 900 type on the auditory system.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
55 subjects, 27 males and 28 females, aged from 18 to 40 years (mean age 24.25 3.8 years) who previously used RCT
less than 10 min a day, were selected and randomly divided into two groups: 28 subjects (14 male and 14 female) with
emitting RCT and 27 subjects (13 male and 14 female) with non-emitting RCT.
Subjects underwent a first auditory examination on D-2 (pre-exposure period: PP). The auditory system was tested as
follows: tone and voice audiometry, DPOE exploring the outer ciliated cells (OCC), and medial efferent system through
controlateral stimulation. Three days later (D1), subjects began the exposure period (EP). They came to the lab and
were "exposed" during 4 weeks (until Day 28), 2 hours/day, 5 days/week from 05:00 p.m. to 07:00 p.m. or 06:00 p.m.
to 08:00 p.m.. During exposure, subjects were sitting on a chair, hanging a RCT and watching a movie on TV in order
to sustain attention and initiate a correct holding of the phone. In order to appreciate the reversibility of possible effects
of RCT on psychomotor performances, all subjects were sham-exposed for two more weeks (recovery period: RP).
Auditory tests were performed before the EP (PP) and at the end of the EP (after four weeks of exposure).

RESULTS: no effect was seen on the tone or voice audiometry of the subjects. No effect was seen on DPOE but at one
stimulation frequency: this isolated change with a p of 0.02 is of no physiological meaning, but could be further
explored on a larger sample. Distortion products under controlateral stimulation at 60 dB were slightly modified after
exposure at the higher stimulation frequencies. This effect is worth complementary studies for confirmation and relation
to duration and dose of exposure, but does not support a toxicity on the medial efferent system.

This study was supported by Bouygues Telecom and the Ministry of Ecology

6
th

95

Session 8

Interaction mechanisms
6
th

97
O-8-01

ON A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR THE ZEEMAN-STARK MODEL OF LIGAND
BINDING UNDER EM EXPOSURE

B.BIANCO, S.GIORDANO, E.MOGGIA, I. MALLARINI

ICEmB at the Department of Biophysical and Electronic Engineering, University of Genoa,
Via Opera Pia 11a, 16145 Genoa, Italy

The influence of electromagnetic (e.m.) exposure on ligand binding to receptor proteins is described, from the
quantal point of view, by the so-called Zeeman-Stark model [1]. The most recent development of the quantum Zeeman-
Stark model concerns a numerical technique to solve the main equation of the model, the master equation describing the
time evolution of the density matrix of the ion-protein system [2]:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

+ + + + =
i
i i
i
i i i em bm end
q q
Dm
q
j
H H H
j dt
d

, , ,
2
,
1
2
2
h h h

where H
end
takes into account the endogenous potential generated by the protein, H
bm
describes the metabolic force, H
em

models the exogenous e.m. field and the two last terms represents the friction and the noise force respectively. The
asymptotic solution of such equation is periodical and thus it can be simply handled with Fourier methods. On the other
hand the electrical field intensity may be considered as a small parameter acting on the equation: therefore, each single
Fourier coefficient may be developed in power series in this parameter (electrical field). The biochemical output is the
change of the ligand binding probability due to low intensity electromagnetic exposure at radio frequencies. On the
basis of this new numerical approach seems reasonable to assert that such excess relative exchange probability (y=(p
o
-
p
em
)/p
o
, p
o
probability without field, p
em
probability with field) is proportional to the incident power density of the e.m.
field applied. Two examples of simulation follow:

1) A.Chiabrera, B.Bianco, S.Giordano, S.Bruna, E.Moggia, J.J.Kaufman Ligand Binding under RF EM exposure, in:
B.J.Klauenberg and D.Miklavcic (eds.), Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry, 429-447.
2) B. Bianco, E. Moggia, S. Giordano, W. Rocchia, A. Chiabrera Friction and noise in quantum mechanics: a model
for the interactions between a system and a thermal bath, Il Nuovo Cimento Vol.116 B, N.2, Febbraio 2001.
E=50 V/m, F
bm
=1e-17N E=50 V/m, =50 1/sec
y
y
f [Hz]
f [Hz]
F
bm

6
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98
O-8-02

A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN AN ELF
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND MEMBRANE DIPOLAR STRUCTURES

M. CAPPELLI, M. LIBERTI, F. APOLLONIO AND G. DINZEO

ICEmB at Dept. of Electronic Engineering, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Recent studies have shown the influence of extremely low frequency (ELF) weak magnetic fields on the
diffusion processes in enzyme-loaded liposomes [1]. A plausible target, in this context, are the electrical charges present
in the dipolar structures embedded in the membrane, e.g. the polar head of phosphatidylcholine. In order to justify these
results an interaction model based on the analysis of dipolar structures behavior in presence of an ELF magnetic field
has been proposed [2].

The problem can be approached by solving classically the equation that describes the motion of the dipole
(charged head of phosphatidylcholine) in a viscous medium under the action of a magnetic field with static and dynamic
components. The possible energy exchange between the dynamic component and the dipolar structure has been
evaluated by analyzing the power transmitted to the dipole both in frequency and time domain. It can be observed that
the energy transfer occurs at specific frequencies: f
s
=
1
2
q
2m
dc B

, the dynamic signal frequency f and their cross-
modulation products [3].

RESULTS
suggest the presence of a
resonant behavior for some of
the cited frequencies. As an
example, Figure 1 shows the
presence of a preferential
transfer of energy to the dipole
when we impose a dynamic
magnetic field at frequencies
close to f
s
=6.49Hz.
In this work the dependence of
the effect from several
parameters such as the amplitude
of the dynamic component of the
magnetic field and the viscosity
of the medium will be analyzed.

Figure 1: Asymptotic mean value of energy for f close to fs (Bdcz = 50T,
Bdcy =5T, Bacz =5T, M = 59) for different values of the viscosity
parameter .

REFERENCES
[1] A. Ramundo-Orlando, U. Morbiducci, G. Mossa, and G. DInzeo, Effect of low-frequency, low-amplitude
magnetic fields on the permeability of cationic liposomes entrapping carbonic anhydrase. I. Evidence for charged lipid
involvement, Bioelectromagnetics, 21:491-498, 2000
[2] A. Ramundo-Orlando, F. Mattia, A. Palombo, and G. DInzeo, Effect of low-frequency, low-amplitude magnetic
fields on the permeability of cationic liposomes entrapping carbonic anhydrase. II. No evidence for surface enzyme
involvement, Bioelectromagnetics, 21:499-507, 2000
[3] R. Schiavo, I. De Sena, M. Liberti, G. DInzeo and A. Ramundo-Orlando . A mechanism of interaction between
ELF electromagnetic field and dipoles present in biological membranes, Abstracts Book, p.187, BEMS 2002, June 23-
27, Quebec City, Canada

6
th

99
O-8-03

APPLICATION OF A COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY STUDY TO MODEL
EXOGENOUS FIELD ACTION ON MOLECULAR HEME SYSTEM

L. DOMINICI
1
, F. APOLLONIO
1
, G. D'INZEO
1
, M. ASCHI
2
, A. AMADEI
3

1
ICEmB at Dept. of Electronic Engineering, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
2
Dept. of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of lAquila, Italy
3
Dept. of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy

Objective of this work is the application of a computational procedure based on theoretical first principles in
order to obtain perturbed electronic eigenstates and hence to effectively represent interaction mechanisms of exogenous
electromagnetic fields at molecular and protein level. The specific molecular system (46 atoms) is a subgroup of
hemoglobin (~1360 atoms) represented by deoxyheme, i.e. porphin ring plus iron atom, and imidazole (see Fig. 1).
Attention is focused on the reaction trajectory of a specific molecule binding the Fe atom located at the center of
porphin ring: in this first analysis the molecule is carbon monoxyde CO, successively other molecules as for example
O
2
, fundamental for molecular oxygen transfer, will be taken into account. The procedure, which considers the EM field
as a perturbation of the steady state, describes the molecular system in terms of atomic positions and electronic
molecular orbitals, making use of quantistic "ab initio" chemical models such as HF (Hartree Fock) or DFT (Density
Functional Theory) energy functionals combined with 6-31g or Ahlrich basis sets [2, 3]. The perturbative term takes
into account both the presence of the globin surrounding heme, by means of a specific protein field, and of exogenous
electric fields. The first step consists in building a matrix of points corresponding to different distances of CO and Fe on
the central axis of the porphin ring showed in Fig. 1. With such an approach it is possible to build the potential energy
surface of the binding reaction for the ground state, as shown in Fig. 2. The second step consists in calculating the same
surfaces for a certain number of excited levels. Finally it is possible to use these electronic states as a basis set to
compute the perturbed electronic levels corresponding to the same geometry points. The final objective is to investigate
the effects of an exogenous field on the reaction energy surfaces, hence modifying the bound and the unbound states
that control binding probability and the transition states acting on kinetics of the reaction.

Fig.1 Deoxyheme ring with imidazole and CO Fig. 2 Potential energy surface

REFERENCES
[1] M. Aschi, R. Spezia, A. Di Nola, A. Amadei, "A first principle method to model perturbed electronic wavefunctions: the effect of
an external homogeneous electric field", Chem. Phys. Lett. 344 (2001) 374-380.
[2] P.M. Kozlowski, T.G. Spiro, M.Z. Zgierski, "DFT Study of Structure and Vibrations in Low-Lying Spin States of Five-
Coordinated Deoxyheme Model", J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 10659-10666.
[3] Gaussian 98 (rev. A7), Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (USA), 1998, (http://www.gaussian.com).
C
Fe
d
CO

d
Fe

porphin
imidazole
O
E [Hartree]
d
Fe
[]
d
CO
[]
6
th

100
O-8-04

TCAD OF MOBILE PHONES: HEADING FOR A GENERIC MODELING APPROACH

PETER FUTTER, NICOLAS CHAVANNES, NEVIANA NIKOLOSKI AND NIELS KUSTER

Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (ITIS), Switzerland
JAFAR KESHVARI AND ANSSI TOROPAINEN, Nokia Research Center, Finland

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:
Today, as a complement to experimental instrumentation, the use of technology computer aided design (TCAD) in areas
of mobile communications has become indispensable. However, in order to effectively support RF engineers in the
design process of new devices, a number of requirements have been expressed by the industry: the tool must be capable
of resolving highly detailed structures, yet still span spatial grid extensions in an efficient way; be highly
computationally efficient; easy to use and have a powerful GUI featuring CAD import. In 2002, a Motorola T250 phone
has been investigated using FDTD (Chavannes et al), whereas for the first time, the inner structure of the phone was
included in the model. The study achieved good agreement between simulated and measured data.
This study, assessing a 8310 type phone by Nokia thus has the following major objectives:

More complex modeling: whereas the T250 model consisted of a single PCB and combined monopole-helix antenna
type, the Nokia 8310 uses a more complex slot antenna and has multiple PCBs, furthermore, substantially more CAD
details have been included.
Generic design procedure: based on both studies and by evaluation of all significant performance parameters,
industrial design capabilities of enhanced TCAD tools should be assessed, finally leading to a generic procedure for the
entire modeling and simulation process applicable to all types of MTE configurations.

METHODS:
All simulations have been performed using the FDTD based simulation platform SEMCAD, specifically tailored for
MTE design, optimization and dosimetry. A highly detailed SAT CAD data set was provided by the manufacturer,
describing the geometry of the phone, which was imported in a straight forward recursive process, starting with the
most significant parts, i.e., the antenna and the PCB. Physical examination supported the modeling process for which
resolutions down to 100m were applied. The simulations have been compared directly to experimental data obtained
from the DASY4 scanners.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Rigorous simulation experience which was achieved from the numerical assessment of two CAD based commercial
mobile phone structures enabled the derivation of generic FDTD modeling procedures for MTE which are applicable in
a straight forward manner. Simulations were conducted in free space and with various dielectric loads, whereby all
crucial performance parameters were evaluated and assessed by experimental means. Significant design issues could be
identified numerically, e.g., electric connections, PEC coating, shielding effects and antenna details, and were
successfully reproduced by evaluation of the physical model. Regarding two different phone designs, a good agreement
of simulated and measured results in general as well as the demonstrated specific R&D capabilities in particular state
that feature enhanced TCAD environments are suitable to perform effective support in an industrial device design
throughout all development stages.
6
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101
O-8-05

ELECTRICAL RESPONSE OF NON SPHERICAL BIOLOGICAL CELL MODELS FROM
DIRECT RF EXPOSURE

J.L. SEBASTIN, S. MUOZ SAN MARTN, M. SANCHO AND J. M. MIRANDA

Departamento de Fsica Aplicada III, Facultad de Fsica. Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Ciudad Universitaria 28040 Madrid. SPAIN.

This paper presents the theoretical modelling of the electrical response of non spherical cells to an external RF
field. For this, the electric field distribution induced in cell models is calculated and the cell geometry effects on the
polarizability are examined. The results show the importance of using realistic cell shapes with the proper geometry,
electrical properties and orientation of the cell with respect to the applied RF field.

For an explicit solution of Laplace equation, which provides the cell internal field strength distribution, a
spheroid or ellipsoid with a confocal shell must be assumed. It is for this reason that up to now, geometric
configurations representing more realistic cell shapes, such as shelled ellipsoids, with a uniform membrane thickness
have not been studied. Considering that the membrane is a site of high field amplification, it is uncertain how the
detailed geometry and electrical properties of the cell can affect the exactness of the predictions in the electric
behaviour. Therefore, a comparison of the results for the electric field distribution inside the membrane and cytoplasm
of shelled ellipsoid cells with those for the confocal cells is essential in order to get a better insight.

In this work, the cell structure is considered to be formed by two layers, cytoplasm and membrane, and the cell is
immersed in an external continuous medium formed by electrolytes in free water with the dielectric properties of
physiological saline. The relative permittivity of the membrane has been varied from 2 to 22 for both geometries,
whereas the conductance has been kept constant to a negligible value at both working frequencies of 900 and 2450
MHz. For the cytoplasm, the relative permittivity and conductivity have been varied from 30 to 70 and from 0.8 to 1.2
S/m respectively. In the analysis, the orientation of the cell models exposed to RF is varied so that both electric
polarization and magnetic polarizations are considered.

The electric field intensity within the different layers of the cell is found by using a finite element (FE) technique
with an adaptive mesh. For the polarizabilitiy, a boundary element method (BEM) based on an integral equation for the
polarization charge density induced on the dielectric interfaces has been used.

The results show that at 900 MHz, the values of the electric field intensity within the membrane are higher than
the values found at 2450 MHz. For a uniformly shelled cell the field strength value is higher than the value found for a
confocal geometry. Also, the values of the E field for magnetic polarization are higher than for electric polarization. The
influence of the cytoplasm conductivity is not as strong as the permittivity, being the maximum differences between the
highest and lowest electric field intensity values of 2%. For magnetic polarization, it is also found that the longitudinal
polarizability value of shelled cells is always higher than the polarizability value of confocal cell structures. The
variation of the longitudinal polarizability with the membrane permittivity value has been found to be much more
significant than the variation with both the permittivity and conductivity of the cytoplasm.
6
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102
O-8-06

A POSSIBLE ENERGY ACCUMULATION MECHANISM

V.O. PONOMAREV, A.V. KARNAUKHOV

Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Russia

We consider the mechanism of weak low frequency EMF absorption by biological objects. Many theoretical
works dealing with this matter face so-called kT-problem. The main point of this problem is that the energy of EMF
is far smaller than the energy of stochastic motion. With the aim to solve kT-problem we suppose that in biological
systems on exposure to external periodic field self- organization process may occur. We present two theoretical models
to illustrate our assumption.

The targets of EMF in the cell may be ions or electric and magnetic dipoles but their additional energy due to the
external force is negligible in comparison with the temperature noise. However if the motions of the ions or dipoles are
strongly correlated their total energy will exceed the noise. In this case the external field acts upon a certain ordered
structure. Such a structure may already exist in the cell and also can be formed upon exposure. We consider both of
these cases.

We call the first model as internal protein dynamics. We follow the hypothesis that weak external
electromagnetic field change the dissociation probability of ion-protein complexes in the cell. As well known proteins
consist of domains which can have an electric charge and/or dipole moment. On exposure to EMF these domains make
certain mechanical oscillations. Owing to interactions between the domains their moves can have a collective character.
As a result elastic waves arise in the protein. Effect of each of domains to the ion in protein potential well leads to
increase in the ion energy and finally enhances its dissociation probability. In this case EMF acts upon the ordered
structure (protein) that have already existed in the cell.

The second model describes formation of ordered structure due to the exposure. We call it as dissipative
resonance. We consider interaction between complexes through visco-elastic medium in which they are located. In the
cell the role of this medium can be played by the cell membrane in the case that the proteins are connected with the
membrane or by structural water in the opposite case. Owing to action of EMF upon ion in the protein the complex
oscillate within the medium. These oscillations lead to spread elastic waves through medium providing interaction
between complexes. Then complexes drift along the waves to their stationary positions. In these positions the distance
between complexes are divisible by length of wave. So we have self-organization process in our system. Such a
phenomenon results in increase in the oscillation amplitude by each complex proportionally to the number of complexes
involved in the process. Provided a rather great number of complexes involved in the process the energy of each
complex would exceed the temperature noise.
6
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103

Session 9

In-vitro studies
6
th

105
O-9-01

TIME-VARYING ELF FIELDS EFFECTS ON A SINGLE-CELL
DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM (PROTISTA)

AMAROLI ANDREA, TRIELLI FRANCESCA, BIANCO BRUNO
*
, GIORDANO STEFANO
*
MOGGIA ELSA
*
, DELMONTE CORRADO MARIA UMBERTA

Department for the Study of the Territory and its Resources, *Department of Biophysical and
Electronic Engineering, University of Genoa, Italy.

Many reports have demonstrated that several biological systems are affected by weak, extremely-low-frequency
(ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). Due to their peculiarity of single-cell eukaryote organisms, Protists directly
respond to environmental stimuli, thus appearing as very suitable experimental systems. In addition, they are cultured in
the laboratory under conditions similar to those occurring in nature, so that their biological responses are observed in a
quasi-natural environment. Recently, we showed the presence of a propionylcholinesterase (PrChE) activity in single-
cell amoebae of D. discoideum. This enzyme activity was proposed as being involved in cell-cell and cell-environment
interactions, as its inhibition by xenobiotic compounds affected cell multiplication and aggregation. In this work, we
exposed single-cell amoebae of D. discoideum to an ELF-EMF of 180 T, 50 Hz, for 3h or 24h at 22C, with the aim of
testing whether such field would affect the phases of the developmental cycle, and PrChE activity. A 10-turns coil
driving a suitable current gives the exposure system that we have used to generate such ELF field. This coil is supplied
by an A.C. voltage of 220 V
rms
with a series resistance of 484 , so that a current of 0.45 A appears in the circuit
generating the above-stated magnetic field. Actually, a delay in the early phase of the differentiation was observed in
3h-exposed cells, and a significant decrease in fission rate appeared in 24h-exposed cells. The PrChE activity was
significantly lower than the controls in 3h-exposed cells, whereas 24h-exposed cells exhibited an increase in this
enzyme activity.

6
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106
O-9-02

EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND INSULIN GROWTH FACTOR-I ON
PROTEOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS IN BOVINE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.

MONICA DE MATTEI
1
, AGNESE PELLATI
1
,
MICHELA PASELLO
1
, LEO MASSARI
2
, DONATO
GEMMATI
3
, ALESSIA ONGARO
1
,

AND ANGELO CARUSO
1
.

1
Department of Morphology and Embriology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
2
Department of Biomedical Science and Advanced Therapy, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.

3
Center for the Study of Haemostasis and Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.

Fellowship supported from IGEA (Carpi, Italy).

Low-frequency, low-energy electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure can affect the metabolism of both bone and
cartilage. EMF stimulation is already a proven remedy for delayed fractures. Further, some studies suggest EMF
potential clinical application for osteoarthritis (OA). Several growth factors and cytokines are known to control
cartilage functions. Little is known, however, of the relationships, if any, between EMF and biochemical regulators of
cartilage metabolism. This study investigated the interactive effects of EMF and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), an
anabolic polypeptide for cartilage on the synthesis of proteoglycans (PGs), which are essential extracellular matrix
components.

METHODS
Bovine articular cartilage explants and primary bovine chondrocytes cultured in monolayer were treated with
concentrations of IGF-I from 0 to 100 ng/ml in the presence or absence of EMF exposure (75Hz; 2,3 mT) for 24 hours.
All experiments were performed in Dulbeccos modified Eagles/Hams F12 (1:1) medium (DMEM/F12) alone or
supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). PG synthesis was determined by incorporation of Na
2
-
35
SO
4
. The
release of PGs in the culture medium was evaluated by the dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) assay.

RESULTS
In bovine cartilage explants, EMF increased PG synthesis 17 % and 19 %, respectively in 0% and 10% FBS. IGF-I
increased PG synthesis in a dose-dependent manner and maximal stimulations were 43 % and 26 %, respectively in 0 %
and 10 % FBS. At all doses of IGF-I, when applied together, the combined effects of the two stimuli were additive. No
effect was observed on medium PG release. Also in monolayer culture system, IGF-I treatment stimulated PG synthesis.
Conversely, EMF exposure did not affect PG synthesis both in the absence and in the presence of IGF-I.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that EMF exposure enhances extracellular matrix components synthesis in articular cartilage explants
both by itself and acting in concert with the mayor anabolic growth factor for cartilage. The lack of EMF effects in
monolayer chondrocyte cultures indicates that the maintenance of the native tissue cell-matrix interactions are
fundamental in mediating EMF-induced PG synthesis. These data suggest that in vivo the combination of both EMF
exposure and growth factor may represent a more effective treatment that either method alone to support and drive
articular cartilage repair mechanisms.

6
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107
O-9-03

THE EFFECT OF GSM-900 RFR ON CAMPTOTHECIN-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN
HUMAN U937 LYMPHOBLASTOMA CELLS.

LAGROYE I., HARO E., BILLAUDEL B., VEYRET B.

EPHE Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory / CNRS PIOM laboratory, ENSCPB, 16 avenue Pey Berland,
33607 Pessac cedex

INTRODUCTION:
Previous data from our laboratory showed that no significant induction of apoptosis was detected in U937 cells
immediately after a 48 hour-exposure to GSM-900 radiofrequency radiation (RFR) at 0.7 W/kg compared to sham-
exposed samples (see BEMS 2002). A new set of experiments was performed to determine whether GSM-900 could
interact with the apoptogenic agent camptothecin.

EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY:
Exposure to GSM-900 : GSM-900 was generated in a wire-patch antenna. GSM-900 was amplitude modulated by
rectangular pulses with a repetition frequency of 217 Hz and a duty cycle of 1:8 (pulse width 0.576 ms). U937 cells
were sham-exposed or exposed to GSM-900 microwaves for 1 hour at a SAR of 0.7 W/kg. In order to compensate for
temperature increase, temperature was set at 36.5C before RFR was turn on. Sham exposure was performed at
370.2C in a similar non-powered wire-patch antenna set in a separate incubator.
After exposure to GSM-900, camptothecin (4 g/ml, 4 hours) was added in one set of samples to investigate the
possible interaction between RF and the pro-apoptotic chemical.

DETECTION OF APOPTOSIS:
The occurrence of apoptosis was assessed immediately and 4 hours after exposure to GSM-900 camptothecin using
Annexin V/PI and DiOC
6
(3)/IP staining. During apoptosis, phosphatidylserine externalisation and a decrease of the
mitochondrial membrane potential are two major events. Detection of the two markers used flow cytometry (FacsCan

,
BD). Propidium Iodide (PI) was used to discriminate necrosis from apoptosis. Annexin V binds to phosphatidylserine
and can be detected using the ApopTEST
kit (Dako, France). One million cells were incubated for 15 minutes in 96 l
of buffer with 1 l of Annexin-V-FITC and 2.5 l of PI (50 g/ml). The samples are incubated on ice for 10 minutes.
250 l of buffer were then added before analysis. The decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential was measured
using the carbocyanine dye DiOC
6
(3). After treatment, 2x10
5
to 10
6
cells were incubated for 10-15 minutes in 500 l of
PBS containing 40 nM of DiOC
6
(3) and PI (50 g/ml) was added before the sample was analysed. Samples were coded
and data analysis was performed in a blind manner The Student t test was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS:
No significant effect on apoptosis was detected in U937 cells immediately or 4 hours after a one-hour exposure to
GSM-900 at 0.7 W/kg. By contrast, treatment with the known pro-apoptotic camptothecin was able to induce a
statistically significant increase in apoptosis (9 and 4-fold mean increase with p< 0.01, as determined by Annexin V and
DiOC
6
(3) staining, respectively). When the cells were pre-treated with GSM-900 before camptothecin treatment, a
higher but not statistically significant percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was detected compared to samples
sham-exposed to RFR and treated with the chemical (9.6 1.4 fold increase versus 8.0 1.1 fold increase in Annexine
V staining, respectively, p = 0.49).

CONCLUSIONS:
Under the exposure conditions tested, GSM-900 did not by themselves induce apoptosis in the U937 immune cell line
nor did they influence the apoptotic process induced by a potent apoptogenic agent. Experiments using a higher SAR
(2 W/kg) are on-going.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This work was supported by the 5
th
Framework Programme of the European Union (REFLEX programme), the
Aquitaine Council for Research and the CNRS.
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108
O-9-04

IN VITRO STUDIES ON PROMYELOCYTIC CELLS WITH THE HELP OF GENE
EXPRESSION PROFILING ON CDNA MICROARRAYS SHOW AN INCREASE OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AFTER RF-EMF EXPOSURE

C. MAERCKER
1
, K. SCHLATTERER
2
, R. GMINSKI
2
, J. SCHUDERER
3
, N. KUSTER
3
, F. ADLKOFER
4
,
R. FITZNER
2
, R. TAUBER
2

Members of the EU REFLEX consortium:
1
RZPD Resource Center for Genome Research, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580,
D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany, maercker@rzpd.de.

2
Dept. of Clinical Chemistry, Free University, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.

3
ITIS, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

4
VERUM foundation, 80336 Munich, Germany.

Human promyelocytic cells (HL-60 cell line) were exposed to two different RF-electromagentic fields in two
independent experiments (a) 1800 MHz, DTX only, SAR=1.0 W/kg, 5 min on/5 min off, 24 h; b) 1800 MHz, DTX
only, SAR=1.3 W/kg, continuous wave, 24 h). Sham-exposed cells served as controls. After RNA isolation from the
cultured cells, a whole-genome gene expression analysis was performed with all samples (two independent
hybridizations). 75,000 genes and ESTs (expressed sequence tags), spotted in duplicates, were analyzed in parallel
(Human Unigene RZPD-2 cDNA array). After phosphorimaging and data analysis with the help of specialized software
tools, large tables showed all genes up- or down-regulated, respectively, in exposed compared to sham-exposed cells
(altogether, 8 independent ratios for each gene). For a more detailed data mining process, we selected only genes which
were at least 5-fold regulated in one of both expression profilings, or from genes belonging to the 10% highest
expressed genes which were at least 2-fold regulated, or which were reproducibly up- or down-regulated, respectively,
by comparing both gene expression profilings.

The change in gene expression was most obvious with gene families involved in protein synthesis: 48 clones of
ribosomal proteins showed an up-regulation after RF-EMF exposure, only 7 genes were down-regulated. Also, the
majority of genes belonging to the group of translation initiation factors (e.g. eIF4E) and translation elongation factors
were up-regulated (4 clones up-regulated, 1 clone down-regulated). Accordingly, some genes involved in energy
turnover were also up-regulated: different subunits of ATP synthase (and down-regulation of ATPase), cytochrome and
cytochrome oxidase, and NADH dehydrogenase. In addition, we have found some factors involved in transcriptional
regulation (down-regulation of nucleolin, up-regulation of histones, up-regulation of histone deacetylases, general
transcription factors II, IIA, IIIA, topoisomerase). Some signaling proteins point to a more general activation or even
differentiation of HL-60 cells, like protein kinase C as a central signal transmitter for second messengers and G-protein
mediated signaling, or retinoic acid induced proteins (3 genes).

We conclude that our molecular gene expression assay shows that mammalian cells seem to react on
electromagnetic fields in a very distinct way. After knowing that protein synthesis is elevated after EMF exposure, we
can ask now if the cells proliferate and how this process is regulated. While we might exclude that apoptosis is induced
(e.g. down-regulation of a bcl-2 like protein and to bcl-2 associated molecules), we have to take into consideration that
some markers for differentiation of the cells into granulocytes or mononuclear phagocytes obviously are involved.
Moreover, the regulation of different ion-channels might give us an idea about reception of RF-EMF by human cells.

6
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109
O-9-05

MICROWAVE EXPOSURE SYSTEM FOR PATCH CLAMP RECORDING EQUIPMENT

F. DUELLI, M. LIBERTI, F. APOLLONIO, AND G. DINZEO


INTRODUCTION:
Ionic currents flowing through proteinic membrane channels can be recorded using patch clamp techniques [1]. Such
investigations have assumed increasing interest in bioelectromagnetic research. Possible changes in the biophysical
properties of ionic currents (i.e. activation and inactivation kinetics) could reveal a modification or rearrangement of the
molecular structure of the channels induced by electromagnetic fields, and can assume a crucial role in clarifying basic
biophysical interaction mechanisms. Patch-Clamp investigations are performed by thin glass microelectrode applied to
membrane of cells contained in a Petri dish. The Petri dish is positioned on a microscope stage in order to allow the
electro-physiologist to see clearly the cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The exposure system has been designed in order to obey to some requirements related to the equipments used in the
biological laboratory and to the controlled and efficient propagation of the microwaves in the structure. The first ones
are related with the optical transparency of the exposure area, maximum focusing of the microscope, and minimum
transparent window. Second class of constraints must be respected in the structure in order to achieve a proper
electromagnetic functioning: good matching between the structure and the input cable in the chosen frequency range
[0.9 - 2.2] GHz, good uniformity of fields over the sample and high efficiency >10 (=SAR
sample
/P
inc
).
The EM structure chosen is a modified coplanar waveguide (CPW) [2] suitable to replace the microscope stage on
which the Petri dish is positioned. The structure is designed with a characteristic impedance of 50 at input ports, and
by means of progressive matching in transversal dimensions, reaches a 61 impedance in the central zone where the
biological set-up requirements are respected. The overall characteristics of the exposure system allow the propagation
of the fundamental quasi-TEM mode only. The main advantage is the direction of E field almost orthogonal to the glass
electrode minimizing the interference of the field with the electrophysiological measure.

RESULTS: Once the system has been realized, SAR measurements have been conducted by thermometric method.
Figure 1 reports a normalised comparison of measurements and simulations obtained with HFSS (Ansoft Corporation)
for SAR distribution in different positions in the Petri dish. The maximum final efficiency estimated by measurements
is around =40 [(W/kg)/W].

Figure 1: Normalised comparison between measured SAR values along the axes (1-6) and simulation results
(Calculated = line, Measured = dots)

REFERENCE
[1] E. Neher and B. Sakmann (eds.), Single-Channels Recording, Plenum, New York, pp 135-174, 1983
[2] K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl, P. Barthia, Microstrip lines and slotlines, Artech House, Boston/ London, II
edition, 1996.

* This work

was supported in part by the Ministry of University, Technology and Scientific Re-search (AdP
MURST/ENEA-CRN) and by the European Union, V Frame-Work Program under the RAMP2001 Project.

1

2

3

4

5

6
6
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110
O-9-06

ALTERATION OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION BY NEURON EXCITATION-
SYNCHRONIZED HIGH-POWER MICROWAVE PULSES: A REPLICATION STUDY

ANDREI PAKHOMOV
1,2
. JOANNE DOYLE*
1
, AND MICHAEL MURPHY
2

1
McKesson BioServices Corporation, US Army Medical Research Detachment
2
Directed Energy Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate,
Air Force Research Laboratory
Brooks City-Base, San Antonio, Texas, 78235-5324, USA

BACKGROUND:
Our previous studies in diverse objects (yeast and mammalian cells, isolated brain and heart slices) exposed to
extremely high power microwave pulses (EHPP) did not reveal any bioeffects other than thermal [1,2]. However, recent
experiments with EHPP applied in synchrony with evoked postsynaptic potentials indicated that the latter could be
suppressed without appreciable microwave heating [3]. The present study attempted to replicate this observation under
more stringent experimental conditions.

METHODS:
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in CA1 field of isolated rat hippocampal slices were continually evoked by
twin pulse stimulation of Schaffer collateral (20 ms interpulse interval, 1 pair/15 sec). The EPSPs were recorded
extracellularly with a glass micropipette (2-8 Mohm) for 5 min before EHPP or sham exposure, for 10 min during it,
and for 10 min after. EHPPs (9.6 GHz, 2-s, 740 kW/g) were triggered once every 15 sec: 2 ms prior to the 1st
electrical stimulus (A); or 3.5-4.5 ms after the stimulus, during EPSP rising phase (B); or 14-16 ms after the stimulus,
between the EPSPs (C); or at 1-Hz rate independently from the stimuli (D). In A, B, and C, EHPP briefly raised the
temperature by 0.3-0.4
o
C, but with 15-sec interval between them, gross heating was negligible. In D (positive control),
the temperature increased by 1.5-2
o
C. Each brain slice was used in a single experiment and then discarded.

RESULTS:
The data were collected from 63 experiments (10-14 per group). In sham-exposed slices and in A exposed group,
EPSP showed no significant changes. In the other 3 groups, EPSP decreased to almost equal extent (by about 20%,
p<0.05), and the onset of this change coincided with the beginning of exposure. Test EPSP (the 2nd in each pair)
decreased significantly in C and D groups. These effects were similar to those reported earlier [3] or even more
profound. Except for the positive control D group, the effects are unlikely to be explained by heating. However, the
possibility of artifact readings due to interference with EHPP needs further investigation.

REFERENCES:
[1] Pakhomov et al., Bioelectromagnetics 2000, 21(4), 245-254.
[2] Pakhomov et al., Bioelectromagnetics 2003, 24(3), 174-181. [3] Doyle et al., Abstracts of the 25th Annual BEMS
Meeting, in press.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The work was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command and the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory
under U.S. Army contract DAMD17-94-C-4069 awarded to McKesson BioServices Corporation.
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O-9-07

MECHANISMS OF CELL ACTIVATION PROCESSES AFTER EXPOSURE TO
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS.

M. SIMK, M. LUPKE J. ROLLWITZ AND M. LANTOW

University of Rostock, Institute of Cell Biology and Biosystems Technology, Division of Environmental Physiology,
Albert Einstein St.3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany,
e-mail: myrtill.simko@biologie.uni-rostock.de.

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) such as those from electric power transmission and distribution lines (50/60 Hz)
have been associated with increased risk of childhood leukaemia, cancer of the nervous system, and lymphomas.
Several in vitro studies on EMF effects were performed to clarify the existing controversies, define the risks and to
determine the possible mechanisms of adverse effects. In some of these reports, the effects were related to other
mechanisms of carcinogenesis. There are several indications of cellular responses induced by electromagnetic fields in
vitro. Because EMFs are considered as a "possibly carcinogenic to humans" an attempt was made to test activation
processes such as free radical production and cytokines release in murine and human primary immune relevant cells.
Murine macrophages and human umbilical cord blood-derived monocytes were used to study the cellular production of
ROS and cytokines as a parameter for cell activation. Cells were exposed to 50 Hz EMF at 1.0 mT for 45 min or to
1800 MHz (using different SARs and signal modulations). Super oxide and NO production were measured by
colorimetric and flow cytometric methods. The generation of IL-1 was determined by ELISA. We found a significant
increase of super oxide production after exposure to EMF and also after treatment with different chemicals in the used
cells. Additional increase of super oxide production was detected in some experiments after co-exposure to EMF and
chemicals. Heat shock treatment showed also a significant increase in super oxide release which seems to correlate with
the EMF-effect. No differences for NO production could be detected after EMF-exposure in any case. Protein analysis
using 950 different antibodies showed that after exposure to 50 Hz EMF more than 70 proteins are up-regulated and
more than 130 proteins are down regulated. Our results demonstrate that EMF influence several aspects in biological
systems. The mechanisms which are involved in the cellular reactions are discussed.
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112
O-9-08

STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS MODULATE THE KINETICS OF APOPTOSIS AND
SECONDARY NECROSIS IN HL60 AND GLIOBLASTOMA CELLS

CLAVARINO G*, BERGAMASCHI A, CERELLA C, DARZYNKIEWICZ Z**, DE NICOLA M, GHIBELLI
L, GOEDHE W
, SMOLEWSKY P
,TIRINDELLI D*, AND TEODORI L*.

* Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA Casaccia, Rome Italy;
Occupational Medicine and Biolog,y University of Rome Tor Vergata;
** Brander Cancer Research Center, New York Medical College, Hathorne, NY, USA;

Radiobiology, Muenster Universitaet, Muenster, Germany;

Haematology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

The effects of magnetic field on apoptosis are the core of a very active research field aimed at understanding the
mechanism of interaction with cellular machineries.

To investigate the effect of static magnetic field on different stages of apoptosis, from commitment to
execution, up to secondary necrosis, we exposed HL60 haematopoietic cells and a set of human glioblastoma primary
cell cultures to a 6 mT static magnetic field generated by magnetic disks of known intensity. Apoptosis was triggered
by several physical and chemical agents (e.g. heat shock; puromycin). Apototic markers such as activation of caspases,
gluthatione extrusion, annexin V labelling, calcium fluxes, were determined by multiparametric flow cytometry, laser
scanning cytometry and fluorescence microscopic examination. The results showed that static magnetic field did not
exert any apoptogenic or necrogenic effect on both cell types. Conversely, the presence of magnetic field was able to
modulate apoptosis induced by stressing agents, but in different ways. In glioblastoma cells, a high rescue from
apoptosis (5523%) was observed, with significant individual variability. The effect seems to be related to the increase
of capacitative calcium influx. Instead, magnetic fields did not influence the overall extent of apoptosis in HL60.
Interestingly, a remarkable acceleration of the process of secondary necrosis was observed in both systems.

The study of the biological effects of static magnetic fields has a high relevance in occupational medicine, since
specific groups of workers can be exposed to static magnetic fields of different intensities.

6
th

113

Session 10

Medical applications
6
th

115
O-10-01

MICROWAVES IN BREAST CANCER DETECTION.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE METHODS.

FERNANDO BARDATI, GAETANO MARROCCO, MARIA PIA MASSARO

Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemi e Produzione, Universita Roma Tor Vergata

Using non ionising electromagnetic radiation for cancer detection in humans has attracted many researchers in
the last 25 years. An electromagnetic imaging method can be active or passive. In an active system, some antennas
radiate onto the body, where the electromagnetic field is scattered by tissue dielectric inhomogeneities and then
received by the same or other antennas. Data are collected at different frequencies and for various locations of the
antennas. Field data are known terms in the inverse scattering problem, whose solution is aimed at generating a map of
permittivity within the body. An anomalous tissue permittivity may be significant of a malignancy. Microwave
radiometry instead is a passive method based on the measurement of the electromagnetic power spontaneously emitted
by a body in the microwave frequency range. Charged particles in motion are primary sources of incoherent thermal
emission. Thermal radiation propagates inside the body where it is partially absorbed and partially irradiated externally.
Wide-band antennas, located close to or contacting the body collect and transduce the radiation to an electrical current
that fluctuates in the receiver's input unit, whose first order moment is called radiometric signal. If we assume the body
in local thermodynamic equilibrium, the spectral content of the radiometric signal can be related to the local
temperature distribution in the body, allowing its retrieval to be attempted from radiometric data collected at different
frequencies and for various antenna positions. A thermal anomaly may be significant of a tumour. A review of the
rational of the active and passive methods and of the basic instrumentation can be found in [1], [2] with indication of
further reading. The recent renewed interest in
both methods is probably due to increased
capability in instrumental engineering and in
performing suitable electromagnetic and
thermal computer simulations for models of
human organs. The breast can be considered
of possibly larger success than other suggested
targets with respect to these types of
screening, because a larger dielectric contrast
between healthy and malignant tissue, a larger
penetration depth and accessible location to an
external sounding radiation. It allows
comparisons between even organs as far as
temperature anomalies are explored.

In principle the active and passive methods provide complementary information. It is this aspect we investigate
in this paper. We model an active experiment as in [3], with a set of antennas at equal angles around a hemispherical
model of the breast and capability of vertical displacements. The tumour is modelled of 3D Gaussian shape. The
computations are performed by an FDTD proprietary code in the 0.5-3 GHz frequency range, while standard methods
[2] are adopted for retrievals.

[1] E C Fear, S C Hagness, P M Meaney, M Okoniewski, M A Stuchly, "Enhancing breast tumor detection with near-
field imaging", IEEE Microwave Magazine, pp 48-56, March 2002.
[2] M Miyakawa, J-Ch Bolomey Eds, Non-Invasive Thermometry of the Human Body, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1994.
[3] P M Meaney, M W Fanning, D Li, S P Poplack, K D Paulsen, "A clinical prototype for active microwave imaging
of the breast", IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech, Vol 48, pp 1841-53, Nov 2000.

6
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116
O-10-02

EXPERIENCE WITH TREATMENT OF NON-UNIONS WITH CAPACITIVELY
COUPLED ELECTRIC FIELD. ITALIAN EXPERIENCE.

A. IMPAGLIAZZO
1
, A. MATTEI
1
, G. SPURIO POMPILI
1
, S. SETTI
2
, R. CADOSSI
2

1
Quarta Divisione Ortopedia C.T.O., Roma, Italy
2
Laboratorio di Biofisica Clinica, IGEA, 41012 Carpi (Mo), Italy,

INTRODUCTION.
A positive effect of faradic and inductive electrical stimulation system on non-unions has been described [1,2]; an
overall success rate between 66% and 90% was reported. Good results, with percentages slightly lower than 70%,
have also been obtained with the capacitive system [3].

OBJECTIVE.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of capacitively coupled electric field in patients suffering from non-
unions at different skeletal segment sites.

METHODS.
Thirty patients, who gave informed consent to participate, were included in the study. All of them were treated with
capacitively coupled electric field. The definition of non-union in the trial was the following: no significant
radiological evidence of new bone formation at least 3 months from surgery and six months from trauma. Inclusion
criteria: bone stumps aligned and bone gap, if present, less than one centimeter. For five out of thirty patients one of
these inclusion criteria was not respected, thus these patients were considered not fully compling with inclusion
criteria. The presence of the infection did not preclude the recruitment. Clinical evaluation included pain and quality
life. Standard radiographs were used to determine the healing of the fracture. The non-invasive capacitive coupling
devices consisted of a portable rechargeable generator supplying a density current of 20 A/cm
2
at the site of
treatment, by two skin hydrogel electrodes. The devices delivered a burst at a frequency of 12.5 Hz and a duty cycle
of 50%. In the active period (40ms) the signal is a sine-wave at 60 kHz (Osteobit, Igea, Italy). The amplitude of the
sine-wave was dependent on the impedance of the body.

RESULTS.
The average age was 48 years. Out of 30 patients, 22 were males and 8 females. The average disability time was 13
months. The site of treatment were the following: femur (36.6%), tibia (33.3%), forearm (20%), humerus (6.77%) and
others (3.33%). The average length of the stimulation was 10 weeks and the average daily time of use was 8
hours/day. 84% of patients adherent to the inclusion criteria healed.

DISCUSSION.
Our findings show that electrical stimulation of endogenous bone repair with capacitively coupling is effective
provided that the inclusion criteria are adhered. The present of infection did not negatively affect the bone healing.
This technology is much less demanding for the patients than inductive one, thus patients compliance and acceptance
is definitely good.

REFERENCES.
[1] Brighton, C.T., et al.: Treatment of nonunion with constant direct Current, Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 124: 106-123,
1977.
[2] Heckman, J.D.: Nonunion treatment with pulsed electromagnetic fields, Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 161: 58-66, 1981.
[3] Brighton C.T. et al.: Treatment of recalcitrant non-union with a capacitively coupled electrical field. A preliminary
report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;6

6
th

117
O-10-03

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN BIOMEDICINE:
CYTOPROTECTION AND GENE THERAPY.

REBA GOODMAN
1
, HANA LIN
2
, MARTIN BLANK
3

Departments of Pathology
1
,
Anatomy
2
and Physiology
3
, Columbia University
630 West 168 St, New York, NY 10032

INDUCTION of the stress protein hsp70 by electromagnetic (EM) fields is often used as an indication of the normal
reaction of cells to biological hazards, but it should be emphasized that the same stress protein serves to protect against
potential hazards. We have utilized the protective aspect of EM field induced stress proteins to develop two new
beneficial medical tools (patents pending).

(1) EM field-induction of hsp70 for use in cardiac by-pass surgery.
Elevating hsp70, usually done by hyperthermia (high temperatures), protects the myocardium during reperfusion
ischemic stress and helps prevent heart attack and stroke. Induction of increased hsp70 with EM fields eliminates
patient discomfort associated with hyperthermia. EM fields are non-invasive, penetrate all cells, and have longer-lasting
effects than hyperthermia. Significant levels of hsp70 are induced within 30 minutes and remain elevated for more than
3 hours. Unlike hyperthermia, hsp70 levels can be augmented by restimulation for extended surgical procedures

RESULTS OF CYTOPROTECTION STUDIES:
The increase in hsp70 levels by EM fields in vivo and in vitro depends on the field strength. EM field-preconditioning
produces a higher survival rate than thermal preconditioning in fertilized dipteran eggs and cultured rodent
cardiomyocytes.

(2) Beneficial use of EM fields for gene therapy.
We have identified EM field-responsive elements (EMRE) in the DNA sequences of the HSP70 promoter and of the c-
myc promoter. A non-invasive medical application incorporates the EMREs in promoters for regulating gene activation.
For example, an exogenous insulin gene containing one or more EMREs introduced upstream of the gene, can be
simply and safely regulated by the EM fields. The whole operation can be made automatic by having the EM field
generating circuit activated by an implanted glucose sensor that responds immediately to changes in pre-set blood
glucose levels.

RESULTS of EMRE studies:
Three nCTCTn DNA sequences (EMRE) in the HSP70 promoter and eight in the c-myc promoter are EM field-
responsive. Inactivating these sequences, by removal or mutation, renders promoter constructs unresponsive to EM
fields. Inserting this sequence in an unresponsive reporter construct, renders the gene EM field-responsive. This
innovation in gene therapy provides a non-invasive and precise technique for gene activation.

REFERENCES
Goodman, Blank (2002) Insights into Electromagnetic Interaction Mechanisms. Journal of Cellular Physiology 192:16-
22.
Carmody, Wu, Lin, Blank, Goodman (2000) Cytoprotection by Electromagnetic Field-Induced hsp70: A Model for
Clinical Application. J Cell Biochem 79: 453-459.
Lin, Blank, Goodman (1999).Magnetic Field-responsive Domain in the Human HSP70 Promoter. J Cell Biochem
75:170-176.
Lin, Blank, Goodman (2001) Regulating Genes with Electromagnetic Response Elements. J Cell Biochem 81:143-148.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: RI Goodman Fund for support

KEY WORDS: cytoprotection, gene therapy, EM field response elements (EMRE)
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118
O-10-04

MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY OF PAIN

MARKO S. MARKOV

1175 Pineville Rd, # 139, Chattanooga TN 37405, USA

There is increasing interest in the application of magnetic/electromagnetic fields for therapeutic purposes in
general, and for pain control in particular. Magnetic field therapy provides non-invasive, safe and easy to apply
methods to directly treat the site of injury, the source of pain and inflammation. The paper summarizes worldwide
experience in clinical application of various magnetic (MF) and electromagnetic (EMF) fields with special attention to
use of MF for pain control.
The second half of 1990s marked an increasing interest in the USA toward the use of permanent magnets fields
for pain relief. This interest was stimulated mainly by the large commercial marketing of permanent magnets which
triggered the interest of the general public.

The modality most often employed in the USA for soft tissue applications is pulse radiofrequency (PRF), based
on the continuous 27.12 MHz sinusoidal signals for reduction of pain and edema. PRF magnetic fields have been
applied for the reduction of post-traumatic and post-operative pain and edema in soft tissues, wound healing, burn
treatment, ankle sprains, hand injuries, migraine, chronic pelvic pain, neck pain, and whiplash injuries and nerve
regeneration. In parallel with improvement after the injury, a reduction in the pain of 35% for patients having migraine,
accompanied by a significant reduction of occurrence of headaches had been reported. Neck pain decreases from 7.0 to
4.0 after 3 weeks of daily treatment with PRF and to 2.0 after 6 weeks of treatment. For the whiplash injuries VAS pain
scores decreased from 6.75 to 3,75 after 2 weeks, to 2.5 after 4 weeks and to 1.5 after 12 weeks of daily treatment with
PRF. A 50% reduction in use of pain medication was also reported in whiplash patients as result of EMF treatment.

Low frequency sine waves and low frequency pulsed EMF have been used for treatment of pain associated with
rotator cuff tendinitis, multiple sclerosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and periarthritis. An improvement was observed in
93% of patents suffering carpal tunnel pain, and 83% in rotator cuff tendinitis. It was also reported that 65% of the
patient who received daily treatment over 8 weeks for rotator cuff tendinitis were pain-free at the end of the study, as
well as 70% of the multiple sclerosis patients which received 15 treatment with low frequency sine wave EMF reported
a reduction in spasticity, improvement of bladder control and improvement in endurance.

Pulsed Signal Therapy (PST) has been used for relief of pain and other ostheoarthritis symptoms mainly in
Europe and Canada. The system includes a bed, a circular coil of either 11 or 22 inches in diameter which delivers
pulses of variable frequencies (in the range of 5-24 pulses per second) and magnetic fields of up to 2 mT. Several
double blind studies report a 88% decrease in pain from knee ostheoarthritis after 18 sessions 30 min daily and the pain
relief was present during the next month of follow-up.

Using ellipsoidal coil with 14x21 diameters to deliver 120 pps semi-sinewave TEMF we successfully treated
chronic low back pain and achieved 22-34% reduction in pain in the post treatment period as compared with baseline
period. It was shown that TEMF of 15 mT was more effective than 10 mT or 20 mT.

Reduction of pain in post-polio patients (up to 76%), fibromyalgia (up to 32%), peripheral neuropathy (up to
33%), and postsurgical wounds (37-65%) when different permanent magnets were applied at the site of pain.

To study the biophysical mechanisms of MF interactions one should begin with identification of the desired
target to MF action. It appears that the proper choice of magnetic field strength, application site, duration and frequency
of application are of critical importance for the success of the therapy.
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119
O-10-05

MICROWAVE DETECTION OF BREAST TUMOURS

R.NILAVALAN
1
, I.J.CRADDOCK
2
, A. PREECE
1
, J.LEENDERTZ
1
AND R.BENJAMIN
3

1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Bristol, UK
2 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, UK
3 13 Bellhouse Walk, Bristol, BS11 OUE, UK

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. World-wide in 2003, it is estimated that a woman will be
diagnosed with breast cancer every 3 minutes and a woman will die from the disease every 13 minutes. X-ray
mammography is currently the most effective technique, however it suffers from a relatively high missed- and false-
detection rates and involves uncomfortable compression of the breast. X-rays are also ionising and therefore not
generally suited to frequent screening.

Microwave detection of breast tumours is a non-ionising, potentially low-cost and potentially more certain
alternative. The work presented here employs a post reception synthetically focussed detection method developed for
land mine detection; all elements of an antenna array transmit a broadband signal in turn, the elements sharing a field of
view with the current transmit element then record the received signal. By predicting the path delay between the
transmit and receive antennas via any desired point in the breast, it is then possible to extract and time-align all the
signals from that point. Repeated for all points in the breast, this yields an image in which the distinct dielectric
properties of malignant tissue are potentially visible.

microstrip
feedline
g
ro
u
n
d
p
la
n
e
a
n
d
fe
e
d
s
u
b
s
tra
te
m
a
tc
h
in
g
la
y
e
r
(c
u
t a
w
a
y
fo
r c
la
rity
)
tissue
tumour
10.2 Duroid
radome
slot
lower patch on
10.2 Duroid
upper patch on
2.2 Duroid
This contribution presents
theoretical (using FDTD) and
practical results (using a phantom)
from a stacked-patch antenna
array.

The FDTD model, shown left,
includes the array, and realistic
representations of the skin, healthy
breast tissue and the tumour.

The practical results were gathered
using a VNA and a tissue/tumour
phantom.

The results to be presented from these initial theoretical and practical investigations show considerable promise and will
assist in the development of a complete system.

REFERENCES
M.Brown, F.Houn, E.Sickles and L.Kessler, Screening Mammography in Community Practice, Amer. J. Roentgen, Vol.
165, pp 1373-1377, Dec 1995.
R.Benjamin, I.J.Craddock, G.S.Hilton, S.Litobarski, E.McCutcheon, R.Nilavalan, G.N.Crisp, Microwave detection of
buried mines using non-contact, synthetic near-field focusing. IEE Proceedings: Radar, Sonar & Navigation, vol.148,
no.4, Aug. 2001, pp.233-40. Publisher: IEE, UK.
6
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120
O-10-06

TECHNICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF
MICROWAVE THERMOTHERAPY

VRBA,J., HLAVAC, R., CHOVANEC,R., HERZA,J., CVEK,J., OPPL,L., KVECH,J., KUBES,J.

Czech Technical University, Dept.of EM Field, Technick 2, 16627 Prague, Czech Rep., Email: vrba@feld.cvut.cz
* Institute of Radiation Oncology in Prague, Na Truhlarce 100, Prague, Czech Republic

Microwave thermotherapy is successfully applied in clinics in the Czech Republic. Technical support is at present from
the Czech Technical University in Prague. In this paper we outline new trends in microwave thermotherapy, both
clinical and technical. New trends we can divide into two major groups:
- clinical trends,
- technical trends.

1. CLINICAL TRENDS
The microwave thermotherapy is currently in clinics used in more scale. In present we distinguish this fields:
- Oncology: the treatment of tumors,
- Physiotherapy: the treatment of sceletal problems,
- Urology: the treatment of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
All three modalities are practised in clinics here in the Czech Republic and altogether several thousands of patients have
been successfully treated by microwave thermotherapy. Some examples of this treatment will be given during the
presentation. Our goal for the next clinical development is to support new clinical groups to learn and to begin to
practice the microwave thermotherapy.

2. TECHNICAL TRENDS
Most important technical fields of microwave thermotherapy development (covered also in our activities) can be
specified as:

- Applicators: development and optimisation of new applicators for more effective local,
intracavitaryand regional treatment,
- Treatment planning: mathematical and experimental modelling of the effective treatment
- Noninvasive temperature measurement: research of the possibilities of new techniques (like NMR and
US) for exact noninvasive measurements.

Our goal for the next technical development is:
- improve the theory of the local and intracavitary applicator design and optimisation,
- innovate the system for the applicator evaluation (mathematical modelling and measurements),
- develop system for regional treatment.

6
th

121

Poster session
6
th

123
P-001

COMBINED EFFECTS OF 900 MHz RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION AND
VINCLOZOLIN ON NIH 3T3 CELL CULTURES.

MIRIAM CAPRI
1
, ELENA SCARCELLA
1
, ENRICA BIANCHI
1
, CATIA LANZARINI
1
, SIMONA CAROSELLA
1
,
PIETRO MESIRCA
2
, CHIARA AGOSTINI
2
, FERDINANDO BERSANI
2
, OLGA ZENI
3
,

GUGLIELMO
DAMBROSIO
4
, RITA MASSA
4
, MARIA ROSARIA SCARF
3
,

JUKKA JUUTILAINEN
5
AND CLAUDIO
FRANCESCHI
1
.

1
ICEmB at Dept. of Experimental Pathology, Section of Immunology, Via S. Giacomo 1,2 University of Bologna,
40126 Bologna, Italy;
2
ICEmB at Dept of Physics, Via Berti Pichat 6/2, University of Bologna, 40127Bologna, Italy;
3
ICEmB at CNR-Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment, Via Diocleziano, 328, 80124 Naples, Italy;
4
ICEmB at Dept. of Electronic Engineering and Telecommunications, University Federico II, Via Claudio, 21,
80125, Naples, Italy;
5
Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work was to study non thermal effects of RF radiation and combined effects of RF with the fungicide
Vinclozolin (VCZ; 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-oxazolidi-2,4-dione; CAS-RN: 50471-44-8) on selected
cellular processes related to carcinogenesis. Our previous experiments showed that 24 hours of 100 g/ml VCZ
treatment induced a decrease in NIH 3T3 growth, cell cycle alteration and a slight increase of cells with depolarised
mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).

Cells were exposed for 2 hours (1h on/1h off/1h on) to 900 MHz RF radiation and treated with 100 g/ml VCZ; two
signals (CW and GSM) and two SAR values (1 and 0.3 W/kg) were used. The exposure was carried out employing two
waveguides, one of which was used for sham exposure, under strict controlled conditions of temperature and dosimetry.
After 24 hours of VCZ treatment the biological endpoints evaluated were: i. cell growth, by cell counting at light
microscopy; ii. cell cycle, by flow cytometry technique (FACScalibur, Becton & Dickinson), using 5-bromo 2-
deoxyuridine (BrdU), anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody and propidium iodide (PI) incorporation; iii. MMP changes by
flow cytometry using the specific probe, JC-1.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The results of our study show that two hours RF exposure induced a decrease in cell growth. This effect is more evident
in GSM exposed samples at a SAR level of 1 W/kg. When cells were exposed to RF radiation (GSM signal, SAR
1W/kg) and VCZ, cell growth decrease was less than expected suggesting the presence of cooperative effects. On the
contrary, when cell cycle and MMP were analysed, no effect was detected following either RF radiation alone or co-
exposures with VCZ.
Further experiments are in progress to further evaluate the difference observed between GSM and CW exposures on
cellular processes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Research supported by the EU -Fifth Framework Programme, Grant No. QLRT-1999-01129, Combined Effects of
Electromagnetic Fields with Environmental Carcinogens (CEMFEC).

6
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124
P-002

MAGNETIC FIELD NEAR ELECTRICAL WELDING EQUIPMENT A CHANGE FROM
ELF TO VLF.

KJELL HANSSON MILD, OLLE STENSSON, MONICA SANDSTRM, AND JONNA WILN.

National Institute for Working Life, Ume, Sweden

The latest in welding technology is pulsed MIG (Metal Inert Gas) which is a method that uses current pulses
from the power source to control transfer of the droplets of molten filler in the arc. This causes a change in frequency
content from the pure ELF to a mixture of ELF and VLF.

We have performed measurements of magnetic field near new welding equipment using pulsed DC, and we will
report about the waveforms found in some of the situations when welding. To be able to make a measurement to show
compliance with for instance ICNIRP guideline it is necessary to do a spectral analysis of the signal, and then not only
include the ELF region but extend the analysis into the VLF part also. An example of the waveform is given below. The
pulsed field with a frequency in this case with about 80 Hz is clearly seen, and in between these pulses a field in the
VLF range is seen. At the poster the FFT analysis will be presented.

Figure 1. Oscilloscope diagram of the current waveform. Recorded with a clamp-on amp meter on the ground return
cable during ordinary welding. Probe sensitivity 100 mV/A.

KEYWORDS:
pulsed welding, MIG, exposure, ICNIRP
6
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125
P-003

COMBINED PERSONAL EMF EXPOSURE INSIDE THE OFFICE BUILDINGS
IN THE WARSZAWA URBAN AREA

JOLANTA KARPOWICZ, KRZYSZTOF GRYZ, ARKADIUSZ LEWANDOWSKI

Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland

A lot of people live and work under combined exposure to EMF emitted by various sources. Investigation concerning
total exposure level to EMF from ELF and RF frequency ranges is very important for epidemiological studies,
especially when both components of exposure are weak.

METHODS
Presented investigations were done in 50 locations inside selected office buildings in the Warsaw urban area.
Measurements were done during spring-summer season and repeated in the same places during autumn-winter season.
A lot of parameters of exposure were measured: RMS values of electric and magnetic fields strength from different
frequency ranges (5 Hz - 3 GHz) and frequency spectrum of EMF. The results of measurements cover current values of
electric and magnetic field strength and registration (short-term and whole 8 hours shift).

RESULTS
The sources of EMF exposure in the investigated office rooms were electrical office appliances (mostly computer
hardware), electrical supplying installations of the buildings, RTV broadcasting stations and GSM/DCS base stations.
The results of frequency spectrum analysis show the contribution of each source into broadband RMS measurement
results.
The results of measurement and calculations of personal exposure factor and dose of workers will be show.

CONCLUSION
The results of investigations allow the estimation of personal exposure factor and dose in typical working environment
in offices located in the urban area. The above mentioned parameters of exposure can be calculated for total exposure
and as the fraction of each kind of exposure sources (ELF, RTV or base station component of total exposure).

The investigation were done as a part of the work supported by the State Committee for Scientific Research of Poland
and Polands Ministry of Economy, Labour and Social Policy under research project No. PCZ 15-21 A system of
shaping air quality in office buildings.

6
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126
P-004

AN INDIRECT EFFECT OF MICROWAVES, UNDER DIFFERENT EXPOSURE
CONDITIONS, TO MUTAGENESIS USING THE AMES TEST.

A. PERRIN
*
, C. BACHELET
*
, P. LEVQUE
**
, R. MALABIAU
***
AND J.C. DEBOUZY
*
.

*
Unit de Biophysique Cellulaire et Molculaire, CRSSA, BP 87, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France.
**
Institut de Recherche en Communication Optique et Microonde, CNRS UMR 6615, 87060 Limoges, France.

***
DGA/DCN/STSN/CTSN, BP28, 83800 TOULON - Naval, France.

We investigated the effect on the mutation level in Salmonella typhimurium of a combination of known
carcinogens with exposure to low electromagnetic fields using the Ames II
TM
assay. The latter is a short-term genetic
toxicity assay based on the use of specially selected strains of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria containing different
types of point mutations in the histidine operon. We studied the effect of both continuous and pulsed (217 MHz) 2.45
GHz electromagnetic fields.

The bacteria were exposed to the electromagnetic field, during both their growing phase (16 h) and during the
incubation time (90 min), in combination with the mutagen agent mixture (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, 125 ng/ml and 2-
nitrofluorene, 125 ng/ml). Different average SAR levels were used, the values were obtained by the Finite Difference
Time Domain numerical. Non exposed (sham) and exposed Ames assays were carried out simultaneously in two
identical Plexiglas incubators, at 37C. Atempts were made to measure the medium temperature with various methods.
The wave-guide antenna (rectangular horn) was placed, alternatively above one incubator and the other so to avoid cage
effects, at a distance that permitted far field exposure. Each assay corresponded to the repetition of the same culture
conditions in 22 wells and was reproducibly repeated at least 10 times.

Complementary experiments show that bacteria growth was not modified either during and just after exposure to
continuous or pulsed microwaves. Furthermore, in the absence of microwaves, the effect of temperature on the growth
and mutation level of the bacteria was investigated. We found that bacteria growth could be changed by a higher
incubation temperature, but the mutation level remained unaffected.

In a first series of assays, a significant but very low decrease in the number of mutations was observed when the
bacteria were exposed to pulsed microwaves. Further experiments were done and the statistical intra-experimental
variations have been analysed in detail.

A complete analysis of the data obtained at the different SAR levels led to the conclusion that under our
experimental conditions, the Salmonella typhimurium mutation level is not modified by exposure to either pulsed or
continuous 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields. This work provides an opportunity to discuss the methods, and analysis of
experimental results, on the effects of low level non-ionising radiation.

Research supported by the DGA (Direction Gnrale de lArmement).
6
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127
P-005

EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO PULSED MICROWAVES ON MOVEMENT INITIATION
IN RATS EXPOSED TO THE MITOCHONDRIAL TOXIN ROTENONE

R.L. SEAMAN
1
, S.M. FLEMING
2
, K. PROSOLOVITCH
2
, M.F. CHESSELET
2
, S.T. LU
1
, S.P. MATHUR
1
, C.D.
DICARLO
3
, A.S. GARCIA
1
, A.R. GRADO
3
, T.H. GARZA
1

1
McKesson BioServices at USAMRD, Brooks City-Base, Texas 78235 USA
2
Dept. of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA
3
US Army Medical Research Detachment, Brooks City-Base, Texas 78235 USA

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effect of microwave exposure on an animal model of mitochondrial toxicity using rotenone in the male
Lewis rat.

METHODS:
Rotenone was delivered at 2.0 mg/kg/day in a dimethylsulfoxide-polyethylene glycol vehicle by means of 2ML4 Alzet

osmotic minipumps (DURECT Corp., Cupertino, CA, USA) fitted with Teflon
flow modulators implanted

subcutaneously using aseptic technique under isoflurane anesthesia (rotenone animals). Vehicle-control animals were
identical except no rotenone was included (vehicle animals). Animals weighed 29233 g at surgery. They were exposed
without physical or chemical restraint to microwaves consisting of 1.25-GHz L-band radiation delivered as 6-s pulses
at 10 Hz with whole-body specific absorption rate of 0 (sham), 0.4, or 4 W/kg. Implanted minipumps did not
significantly change whole-body averaged SAR. Time to initiate movement toward home-cage litter was measured
6 days after surgery in 9-12 animals per condition after two microwave or sham exposures, one on each of post-op days
4 and 5, for each animal. Results were tested using ANOVA and post-hoc Newman-Keuls test for differences using
GB-STAT software (v5.4, Dynamic Microsystems, Silver Spring, MD, USA).

RESULTS:
Mean times for movement initiation (MI) of cage-control animals (no minipump or exposure) and sham-exposed
vehicle animals were 7.3 and 6.1 s, respectively, which were not different (2-sided t-test). ANOVA of MI times for
rotenone-microwave conditions showed a significant rotenone-microwave interaction [F(2,57) = 3.94, p = 0.02] with
the main effect of rotenone approaching significance [F(1,57) = 3.57, p = 0.06] but without a main effect of microwaves
[F(2,57) = 1.91, p = 0.16]. MI times of vehicle animals and rotenone animals exposed at either 0.4 or 4 W/kg were 5.7-
10.0 s and were not different among these conditions or from cage-control and sham-exposed MI times. However, the
MI time of 16.6 s for sham-exposed rotenone animals was significantly longer by 1.5-2.5 times than MI times for other
conditions.

CONCLUSIONS:
Results indicated that microwave exposure at 0.4 or 4 W/kg alone did not change MI time from control values. On the
other hand, initiation of movement was slowed significantly by the rotenone treatment, by an amount consistent with
previous observations in our laboratory. However, rotenone-treated animals that had also been exposed twice to pulsed
microwaves at 0.4 or 4 W/kg did not exhibit slower times in the MI test. This difference in MI times between non-
exposed and exposed rotenone animals indicated a possible interaction of rotenone and microwave actions on parts of
the central nervous system responsible for movement initiation.

Supported by US Army MRMC contract DAMD17-94-C-4069. Investigator(s) adhered to NIH "Guide for the Care and
Use of Laboratory Animals". The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and
should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision.
6
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128
P-006

GUARD PROJECT: CONTROLLED SET-UP FOR LOCALIZED EXPOSURE IN RATS

R. PINTO, L. ARDOINO, S. MANCINI, P. GALLONI, C. MARINO AND G.A. LOVISOLO

Section of Toxicology and biomedical sciences, ENEA, 00060 Roma

The exposure set-up for in vivo studies related to the effects on hearing function have been constructed for
localized exposure and characterized by numerical and experimental procedures in phantom and rats [1].The loop
antennas [2] have been built using the coplanar line technique on dielectric substrate; the line is terminated with a
rectangular loop printed on the substrate. A system of three arrays (Fig.1) of four loops (900 and 1800 MHz) for rats
local irradiation have been set up.

The exposure requires to constrain the animals in specific jigs to obtain and keep the desired SAR values in the
head. Each antenna is held perpendicular to the head surface over the ear of rats in contact with the external side of the
plastic jig, with a total distance from the cochlea system of about 8-10 mm (about 5 mm due to the plastic jig and about
5 mm due to the position of the cochlea with respect to the head surface).

The numerical dosimetry has been performed by an XFDTD code using a model of rat head with loop antenna
positioned at 5 mm from the head surface. The experimental dosimetry has been carried out on tissue-equivalent
phantom by power-pulse method measuring the increase of temperature. These data are then verified on rat cadaver.

The three arrays have been placed in a three levels rack and shielded by foam material to avoid interferences and
disturbances. A black box has been arranged to realize a blind procedure. The set ups are wholly computer controlled:
in this way the exposure parameters and the biological results will be linked only after the experiment is over and the
raw data are stored in the data base.

Fig. 1 Left: The wooden rack, foam panels and arrays. Right: the scheme of the three arrays.

REFERENCES
[1] COST 244bis, Workshop on exposure setups and their dosimetry, Zurich, 1999.
[2] Dulou PE et al, Characterisation of new loop antennas operating at 900 and 1800 MHz for head-only exposure of
rats and guinea pigs: experimental measurements and FDTD calculations. Proceedings of BEMS, p. 152, 1998.
*Partially financed by the European Project GUARD "Potential adverse effects of GSM cellular phones on hearing"
(VFP, QLK4-CT-2001-00150, 2002-2004)
6
th

129
P-007

A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES
AT ELF/LF FREQUENCIES.

B. BIANCO
A,B
, M. NERVI
C
, S. DI MARTINO
A
, E. MOGGIA
A
, S. GIORDANO
A
, P. GIRDINIO
B,C

a
Department of Biophysical and Electronic Engineering
b
Interuniversity Centre of Interactions between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems

c
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Genoa, via Opera Pia 11a ,16145 Genoa, Italy

A simple method for evaluating the electric field in different parts of cells modelled by four shells structures
(nucleus, nucleic membrane, cytoplasm, and cell membrane) is described [1,2]. The cells are contained into a Petri dish
that is placed inside an exposure system composed by two Helmholtz coils: the assumptions for the calculation of the
field inside it, before placing the holder and the cells, are extremely low or low frequencies (ELF/LF) and magnetic
induction approximated as locally uniform in the region between the coils. It is shown that the electric field resulting
from this approach is very close to the one obtained by means of a specific numerical code (based on the finite element
method) for the solution of Maxwell equations. Moreover, some general ideas for the design of e.m. exposure systems,
used to investigate in vitro biological effects at low frequencies, can be drawn out by this kind of analysis.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Bianco, A. Chiabrera, E. Moggia, T. Tommasi, Design of exposure systems for in vitro experiments and their
quality control, Proceedings of the COST 244: Biomedical Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, Athens 25-28, March
1995.
[2] S. Di Martino, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Genoa, Italy, 2001.
6
th

130
RF Power
Source
Dipol antenna
(RF Field)
Counterpoise
DC & LF
Current
Amplifier Envelope
detector
Loop antenna
(DC & LF Field)
P-008

TECHNICAL ASPECT OF EMF BIOMEDICAL EXPERIMENTS

PAWEL BIENKOWSKI, HUBERT TRZASKA

EM Environment Protection Lab, Tech. Univ. of Wroclaw, Poland

The paper presents a review of exposure systems used in research of interaction between electromagnetic field
(EMF) and living organisms. Typical systems ranging in frequency from static field to microwaves and simple methods
of exposure estimation are described.

Biomedical EMF experiments are conducted in two areas:
- research in EMF influence on metabolism of living organisms (conducted mainly on plants and animals exposed to
systems with different frequencies).
- estimation of EMF distribution and electromagnetic energy absorption in biological structures. The main parameter
used in these experiments is Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). Due to difficulties in direct measurements of SAR, it is
common to use numerical dosimetry. To examine real EMF distribution inside the object researchers use homogenous
phantom filled with a substance of which parameters are identical to average parameters of the analyzed tissue.

Exposure systems are different for different frequency ranges. Within low frequencies it is possible to make a
clear distinction between EMF components generated in the exposure systems. The sources of the magnetic field are
usually coils in different configurations (eg. single loop antenna or Helmholtz coils). The sources of the electric field
are plate condensers. For the radio waves (up to a few hundred MHz) exposure systems with line antennas and
segments of transmission lines especially TEM cells are used. To obtain high intensities of the EMF, the examined
object is placed the close to the antenna, in its near field. In such case, it is very difficult to estimate the intensity of the
field with analytical methods, due to the nature of the near field and interactions between the antenna and the object.
Therefore, the researchers apply numerical analysis and verify the results by use of the zero dimension near field
EMF sensor. In the microwaves range aperture antennas and wave guides are usually used as basic sources of EMF.
Described simple exposure systems no always are able to reproduce work conditions of EMF sources generating
complex field. The simple example of such source is a cellular phone or handheld terminal, which are the sources of RF
and low frequency magnetic field. Analysis based upon the Biot-Savart law, shows that a connection of a power source
with the power amplifier of a device generates quite strong H-field around it. The character of the field is proportional
to the current of the PA, i.e.: it is quasi-sinusoidal while AM in use, pulsed, for instance in the case of FDMA, or
constant in FM devices. A new exposure system designed by authors that makes it possible simultaneous exposure to
microwave radiation and to ELF H-field is presented on the figure below.

6
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131
P-009

ON THE ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORPTION FROM WHOLE BLOOD EXPOSED TO
THZ RADIATION

G. DINZEO
1
, M. DARIENZO
3
, A. DORIA
2
, G. P. GALLERANO
2
, E. GIOVENALE
2
, M. SARTI
3

1
ICEmB at Universit La Sapienza di Roma, DIE, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
2
ENEA FIS-ACC, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
3
ICEmB at CNR-IREA, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy

The interaction of THz radiation (100 GHz-20 THz) with biological systems is one of the objectives of the EU funded
project THz-BRIDGE. Only a limited amount of data is presently available in the literature and a considerable amount
of work is underway to fill in this gap.
In this study the absorption of whole blood at THz frequencies is presented. The volume backscattering model has been
implemented to obtain the absorption of whole blood and has been compared to experimental data obtained at ENEA
Lab in Frascati (Italy). The absorption measurements and data obtained from the model have been analysed at a
frequency of 120 GHz for saline solution, serum and whole blood. Two different temperatures have been considered:
37C and 18C, at a salinity of 8 p.p.t. and Hematocrit value of 45%. The temperature of 37 C is that considered for
whole blood in the Gabriel model [1], while 18 C is the room temperature at the ENEA-Lab.

THE METHODS
We have performed a first study, based on developing a volume backscattering model capable to describe the
absorption of whole blood. Within such a study two main issues need to be underlined: the need to use a volume
scattering approach to better model the absorption and the need to use a model of permittivity of water and whole blood.
A well-known permittivity model of water and whole blood, based on the Debye and Cole-Cole relaxation formulas for
water and whole blood respectively, has been implemented. In the literature the model of water permittivity is function
of frequency, temperature and salinity, while the model of whole blood permittivity at 37C is only function of
frequency. In this study, we have considered the whole blood as a mixture consisting of red blood cells randomly
dispersed within the host material (plasma), and we have assumed that the dimensions of the inclusions are much
smaller than the wavelength of the radiation propagating in the mixture medium. Moreover, we have considered the
permittivity of whole blood depending on temperature that is mainly function of the water content in whole blood. Two
kinds of mixtures have been considered where the inclusions are circular discs and spheres, all of identical shape, size
and volume.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The proposed model for the permittivity of whole blood may be a useful instrument which, allowing to set some
parameters such as: frequency, temperature, salinity and number of erythrocytes, better simulates the actual situation.
Moreover, by comparing the absorption measurements and the model results, it appears that the absorption strongly
depends on the temperature.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been carried out with financial support from the Commission of the European Communities, specific
RTD programme "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources", QLK4-CT2000-00129 "Tera-Hertz Radiation
In Biological Research, Investigation on Diagnostics and study on potential Genotoxic Effects".

REFERENCES
[1] C. Gabirel, S. Gabriel, Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave
Frequencies. Air Force Report AL/OE-TR-1996-0037. http://niremf.iroe.fi.cnr.it/docs/DIELECTRIC/Report.html
6
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132
P-010

LOW COST EXPOSURE SET-UP FOR RF BIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS
*

S. MOLFETTA, F. APOLLONIO, M. LIBERTI, AND G. DINZEO


The Italian Interuniversity Centre for the Study of Interaction between Electromagnetic fields and Biosystems (ICEmB)
is involved in the European Fifth Framework RAMP2001 project. Several units of ICEmB are supposed to carry out
experimental activity on biological effects of mobile electromagnetic fields (GSM900, GSM1800 and UMTS), therefore
the necessity of a portable, versatile, low cost exposure set-up has arisen. Beside these general requirements, specific
restrains for GLP standard as reliability, accurate control and monitoring of the EM dose provided to the biological
sample, possibility to investigate below and above the actually safety guidelines limits have been taken into account [1].
The design of the exposure set-up has been based on the following characteristics.
Frequency range: 800-2500 MHz. This range permits the study of biological effects for Mobile Communications,
Wireless LAN, ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) and Bluetooth applications.
Signal modulation: amplitude and frequency modulation according to GSM and UMTS standards (TDMA, CDMA,
GMSK).
Output power range: 200 W- 5 W. This range has been chosen for exposure of biological samples to SAR values
between 400 W/kg and 10 W/kg considering an exposure system with good efficiency.
Automation: generation (power, frequency and modulation) and control EM signal amplitude based on power
measurement feedback.
Low cost and portability.
An overview of the entire set-up is showed in Fig. 1, the system has been implemented and tested.

Fig. 1 Schematic of the automatic set-up.

REFERENCE
[1] N. Kuster and F. Schonborn, COST244bis Project: Forum on future European research on mobile communication
and health, 1999, Bordeaux, France p. 53.
*This work

was supported in part by the Ministry of University, Technology and Scientific Research (AdP
MURST/ENEA-CRN) and by the European Union, V Frame-Work under the RAMP2001 Project.
OSCILLATOR
ATTENUATOR
AMPLIFIER
BI-DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER
GPIB
CONTROLLER
DAQ
(PCMCIA)
V/I
USB
PORT
8
b
i
t
POWER
METER
G
P
I
B
EXPOSURE
SYSTEM # 1
CONTROL FOR
BLIND
EXPERIMENTS
EXPOSURE
SYSTEM # 2
OSCILLATOR
ATTENUATOR
AMPLIFIER
BI-DIRECTIONAL
COUPLER
GPIB
CONTROLLER
DAQ
(PCMCIA)
V/I
USB
PORT
8
b
i
t
POWER
METER
G
P
I
B
EXPOSURE
SYSTEM # 1
CONTROL FOR
BLIND
EXPERIMENTS
EXPOSURE
SYSTEM # 2
6
th

133
P-011

IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMERCIAL FEM SOFTWARE TO PREDICTION OF THE
EMF INDIRECT HAZARDS

GRYZ K., ZRADZISKI P., KARPOWICZ J.

Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

The paper will present the results of numerical calculation concerning the modeling of EMF indirect hazards
level. Simulations were done with finite element method (FEM) commercial software. The different objects receiving
electromagnetic fields (EMF) energy were modeled. The discussion on the possibility of practical implementation of
this kind of software will present.

The studies were conducted under the National Programme "Adaptation of working conditions in Poland to EU
standards".

6
th

134
P-012

SAR ANALYSIS OF RADIO WAVE IN
THE HUMAN EYES

MASAHIRO HANAZAWA, KANA WAKE, SOUICHI WATANABE AND YUKIO YAMANAKA


Recently, a millimeter radio wave is being utilized for commercially available systems such as a wireless LAN
(Local Area Network), automobile radar and the other applications. Therefore the study of the power absorption in the
human body and corresponding biological effects becomes important. The object of this study was the investigated of
SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) distribution of human eye produced by exposure in the frequency rang at 1 GHz, 10
GHz and 60 GHz theoretically.

The distribution is analyzed by Mie theory [1]. The calculated model is lossy dielectric sphere with diameter of 2
cm (Ref. Fig.1(a)). Moreover a dielectric constant and a conductivity of each frequency are set, respectively [2]. Figure
1 (b) indicated calculated result of SAR distribution.

As a result, it is confirmed that the peak SAR of 60 GHz is larger than ten times them of 10 GHz and 1 GHz.
Furthermore, it is shown that the peak SAR of 60 GHz exits on surface of eye and the SAR rapidly decays with
decrease z. We plane in near future measure dielectric constant and conductivity of human eyes at 60 GHz and
reexamine SAR distribution of multi layer model, theoretically.

Fig 1. Calculate model and results of SAR distribution

REFERENCES
[1] J. Stratton Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill Co,.pp.563-573, (1941).
[2] IROE web site (http://niremf.iroe.fi.cnr.it/tissprop/).

(a) Calculate model. (b) SAR distribution on z-axis.
6
th

135
P-013

METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF THE EXPOSURE TO NON-IONIZING RADIATION
ON PERSONNEL IN PHYSIOTHERAPY

M. ISRAEL, P. TCHOBANOFF

National Center of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Sofia, Bulgaria

There is a variety of sources of non-ionizing radation (NIR) in physiotherapy: pulsed magnets, dArsonval
devices, devices for UHF and microwave therapy, optical sources (UV, IR and visible), lasers. That is the reason for the
difficulties to make precise exposure assessment on the workplaces. Most of the sources emit levels of radiation above
the exposure limits. The best evaluation requires individual exposure assessment. We developed a method for individual
exposure assessment of the NIR exposure to the medical personnel in physiotherapy, and we used it in practice. All
measurements have been made with different measuring apparatuses using nonselective method of measurement. The
frequency range from 20 Hz up to 40 GHz, as well wavelengths from 200 nm up to 5 m were covered measuring the
field strengths and/or power density depending on the exposure limits. We used a numerical method for calculating
SAR values on the basis of the measured values in different distances from the source of radiofrequency and microwave
radiation, connected to the possibility to find the whole body values of SAR depending on the wavelength. The
evaluation of the exposure to optical radiation was made depending on the measuring values of the power density using
different filters for separate frequency ranges. Scenario method and time duration measurements were made for
evaluating the real time of working in conditions to different NIR exposure. Individual exposure was calculated on the
basis of SAR values (radiofrequency and microwaves), and power density (optical radiation), using the data of the real
time duration of exposure. The exposure estimation was made using the sum of the weighted fieldstrengths squares. The
weights were calculated by the time duration of the exposure, frequency of occurrence near the emitter, and the
frequency of the radiation.

6
th

136
P-014

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF AN IRRADIATION CHAMBER USED FOR IN VITRO
PROTEIN STUDIES AT 900 MHZ

KARI JOKELA, TIM TOIVO, ARI-PEKKA SIHVONEN

STUK, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, PO Box 14, FIN-00881
Helsinki, Finland

This presentation describes the thermal dosimetry for the water-cooled waveguide irradiation chamber employed
in the protein study of Leszczynski et al. (Differentiation 70:120129).

Cells were irradiated with a GSM type radio-frequency radiation at 900 MHz in a specially developed exposure
system, based on the use of a high Q waveguide resonator operating in TE10 mode. The waveguide resonator was
placed vertically inside a cell culture incubator with two 50 mm-diameter glass Petri dishes inserted so that the E-field
vector was parallel to the plane of the culture medium. Cooling water was circulated through a thin (thickness of 8 mm)
rectangular glass-fiber waterbed underneath the Petri dishes. The heat absorbed to the water was removed with a heat
exchanger plate to the air or wall of the incubator. The temperature increase and SAR was measured in the culture
medium with a thermistor probe (Vitek). The distribution of the temperatureincrease was also computed with
conventional 2 D heat transfer equations.

During irradiations the maximum SAR was 2.0 W/kg in the middle of the dish. SAR decreased toward the
periphery being about half of the maximum at the distance of half radius. The corresponding temperature increase is
shown in Fig. 1. The temperature increases during irradiations up to maximum value of about 0.4
o
C. The radial
distribution is smoother than the SAR distribution alone would indicate, which is due to the heating of the cooling
water. When the exchanger plate is in good contact with the wall of the incubator, maximum temperature increase is
approximately 0.25
o
C.

Figure 1. Temperature increase in the cell (bottom) layer as a function of radial distance with the irradiation time as a
parameter. The maximum protein irradiation time was 60 min.

6
th

137
P-015

IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT OF THE AMMUNITION-BOOTS ADOPTED BY THE
HUNGARIAN ARMY IN THE 10 HZ-13 MHZ FREQUENCY BAND

ERVIN JOO, ANDRAS SZASZ

Szent Istvn University, Institute of Machinery
Research Group for Modelling of Processed Plant Structures

OBJECTIVE
Military personnel can encounter many sources of electromagnetic (EM) energy (e.g. radiolocators, relay transmitters).
There is a significant energy absorption (SAR) in the human body exposed to the mentioned sources. If the radiation is
vertically polarized electric (E) waves, it is pointed out that in the region of 70 MHz in ungrounded condition (and
about 35 MHz in grounded condition) we can notice the effect of whole body resonance. For this reason the
international and national standards and guidelines suggest the strictest limits to the mentioned frequencies. For these
conditions the guidelines also indicate the maximal value of the induced current for human limbs usable to project the
maximal value of the local SAR. Sometimes it is difficult to apply the guidelines because the grounding conditions are
not clearly defined and the measurement of the induced current is not well established. The aim of this paper is to
examine if it is better to measure the currents in the arms or in the legs to characterize the maximal value of the local
SAR for exposed operators and maintenance staff.

METHOD
If the impedance of the wrist-ground connection (on range of MHz frequencies) is smaller than the foot-ground
connection, the bigger current density would appear in the wrist in case of touching grounded objects. For this reason
we examined the electrical properties of rubber-soled ammunition-boots adopted by the Hungarian Army with lining,
without lining, and with wet sole. We measured the impedance with a HP4192A LF Impedance Analyzer between 10
Hz-13 MHz.

The impedance is almost fully capacitive and is not a short circuit at range of MHz frequencies (at 13 MHz is approx. 1
k). Therefore we could determine the current flowing from the body to the ground on a prefabricated galvanic contact
which is suitable to measure the induced current (worst case situation). Thus we could eliminate the problems raised
from the quality of the contact conditions and the calibration in an easier way.

REFERENCES
1. British Standard (1995) Human exposure to electromagnetic fields High frequency (10 kHz to 300 GHz), DD ENV
50166-2:1995.
2. ICNIRP Guidelines (1998) Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic
fields (up to 300 GHz), Health Physics, Volume 74, 4:494-522.
3. Watanbe, S.; Nakamoto, Y.; Yamanaka, Y.; Taki, M.; Takahasi, M. (2000) A Study on the Calibration Method of
Foot Current Meters, BEMS 22
th
Annual Meeting (Technical University Munich, Germany) 228-229.
4. Wiln J., Mild K.H., Pausson L-E., Anger G., (2001) Induced current measurements in whole body exposure
condition to radio frequency electric fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 560-567.
6
th

138
P-016

HUMAN BODY IMPEDANCE FOR CONTACT CURRENT MEASUREMENT

KAMIMURA Y
1
, SHOJI M
1
, YAMADA Y
1
, WATANABE S
2
AND YAMANAKA Y
2

1
Dept. of Information Science, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
2
Communications Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan

The radio-frequency protection guidelines of Japan recommend the limits of contact current for contact hazard
due to an ungrounded metallic object under an electro-magnetic field in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 15 MHz.
To arrange the standard measurement methods of contact current in Japan, the contact body impedance for Japanese in
the frequency range from 75 kHz to 10 MHz is obtained, and the simplified equivalent circuit is determined using
nonlinear least squares method. In addition, the human body impedance is obtained from numerical simulation using the
impedance method and voxel human model, and compared with measured one.
100
1000
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
f [MHz]
|
Z
|

[
o
h
m
]
Measure Circuit
Simulate Ref[1]

Fig. 1 Contact body impedance for grasping.
Finger
Grasp
10nF
5.7nF
100nF 47
66
250
133

Fig. 2 Simplified equivalent circuit for contact body impedance (75 kHz 10 MHz)

REFERENCES
1. Kanai H, Chatterjee I, Gandhi O.P. Human body impedance for electromagnetic hazard analysis in the VLF to MF
band. IEEE MTT-32, 1984, 8: 763-771.
2. Kamimura Y, Shimizu T, Yamada Y, Watanabe S, Yamanaka Y. Human body impedance for contact hazard analysis
in the LF to HF band. Proc. of EBEA 2001, Helsinki, Finland: 326-327.
6
th

139
P-017

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE OF A CARDIAC
PACEMAKER IN REALISTIC VOXEL MODELS OF JAPANESE ADULT MALE AND
FEMALE

RYO KUMAHARA
1,2
, SHOJI MOCHIZUKI
1,2
, SOICHI WATANABE
2
,
MASAHIRO HANAZAWA
2
, YUKIO YAMANAKA
2
, AND HIROSHI SHIRAI
1

1
Chuo University,
2

With widely use of mobile telephones, it is concerned that interference(EMI) occurs in implanted cardiac
pacemakers. EMI of a cardiac pacemaker in a homogeneous saline water phantom has been measured and a guideline
has been issues. However, an actual pacemaker exists in a complex human-body that consists of various internal organs.
Lung and trachea have particularly quite different electrical properties from other high-water-content tissues, e.g.,
muscle and heart.

It has been numerically examined that EMI of a pacemaker within European-American realistic voxel model
agree with EMI estimated with the rectangular phantom[1]. Typical Asian Japanese, however, have different height and
weight. Moreover EMI for a case of females has not been investigated yet, although there are many differences in shape
and internal structure between a male and a female. In this study, we calculate EMI level, open-voltage of a connector,
of the pacemakers within realistic voxel models of Japanese adult male and female (Ref. Fig.1)[2] by FDTD method.
Figure 2 shows the calculation results of Japanese models, European-American model[1], and the rectangular model.

It is shown that the induced voltage at the connector of pacemaker in European- American voxel model is
higher than those in Japanese models. Moreover, it is shown that the voltage for the Japanese male model is higher than
that for Japanese female model. Furthermore, the voltage for the homogeneous rectangular model is higher than those of
human models. Consequently, the rectangular model provides the most safety estimation.

1782mm 16O8mm
Japanoso Ma!o Japanoso loma!o

10
100
1000
10 100
O
p
e
n
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

V
o

a
t

c
o
n
n
e
c
t
o
r

[
m
V
]
Distance between the antenna and torso surface [mm]
Japanese Male
Japanese Female
European-American
Rectangular

Fig.1 Realistic voxel models. Fig.2 Calculated open-voltage at the connector
of a pacemaker.
REFERENCES
[1] T. Ohshima et al, IEICE, B-4-75, pp.399, Mar. 2001(in Japanese).
[2] T. Nagaoka et al, Trans. Japanese S. Medi. Bio. Engineering, 40-4, 239/246, Nov. 2002.
6
th

140
P-018

MOBILE PHONE RADIATION EFFECT ON LEMNA MINOR

KRESIMIR MALARIC
(1)
, MIRTA TKALEC
(2)
, ZELJKA VIDAKOVIC-CIFREK
(2)

(1)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia,
(2)
Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Rooseveltov Trg 6, HR-1000, Zagreb, Croatia

Biomedical experiments have been intensified lately due to the increased use of mobile phones, which have spread
rapidly [1,2]. Organic material can be heated by high power field generated by mobile phone in the range from 0.15
mW to 2 W. This could raise the temperature of the nearby cells from 0.1 to 1 C. The GTEM-cell can be used to study
the effect of EMF on Lemna minor growth as well as on the peroxidase [3,4].

GTEM-cell (Fig.1.) is a transmission structure based on a TEM-cell approach [5]. The TEM mode excited by either a
continuous wave source or a pulse generator simulates an incident plane wave for immunity and emission tests.

Fig. 1. GTEM-cell Fig 2. The growth of Lemna minor

Lemna minor is the simple aquatic plant widely used as a test organism for environmental monitoring. Plants
were exposed in the GTEM cell to the fields of 400 and 900 MHz and strengths of 23 and 41 V/m for two and four
hours and also to the modulated field (80% AM 1 kHz sine).

The electric field at frequency of 900 MHz (Fig. 2.) with strength of 23 V/m significantly decreased the growth
of Lemna minor from day 5 till the end of the experiment in comparison with the control. Longer exposure to the same
field did not have more inhibitory effect while stronger field (41 V/m) inhibited the growth stronger just at the
beginning. Modulated field caused strong inhibition of growth during the whole experiment.

REFERENCES
[1] J.C. Lin, "Microwave exposure and safety associated with personal wireless telecommunication base stations", IEEE
Microwave magazine, September 2002.
[2] M. Netzer, "Does radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) cause cancer?", ITEM Update, 2000.
[3] 6 J.L. Peters, F.J. Castillo and R.L. Heath, "Alteration of extracellular enzymes in pinto bean leaves upon exposure
to air pollutants, ozone and sulfur dioxide", Plant Physiol. 89, pp. 159-164, 1988.
[4] M. Mder, P. Mnch and M. Bopp, "Regulation und Bedeutung der Peroxidase-Musternderungen in
sprossdifferenzierenden Kallus Kulturen von Nicotiana tabacum L. ", Planta (Berl.) 123, pp. 257-265, 1975.
[5] D. Koenigstein and D.Hansen, "A New Family of TEM-Cells with Enlarged Bandwidth and Optimized Working
Volume", 7th Zurich Symp. and Techn. Exh. on EMC, Proc. pp. 172-132, March 1987.
frequency of 900 MHz
40
60
80
100
120
3 5 8 10 12 14
days
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

p
l
a
n
t

n
u
m
b
e
r
a
s

%

o
f

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
23 V/m, 2 hours
41 V/m, 2 hours
23 V/m, 4 hours
23 V/m with modulation
B

Power input

50

Septum

Plant

Absorber

6
th

141
P-019

SAR PROFILING OF GSM BASE STATION ANTENNAS FOR COMPARISON TO BASIC
RESTRICTION EXPOSURE GUIDELINES

FJC MEYER AND M VAN WYK.

EM Software and Systems-S.A., EMSS Building, 32 Techno Avenue, Technopark, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa.

KEYWORDS: Numerical Dosimetry, SAR, Basic Restrictions, Base Station Exposure, Finite Element Method,
Method of Moments.

OBJECTIVES: Spatial peak and whole-body-averaged SAR assessment in the human body in close proximity to base
station antennas is of importance for the assessment of occupational compliance to international exposure guidelines
and standards. Our goal is to accurately calculate, using numerical simulation techniques, the three-dimensional (3D)
SAR profile around a typical base station antenna used in GSM networks for the purpose of comparing this to basic
restrictions. This would yield a realistic and accurate occupational exposure compliance zone around a base station
antenna. In this presentation we focus on the first step on route to the calculation of 3D SAR profiling. We compare
numerical results obtained with a generic base station / human phantom with measurements and discuss what level of
detail needs to be included in the numerical models to ensure good agreement.

METHOD: A hybrid Finite Element Method (FEM) / Method of Moments (MoM) has been implemented and used for
the numerical dosimetry. The main advantage of the hybrid FEM/MoM compared to the popular FDTD technique is the
efficiency with which the large free space region around the base station antenna can be modeled. Another advantage is
the accuracy with which the MoM can model the geometric detail associated with curved metallic surfaces and wires on
the base station antenna. This proves to be of critical importance with the human phantom in very close proximity to the
antenna. A generic base station antenna, operational in the GSM900 band, was designed and manufactured and used
together with an upper body generic human phantom (equivalent muscle tissue) for the measurements.

RESULTS: Validation of the successful implementation of the hybrid FEM/MoM has been shown on previous
occasions. The goal here was to confirm that the models developed are sufficient to accurately predict the SAR inside a
generic human phantom from a six-element dipole array with reflector (generic base station antenna). The results
obtained showed good agreement with measurements if the base station antenna is more than 50cm away from the
phantom. With the phantom less than 30cm away from the antenna dipoles, the input impedances of the dipoles are
significantly changed. This causes a disturbance in the feed network (the feed structure has been designed for operation
of the antenna in free space). The altered input impedances can be used to re-calculate the actual feed distribution. The
modified feed distribution is then used as excitation in the numerical modeling and then the results are in excellent
agreement with measurements.

CONCLUSIONS: The investigation performed showed that the hybrid FEM/MoM technique can be used for accurate
prediction of fields inside human phantoms exposed to base station antennas. When the phantom is less than 30cm away
from an antenna, its presence changes the input impedances of the dipole array, which results in a non-symmetric feed
distribution on the dipoles. This must be taken into account with numerical modeling to ensure accurate SAR
predictions in the very near field of the antenna.
6
th

142
P-020

USE OF HOMOGENEOUS LOSSY DIELECTRIC SPHERE MODEL
FOR COMPARISON OF CONTINUOUS AND DIGITAL MODULATED
RADIOFREQUENCY FIELD DEPOSITION INSIDE BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS

SIMONA MICLAUS, PAUL BECHET, STEFAN DEMETER

Army Academy, 3-5 Revolutiei St., 2400 Sibiu, Romania
E-mail: s.miclaus@personal.ro

BACKGROUND:
Our former findings, using simple planar unilayered and multilayered models of biological objects exposed to RF fields,
showed that differences between modulated and continuous signals power absorption may appear, in certain conditions
[1]. The basic energetic explanation of transmission peculiarities inside biological media needs extension, by using
tridimensional models.

OBJECTIVE:
Computation of SAR inside a homogeneous sphere, containing human tissue material, when it is irradiated by digital
modulated RF fields (ASK amplitude shift keying, FSK frequency shift keying and DFM discrete frequency
modulation) and comparison with the case when it is irradiated by continuous wave (CW). Influence of the geometry of
the model (planar, spherical) on the power deposition of the same signal type is followed.

METHOD:
Implementation of Mie theory equations [2] into computer program allows the calculation of the transmitted field inside
the sphere. Local SAR for the modulated signals are calculated, by superposition of the Fourier components of the
transmitted spectra.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
At the moment of abstract submission, the calculations are not completed. However, taking into account our previous
results on planar models (fig.1), we expect for differences in propagation of various excitatory signals.

REFERENCES:
1. Bechet P., Miclaus S., Demeter
S., Popa M., Bora M., Continuous
and Digital Modulated
Radiofrequency Fields Propagation
in Planar Biological Models,
Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE
International Symposium on EMC,
Istanbul, Turkey, 11-16 May 2003.
2. Wiscombe W.J., Mie scattering
Calculations: Advances in
Technique and Fast, Vector-Speed
Computer Codes,
NCAR/TN140+TR, NCAR
Technical Note - 1979, revised
August 1996.

Fig.1 - ln(SAR) in the muscle layer (thin case), for an ASK
signal (dash line), for the CW (continuous line), for FSK
signal (dot line) and for DFM signal (dash-dot line) [1].
6
th

143
P-021

GUARD: TEMPERATURE IMAGING OF CELLULAR PHONES AND HUMAN HEAD
SURFACE BY INFRARED THERMO CAMERA MEASUREMENT

B. F. MOLNR, E. RAHNE, J. BAKOS, GY. THURCZY

6
th

144
P-022

E-FIELD PROBES FABRICATED BY THICK FILM METHOD

BLA SZENTPLI*, VO VAN TUYEN
+
AND GYRGY THURCZY
+

*
Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science Budapest, P.O.B. 49,
H-1525, Hungary,
phone: +36 1 3922685, fax: +36 1 2235, szentpa@mfa.kfki.hu
+
National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary

The ideas of the design of miniature E-field probes were the isotropy and the small size: 7 and 4 mm for the two
versions. The triangular arrangement of the three dipoles was applied because of its symmetry that ensures excellent
isotropy. A further advantage of this choice is that only one type of elementary probes should be fabricated.

The probe was fabricated by thick film technology on a thin polyester substrate (125 m .)The detectors are zero
bias diodes. The individual probes are 6, or 3 mm wide strips. The dipoles are silver printed. The dipoles are contacted
by small highly resistive patches printed perpendicular to them. The resistive lines between these resistors and the
amplifier (about 100 kOhms) are printed from carbon paste. The half-lengths of the dipoles are 3, or 1.5 mm. This value
results in physically and electrically short antennas with reasonable sensitivity. (In the case of the wider probe 0.22
mV/(V/m), or 14 mV/(mW/cm
2
) at the diode.) The printed circuit is covered by isolating foil. The three individual parts
are bend together at the long edges forming the triangular isotropic arrangement and fixed by a shrinking plastic. This
construction is self-sustaining, so no any holder and outer tube are necessary. However the rigidity of the device can be
increased by an outer plexiglass tube, which leaves free a few cm long part of the probe after its peak. The lengths of
the probes are variable within very wide limits. The usual value is 30 cm, so it covers well the dimensions of the head
phantoms. Even very short (~2cm) probes can be built with flexible leading-out, or inversely the length can be even in
the m region. The inner part of the probe is empty; the jelly of the phantom penetrates into this hole for minimizing the
dielectric scattering.

The SAR sensitivity of the wider probes are listed in the table:

Phantom liquid 900 MHz 1800 MHz
Density, (kg/m
3
) 1279 1230
Conductivity, (S/m) 0.79 2.0
Relative permitivity,
r
41.3 44.6
SAR sensitivity mV/(W/kg) 19.25 9.4

The SAR sensitivity in the 1800 MHz phantom is about the half of that measured in the 900 MHz liquid. The
reason is the higher conductivity of the 1800 MHz material. The other parameters, including the probe sensitivity do not
change drastically. As the SAR value is proportional with the conductivity, so approximately the same SAR value is
occurred by half so great E
2
in the 1800 MHz liquid. The absolute sensitivity is more than enough for dosimetry. Even
if the absorbed power is in the range 1-2 W/kg the detectors are in the saturation regime. Therefore it is advisable to
make the investigations with attenuated power levels. This is advantageous also from the point of thermal stability and
avoiding the turbulence in phantom liquid occurred by the heating. The expected SAR sensitivity of the 4.5 mm probe is
about the half of the above values.

This work was partly supported by the EU under the contract GUARD.
6
th

145
P-023

THE CALIBRATION OF MINIATURE E-FIELD PROBES

BLA SZENTPLI*, GYRGY THURCZY+

*
Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science Budapest,
P.O.B. 49, H-1525, Hungary, phone: +36 1 3922685, fax: +36 1 2235, szentpa@mfa.kfki.hu
+
National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary

The miniature E-field probes are widely used in phantoms and the results are related to the absorbed
electromagnetic power in the human body. Their calibration consists of the measurement of the absolute sensitivity and
the directional pattern of the reception.

Two calibration methods are known: calibration in rectangular waveguide or in TEM cell and calibration in free
space (or in phantom) in the computed field of an (dipole) antenna.

Hill published the first method. He used slotted rectangular waveguide in which the dipole of the probe was
positioned parallel to the electric field. This method can not serve any information on the directivity of the probe. The
calibration is possible only at frequencies which fall into the passband of the waveguide. The ETH group published two
subsequent papers on the second method. This broadband calibration technique needs several different apparatuses, as
waveguide, TEM cell and radiating dipole antenna rotated relative to the probe. It should be noted here, that the probe is
in the computed field of the radiating dipole, this field is not checked directly. The directivity of isotropic probes was
investigated at different frequencies between 30 and 900 MHz. The frequency dependencies of the directional patterns
were negligible.

The method presented here belongs to the first group, to the waveguide techniques, therefore it is more direct,
and it does not refer to any computer model. The homogeneity of the E-field in the central region of the TE
11
mode in
cylindrical waveguide is utilized, and this field and the probe are rotated relative to each others along three orthogonal
axes. The absolute sensitivity of the detectors can be measured in the same cylindrical waveguide too. Of course the
frequency dependencies can be investigated only within the bandwidth of the TE
11
mode. As follows from the theory
the field is rather uniform in the central part of the cylindrical waveguide. The maximum no uniformities are listed in
the table:

region Max. difference in E Max. difference in
[degree]
r 0.1*R
0
1.27% 0.24
r 0.2*R
0
5% 0.98

The realized calibrating set-up has been built from an aluminum tube with 218 mm inner diameter. The
measurements are performed in the uplink region of the GSM: 880 MHz-915 MHz. Here the waveguide works in the
T
11
mode and the accuracy of the field is within 1% in a central region of about 2 cm, which is much more than the size
of the probe (7 mm).

These field distributions were also checked experimentally by one-dimensional probes. The absolute value of the
electric field is derived from the power feed into the waveguide.

The measured and calculated distributions and the calibration curves will be shown in the poster.

The authors wish to thank the laboratory assistance of Mr. Gergely Rpssy. This work was partly supported by
the EU under the contract GUARD.
6
th

146
P-024

GUARD PROJECT: HUMAN EXPOSURE SYSTEM AND RF DOSIMETRY

B. F. MOLNR, GY. THURCZY

National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, H-1775 Budapest, POB.101., Hungary

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of GUARD is to assess potential changes of the hearing function of animals and humans after exposure to low-
intensity electromagnetic fields produced by cellular phones at frequencies of 900 and 1800 MHz before and after
exposure to GSM fields.

SELECTION OF THE PHONE:
The Nokia 6310 mobile phone provides all the needed requirements. The phone has integrated antenna, external
antenna connection, dual band, low weight, available PC connection for external PC control, it is widely used type in
Europe, it is commercially available in the market, it is a relatively recent model. Using a phone with integrated
antenna, the SAR distribution might be symmetrical independently from the location on the side of the head (i.e.
examining the left or right ear). The exposure system was developed also with the assistance of Dr. Sakari Lang from
the Nokia Research Center in Helsinki.

RF POWER MEASUREMENTS:
The phones will be measured before and after the whole human experimental series. Before the distribution of the
phones and a PC control systems to 6 laboratories the NIRR and ENEA measured the power of the phones using the
external RF output. The aim of this measurement was to compare the power output of the selected phones. The results
show that the phones have the same output power within at each power level provided by the software and the GSM
system.

LONG-TERM RF POWER OUTPUT STABILITY OF THE PHONES:
According to the human experimental protocol the phones must emit the same RF power during the exposure period.
The long term measurement was made by PC data acquisition of the output power during the lifetime of the battery. The
RF power uncertainty of the phone during the whole lifetime was below 1 % using the highest peak power level at 900
MHz, 2W, 1800 MHz, 1W respectively. In the first 10 minutes the uncertainty was below 0,4%.

POSITIONING SYSTEM:
In order to develop a comfortable holder, a system of phone fixation have been designed with a possibility of freely
moving of the subjects head. The design of the positioning system followed the following requirements: comfortable for
the subjects under investigation, repeatable positioning, free positioning of the phone in any directions, adjustable
positioning to the different head sizes of the subjects, good fixation after the position, easy handling, no perturbation of
the radiofrequency field and light.

SHAM EXPOSURE AND RF DOSIMETRY:
Surface scanning of RF E-field over the phone was performed by automatic three-axis positioning table system. RF
loads were designed connected to the phone external antenna output for the sham exposure. The same size and shape
dummy load was also designed in order to provide the double-blind requirements. The SAR measurements were made
in CENELEC liquid phantom using the touch position of the phone. No radiated RF fields were measured using the
RF load connected to the external antenna output. The SAR measurements were performed with and without modelling
the ear tube in the liquid phantom.

*This study was partially financed by the European Project GUARD "Potential adverse effects of GSM cellular phones
on hearing" (European Commission, 5
th
Framework Programme, QLK4-CT-2001-00150, 2002-2004)

6
th

147
P-025

DEVELOPMENT OF NEAR-FIELD HEAD EXPOSURE SYSTEM FOR CRANIAL-
WINDOW RATS

H. WATANABE
1,2
, K. WAKE
1
, M. HANAZAWA
1
, S. WATANABE
1
, Y. YAMANAKA
1
,
T. UNO
2
, AND M. TAKI
3

1
Communications Research Laboratory,

2
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,

3
Tokyo Metropolitan University
2
Nukuikitamachi 4-2-1, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan

There have been great concerns of the general public about the possible health effects of exposure to microwaves
(MWs) from cellular telephones. To simulate the biological effects caused by the MWs, the energy absorption should be
focused within the head region of laboratory animals. With many previous in vivo experiments, biological effects were
evaluated after MW exposure followed by scarification of the exposed animals. New system that allows us to observe
brain microcirculation in alive rats with cranial window [1] under the near-field exposure will be helpful to investigate
possible health effects of MWs. The purpose of this study is to develop new exposure system to achieve highly
localized exposure to brain and to provide real-time observation. Exposure conditions are required to be well focused to
the observed area (brain) and homogeneous within the observed area.

A loop antenna with 8 figure placed horizontally above the rats head was proposed. Specific absorption rate
(SAR) inside the rat were analyzed by the FDTD method with scattered-field formulation. In the calculation, the new
antenna was approximated by a couple of infinitesimal magnetic dipoles. The antenna was chosen considering both
localizability and homogeneity of SAR to the observed area (Ref. Fig.1). SAR distributions on the surface and vertical
plane of rat brain were shown in Fig 2.

[1] Masuda et al., presented in 6
th
International Congress of EBEA 2003.

5mm
10mm
section 1
section 2
Cranial Window
antenna

section 1 section 2
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

S
A
R

[
W
/
k
g
]
0
1

Fig.1 Rat and antenna model. Fig.2 SAR distributions of rat brain.

6
th

148
P-026

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SAR MEASUREMENT FOR BODY-WORN
WIRELESS TERMINALS

SOICHI WATANABE
1
, KAORI FUKUNAGA
1
, YUKIO YAMANAKA
1
, KENICHI SATO
2
, YUKIHIRO MIYOTA
2
,
MASASHI TAKABE
2
, HIROYUKI ASOU
2
, AND YOSHITO ISHII
2

1
Communications Research Laboratory, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
2
EMC Center, NTT Advanced Technology Corporation, Tokyo 180-0012, Japan

INTRODUCTION:
IEC and IEEE have recently begun to standardize measurement methods for SAR caused by body-worn wireless
terminals, which are designed to be used at various positions except the head. Preliminary investigations for standard
phantoms have mostly been done by numerical simulations. It is, on the other hand, expreimental studies should be
required because actual wireless terminals can be used in experimental studies.

OBJECTIVE:
To establish a standard SAR measurement method for body-worn wireless terminals. Shape of phantom shells has
especially been studied by using actual wireless terminals.

METHOD AND MODELS:
A cellular telephone was positioned under the flat section of SAM phantom. An earphone was positioned at the
reference point of the right-side or left-side ear. The cable of the earphone was positioned on FN or BM lines, which are
defined in SAM, and connected to the handset. The handset was directly touched to the phantom shell or put into a
carrying case. Two positions were tested, that is, the front or back of the handset was faced to the phantom shell.

DISCUSSION:
Maximum local SARs are summarized in Table 1. The maximum SARs around the ear region are much less than those
in the flat section. It suggests that the use of body-part should be sufficient to evaluate SAR for body-worn terminals.
Additionally, the results prove that the position of the handset is important and that the effect of the carrying case is
about 40 % and 30 % for 1-g SAR and 10-g SAR, respectively.

1-g SAR [W/kg] 10-g SAR [W/kg]
Body-part (Touch to Front) 6.62 1.79
Body-part (Touch to Back) 0.893 0.527
Body-part (Carrying Case) 0.545 0.376
Ear-part (Right, FN) 0.0128 0.00663
Ear-part (Right, BM) 0.00941 0.00507
Ear-part (Left, FN) 0.00868 0.00443
Ear-part (Left, BM) 0.00934 0.00663
6
th

149
P-028

IS THERE SOME DEPENDENCY BETWEEN THE DEGREE OF THE RFS SYNDROME
AND THE EXPOSURE TO MICROWAVES FROM GSM-DCS BASE STATIONS?

CLAUDIO GMEZ-PERRETTA, ENRIQUE NAVARRO, JAIME SEGURA, MANUEL PORTOLS, CEFERINO
MAEST, AND JOS LUIS BARDASANO

Centro de Investigacin, Hospital Universitario "LA FE",
Department of Applied Physics, Universitat de Valncia,
Department of Medical Specialities University of Alcal
Bioelectromagnetism European Foundation

DR. CLAUDIO GMEZ-PERRETTA DE MATEO

Centro de Investigacin,Hospital Universitario LA FE
Avd de Campanar 21
46009 VALENCIA SPAIN
E-mail: gomez_cla@gva.es

A specific symptomatology in humans linked to radars microwaves, named microwave sickness or RF
syndrome(1) was described from an american study (2), at low levels of radiofrecuency exposure. Besides, GSM-DCS
cellular phones have a spectral similarity like to radar signal using pulsed microwaves.Therefore, the hypothesis of a
presence of the microwave sickness in the neighbourhood of the GSM-DCS Base Stations is ponted out and analysed
in the presented communication. The study was realized during January 2001, in La ora a town in the south-east of
Spain, counting 1900 habitants, and placed mainly, on the slope of a mountain . 144 subjects living around the BS were
randomly chosen at first to participate in the study and 101 returned finally the questionnaire and were considered that
fullfilled the conditions of the study:

We used a questionnaire translated to Spanish of the Santini publication (3)

wich refers to the symptoms
described in the microwave syndrome and demographic data

We divide the surveys in two groups depending of being exposed to high or low GSM-DCS electric field. The
former, constituted with women (45 % and mean age of 34.45 years) and men ( mean age: 37.7 years) and the second
with 60 % of women (mean age: 52.26) and men (mean age : 42.76 years).

Broadband (1MHz-3GHz) electric field measurement were carried out from 11:00h to 19:00h in each respondent
home and to check the intensity of TV and radio channels, as well as the number of working channels of the GSM-DCS
Base Stations (BS), measurements of the spectral power density were also carried out.

Finally, the possible relationship between the declared severity of the symptom and the microwave power density
is explored for each group and its possible dependence with age and sex.

(1) Johnson-Liakouris, A.J. "Radiofrequency (RF) Sickness in the Lilienfeld Study: an effect of modulated
microwaves?". Arch. Environ. Health. 1998, 53:236-238.
(2) Lilienfeld, A.M., Tonascia, J., and Tonascia S., Libauer, C.A., and Cauthen, G.M., 1978: Foreign Service health
status study - evaluation of health status of foreign service and other employees from selected eastern European posts.
Final Report (Contract number 6025-619073) to the U.S. Dept of State, July 31, 1978.
(3) Santini, R. ; Santini, P. ; Seigne, M. ; Danze, J.M. Symptoms expressed by people living near cell phone relay
stations. La Presse Mdicale 2001, 30 (32): 1594.

6
th

150
P-029

PERSONAL MEASUREMENTS OF OCCUPATIONAL 50 Hz MAGNETIC FIELD
EXPOSURES AMONG WOMEN IN SWEDEN

FORSSN UM
1
, MEZEI G
2
, NISE G
3
, FEYCHTING M
1

1
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
2
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA
3
Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

INTRODUCTION:
Occupational exposure to extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields (ELFMF) has been studied extensively
among men, but less is known about occupational ELFMF exposure among women. We carried out our study to create
an ELFMF job-exposure matrix (JEM) for women.

METHODS:
A systematic sample of women working in occupations identified as most common among women in Stockholm
County, Sweden, according to the 1980 census was asked to participate in our study. Participating women carried
personal magnetic field meters on a belt around their waist for a 24-hour period on a normal working day. In total, 471
measurements were completed in 49 different occupations, with a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 24 measurements
in each occupation. To evaluate the improvement in exposure assessment, we compared occupational ELFMF exposure
distribution among women in Stockholm County according to the 1980 census by assigning exposures in two ways
using our JEM based on measurements among women and the JEM developed earlier based on measurements among
men (1).

RESULTS:
Among the highly exposed occupations were cashiers, working proprietors in retail trade, air stewardesses, dental
nurses, cooks, kitchen maids and post office clerks. These occupations covered about 7% of gainfully employed women
in Stockholm County in 1980. Low exposure occupations included farmers, primary school teachers, laboratory
technicians, physicians, registered nurses and secretaries, covering about 29% of the gainfully employed women in
Stockholm County in 1980.

Table 1. Exposure distribution among gainfully employed women in Stockholm County in 1980 by using our new JEM
for women and an earlier JEM for men (1).

Geometric mean of TWA JEM for women JEM for men
0.10 T 21 % 7 %
0.11-0.20 T 48 % 47 %
0.21-0.30 T 14 % 4 %
> 0.30 T 3 % 1 %
Missing 14 % 40 %

Occupational exposure assessment for women using the newly developed JEM resulted in a significant decrease in the
amount of missing information. Substantial gain in information was achieved in both high and low levels of ELFMF
exposures.

CONCLUSIONS:
We identified highly exposed occupations common among women not previously identified as occupations with high
ELFMF levels. Occupational exposure assessment for women results in significant improvement when exposure
assignment is based on ELFMF JEM specifically developed for women.

REFERENCE:
(1) Floderus et al. Int J Occup Environ Health 1996;2:226-238.
6
th

151
P-030

USING GIS TO IDENTIFY POSTCODES IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO HIGH VOLTAGE
POWERLINES

MG WRIGHT, MB SMITH, EJ DUNN, AW PREECE

University of Bristol

BACKGROUND:
The debate surrounding the possible link between exposure to electromagnetic (EM) fields and cancer has been a focus
for research for over 20 years. Studies in Scandinavia
1,2
and in Germany
3
report a connection between leukaemia
diagnosis and high voltage powerlines. The recent Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (AGNIR)
4
commissioned
by the NRPB in the UK concluded that there might be a doubling of the incidence of childhood leukaemia in 50Hz
magnetic fields of 0.4T or greater. Whilst IARC followed the NIEHS in stating that power-frequency magnetic fields
are a possible human carcinogen. Debate now surrounds the possible consequences of this fact and the likely
mechanism underlying it (as no plausible biological mechanism for magnetic fields to induce or promote cancer has so
far been identified). Recent studies have suggested that aerosols produced by very high voltage lines might combine
with pollutants and indirectly might be a mechanism for increased cancer rates
5
.

METHOD:
In order to explore this proposed mechanism we are conducting a series of studies examining cancer incidence within
400m of powerlines
6
. Relevant diagnoses are selected on the basis of postcodes. Previously, postcodes were included or
excluded depending on whether their centroids were within a 500m buffer zone around each powerline. Postcodes with
significant areas contained within 500m of a powerline were excluded if the postcode centroid was outside the buffer
zone. We have used GIS software to devise a novel method of improving the identification and selection of all relevant
postcodes with any area within the 500m buffer zone. Postcodes can then be sent to the Cancer Registries to enable
them to identify accurately all cancer registrations of interest. Additionally, GIS provides the ability to analyse,
visualise and interpret all available data in a single context. This provides us with the ability to model wind effects and
perform spatial statistical analyses.

REFERENCES
1
Feychting M, Ahlbom A. Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines.
American Journal of Epidemiology 1993, 138 467-481.
2
Olsen JH, Neilsen A, Schulgen G. Residence near high voltage facilities and risk of cancer in children. British Medical
Journal 1993, 307 891-895.
3
Michaelis J, Schuz J, Meinert R, Menger M, Grigat JP, Kaatsch P, Kaletsch U, Miesner A, Stamm A, Brinkmann K,
Karner H. Childhood leukaemia and electromagnetic fields; results of a population-based case-control study in
Germany. Cancer Causes and Control 1997, 8 167-174.
4
Documents of the NRPB. ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the risk of Cancer: Report of an Advisory Group on Non-
Ionising Radiation. 2001, 12(1) 1-179.
5
AP Fews, DL Henshaw, RJ Wilding and PA Keitch, Corona ions from powerlines and increased exposure to pollutant
aerosols. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1999, 75 1523-1531.
6
AW Preece, MG Wright, GR Iwi,

EJ Dunn and DJ Etherington. Cancer and high voltage powerlines with respect to
wind direction. BEMS Annual Meeting (2001) St Paul, Minnesota.

6
th

152
P-031

EMF EXPOSURE SURVEY IN RESIDENCES ABOVE TRANSFORMER STATIONS

J.SZAB, G.JNOSSY, G. THURCZY


OBJECTIVE:
In Hungary it is typical that 10/04kV transformer stations are being installed in the basement or ground floor of multi-
story panel buildings. According to earlier studies (1) occupational exposure to magnetic fields above transformer
station caused blood and immunological changes in exposed persons having worked at least 8 h/die for 1-5 years in the
same workplace, and exposed to 0,2 T-6,6 T low frequency magnetic fields. The aim of the present epidemiological
survey was to 1)work out and find the proper method of mapping residential 50 Hz magnetic fields above transformer
stations and 2)to determine the exposure of the aimed population group. The project was supported by the National
Governmental Research Program.

METHODS:
Within the examined area the ground plans of 21 buildings, and the installation of the transformers were identical in 95
percent. The electricity supplier company (ELM) provided supervision for the two weeks of the survey. The actual
current density flowing through the bus bars of the 10/04 kV transformers was measured by two skilled employees with
their own instrument coincidentally with the magnetic field measurements in the rooms above the transformers. Spot
measurements were made by EMDEX II (ENERTECH, California) magnetic field measuring system by two methods
(spot momentary measurements in 1 m height according to 1m square and to 0,5m meter square; and spot 24 hours
measurements in the usual bed height of 0,5m. The 24 hours personal magnetic field exposure was measured by
EMDEX PAL (ENERTECH, California) personal magnetic field logger, attached to the belt of the person by daytime,
and put near to the bed in 0,5 m height for the night. Participants were asked to fill out standard diary of the start and
endpoints of their main activities. Spot magnetic field data measured with different methods were correlated to power
density data by correlation coefficients, and priority was established accordingly.

The results of epidemiological studies have shown that chronic environmental exposure to low-frequency EMF-s
increases the risk of leukemia. The results pointed to a causal link between EMF-s and cancer at a threshold of chronic
exposure to EMF-s that exceeded 0,2T -0,4T. Our results show, similar to others (2), that the mean 24 hours spot
TWA (Time Weighted Average) Broadband (40 Hz-800 Hz) magnetic field exposure (3,03T) and the residential
personal TWA exposure (0,825T) exceeded the average residential exposure (usually <0,2T), and the average personal
HOME exposure (0,083 T) in average residences in magnitude by one or two orders.
Many difficulties are emerging lately from miscommunication between the industry, authorities and general public,
related to power frequency sources. Present data could serve as a basis for communication between the interested
parties and future public health research. In the view of exposure data and relying on research results it is possible to
examine whether further regulative measures are needed in special cases (i.e.: toddlers, ailing persons living above
transformer), or not.

REFERENCES:
1. Bonhomme-Faivre, L, Marion, S, Bezie, Y, Auclair, H, Fredj, G, Hommeau, C, (1998): Study of human
neurovegetative and hematologic effects of environmental low-frequency (50 Hz). Arch. of Environmental Health
53(2):87-92.
2. Juutilainen J, Hyvnen M, Vanhala P (1997): Transformer stations in buildings as a magnetic field source in
epidemiological studies. A feasibility study. Proceedings of a Nordic meeting held in Trondheim, Norway in 1997
(TRATRO project)
6
th

153
P-032

EVALUATION OF MUTAGENICITY OF COMPLEX MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH
STATIC AND TIME-VARYING COMPONENTS.

MASATERU IKEHATA
1
, TETSUYA NAGAI
2
, YUKIHISA SUZUKI
2
, MASAO TAKI
2
,
JUNJI MIYAKOSHI
3
AND TAKAO KOANA
4

1
Railway Technical Research Institute,

2
Tokyo Metropolitan University,

3
Hirosaki University,

4
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry

In our environment, various types (e.g. frequency, field strength) of electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) exist and their
distributions are complex. On the other hand, there are few reports on biological effects of such complex exposure. In
this point, our project aims to construct a strategy for the safety evaluation on human health by exposure to complex
EMFs, especially focused on complex EMFs with static and power frequency components in this study.

For complex EMF exposures, a Helmholtz coil was made and located at the center of superconducting magnet (JS-500,
Toshiba, Japan). The Helmholtz coil is able to generate 50 Hz, 1 mT time-varying EMF under 5 T static magnetic
field. This exposure system was located in constant temperature room and maintained exposure space at 37 1 C or
300.5 C. Induced current in the test plate which contains agar and nutrient compounds for complex exposure
condition was estimated by impedance method. To investigate the mutagenicity, bacterial mutation assay (Ames test)
using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, and also yeast mutation assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae XD83
were performed.

It was found that gene conversion/recombination frequency in yeast slightly increased by exposure to a complex MF
while point mutation frequency was not affected either in yeast or bacteria. These results are consistent with our
previous study for strong static MFs, however we found a weaker mutagenicity in this study than that by exposure to
5 T static MF alone. In future studies, different combination of field strength and frequency of complex EMFs will be
investigated for estimation the effect of complex EMFs exposure in our environment. This work was supported in part
by the Research Program from the Corporation for Advanced Transport and Technology and by Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science.
6
th

154
P-033

A FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF AN EXPOSURE SYSTEM AT 60 GHz BAND

MASAHIRO HANAZAWA*, KANAKO WAKE*, RYO KUMAHARA**, SOUICHI WATANABE*
YUKIO YAMANAKA* AND HIROSHI SHIRAI**

Communications Research Laboratory *
Chuo University**

In our previous works, we have realized an exposure system at 2.45 GHz [1]. With the development of
technologies, however, the utilized electromagnetic (EM) wave is shifted to higher frequency region. As uses of the
millimeter wave increase, the biological effects of the EM wave are concerned [2]. So, we aimed at realization of an
exposure system at 60 GHz.

Figure 1 (a) shows the actual measurement system of near field. A distance between the transmitting antenna and
the receiving antenna is set to 20 mm and x- and y- position of receiving antenna are changed from 0.03 to 0.03 m
(0.00 m is center of transmitting antenna), respectively. Figure 1 (b) is illustrated measurement results of the horn
antenna and the open-end waveguide (WR15).

As results, it is confirmed that the radiation pattern of the WR15 is sharper than that of the horn antenna.
Consequently, WR15 can be used for exposure to small area. By contrast, the horn antenna can be utilized for exposure
to large area. We plan in near future examine SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) of an eye, temperature increase and the
other biological effect of millimeter wave experimentally.

Fig1.Near-field measurement system and measurement results.
REFERENCES
[1] K.Wake et al, Localized Exposure System of 2.45 GHz Microwave to The Rabbit Eye, International Union of
Radio Science XXVIIth,. KA.P6, (2002).
[2] ICNRP Guideline for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300
GHz), (1998).

(a) Actual setup. (b) Radiation pattern (Near Field).
X
y
20 mm
6
th

155
P-034

INVESTIGATION ON THE MUTAGENICITY OF SHORT-WAVE
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS USING THE TRADESCANTIA MICRONUCLEUS
BIOASSAY

H. LEHMANN
1
, C. PICKL
2
, M. URECH
3

1
Environment and Electromagnetic Compatibility, Swisscom Innovations, CH-3050 Bern, Switzerland
2
koTox GmbH, Wollgrasweg 49, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
3
Puls, Environmental Consulting, Mhlemattstrasse 45, CH-3007 Bern, Switzerland

Investigations on possible mutagenic effects of electromagnetic fields on biological systems show contradictory
results. The rapid increase in the applications of electro-magnetic fields produces a need to clarify their potential health
implications.

The Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay is a widely used biological test system for the detection of
genotoxic effects. Haider et al. [2] applied this method to determine whether electromagnetic fields at short-wave
frequencies induce an increase of MCN formation and show thus a mutagenic behaviour. In the present study a
replication of the above-mentioned work using different field conditions under well-defined laboratory conditions was
performed.

For most of the exposure conditions no statistically significant effects have been observed. However, for the
vertical polarisation of the electrical field (parallel to the stem of the plants) and a field strength of about 100 V/m a
statistically significant increase in the MCN frequency was observed. The effect has, however, not been observed for
the horizontal polarisation at the same intensity of the electrical field.

Further investigations were carried out in order to check the possibility whether a temperature effect in the plants
in the vertical exposure geometry could lead to an increase of the temperature inside the buds. This could result in an
increasing number of micronuclei during the meiosis of the pollen mother cells. The same effect might also explain the
findings reported in [2].

This work was supported by Swisscom Ltd.

[1] Ma T-H, Cabera GL, Chen R, Gill BS, Sanhu SS, Vandenberg AL, Salamone MF. The tradescantia micronucleus
bioassay. Mutation Research 1994, 310: 221-230.
[2] Haider T, Knasmller S, Kundi M, and Haider MJ. Clastogenic effects of radiofrequency radiations on
chromosomes of tradescantia. Mutation Research 1994, 324: 65-68.
6
th

156
P-035

EVALUATION OF GENOTOXIC EFFECTS IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD
LYMPHOCYTES FOLLOWING 900 MHz RF EXPOSURE

O. ZENI
1
, M. ROMAN
1
, A. PERROTTA
1
, M. B. LIOI
2
, R. BARBIERI
2
, G. DAMBROSIO
3
,
R. MASSA
3
, M.R. SCARF
1

1
ICEmB at CNR- IREA, Naples, Italy;
2
ICEmB at Dept. of Animal Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy;
3
ICEmB at Dept. of Electronic
Engineering and Telecomm., University Federico II, Naples, Italy.

The induction of genotoxic effects was investigated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed for two hours to
900 MHz Radiofrequency radiation (GSM signal). For this purpose the alkaline single-cell gel (SCG) / comet assay and
Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) test were employed.

Human peripheral blood from samples obtained 10 healthy non smoking subjects ware used. RF exposure was carried
out in a waveguide in rigorously controlled conditions of sample temperature and dosimetry. Two different SAR values
were applied, 0.3 and 1W/kg, for 2 hours.
From each donor 6 samples were set up: two of them were RF exposed (0,3 or 1 W/k), two were used as sham-exposed
samples, one served as control and the last one was used as positive control by adding Methilmetanesulphonate or
Mitomycin-C, for comet assay or SCE test, respectively. Following 2 hours exposure, PHA was added to samples to be
employed for SCE evaluation, while the other samples were processed for the alkaline comet assay. For SCE analysis,
BRdU was added to each culture and treatment with colcemid was performed during the last two hours of cell growth.
After staining (Acridine orange for SCE; Ethidium Bromide for comets) and coding, the slides were analysed: 50
cells/sample for SCEs and 100 cells/sample for comets.

For all the experimental conditions tested no differences were detected in exposed samples respect to sham-exposed
ones, both in terms of SCEs frequency and induction of comets, although the absolute values were slightly different.
The statistical analysis, performed by applying the two tailed paired Students t test, gave a P value higher than 0.05 in
all cases.
On the contrary, the positive controls gave a statistically significant increase in DNA damage with both tests employed,
as expected (P<0,05).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been partially supported by Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research, Project Salvaguardia
delluomo e dellambiente dalle emissioni elettromagnetiche

6
th

157
P-036

PROBLEM OF STANDARDIZATION OF RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION EFFECTS

YULIA CHUKOVA

Krasnopresnenskiy Ecological Fund

Bioeffects under the electromagnetic radiation have been studied more than 100 years, but the problem of
standardization of electromagnetic radiation effect is open, especially in microwave bioeffect field. The maximum
recommended safe power density for long-term human exposure varies from 10 mW/cm
2
in the United States to as low
as 0.01 mW/cm
2
in the Russia (formerly in USSR). There is the opinion that the Russian standard of safety is more hard
as a social (political) decision and it must be changed. This opinion is not correct. Every standard is a result of two
procedure. The one is the scientific study of EMF bioeffects, and the second one is a decision on hygienic reserve
coefficient. This procedure is a social (political) decision. The hygienic reserve coefficient may be different in the
different countries, and the standards will be different. But in case of microwaves the situation is quite different.

In the middle of the XX century [1] the research program in the USSR used three approaches, i.e. hygienic,
clinical and experimental studies. It was shown that microwaves are important as regards the action of both high and
low intensities of irradiation. Clinical and physiological investigations have shown that microwaves of low intensity,
acting on the human body, can produce functional changes in the nervous system and, in particular, in its autonomic
division, as well as in the cardiovascular system and neurohumoral disturbances.

The objective of my investigation is to discover the general principles governing the changes in living systems
under electromagnetic radiation. It was used the thermodynamic method of investigation of electromagnetic bioeffects.
The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the biological systems may be categorized into two major areas, one
involving beneficial effects and the other harmful ones. Thermodynamics does not know what is beneficial ones and
what is harmful ones. Thermodynamic laws are valid in all cases. Thermodynamics deals with thermal, isothermal,
endergonic, exergonic processes. In the second part of the XX century nonequilibrium thermodynamics have been
developed for systems under electromagnetic radiation [2]. This theory makes it possible to understand in new way
many experimental facts and some phenomena aspects which are not comprehended up to now.

This theory has given an insight into poor replicability of mm-waves bioeffects. This is actual and useful for a
question of standardization of harmful effects. Thermodynamic law gives the effect dependence on power (from low
power to high power). The effects lie on the logarithm of power axis in the following order: isothermal (exergonic and
endergonic) processes, nonthermal endergonic process and in the end the thermal ones. The Russian standard is more
correct because of taking into account the isothermal processes, whereas the other standards are the standards for
thermal harmful effects. They will be changed in the future. This process is beginning (the Salzburg model).

REFERENCES
1. Biologic effects and health hazards of microwave radiation. Proc. Intern. Symp. Warsaw. 1973. Polish Medical
Publishers, 1974, pp.22-35, 289 -293
2. Chukova Yu.P. Advances in nonequilibrium thermodynamics of the systems under electromagnetic radiation.
Khrizostom, Moscow, 2001, ISBN 5-7508-0285-X.

6
th

158
P-037

CELL PHONES INCREASE HSP70 AND INDUCE SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS IN DROSOPHILA

DAVID WEISBROT
1
, MARTIN BLANK
2
AND REBA GOODMAN
1

1
& Physiology
2
,
Columbia University, NYC, NY 10032, USA

INTRODUCTION:
Electromagnetic fields, a nonthermal stress, induce a variety of genes, including the stress gene HSP70. Magnetic fields
use two signaling pathways, both distinctly different from that used by thermal stimuli, heat shock. Characterization of
these pathways, by identifying changes in transcription factor activation, provides an unambiguous approach to
analyzing magnetic field interaction mechanisms. It can also suggest much needed biomarkers to be used for
establishing science-based cell phone safety guidelines.

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether cell phone radiation affects the level of hsp70, and the activity of the transcription factors, serum
response element (SRE) and ELK1 during reproduction and growth in Drosophila.

MATERIALS:
Drosophila melanogaster Oregon R; Bosch World 718 multiband 900/1900, Class 4 (GSM-900/2 W; Class 1 (GSM-
1900/1 W); SAR 1.4 W/kg

EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL:
In each experiment five vials, containing either 1 female and 1 male (20 experiments) or 6 females and 3 males (30
experiments), were placed in contact with the antenna of an active cell phone. For sham/control experiments five vials
were placed in contact with the antenna of an inactive cell phone. All the vials were exposed for 1 hr at 11AM and 1 hr
at 4PM daily for 10 days. Pupae and adults were counted, protein isolated from larvae for Western blot analyses of
hsp70 levels, and gel shift assays of SRE-binding and ELK1 phosphorylation.

RESULTS:
Radiation from a GSM cell phone (50 replicate experiments) resulted in significant (p=.01) increases in:
! numbers of offspring
! hsp70 levels
! SRE binding
! ELK1 phosphorylation

CONCLUSION:
Radiation from cell phones affected reproduction and growth in Drosophila. Hsp70 levels, SRE-binding and ELK1
phosphorylation increased significantly. These data provide realistic biomarkers for establishing science-based cell
phone safety guidelines.

REFERENCES
Weisbrot, D, Lin, H, Ye, L, Blank, M and Goodman, R (2003)
Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Reproduction and Development in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Cellular
Biochemistry 89: 48-55.
6
th

159
P-038

HARMONIC DISTORTION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM INDOOR DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS

KARI JOKELA, HEIDI NYBERG, ARI-PEKKA SIHVONEN

STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, PO Box 14, FIN-00881, Finland

Approximately 9000 distribution transformer substations have been installed in the vicinity of residences and
workplaces in Finland. In a typical case the substation is located in a basement floor below a first-floor apartment. The
transformer is connected to the low voltage switchgear via three-phase cables or bus bars which carry high currents up
to 1000 A. The current is determined by the loading of the substation and it varies during the day. The current may
produce relatively high magnetic fields in the apartments and workplaces above the substation. In some cases the
magnetic flux density may exceed the reference level 100 T specified by ICNIRP (1998) for the general public
exposure. In addition to the fundamental 50 Hz component, the current and the magnetic field are commonly distorted
by harmonic components which have a substantial influence on the exposure.

According to ICNIRP the exposure analysis of broadband fields can be carried out separately at each harmonic
frequency by simply summing the exposure ratios (magnetic flux density/reference level) at each frequency (multiple
frequency rule, MFR) or by using the new weighted peak approach (Jokela 2000, ICNIRP 2003). In this approach the
waveform is weighted in the time domain with a simple high-pass RC filter and the peak value is divided by a peak
limit, both derived from the guidelines. The high-pass filter consists of one shunt capacitor and series resistor
dimensioned for a 3-dB cut-off frequency at 800 Hz. The attenuation of the filter follows approximately the variation of
the reference level for magnetic field. For measurements of distorted 50 Hz fields the attenuation of the filter at 50 Hz is
compensated by multiplying the weighted field with a factor of 800/50=16. The peak value of the weighted and
compensated field should not exceed 2 100 T.

Measurements were carried out above distribution substations by employing a broadband and spectral
measurement system which gives 1) the conventional broadband rms value of the magnetic flux density, 2) the
amplitude of the spectral components up to 50 kHz and 3) the weighted peak value. From the measured data the
enhancement of the magnetic field exposure caused by harmonic components can be calculated. For the weighted peak
approach the enhancement factor varies from 1.5 to 3 while for the MFR approach the factor seems to vary from 2.5 to
5. Biologically, the weighted peak restriction is a more realistic approach because it takes into account the effect of
mutual phases of different harmonic components. At low-frequencies below 100 kHz the peak values of induced
currents are the most important indicators of exposure because the neural stimulation is determined by the peak value,
not by the rms value. Besides, the practical measurement of weighted peak value is much easier than the methods based
on spectral analysis.

REFERENCES
Jokela K. Restricting exposure to pulsed and broadband magnetic fields. Health Phys 79: 373388; 2000.
ICNIRP, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-
varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys 74: 494522; 1998.
ICNIRP, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation. Guidance on determining compliance of exposure to
pulsed and complex non-sinusoidal waveforms below 100 kHz with ICNIRP guidelines. Health Phys 84: 383387;
2003.

6
th

160
P-039

EMF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION, IMPLEMENTED
BY OSH REGULATIONS IN POLAND

JOLANTA KARPOWICZ, KRZYSZTOF GRYZ

Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland

In the working environment, many EMF sources cause higher levels of workers exposure than the general public
exposure level. In many cases, it is not possible to obtain a significant reduction of employees' exposure level by
technical measures, or the costs of implementing such measures are too high. For that reason, the methods of EMF
exposure avoidance applied in the working environment should be specific.

Polish experience in practical use of occupational environment assessment, based on both EMF exposure level
and exposure duration, proves that this approach provides a very suitable tool for occupational safe and healthy (OSH)
engineering and for reduction of the workers exposure. Moreover, the Polish system enables harmonisation with the
ICNIRP basic restrictions and, at the same time, practical application of precautionary practice in occupational
environment.

Occupational exposure to EMF is in Poland under legal regulations since 1972. Current regulation concerning 0
Hz - 300 GHz frequency range was compiled in 1999 - the recent issue of Ordinance of Minister of Labour and Social
Policy - 29.11.2002. General public exposure is under legal regulations since 1980 - the recent issue of Ordinance of
Minister of Environment - 11.08.1998.

Assessment of occupational exposure to EMF concerns the strength of electric and magnetic fields, the frequency
of these fields and workers' exposure duration. Exposure to EMF fields higher than showed in the tab. 1 is restricted.
Basic restrictions (j, SAR) were not introduced into legal regulations since there is no possibility to measure them in
real conditions. However, the ICNIRP's basic restrictions were used during theoretical modelling and discussion
concerning the values of restricted exposure.

Table 1. Electric and magnetic field strength - values of restricted occupational exposure.
Frequency range E [V/m] H [A/m] Frequency range E [V/m] H [A/m]
0 Hz f 0,5 Hz 40000 80000 0,8 MHz < f 3 MHz 1000 80/f
0.5 Hz < f 50 Hz 20000 2000 3 MHz < f 15 MHz 3000/f 80/f
0.05 kHz < f 0.3 kHz 20000 100/f 15 MHz < f 150 MHz 200 80/f
0.3 kHz < f 1 kHz 1000/f 100/f 0.15 GHz < f 3 GHz 200 [100
*)
] 0.53
1 kHz < f 800 kHz 1000 100 3 GHz < f 300 GHz 1.6 f + 195 ------ .

*)
under far-field exposure conditions

E and H fields 10-times lower than presented in the tab. 1 (2-times lower for E field f < 300 Hz) are permissible
for 8-hour exposure per shift. The higher exposure is permissible if the so-called doses and exposure factor do not
exceed their permissible values. The values of restricted occupational exposure for pregnant woman and young workers
(below 18 years) are 2-3-times lower. The similar values were established as maximum levels of general public
exposure. The level and duration of occupational exposure are controlled periodically in accordance with national OSH
regulations. Methods of measurements are defined by Polish Standards revised in 2002.
6
th

161
P-040

ASSESSMENT OF GUIDELINES COMPLIANCE NEAR BASE-STATIONS
ANTENNAS

M. MARTNEZ BRDALO, A. MARTN, M. ANGUIANO, R. VILLAR

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas. Instituto de Fsica Aplicada.
Serrano 144 28006 Madrid, Spain. E-mail: mercedes@iec.csic.es

Human exposure to the electromagnetic radiations from cellular base-station antennas has raised social concern,
involving both the general population and personnel engaged in routine maintenance work. There are safety standards
for the exposure of humans in both uncontrolled (general public) and controlled environments (workers) [1], in terms of
reference levels (E or H fields or equivalent plane wave power density) or basic restrictions (specific absorption rate
(SAR)) which can not be exceeded. In most cases exposure to base station antennas takes place in nonreactive field, and
the relevant exposure limits are defined with respect to reference levels. When the exposure takes place at short
distances from the sources (which can be the case with workers), there is a strong coupling with the human body which
affects the antenna performance, and the assessment has to be made in terms of SAR (basic restriction). In this work a
methodology to assess the exposure of a person close to a base-station antenna is shown. It is based in SAR calculations
with the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD), and the objective is to analyze guidelines compliance.

According to a procedure suggested in [2], for short distances to the antenna we choose to assess the exposure via
SAR calculations. So, first of all it is necessary to compute whole body averaged SAR. If this value does not exceed the
limit established as basic restriction [1], then calculations of maximum localized SAR have to be made (otherwise it can
be stated that basic restrictions are not fulfilled). In our study we have built a problem space with 5 mm FDTD cubic
cells which includes the radiating source and a realistic 3D high fidelity human body model with 23 different tissues.
The source simulates an actual base-station antenna operating at 1800 MHz and is an array of four half-wavelength
dipoles surrounded by reflecting plates. The antenna gain is 12.6 dBi and the total radiated power has been set to 20 W.
SAR calculations for different distances antenna-body have been made to be compared with SAR limits from safety
guidelines to test if these limits are applicable at very short distances from a base-station antenna. The body is placed in
front of the antenna as a worst case situation, assuming equivalent free space conditions. Whole body averaged SAR
varies from 0.064 W/kg for /4 to 0.017 W/kg for 4, always below 0.08 W/kg, which is the basic restriction. So, 1-g
and 10-g averaged and unaveraged SAR have been computed. It is concluded that even for a worst case as the one
studied, with the body in the main lobe of the antenna, SAR is under the limit when the body is 2 far from the antenna
(a distance where reference levels are above the safety limits), that is, if reference levels are accomplished, so are basic
restrictions. Thus, in near nonreactive field, where reference levels are not fulfilled, it is more appropriated to assess
SAR, thought testing of those can be useful.

REFERENCES
[1] European Commission, Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the Limitation of Exposure of the
General Public to Electromagnetic Fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz). Official Journal of the European Communities, L199, 59
(1999/519/EC), 1999.
[2] CENELEC PREN 50383 Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic fields related
to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication systems (110
MHz-40 GHz). Noviembre 2001.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been supported by the spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, PN I+D+I, projects TIC 2000-0698
and PROFIT 2001-2003, FIT-070000-2002-135.

6
th

162
P-041

NIRR PROJECT: ENVIROMENTAL HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS MONITORING ACTIVITY IN AN ALPINE REGION

C. MALACARNE
1
, R. PONTALTI
1
, A. VACCARI
1
, U. FURLANI
2
, G. ANDERLE
2
AND L. CRISTOFORETTI
1

1
2
Local Enviromental Protection Agency Trento, Italy

High frequency EMF exposure assessment has become an important issue both for Environmental Protection
Agencies and general people, who wish to become aware of the RF levels at locations near broadcast or cell phone
towers. The NIRR (Non Ionizing Radiation Radioprotection) project presents a monitoring campaign carried out in
Trentino (a region located in Northern Italy with about 450000 inhabitants in an area of 6200 km
2
), which is
characterized by different kinds of landscape: urban, suburban, rural and mountainous areas. Different environmental
conditions determine different types of dominating signals (in urban areas mobile phone signals are typically
dominating, while broadcasting signals prevail in rural or mountainous areas where plants are often located to suitably
illuminate the underlying valleys) and of measurement procedures as well. In particular we used a spectrum analyzer in
combination with a set of suitable antennas when the measurements were performed in open space and satisfying far
field conditions, while we made use of an isotropic broadband probe when the measurements were carried out indoor
and/or close to the emitting apparatuses, where the plane wave conditions are no longer fulfilled. All RF measurements
of TV and FM transmitters, AM broadcast stations, cell phone sites (GSM, ETACS and DCS systems) and radio links
were performed in compliance with established national standard measurement protocols
*
.

A careful analysis of RF sources location and population density distribution led us to a selection of 85 sites,
each of which characterized with several measuring points for an exposure evaluation as complete as possible. The
measurements were realized at locations where people might freely access, around the sources. The results show a
widespread distribution of electric field values, which ranges from fractions of V/m, which is the typical condition of
urban areas up to almost 50 V/m, which we found in a few cases typically near to large concentration of broadcast
systems. The results were included in a survey report collection, which carries the actual geographic position of sources
and measuring points, the technical description of the emitters, the spectrum analyzer plots or actual screen shots of the
RF activity and the final result obtained at each site location. More synthetic results were included in a georeferenced
database, which also constitutes an instrument to rapidly update the picture of the situation and to make a comparison
between present and future field distribution, which is rapidly changing because of the wide growth of RF emitters, and,
on the other hand, of a rationalizing relocating plan which is under approval by the local government.

REFERENCES
*
Norm CEI 211-7, Comitato Elettrotecnico Italiano, January 2001
This project is financed by Local Enviromental Protection Agency (Trento, Italy)
6
th

163
P-042

CORRECTION OF ANKLE SAR OF HOMOGENEOUS HUMAN MODELS BY
EFFECTIVE ANKLE CROSS-SECTION

YUTAKA TANAKA, SOICHI WATANABE, YUKIO YAMANAKA,
MASAO TAKI AND MASAHARU TAKAHASHI

Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution
Nukuikitamachi 4-2-1, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8795 Japan, wata@crl.go.jp
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Engineering

It is required that guidelines of foot current [1] are validated for various human bodies, e.g., children, women,
and so on. Homogeneous human models are recently available for those human bodies [2] although there are few
heterogeneous models. The objective of this study is therefore to correct ankle SAR (induced current) using effective
ankle cross-section.

The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method with scattered field formulation was used to calculate the
SAR and the induced foot-current in numerical human models (Fig. 1) developed by US Air-Force Laboratory [3]. In
this study, we define effective cross-section (A) and tissue-weighted one (A), described below;

A =
I
ankle
muscle
SAR
ankle
(1), A' = (i, j)(i, j) /
muscle
i, j
(2)
Where
muscle
is the conductivity of high-water content tissue such as muscle, (i, j) and (i, j) are the section area
and the conductivity of the voxel at a lattice coordinate (i, j) in the ankle sections.

Figure 2 shows frequency characteristics of the ankle 1-g SARs calculated in the heterogeneous and the
homogeneous human-body model, and those corrected by the effective cross-section and by the tissue-weighted one.
The correction formula is as follows;
SAR
corrected
=
I
hom ogeneous
2
2/ 3muscle
(A
2
or

A
2
)
=
muscle
E
hom ogeneous
2
A
actual
A
2
or

A
2

(3)
It is shown that the homogeneous model provides underestimation about the ankle SAR (1-g peak). It is also
shown that the corrected SAR values are closely approximated to that of the heterogeneous (realistic) model.

(a) wholebody view (b) vertical-section view
Figure 1: Numerical human model Figure 2: Frequency characteristics of the ankle 1-g SARs

REFERENCE
[1] ICNIRP, Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields (up to
300 GHz), Health Phys., Vol. 74, pp.494-522, 1998.
[2] Tanaka et. al, Proceedings of the ISAP i-02, Yokosuka, pp.504-507, 2002.
[3] Gajvek et. al, IEEE Trans. on Biomed Eng., Vol. 48, pp.1169-1177, 2001.
6
th

164
P-043

CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE WESTERN PROTECTION STANDARDS

HUBERT TRZASKA

EM Environment Protection Lab, Tech. Univ. of Wroclaw, Poland

A protection standard creates the most important legal basis for any step in order to improve labour safety or
environment protection. The most important feature of any regulation is its simplicity, it should be comprehensible and
realizable. These features are especially important in our field as exposure inspections are usually done by personnel
involved in surveying other physical and chemical factors and electromagnetic field (EMF) is not the most important of
them. The author will not suggest a negation of any standard. The aim of the paper is to call an attention of the people
involved that the above features of the standard are not fulfilled in EMF protection standards accepted in the Western
World.

With few exceptions the western protection standards are based upon an assumption of the SAR. The SAR plays
here a role of the basic restriction. Then are estimated, so called, reference levels as shows the following procedure:

biomedical investigations - SAR - a safety factor - model analyses - reference levels.
The procedure is fully correct. However, every one its step is loaded with an error as estimated and setup below:
biomedical investigations (exposure system & laboratory analyses) above 30%
SAR estimation (according to the literature data) one order of magnitude
safety factor 10 or 50
model analyses 15 - 25%

As it may be concluded the total inaccuracy of the procedure well exceeds 100% it would suggest a flexibility
while the standard is formulated. An example of simple and easily realiazable exposure limits is shown in table.

frequency range E, S H
0 f 1 kHz 25 kV/m 2,5 kA/m
1 kHz < f 100 kHz 1 kV/m 25 A/m
0,1 MHz < f 30 MHz 100 V/m 0,25 A/m
30 MHz < f 300 MHz 100 V/m
300 MHz < f 300 GHz
25 W/m
2

The table is only an example and nothing more, the author has never proposed protection levels. It should be
done only by biologists and medical doctors.

E/H ratio within frequency range 0.1-30 MHz illustrates mentioned flexibility. 6% difference in relation to the
intrinsic impedance of vacuum is only small part of estimated inaccuracy of the whole procedure and may be accepted
as a price of the simplicity.

In the standard, intended for general use, only E, H and S should be accepted as "basic restrictions" since they are
measurable quantities. The SAR may play essential role in basic research; as immeasurable quantity it should be
excluded from the practice.

6
th

165
P-044

POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF RF/MW RADIATION ON THE IONOSPHERE

ROGER COGHILL,

Coghill Research Laboratories, Lower Race, Pontypool, Wales UK

Since the beginning of the oxygenated world, ozone (O
3
) forms a layer in the stratosphere, thinnest in the tropics
(around the equator) and denser towards the poles. The amount of ozone above a point on the earth's surface is
measured in Dobson units (DU) - typically ~260 DU near the tropics and higher elsewhere, though there are large
seasonal fluctuations. It is created when ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) strikes the stratosphere, dissociating (or
"splitting") oxygen molecules (O
2
) to atomic oxygen (O). In the absence of sunlight the atomic oxygen quickly re-
combines with further oxygen molecules to form ozone:

O
2
+ hv -> O + O (1)
O + O
2
-> O
3
(2)

(1/v = wavelength < ~ 240 nm)

In the stratosphere ozone thus absorbs potentially harmful ultra-violet (UV) radiation from the sun (at
wavelengths between 240 and 320 nm) which can inter alia cause skin cancer and damage vegetation. For the last 50
yrs or so RF transmissions have increasingly used the ionosphere underside (the Kenelly-Heaviside layers) as a means
of transmission beyond the earths curvature horizon. Inevitably such radiations have been partially absorbed by this
insult.

Over-horizon RF transmissions began in the early 1920s. Dramatic loss of ozone in the lower stratosphere over
Antarctica was first noticed in the 1970s by a research group from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). Today the UHF
and other frequency transmissions from TV, doubled now by cellphone telephony, exist all night when, prior to
radio/TV, solar radiation was completely absent from the planets dark side, permitting ozone recovery. The question
arises whether these increasing RF/MW radiations are depleting the ozone layer from underneath, and contributing to
already dangerously high and increasing depletion levels. It is noticeable that depletion is most evident above white
surfaces (e.g the poles and Switzerland) and cities with high electromagnetic traffic. It was anticipated that limiting
CFC production would lead to a recovery of the ozone layer within 50 years of 2000; the World Meteorological
Organisation estimated 2045 (WMO reports #25, #37), but recent investigations suggest the problem is perhaps on a
much larger scale than anticipated, and affecting middle latitudes.

McLaughlan (1992) reported that weak AC magnetic fields can delay chemical reactions with no lower exposure
limit. He proposed that this effect was due to the action of the fields on the spin state of electrons, delaying the reaction.
Ozone is also destroyed by the following reaction:

O + O
3
-> O
2
+ O
2
(3)

a reaction which could also ensue from weak AC magnetic field exposure. In this study we measure the amount
of ozone from ionisation in terms of negatively charged ions created in a closed container from a miniature negative
ioniser with and without exposure to an RF source.

There is a close correlation between the advent and rise of global satellite TV, mobile phone and RF/MW usage,
and ozone depletion, all beginning to show significant changes in the mid/late 1970s.

If this finding is correct, the continued and increasing level of nocturnal radio/TV/cellphone transmissions should
be regarded as a global health hazard, and restricted accordingly.

6
th

166
P-045

GROUNDING THE HUMAN BODY TO EARTH REDUCES CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
AND RELATED CHRONIC PAIN

CLINTON OBER AND ROGER COGHILL

Coghill Research Laboratories, Lower Race, UK

INTRODUCTION:
This paper presents evidence that grounding the human body to earth reduces chronic inflammation and related chronic
pain. When the body is electrically grounded to the earth, the direct current (DC) voltage of the earth creates, in effect, a
natural electron shield (Faraday cage) on the surface of the body. This natural shield then prevents environmental 50-60
Hz electric fields from creating electron disturbances in the body which may elevate free radical levels and promote
chronic inflammation and pain.

The normal inflammatory response is, in part, a burst of free radicals produced by the immune system in
response to an injury. This natural production of free radicals occurs to prevent infection and to promote healing at a
site of injury. Research findings support this conclusion, as follows: when the human body is grounded (1) induced
body voltage is significantly reduced; (2) cortisol, a well-known biomarker for stress and inflammation, normalizes; (3)
test subjects experience a significant reduction in chronic inflammation and related chronic pain; and, (4) current
research (see Refs) suggests that exposure to environmental 50-60 Hz electromagnetic fields increases free radicals and
lengthens their lifespan in the body.

Exposure to environmental 50-60 Hz electromagnetic fields increases concentrations of free radicals, lengthens
their lifespan, and enhances the probability that they can do damage to the body (Bonnafous 1999, Brezitskaia 2000,
Cannistraro 1980, Eveson 2000, Fernie 2001, Fiorani 1997, Hanel, 2000, Jajte 2000, Koana 1997, Roy 1995, Simko
2001(A), Simko 2001(B), Scaiano 1995, Scaiano 1994(A), Scaiano 1994(B), Supino 2001, Varani 2000, Yoshikawa
2000, Zmyslony 1998). The known effect of an electric field on the body is that it excites (disturbs) electrons of the
body and creates unnatural induced voltage in the body. (US Dept of Energy, DOE/EE-0040) (On The Physics of
Fields, Dolbear, Science, Volume 14, Issue 360, 442-444.) Using a voltmeter referenced to earth, this disturbance of the
bodys electrons is measurable on the surface of the body as 50-60 Hz voltage.

The shielding effect of the earths natural electric field: It is
demonstrable with a voltmeter that physical contact with the earth
maintains the human body at the natural electrical potential (voltage) of the
earth. We propose that when the body is electrically coupled with the earth,
the DC electrons of the earth and/or its related electric field, then residing
on the surface of the body, absorb the excitation effects of 50-60 Hz
environmental electric fields. By transferring (offsetting) the attraction of
an electric field from the body (which has a limited supply of electrons) to
the earth (which has an infinite supply of electrons), excitation of the
bodys electrons is significantly reduced. When the body is shielded with
the DC of the earth, the electrons of the body are then protected from being
disturbed and held hostage as 50-60 Hz induced body voltage and away
from their normal functions. [The shielding of electronic cables and
electronic equipment by grounding their housing to the earth is widely used
as a method to prevent internal electromagnetic interference]

Sampling of AC electric field induced
voltage measured on subjects bodies
while lying in their own beds
Subjec
t
Before
Grounding
After
Grounding
1 3.940 V 0.003 V
2 1.470 V 0.001 V
3 2.700 V 0.004 V
4 1.200 V 0.002 V
5 2.700 V 0.005 V
6 1.670 V 0.005 V
7 5.950 V 0.008 V
8 3.940 V 0.008 V
6
th

167
P-046

NO INFLUENCE OF 50 Hz CONTINUOUS MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURES ON
COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN HUMAN.

MARIE DELHEZ
1
, SERGE BRDART
2
, JEAN-JACQUES LEGROS
1
AND MARION CRASSON
1

1 BelgianBioElectroMagnetic Group, Psychoneuroendocrinology Unit, University of Lige,
CHU Sart-Tilman, B-35, B-4000 Lige, Belgium
2 Cognitive Psychology, University of Lige, B-32, Boulevard du rectorat, B-4000 Lige, Belgium

The issue posed by extremely low frequency (ELF) (0-300 Hz), magnetic field (MF) exposure effects on health is
also related to non cancer topics such as effects on cognitive function. Some animal studies suggest an effect on
different cognitive abilities such as a reduced spatial learning in rats. In human, evidence is accumulating that exposure
to extremely low electromagnetic fields may affect cerebral and cognitive functioning (e.g. event-related potentials,
attention and learning) although the conditions under which an effect can be detected are not well defined. A dose-
response relationship has not yet been established. For example, performance on selective attention (e.g. binary reaction
time task) may be altered using specific combinations of electric and magnetic fields at a low intensity, whereas it
maintains stable at higher intensities (Graham et al., 1994). Overall, effects are transient and subtle, not easily
reproduced and not all studies have reported significant effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate
cognitive effects of a continuous, vertical extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic field (MF) of 20 T and 400 T in
healthy young men during performance of a series of complex cognitive tests, under high mental load. Thirty-two
volunteers (20-30 years old, mean 22.6 2.2 years) participated in the double-blind study. The test protocol consisted
of a set of memory, attention and time perception tests (divided attention, flexibility, updating, digit span, digit span
with articulary suppression and time perception). The total duration of the exposition was 01:05h. Three conditions in
the helmet (sham exposure, 20 T and 400 T) and one condition out of the helmet in order to assess the effect of
subjects' expectancies were assigned to each of the participants. Neither effect of magnetic field exposure nor effect of
subjects' expectancies were observed on performance measures.

Graham, C., Cook, M.R., Cohen, H.D., Gerkovich, M.M. (1994). Dose response study of human exposure to 60
Hz electric and magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 15:447-463.

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P-047

EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE EXPOSURE ON HEARING FUNCTION
OF USERS

SULEYMAN DASDAG* AND M. FARUK OKTAY**

Biophysics* and ENT Departments of Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey

Public and scientific awareness of questions about mobile phone safety has been increased greatly in the last few
years. However, since radiofrequency auditory phenomenon has been widely recognized as one of the most interesting
biological effects of RF (1), the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of radiation emitted from mobile
phones on hearing function of users. The study were carried out on two type of mobile phone users, which are ordinary
users and users talking more than two hours in a day. Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometer (BERA) and traditional
audiometric methods were used to measure the effects of exposure under investigation on hearing functions of subjects.
In BERA measurements, I-III, III-V and I-V interpeak latencies were evaluated. Interpeak latency of subjects in two
experimental groups was compared with subjects in control group, who having never used mobile phones until now.
BERA results showed no differences between two experimental groups and control group (p>0.05).

In traditional audiometric measurements, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz frequencies
of hearing threshold were measured in subjects of two experimental and control groups. Any differences were not
observed between normal mobile phone users (10-20 minutes in a day) and subjects in control group (unexposed
persons from mobile phones until now). However, hearing threshold of mobile phone users who are talking more than
two hours in a day were found higher than ordinary mobile phone users and subjects in control group. It means that
hearing loss was observed in more talking users. 250 Hz and 4000 Hz of bone and air conductions of right ear, and 500
Hz, 1000 Hz, 4000 Hz, 8000 Hz of bone and air conductions of left ear were found significant in terms of mean hearing
threshold. All the results were evaluated by means of ANOVA (SPSS) statistical program.

Right Ear Left Ear
Mean hearing
threshold
Bone Conduction
(dB)
Air Conduction
(dB)
Bone Conduction
(dB)
Air Conduction
(dB)
Users (speak
more than two
hours in a day)

14.49 6.63

15.74 6.43

16.43 6.97

18.47 6.27
Ordinary users
(10-20 min. in a
day)

11.29 4.53

13.51 3.34

12.91 5.21

16.01 3.61
Subjects in
control group
(unexposed)

11.29 5,0

13.37 3.88

12.29 4.8

14.5 4.1
Table1. Traditional audiometer results of two types of mobile phone users and control group.

REFERENCES
1. Meric F, Dasdag S, Vergili K.1998. Do radiofrequency radiation affect the auditory system of people with
occupational exposure, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 3(1): 55-58.

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P-048

EFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCIES (RF) ON HEARING FUNCTION OF PEOPLE
OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO RF

M. FARUK OKTAY*, SULEYMAN DASDAG**, SEBAHATTIN CUREOGLU***, MUSA CEBE*,
MEHMET YAZICIOGLU*, FARUK MERIC*, ISMAIL TOPCU*

Dept. of ENT* and Dept. of Biophysics**,
Medical Faculty ofDicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
Dept. of Otolaryngology***, Medical Faculty of Minnesota University , Minnesota, USA

The effects of RF and microwave radiation on human have been a subject of continuing investigations. Clinical
investigations on occupational microwave and/or RF exposure in humans have been reported by investigators (1). Since
one of the major occupationally exposed groups is that who has been working in radio broadcasting and TV transmitter
stations the present study intended to investigate whether RF affects auditory system of people exposed to RF. The
study carried out on people working in radio broadcasting and TV transmitter stations. Subjects in experimental group
have been also living in quarters of the broadcasting station. However, the entire subjects in control group were similar
in age, work regime and socioeconomic status, and having never worked with RF sources.

Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometer (BERA) and traditional audiometric methods were used to measure the
effects of RF under investigation on hearing functions of subjects. In BERA measurements, I-III, III-V and I-V
interpeak latencies were evaluated. Interpeak latencies of subjects in experimental groups were compared with subjects
in control group. BERA results showed that I-III and I-V interpeak latencies of people occupationally exposed to RF
were found higher than subjects in control groups P<0.05). However, III-V interpeak latencies were not found
significant p>0.05). The results of BERA indicated that nucleus and cochlear nerves of subjects in experimental group
affected by radiofrequency radiation.

In traditional audiometric measurements, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz frequencies
of hearing threshold were measured in subjects of experimental and control groups. Hearing threshold of people
occupationally exposed to RF were found higher than control subject for frequencies of 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz in terms
of bone and air conduction of right and left ear (p<0.01). It means that hearing loss was observed in this subjects for
frequencies mentioned above. The results of traditional audiometer indicated that RF promotes sensorineural hearing
loss and affects cochlea parts related to 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz. All the results were evaluated by means of ANOVA
(SPSS) statistical program.

Right Ear Left Ear
Mean hearing
threshold
Bone Conduction
(dB)
Air Conduction
(dB)
Bone Conduction
(dB)
Air Conduction
(dB)
Experimental
Group

16,3 8.3

18.1 7.96

18.5 9.1

20.8 9
Control Group
11.3 5.

13.3 3.6

12.4 5.

14.7 4.1
Table1. Traditional audiometer results of subjects in experimental and control group.

REFERENCES
Meric F, Dasdag S, Vergili K.1998. Do radiofrequency radiation affect the auditory system of people with occupational
exposure, Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 3(1): 55-58.
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170
P-049

EFFECTS OF 50Hz ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (EMF) ON DENTAL PAIN
THRESHOLD, BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) AND HEART RATE (HR) IN HUMANS

S. GHIONE, C. DEL SEPPIA, L. MEZZASALMA, L. BONFIGLIO*

CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology and * Neuroscience Department University of Pisa (Italy)

Several reports indicate that exposure to EMF affects pain perception. This was observed in a variety of animal
models for various EMF ranging from hypogeomagnetic field to 60 Hz (Choleris et al. Proc R Soc Lond B 2002). In
general, hyperalgesia (i.e. reduction of pain threshold) was observed. In humans, to our knowledge, the effect of EMF
was studied only by our group who observed a reduction of pain threshold after exposure to randomly varying
sinusoidal EMF at a frequency <1 Hz (Papi et al. Bioelectromagnetics 1995; Sartucci et al. Brain Res. 1997) and to
regularly oscillating EMF at 37 Hz (Ghione et al. submitted for publication).

Here we analyse the effect on nociception in 40 healthy male volunteers (age 274 , mean SD) after 90-min
exposure of the head to 50 Hz EMF at a flux density (peak) of 40 T (n=20) and 80 T (n=20) in a double-blind
randomized sham-controlled study. Since cardiovascular regulation is functionally related to pain modulation (Ghione,
Hypertension 1996) we also measured BP and HR during treatment. Pain threshold was noninvasively measured by a
commercial tooth pulp tester and BP and HR by an automatic oscillometric device.

Data were evaluated by repeated measure ANOVA with two factors: treatment (sham/magnetic) and sequence
(before/after for pain threshold and eight 15-min time intervals for BP and HR). For 40 T (but not 80 T) a significant
effect of treatment (p=0.033) was observed for pain threshold. Post-hoc comparison revealed that pain threshold after
magnetic treatment was significantly (p<0.05) lower than after sham treatment (see Table). No significant effect of
treatment was found for BP and HR.

These results are in partial agreement with previous observation that EMF may reduce pain perception (i.e.
increase pain sensitivity) and suggest a complex dose-response effect. This seems to be indicated by the fact that a
response was observed at a lower but not at a higher EMF intensity.

Table: Tooth pain thesholds before and after 90-min exposure of the head to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field at 40
and 80 T.

Treatment Sham Magnetic
before after before after
40T 413 423
383 373

80T 372 382 382 382
MeanSEM;

p<0.05

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171
P-050

CHANGES IN EEG CAUSED BY MODULATED MICROWAVE FIELD

HIIE HINRIKUS, JAANUS LASS, MAIE PARTS, AND VIIU TUULIK

Biomedical Engineering Centre, Tallinn Technical University,

The reports of possible nonthermal microwave field (MWF) effects are often contradictory and the mechanisms
behind the effects are still unclear. In our previous studies the method of comparison of modulated MWF and photic
stimulation effects on EEG alpha waves has been applied [1]. The interesting finding of the study was that the MWF
effects were most noticeable with the modulation frequency of 7 Hz. This frequency coincides with the result of
calculation for the fundamental mode of nondispersive brain waves [2]. The current study is aimed to repeat and
verify the results of our previous work concerning possible MWF effects on 7 Hz modulation frequency.

The experiments were carried out with a group of 15 healthy young volunteers, 8 male and 7 female. The 450
MHz MWF was 100% amplitude modulated at 7, 16 and 30 Hz frequency. The measured density at the cortex was
0,160 mW/cm
2
.

The experimental protocol consisted of one cycle of the photic (20 sec) and three cycles of the MWF (60 sec)
stimulation at 7 Hz, 16 Hz and 30 Hz modulation frequencies. The recovery time between stimulation cycles was 60
sec. The Cadwell Easy II EEG measurement equipment was used for EEG recordings. The signals from the following
EEG channels were utilized F1, F2, T3, T4, O1 and O2. The relative change between alpha or theta band energies inside
10 sec segments on the end of periods with stimulation and start of the periods without this was selected for
characterisation of the stimulation effect. The Student t-test was applied for estimation significance of the differences.

The calculated average relative changes of alpha band energy during photic and microwave stimulation and after
that for 6 EEG channels are presented on Fig. 1.

The standard deviations of the changes were
comparable with their average values. The differences
between the levels of energies inside stimulated and non
stimulated segments were significant for photic stimulation
(p=0.01) and not significant for MW stimulation. The reason
is individual sensitivity and reaction to stimulation by MWF.
The trend of change caused MWF is more remarkable in case
of 7 Hz modulation frequency. This result confirm the
findings reported in our previous work. The photic
stimulation causes major changes in occipital but MWF in
temporaparietal regions. The effect was not significant
statistically.

This research has been supported by Estonian Science Foundation Grant No 5143.

REFERENCES
[1] J. Lass, V. Tuulik, H. Hinrikus. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 37, 105s-108s, 1999.
[2] P. Nunez, Neocortical dynamics and human EEG Rhythms, Oxford Univ. Press, 1995.

-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4
1 - photic stim; 2 - MW 7 Hz;
3 - MW 16 Hz; 4 - MW 30 Hz
%
FP1, FP2
T3, T4
O1, O2
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172
P-051

HELIX ASPERSA SINGLE UNIT NEURON SHOWS A FREQUENCY WINDOWS UNDER
APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY

A. DEL MORAL
A
, R. N. PREZ BRUZN
B, C
, MARA J. AZANZA
C*

a
Laboratorio de Magnetismo, DFMC-ICMA, Universidad de Zaragoza & CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
b
Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
c
Laboratorio de Magnetobiologa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain

Molluscan neurones show a high sensitivity to extremely low frequency applied magnetic fields (ELF-MF) of 50 Hz, 1-
15 mT intensity [1]. We report the responses of neurones under exposure to ELF-MF of low intensity (B
0
= 1 mT) and
frequencies between 0.1 and 80 Hz. We have observed a frequency window effect. The HMHW of the window amounts
between 2-8 Hz. An explanation of this phenomenon is proposed.

The experiments were performed on single unit neurones from Helix aspersa brain ganglia maintained in vitro in Ringer
solution. Intracellular recordings were made in real time using glass micro-electrodes filled with 1 M potassium acetate
(pH 6.8) (tip resistance 2-20 M). The brain ganglia were placed in the centre of a pair of Helmholtz coils. Sinusoidal
ELF-MF of amplitude B
0
= 1mT and frequency, f
M
, from 0.1 to 80 Hz were applied. No temperature variation in the
Ringer solution was observed. We have made 14 experiments on randomly selected neurones (V3, V4, V7, V9, V14,
D1, D4, F1, F16 and F26). The applied frequencies were increased progressively, each one being maintained an average
time of 1 min.

RESULTS
Central to this work is that as the frequency f
M
approaches to the spontaneous activity of the neurone, f
0
, a frequency
increase has been observed (in 9 out of the 14 experiments). In Fig.1 (neuron D4) recordings a) and b) show the
spontaneous activity (f
0
= 4.2 spikes/s), on c) under applied f
M
of 4 Hz the spikes amplitude increases ( 30 %) and the
spikes frequency increases to 5.6 spikes/s, on f) it is shown that under applied f
M
of 5 Hz the spikes amplitude return to
the initial value and spikes frequency decreases to 4.6 spikes/s. As the frequency f
M
overcomes f
0
, the firing neurone
frequency, f, strongly decreases. Neurone responses indicate a frequency window (f.w.) effect. In fig.2 (neuron V7)
it has been plotted 1/f versus (f
M
f
0
)
2
, the average f
0
0.7 spikes/s. The good linearity observed suggests a phase
synchronization effect, likely due to a statistical distribution of firing frequencies for the Ca
2+
-operated-K
+
-protein
channels. From the line slope and origin intercept we determine f = 2.6 Hz.

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0.078 5.19 10.75 57.46 127.2 203.9 298.6 589.5 6285
y = 1.0499 + 0.15091x R= 0.94045
(f
M
-f
0
)
2
Hz
2

Fig 1. Fig 2.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Single neurons show intrinsic properties which determine its firing frequency with a value defined as characteristic
spontaneous firing (c.s.f.), f
0
. A similar effect was early observed by Bawin et al. [2] in in vitro chicken brain around a
central frequency of 16 Hz, with windows of HMHW 8 and 20 Hz, so called frequency window for the response of
brain to weak ELF-MF. Our observation also indicates an f.w. phenomenon, but within a single unit neurone. In a brain
f.w. is likely a consequence of phase synchronization between neurons activity and MF, the f.w. width being

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173
determined by the statistical distribution of brain neurons firing frequencies. We suggest, that a statistical distribution of
firing frequencies seems also to exist for a single neurone. Looking for a Lorentzian distribution of firing frequencies, f
= A/[(f
M
-f
0
)
2
+ f)
2
], where f is HMHW. As we have shown before the membrane forms phospholipids (PP) and
protein clusters which act cooperatively. Under the AC torque exerted by the MF, Ca
2+
ions, free liberated in the
cytosol, activates the sorting of K
+
ions through Ca
2+
-operated-K
+
-channels hyperpolarizing the membrane potential [3].
Our explanation of the observed resonance is that when f
M
coincides with some protein cluster f
0
, Ca
2+
-operated-K
+
-
channels are in phase with the AC field, the effect being reinforced. The HMHW, f, therefore would measure the
statistical distribution of f
0
within the different populations of protein channels. The highest population marks the c.s.f.
The f decrease is likely due to the decreasing size of protein channel population with increasing f
0
. Therefore what the
AC-MF does is to explore (sampling) the protein channel populations. The average size of protein clusters was
indirectly determined by studying the B
rms
variation of f, which follows a model dependence, with model parameter
proportional to N
c
and to [3]. Further experiments and theoretical work is in progress.

We acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology for Projects and grants PROFIT PROJECT: FIT-
07000-2001-346, FIT-2002-070000-2002-623.

REFERENCES
[1] M.J Azanza, A. del Moral. ELF-magnetic field induced effects on the bioelectric activity of single neurone cells. J.
Magn. Magn. Mater. 177-181 (1998) 1451-1452
[2] S.M.Bawin, A. Sheppard, W.R. Adey. Possible mechanism of weak electromagnetic field coupling in brain tissue.
Bioelectrochem. Bioenergetics 5 (1978) 67-76
[3] M.J Azanza, A. del Moral. Cell membrane biochemistry and neurobiological approach to biomagnetism. Prog.
Neurobiol. 44 (1994) 517-601
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174
P-052

STUDY OF MECHANISMS OF HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
BACTERIAL EFFECTS

BAGRAMYAN K., HAKOBYAN M., POLADYAN A., TRCHOUNIAN A.

Department of Biophysics Yerevan State University, 375049 Yerevan, Armenia

A lot of information is available on biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) of extremely high
frequency, however little is available with bacterial effects. Bactericide effects (for fermenting Escherichia coli) of
sound EMF (53.4 68.0 GHz) of high frequency with high flux capacity (generator Artsakh-2NG constructed in the
Institute of Radiophysics, Ashtarak, Armenia) have been shown recently [1]. Inhibition of bacterial growth was
dependent on growth phase and irradiation time. EMF effects might be direct on membrane proteins and lipids or
indirect through their environment. We have carried out detailed comparison analysis to understand how this effect
correlated with external conditions (anaerobic and aerobic conditions, alkaline and acidic pH) and bacterial metabolism
type (fermentation of sugars, nitrate and oxygen respiration). Analysis of the effects of EMF on whole cells and
sphaeroplsts, employing different exposition, direct and indirect irradiation, single and repeated irradiation as well as
the effects of EMF on membrane surface and ion-transporting properties, the effects of EMF on generation of proton-
motive force, the effects of EMF on activity of ATPase and the other membrane-associated enzymes has been done. It
could be generalized that EMF energy is preferentially absorbed in the anaerobically grown performing fermentation.
E. Coli demonstrated the lowest viability of the cells grown on solid or liquid media. There are maximal changes in the
properties of the membrane surface reflected on the modifications in the nature of ion exchange, ATPase activity after
repeated irradiation of bacterial suspension. Although EMF determined lower effects on a survival of respiring cells, its
membranous action was reflected on the value of the proton motive force, which is decreased dramatically (up to -80
mV) after repeated direct irradiation of bacteria. These results may be in the basis for the further investigations for the
development of the next generators of millimeter waves and for the construction of the treatment strategy.

The present study is expected may provide with applications in medicine in recovery of bacterial diseases of skin
and even more deep injuries. Besides, bacteria as a models are the best in a policy for protection from EMF.

1. Trchounian A., Ogandjanyan Y., Sargsyan E., Gonyan S., Hovhanissyan A., Hovhanissyan S. (2001) Membranous
effects of extremely high frequency electromagnetic fields on Escherichia coli, Biofizika, 46:69-76 (Russian)

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th

175
P-053

EXPOSURE TO 50 Hz MAGNETIC FIELD DOES NOT AFFECT ISOPROTERENOL
INDUCED PINEAL MELATONIN SYNTHESIS IN PERIFUSION SYSTEM AT 100 AND
500 T FLUX DENSITIES IN VITRO

JZSEF BAKOS, GYRGYI KUBINYI, HANNA SINAY, GYRGY THURCZY

Department of Non-ionizing Radiations, National "Frdric Joliot-Curie" Research Institute for
Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary.

In this study the effect of exposure to 50 Hz magnetic field on melatonin synthesis of rat pineal glands was
investigated in vitro.

The melatonin synthesis of Wistar rats pineal glands was measured in an in vitro perifusion system adopted
from a pharmacological application. The pineal glands of five rats were removed immediately after decapitation. The
pineal glands were cut into four pieces and placed into a chromatography column filled with sephadex G-25 resin.
Sigma medium 199 was perifused over the column by an peristaltic pump with 6 ml/hour flow rate. The perifusate
fractions (3 ml) was collected in every 30 minutes by an fraction collector. The column and the medium container were
kept at 370.1 C by a circulating water bath. The medium was saturated by air containing 5 % CO
2
, this was achieved
by the continuous bubble of the gas mixture through the medium. After 18 hours of adaptation melatonin synthesis of
pineal glands was firstly induced at 7:40 AM by adding 10
-5
or 10
-6
M isoproterenol (ISO) into the flowing through
medium during 20 minutes. The induction was repeated six times in every 12 hour. The melatonin concentration of the
perifusate was determined by direct RIA. The 50 Hz magnetic field was produced by a pair of copper wire Helmholtz
coils with 12,5 cm diameter. The coils were placed into horizontal planes and the chromatography column was situated
in the vertical axle going through the midsts of circular coils.

The applied magnetic flux densities were identical with the exposure limits of ICNIRP for general public and for
workers 100 and 500 T, respectively. The duration of exposure was varied from two hours/day to 24 hours. The
exposure was continuous in case of 24 hours and either continuous or intermittent(15 min. on, 15 min off) in case of 2
hours/day.

If the melatonin synthesis was induced by 10
-5
ISO no effect of exposure to magnetic field was observed at any
type of exposure.

When the melatonin synthesis was induced by 10
-6
ISO the last peaks were flattened and new extra peaks were
observed on the melatonin synthesis versus time curve.

The pineal glands can alive and produce melatonin at least five days in this perifusion system, so this method is
suitable for performing long term(upto five days) study of the effects of physical modalities on pineal melatonin
synthesis in vitro.

It seems that 50 Hz magnetic field can change melatonin synthesis of rat pineal gland only at lower stimulation
concentration of ISO in vitro.

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176
P-054

GSM MICROWAVES AND 50 HZ EMF INDUCE STRESS RESPONSE IN
LYMPHOCYTES FROM HYPERSENSITIVE AND HEALTHY PERSONS.

IGOR BELYAEV
1,2
, LENA HILLERT
3,4
, MARINA PROTOPOPOVA
5
, LARS MALMGREN
6
,
BERTIL PERSSON
6
, GALINA SELIVANOVA
5
, MATS HARMS-RINGDAHL
1

1
Department of Genetic and Cellular Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;
2
Department of Biophysics, Radiation Physics and Ecology, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Russia;
3
Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden;

4
Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
5
Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
6
Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

INTRODUCTION:
There are several symptoms that persons who report hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EMF) experience in the
proximity to sources of EMF. No causal relationship between EMF and symptoms has yet been proven, but sensitivity
to specific frequencies has been suggested.

OBJECTIVE:
Here, we used specific conditions of exposure to microwaves from a GSM (global system for mobile communication)
mobile phone and ELF EMF to investigate the response of lymphocytes from healthy subjects and from persons
reporting hypersensitivity to EMF.

Fresh blood samples from two groups of donors, 7 persons reporting hypersensitivity and 7 healthy controls, matched
by gender and age, were coded and the data were analyzed in blind with the t-test. The changes in chromatin
conformation were measured with the method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD). 53BP1 protein,
which has been shown to co-localize in foci with DNA double strand breaks (DSB), was analyzed by immunostaining
in situ. Sinusoidal magnetic field (50 Hz, 15 T amplitude) was applied using Helmholtz coils. Installation employing
GSM signal, 915 MHz, all modulations included, 33 dB, SAR=0.4 mW/g in the TEM-cell was used. All exposures were
2 h.

RESULTS:
Exposure either to GSM microwaves or EMF/50 Hz resulted in significant condensation of chromatin, which was
similar to the effect of heat shock at 41
0
C. These effects varied between donors with a trend for prolonged condensation
of chromatin in the cells from hypersensitive subjects. Cells from three subjects, who were classified as pronounced
hypersensitive responded to GSM /ELF stronger than cells from matched control subjects, but these differences in
responses need to be confirmed in a larger study group. Neither GSM nor ELF exposure induced formation of 53BP1
foci. In contrary, distinct decrease in background level of 53BP1 signaling was observed upon these exposures as well
as after heat shock. This decrease correlated with the AVTD data and may indicate decrease in accessibility of 53BP1 to
antibodies because of stress-induced chromatin condensation.

CONCLUSIONS:
ELF magnetic fields and GSM microwaves under specified conditions of exposure induced stress response in
lymphocytes from healthy donors and donors who report hypersensitivity to EMF.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research and the Swedish Radiation
Protection Institute supported these studies.

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177
P-055

EFFECTS OF HIGH VOLTAGE POWER LINES ON TOPSOIL MICROBES

TAMARA GALONJA-COGHILL AND ROGER COGHILL

Coghill Research Laboratories, Pontypool NP4 5UH, GWENT, UK

OBJECTIVES:
Soil microorganisms are essential for many important processes in maintaining organic life, e.g. for recycling biogenic
elements in the biosphere. Bacteria are also responsible for transforming the Earths surface from the mineral inorganic
matter of volcanic rock into fertile terrain. By degrading the cells of dead plant, animal or other microorganismic
material and excretory products into mineral substances, they make them useable by plants. Moreover, capturing
nitrogen from the air (such as some bacteria and Cyanobacteria) microorganisms prevent the nitrogen starvation of
other organisms, so are oftenly used in biotechnology for the purpose of biofertilisation. Some bacteria and all
Cyanobacteria (which can be considered as algal organisms) have photosynthetic ability. Fungi (partly or completely)
convert organic matter into mineral substances. The earths topsoil is also full of different protozoic organisms,
generally heterotrophic. During the last fifty years for the first time in evolution pastures may be continually exposed to
EMFs from overlying HV lines. The aim of this investigation was to find if soil microorganisms are affected by such
fields.

METHOD AND MATERIALS:
Three strengths of high voltage line were chosen (400 kV, 275 kV and 132 kV), which are the most typical UK
transmission lines. Line characteristics were obtained by 48 hour periodic measurements sampled every 30 seconds for
the orthogonal components of the magnetic field and the vertical component of the ELF electric field. The same
experimental procedure was carried out with respect to all of these lines. Five soil samples were taken from under the
line and four control samples distant from the line in the same pasture, such that the EM field levels were not influenced
by the lines. Organisms from four characteristic microorganism groups (bacterial, algal, fungal and protozoic) were
isolated and analysed for amount, physiological activity and morphology. Then they were replaced in the sampling sites
and reanalysed for these three properties 5 and 10 days later. Bacterial isolates were cultured on agar medium and
analysed for changes in amount, physiological activity level (by measuring activities of their acid, alkaline and neutral
phosphatase enzymes) and for morphology (microscopically). The other organisms isolates (cultures) were analysed
for their amounts (algae by determining chlorophyll-a content, which reflects their biomass, fungi on the fungal medium
and protozoa microscopically) and morphological changes (by phase contrast microscopy).

RESULTS:
In microbia the TCA cycle provides energy and also the carbon skeletons of many cell components. Results suggest that
EM fields may be altering some constituents of the catabolic route taken by microbial organisms as a result of EMF
exposure.

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
C
h
lo
ro
p
h
y
ll a

(u
g
/m
l)
initial state 400 kV
(under)
400 kV
(distant)
275 kV
(under)
275 kV
(distant)
132 kV
(under)
132 kV
(distant)
samples
Algal biomass changes expressed through
chl a contents
Initial state
after 5 days
after 10 days

Bacterial number and PAI correlation - under the 275 and 400 kV lines
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
IS 5 days 10 days
Exposure time
B
a
c
te
ria
l N
o
s
(1
0
6)
0
5
10
15
20
25
P
A
I (u
m
o
l p
N
p
/s
/d
m
3)
400 kV No
275 kV No
400 kV PAI
275 kV PAI

6
th

178
P-056

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: FIELD INTENSITY AND
EXPOSURE LENGTH DEPENDENT EFFECTS.

MONICA DE MATTEI
1
, AGNESE PELLATI
1
,
MICHELA PASELLO
1
, ALESSIA ONGARO
1
,

LEO MASSARI
2
,
GIORDANO STABELLINI
3
, AND ANGELO CARUSO
1
.

1
Department of Morphology and Embriology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.

2

3
Dip. di Anatomia Umana-LITA di Segrate, Univ. Statale di Milano, Italy.
Fellowship supported from IGEA (Carpi, Italy).

Certain low frequency low energy electromagnetic fields (EMF) can influence connective tissue behaviour and have
been shown to be effective clinically in promoting the healing of fracture nonunions (1). Furthermore, the results of
some studies suggest EMF potential application as an osteoarthritis (OA) treatment (2). This study was designed to
assess the effects of EMF exposure on the synthesis of proteoglycans (PGs), fundamental components of cartilage
extracellular matrix, in relation to both the field intensity and the exposure lengths.

METHODS
Bovine articular cartilage explants established from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 14-18 month old animals were
cultured in Dulbeccos modified Eagles/Hams F12 (1:1) medium (DMEM/F12) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine
serum (FBS). Cartilage explants were placed between Helmholtz coils, powered by a pulse generator (Igea, Carpi, Italy)
and exposed for 24 hours to different electromagnetic fields (75 Hz) varying in field intensity from 0,5 to 2 mT. In
following experiments, cartilage explants were exposed for different times ( 1, 4 , 9, 24 hours) to the 1,5 mT intensity
field. Whatever the field intensity and the exposure length, PG synthesis was determined by incorporation of Na
2
-
35
SO
4

(3) during the first 24 hours from the beginning of EMF exposure.

RESULTS
EMFs significantly increased PG synthesis at all the field intensities tested. The maximal stimulation was observed with
the 1,5 mT field. When this field was used in exposure length experiments, EMF induced a time-dependent increase in
PG synthesis ranging from 12 % at 4 hours to 17 % over controls at 24 hours of exposure. No effect was observed after
1 hour of exposure.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study show that the optimal value of field intensity to stimulate the synthesis of cartilage extracellular
matrix components is 1,5 mT. In addition, the exposure time sufficient to induce the PG synthesis stimulation is similar
to that used to induce bone formation in vivo. This study provides experimental basic data for the clinical application of
certain EMF stimulation on cartilage disorders.

REFERENCES
1) Traina GC et al.. J Biolectricity 1991, 10:101-117. 2) Trock, DH et al. J. Rheumatol. 1994, 21: 1903-11. 3) Wasteson
A, et al. Biochem J 1973, 136:1069-74.
6
th

179
P-057

EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND INTERLEUKIN-1 (IL-1) ON
PROTEOGLYCAN METABOLISM OF BOVINE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE EXPLANTS.

MONICA DE MATTEI
1
,
MICHELA PASELLO
1
, AGNESE PELLATI
1
, ALESSIA ONGARO
1
,
GIAN CARLO TRAINA
2
,

AND ANGELO CARUSO
1
.

1
Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
2

Fellowship supported by IGEA (Carpi, Italy).

INTRODUCTION.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joint cartilage, characterized by the imbalance in normal
extracellular matrix turnover with degradation exceeding synthesis (1). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory
cytokine which is present in elevated amount in OA cartilage and plays a decisive role in OA, by stimulating matrix
degradation and reducing proteoglycans (PG) synthesis (2). Low-frequency, low-energy electromagnetic fields (EMF)
have been proposed for the treatment of OA. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EMF on PG
metabolism of bovine articular cartilage explants cultured in vitro, both under basal conditions and in the presence of
IL-1.

METHODS.
Bovine articular cartilage explants were exposed to EMF (75 Hz, 2,3 mT) for 24 hours in Dulbeccos modified
Eagles/Hams F12 (1:1) medium (DMEM/F12), supplemented with 10% FBS. In some experiments, 50 ng/ml IL-1
was added to the culture medium. PG synthesis was determined by incorporation of Na
2
-
35
SO
4
(3). The release of
matrix PGs in the culture medium and the residual PG content in the tissue were evaluated by the dimethyl-methylene
blue (DMMB) assay (4). Variations in nitric oxide (5) and lactate production were evaluated by standard assays.

RESULTS.
PG synthesis and the residual PG tissue content resulted significantly higher in EMF-exposed explants than in controls,
while no effect was observed on PG release and nitric oxide (NO) production. IL-1 induced both a reduction in PG
synthesis and an increase in PG release, related to a strong stimulation of NO production, which resulted in a net loss of
tissue PG content. In IL-1-treated explants, EMF increased PG synthesis, whereas in spite of a slight stimulation of
NO production EMF did not modify PG release. This resulted in the residual PG tissue content being maintained at the
control level. In both experimental conditions, the effects of EMF were associated with an increase in lactate
production.

CONCLUSIONS.
The results of this study show that EMF are able to promote anabolic activities and PG synthesis in bovine articular
cartilage explants. EMF effect is maintained also in the presence of IL-1, thus counteracting the catabolic activity of
the cytokine. These data suggest that EMF exposure exerts a chondroprotective effect on articular cartilage and provide
an experimental basis for the EMF therapeutic utilization in the treatment of OA.

REFERENCES.
(1) Goldring M.B. Arthritis. Rheum. 2000; 43, 1916-26. (2) Chevalier X. Biomed. Pharmacother. 1997; 51, 58-62. (3)
Wasteson A. et al. Biochem. J. 1973; 136, 1069-74. (4) Handley C.J. et al. Methods Enzymol. 1995; 248, 47-58. (5)
Green, L.C. et al. Anal. Biochem. 1982; 126, 131-8.
6
th

180
P-058

50 HZ MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF ADHERENT
CELL CONTACT PROTEINS OF PRIMARY MOUSE LEYDIG CELLS IN CULTURE

ZSOLT FORGCS
1
, ZOLTN SOMOSY
2
, CSABA RVSZ
1
, GBOR JNOSSY
2
, GYRGY THURCZY
2

1
National Institute of Chemical Safety, Budapest, Hungary
2
National "Frederic Joliot-Curie" Research Institute for Radiobiology
and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary

In our previous experiments we found that in vitro exposure to sinusoidal 50 Hz 100 T magnetic fields was able
to stimulate the testosterone (T) production of mouse Leydig cells in a 48-h primary culture. Similar response was
detected following an in vivo 50 Hz, 100 T magnetic field exposure performed over a period of 14 days.

Hence, the main goal of this study was to evaluate whether the magnetic field-induced functional changes of
Leydig cells were accompanied by some morphological alterations or not. In the experiments reported here, we
investigated the possible effect(s) of the in vitro 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on the adherent cell contacts and
microtubular system of mouse Leydig cells in primary 48-h culture.

Mouse primary testicular intersitital (Leydig) cells obtained from 30-35 g NMRI mice were exposed in a CO
2

incubator to a sinusoidal 50 Hz / 100 T magnetic field for 48 h. Non-exposed, human choriogonin stimulated (0.1
mIU/ml hCG) cells were also cultured as positive controls. Cells were grown as monolayer on cover slips posited on the
bottom of the plastic 24-well culture plates. Following the incubation the cells were fixed to cover slips and
permeabilized with -20 C methanol for 2 hours. For immunocytochemical detection of cadherins, -catenin and
tubulin, cells were incubated over 60 minutes at room temperature with (1:300 diluted) pan-cadherin, anti--catenin or
antitubulin. Anti-mouse FITC developed in rabbit was used as secondary antibody.

Evaluating the samples by fluorescent microscopy, we found that the applied magnetic field exposure increased
the amounts of cadherins and -catenin along the surface of the cell-to-cell contacts. The amount of microtubuli was
also elevated and typical shape of cells was changed. The effects of magnetic field exposure were similar to those
caused by hCG, in the positive controls.

The exact mechanism of action of the applied magnetic field on Leydig cell-to-cell contacts and morphology
cannot discerned from the present results. A possible mechanism of action may be associated with the alterations in
cAMP content, and intercellular communication may be induced by the applied field. It is known that cAMP is one of
the most important second messengers in LH receptor-mediated steroidogenesis by Leydig cells. On the other hand,
according to literature data, elevated level of cAMP has a stabilizing effect on cell contacts and increases the number of
microtubuli.

Further investigations are required to clarify the subcellular action of applied magnetic field in Leydig cells.

This work was supported by research grants from the National Scientific Research Fund
(OTKA No. T 034957) and Szchenyi Project (1/016/2001 NKFP) in Hungary.

6
th

181
P-059

EFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON CELLULAR
PROLIFERATION, ODC ACTIVITY, AND APOPTOSIS

ANNE HYT, MIKKO SOKURA, JUKKA JUUTILAINEN, JONNE NAARALA

University of Kuopio, Department of Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland

OBJECTIVES
This is a summary of several studies conducted by our group. The aim of these studies was to find out if radiofrequency
(RF) radiation affects cellular growth or programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Murine L929 fibroblasts, rat C6 glioma cells, and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to RF fields at
872 MHz (waveguide exposure system). Pulse modulation at 217 Hz (modulation characteristics typical to the GSM
mobile phone system) or continuous wave (CW) exposure was used. Exposures were performed at SAR (specific
absorption rate) levels of 0 - 6 W/kg for 1 - 24 hours. Part of the experiments were co-exposures, in which cells were
exposed to fresh medium or deprivation of serum together with RF radiation. After exposures, cellular ODC activity,
proliferation and/or apoptosis were measured. Proliferation was assayed using AlamarBlue method and apoptosis
measuring the activity of caspase-3.

RF radiation did not affect cellular ODC activity in a dose-dependent manner. For example, ODC activity was increased
by 63 % (p < 0.05) in SH-SY5Y cells exposed for 24 h to 2.5 W/kg GSM modulated RF field, but decreased by 42 % (p
< 0.05) in C6 cells after 24 h exposure to 6 W/kg continuous wave RF field. Other statistically significant changes in
ODC activity were not detected, but generally, after 24 h exposures in all cell lines more variation in ODC activities
was detected than after shorter exposures. RF radiation alone did not affect cellular proliferation. In co-exposure
studies, proliferation of L929 cells was increased, but not statistically significantly, after co-exposure to RF radiation
and fresh medium compared to cells exposed to fresh medium only. Apoptosis of the exposed L929 cells was decreased
after 1 h GSM modulated RF radiation at SAR level of 5 W/kg. However, apoptosis was increased after 1 h continuous
wave exposure at a similar SAR level as well as after co-exposure to serum deprivation and RF radiation compared to
serum deprivation only exposures. These changes in apoptosis were not statistically significant.

In summary, no robust effects of RF radiation on cellular growth, ODC activity or apoptosis were detected. Where
effects were seen, they were not dose-dependent.

These studies were supported by TEKES (The National Technology Agency, Finland), the GSM Association, and the
Mobile Manufacturers Forum.

6
th

182
P-060

EFFECTS OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY PULSED MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE
PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF HEPG2 CELLS.

XL HUO, T ZHENG, W YANG, T XU, T SONG

Bioelectromagnetic Lab, Institute of Electrical Engineering
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China

INTRODUCTION
Many investigations have been carried out regarding the influence of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on cell
proliferation within the mT range of magnetic flux density. Among them, the 16 Hz frequency electromagnetic fields
have been demonstrated by several studies as a frequency window corresponding to the release of Ca
2+
(Blackman CF,
et al.). Thus, we choose 16Hz pulsed magnetic fields in this paper to study the effects of magnetic fields on the
proliferation and differentiation of HepG2 cells.

METHODS:
1.ELF exposure system: The pulsed magnetic fields consist of a pulsed power and one cylindrical solenoid polarized
magnetic fields, having frequencies of 5~200 Hz and effective magnetic field strengths of 0~6 mT, square waves, the
solenoid inner size is 19cm in diameter. A frequency of 16Hz and a magnetic flux density of 1.55mT characterized our
exposure field.
2.Cell culture: Human hepatoma-derived cell line HepG2. The cells were grown at 37C in an atmosphere of 5%CO
2

incubators in MEM, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.
3.Assay: Use MTS microculture tetrazolium method to determine the cell proliferation. Use ELISA assay to determine
the content of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as the indicator of cell differentiation. Use Fura-2 double-wavelength fluorescent
technique to determine the intracellular free Ca
2+
.
4. Statistical analysis: Data analysis was performed by Students t-test with a criterion level of =0.05.

RESULTS:
The cell suspensions of 210
4
cells/ml were added to the wells of a 96-well culture plate. After 24h of incubation at
37C, 5%CO
2
, the plates were treated under the pulsed magnetic fields for 1h, 4h, 8h and 24h, respectively. At the end
of another 24-hour incubation including the exposure time, the cell proliferation was determined by MTS method and
AFP secretion was determined by ELISA assay. The results showed that there was no significant difference between
sham and treatments on cell proliferation and AFP secretion under the exposure to 16 Hz pulsed magnetic fields by t-
test (P>0.05). There is a positive relationship between R(R=F340/F380) and intracellular calcium concentration. The
intracellular calcium of HepG2 cells, which were exposed to the pulsed magnetic field at 16 Hz,1.55mT for 1 h, had
slightly increased according to R value (control:2.45190.2378; exposure:2.52660.2915), but there were no
significant difference observed between the exposure and the control (P=0.346, n=23).

CONCLUSIONS:
In this study, there were no significant effects of pulsed magnetic fields observed at 16 Hz, 1.55mT on cell proliferation
and AFP secretion for 1h, 4h, 8h and 24h, respectively. Likewise, there were no significant effects of pulsed magnetic
fields observed at 16Hz, 1.55mT, and 1h on the intracellular calcium. Other investigations regarding the effects of
16Hz, 1.55mT magnetic fields on HepG2 cells will be attempted for further progresses in the future.
Blackman CF, Benance SG,Elliott DJ, et al.Influence from brain tissue in Vitro: a three-model analysis consistent with
the frequency response up to 510Hz. Bioelectromagnetics, 9(3):215-227,1998
6
th

183
P-061

PROTEOMICS APPROACH TO STUDY EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE RADIATION
USING TWO VARIANTS OF HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL CELL LINE

R. KUOKKA AND D. LESZCZYNSKI

STUK Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P. O. Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland

We have used proteomics to examine mobile phone radiation induced effects in the human endothelial cell line
EA.hy926 and its subcloned slow-growing variant EA.hy926v1. Cells were exposed for one hour to GSM 900 MHz
signal at 37 0.3 C. An average SAR of the exposure was 2.4 W/kg. The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE)
was performed in the 1
st
dimension using pH gradient range of 3-10 (non-linear) and in the 2
nd
dimension using 8%
SDS-PAGE. Protein spots in gels were detected by silver staining and analyzed using PDQuest 6.2 software.
Approximately 1300 protein spots were detected in each cell line. Comparison of the sham and exposed samples
revealed several tens of protein spots which were statistically significantly (student T-test, p < 0.05, n=10) affected by
the exposure (increased or declined expression) in both cell lines. A few of these spots were selected for the mass
spectrometry identification using the following criteria: spots needed to be (i) enough separate from the adjacent spots,
(ii) sufficiently large and (iii) well focused in both dimensions. According to these criteria 14 spots were selected. By
far 6 protein spots have been identified using mass spectrometry. These are vimentin (two iso-forms), isocitrate
dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) alpha, heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1, tubulin 6, and -actinin 2 (uncertain due
to the low protein content). Presently expression of these proteins is being confirmed using western blot analysis.
Comparison of all protein spots between the cell lines revealed significant differences. Only ca. 50% of 1300 protein
spots could be confidentially matched between the cell lines, even though both cell lines have the same origin. Out of
14 protein spots originally selected for mass spectrometry identification, 12 were expressed in both cell lines whereas
two spots were expressed only in one of the cell lines. This suggests large protein diversity between the cell lines.
Altogether, our study has shown that proteomics is an effective tool in examining the effects of mobile phone radiation.
Using this approach it was possible to reveal new potential target proteins, which are responding to mobile phone
radiation. In addition to protein expression level, proteomics is also capable to show changes in the protein activity
level, when there is a shift in the pI value of the protein due to post-translational modification (e.g. phosphorylation).
However, since the sensitivity of the method is limited and often the difference between the exposed and sham-exposed
is not high enough, the method is only able to show potential target candidates and further experiments using other cell
biology methods are needed for target validation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Funding for this project was provided by 5
th
Framework Programme of the European Union (REFLEX project) and
internal funding of STUK. Dosimetry support was provided by K. Jokela, A.-P. Sihvonen, and T. Toivo (STUK,
Helsinki, Finland).
6
th

184
P-062

EFFECTS ON CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN A NEUROBLASTOMA CELL LINE
EXPOSED TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ASSOCIATED TO MOBILE PHONES
(900 MHZ)

LACONI C, PIROZZOLI MC, MOSIELLO L, NEGRONI A, PINTO R, LOVISOLO AG AND MARINO C

Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Science, ENEA, 00060 Rome, Italy

The objective of our work is to investigate the possible effects of radiofrequency signals (cellular phones
frequencies and GSM modulation) on neural cells. The biological system used in our experiments is the human
neuroblastoma cell line LAN-5, derived from one of the most frequent childhood tumors. This cell line responds to a
variety of external stimuli such as growth factors and neurotrophins by activating specific intracellular pathways leading
to changes in cellular proliferation and differentiation. The potential ability of radio frequency radiation to modulate
these cellular processes in the mentioned cell lines has been investigated.

The cellular responses after RF exposure were studied in terms of differentiation as neurofilament proteins
expression applying Western blot analysis.

The human neuroblastoma cell line, LAN 5 was grown in Petri dishes 35 mm using RPMI 1640 medium
supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum and 5% CO
2
humidified atmosphere at 37 C; after 24 hours a
differentiative agent (retinoic acid) was added and cells were exposed to RF signal (basic GSM modulation at 900 MHz
and specific absorption rate, SAR, of 1 W/kg) for an exposure time of 24 and 48 hours.

A set-up with four WPCs (wire patch antenna) [1,2], supplied with different power levels (for exposed and sham
cultures), and placed two by two in two incubators, has been constructed and used. A system of four RF channel can
feed (sham included) in blind way the four WPCs.

Therefore blind procedure has been followed: the sham and the exposed cells were placed under the same
conditions.
After 24 and 48 hours of exposure cells were pelleted and analyzed by Western Blot technique, in order to
investigate the expression of neurofilament protein (145 Kda) by using a specific monoclonal antibody. In order to
collect a quantitative analysis of the western blot bands a densitometer (Model GS-700 Imaging) was used.

Results obtained do not seem to present significative differences on expression of neurofilaments between sham
and exposed cells after 24 and 48 hours.

REFERENCES
[1] Laval L, Leveque Ph, Jecko B. A new in vitro exposure device for the mobile frequency of 900 MHz.
Bioelectromagnetics, 21: 255-263, 2000.
[2] Pinto R., Mancini S., Ardoino L., and Lovisolo G.A. Controlled set-ups for biological activities. Conference on RF
Interactions with Humans: Mechanisms, Exposure and Medical Applications, Institute of Physics, London, 27-28
February 2003.

* This work is partially supported by RAMP Project (European Commission, 5th Framework Programme,
QLRT-2001-00463, 2002-2004)
6
th

185
P-063

EFFECTS OF GSM-900 RFR ON THE APOPTOSIS OF BRAIN CELLS

F. POULLETIER DE GANNES, I. LAGROYE, E. HARO, M. TAXILE, P.E. DULOU,
B. BILLAUDEL, B. VEYRET.

PIOM/Bioelectromagnetics laboratory, ENSCPB/EPHE, 33607 Pessac, France

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
There are to date only a few reports on the effect of mobile telephony radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on the apoptotic
process involved in cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation in the apoptotic pathways plays a role in different pathologies
such as the neurodegenerative diseases (excessive apoptosis) and cancer (defective apoptosis). One of the objectives of
our study was to determine whether RFR could influence the apoptotic process in vitro. We report here the data on the
potential role of GSM-900 RFR fields on apoptosis in nerve cells. We examined astrocytes and granule cells derived
from primary cerebella cultures and two human cell lines: astrocytoma (U87) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) to learn
whether particular types of brain cells are sensitive to RFR. This is of particular interest because of the close vicinity of
mobile phone to the brain.

In vitro exposure to GSM-900 RFR was performed using a wire-patch antenna at 2 W/kg during 1 or 24 hours. Sham-
exposed samples were run in the same way in a non-activated wire-patch antenna placed in a second identical incubator.
Exposure was performed at 37C 0.1C. All samples were coded prior to exposure and codes broken after completion
of the analysis of all parameters investigated in the experiment.
Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry (Facscan
, Becton Dickinson) using DiOC6

(3)
and Annexin V staining.
Staining was performed either immediately or at different time points after exposure. The CellQuest
software was used

for data analysis. Necrosis was assessed by propidium iodide.

RESULTS
Rat primary astrocytes and neurons were sham-exposed or exposed to GSM-900 for one hour and apoptosis was
evaluated 4, 8 and 24 hours after the onset of exposure (n = 4 to 6). No effect of exposure to GSM-900 was observed on
apoptosis in astrocytes and granule cells.
Human astrocytic (U87) and neuronal cell lines (SH-SY5Y) were sham-exposed or exposed to GSM-900 for 1 or 24
hours and apoptosis was evaluated in the same conditions as described for primary cells or at the end of 24 h of
exposure. Preliminary data (n = 3) showed that RFR did not induce apoptosis in these human brain cell lines.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
No demonstration of an effect of RFR on apoptosis in nerve cells has been made in rat primary cells and human cell
lines. Our data do not suggest that GSM-900 RFR lead to neurodegeneration nor favour tumour cell development.
This work was supported by the European Union (Reflex Project of the 5
th
Frame work Programme), the Aquitaine
Council for Research and the CNRS.

6
th

186
P-064

HSPS EXPRESSION IN HUMAN SKIN CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO GSM-900

S. SANCHEZ
1
, B. BILLAUDEL
1
, A. MILOCHAU
2
, I. LAGROYE
1
, M. LASSEGUES
2
, F. POULLETIER DE
GANNES
1
, J.E. SURLVE-BAZEILLE
2
, B. VEYRET
1
.

1
Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory/EPHE, UMR 5501/PIOM-ENSCPB, Bordeaux France
2
Cellular Regulation and Defence Factors Laboratory, EA 1915, Talence, France

INTRODUCTION:
Recent reports have suggested that mammalian cells could be sensitive to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by
mobile phone as they express heat shock proteins (HSPs) at non-thermal levels. Such data have been reported after
exposure to GSM-900 for HSP27 in human endothelial cells at 2 W/kg (Leszscinski et al. 2001) and for HSP70 but not
HSP27 at 0.002 W/kg in human epithelial amnion cells (Kwee et al., 2001). On the another hand, human skin that are
the main target absorbing energy emitted by mobile phones are known to respond to UV insult by expressing HSPs.
We, therefore, performed experiments using primary human skin cells, namely fibroblasts and keratinocytes, to
determine whether GSM-900 can affect the expression of HSP27, HSP70 and HSC70.

EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY:
Cell culture: Human primary cells were obtained from breast skin (plastic surgery). Fibroblasts were cultured in
DMEM supplemented with 10% of fetal calf serum and antibiotics. Keratinocytes were cultured in MCDB 153 medium
supplemented with insulin (5 g/ml), hydrocortisone (1.4 M), bovine pituitary extract (70 g/ml), epidermal growth
factor (10 ng/ml) and antibiotics.
Exposure to GSM-900 : GSM-900 was generated in a wire-patch antenna. The signal was amplitude-modulated by
rectangular pulses with a repetition frequency of 217 Hz. In three to four independent experiments, human skin
fibroblasts and keratinocytes were exposed for 48 hours at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2 W/kg. Positive controls
for HSPs induction used UVB (50 mJ/cm
2
). Except for positive controls, all experiments were performed in a blind
manner.
Detection of HSPs Following RFR or sham exposure, the cells were fixed in PBS-paraformaldehyde (4%). Antibodies
(Stressgen
) were revealed using an FITC-labelled antibody. Fluorescence analysis used the Aphelion
image software.

RESULTS:
In fibroblasts, UVB increased expression of Hsp27 only with a maximum at 4 hours after exposure. No effect of GSM-
900 exposure was observed on Hsp27 and Hsp70 expression in both cell types. However, a significant decrease in the
expression of HSC70 was detected after exposure to the GSM signal. In keratinocytes, the response to UVB was
different, with a maximum increased expression in all HSPs tested a 8 hours after exposure. None of the proteins tested
were affected after exposure to GSM-900.

CONCLUSIONS:
Under well-characterized exposure conditions we showed that GSM-900 did not increase in human skin fibroblasts the
expression on two members of the HSP family, among which the main form present in the skin. However, the
significance of the decrease in HSC70 detection remains unclear and needs to be further investigated. Hence, the
response of human cells to GSM-900 signal seems to be highly dependent of the cell type.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
This work is supported by France Telecom R&D, the Aquitaine Council for Research and the CNRS.

6
th

187
P-065

EFFECTS OF GSM-1800 RFR ON ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE (ODC) ACTIVITY
IN L929 MOUSE FIBROBLASTS.

TAXILE M., BILLAUDEL B., HARO, E., LAGROYE I. AND VEYRET B.

Laboratory P.I.O.M., E.N.S.C.P.B., University of Bordeaux 1,
33607 Pessac, France.

INTRODUCTION:
Ornithine DeCarboxylase (ODC) plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of polyamines. Recent reports have shown that
ODC overexpression may be involved, not only in cell neoplastic transformation but also in cancer cell invasiveness.
The Litovitz group reported a temporary increase in ODC activity in L929 fibroblasts after exposure to RFR emitted by
North American mobile phones (1). We are currently involved in a replication study (PERFORM-B) of these results
and are extending this study to GSM-1800 signals.

METHODS:
Cells culture: Cells cultured in Eagles minimum essential medium (DMEM) were plated at a density of 8x10
5

cells/Petri dish in 3.2 ml of EMEM and incubated for 20 h before exposure.
Exposure procedure: Six Petri dishes were exposed blindly in sXc waveguides (ITIS, Zurich, Switzerland) for 2, 8 or
24 hours to Basic GSM-1800 signal (SAR = 2.5 W/kg) and six dishes were sham exposed. Immediately after exposure,
cells were suspended in cold PBS medium using a cell scraper and centrifuged twice at 500 g. The cell pellet from three
Petri dishes was stored at 70C until assay in duplicate for ODC activity.
ODC activity measurement: Cell pellets were lysed and centrifuged. Aliquots of supernatant (100 l) were incubated for
1 h at 37C with 2.22x10
5
dpm
14
C-labeled L-ornithine.
14
CO
2
generated by ODC was absorbed with hyamine hydroxide
in a center well secured in a rubber septum-type stopper. The reaction was terminated by injection of trichloroacetic
acid through the rubber septum and incubation continued for 1 h. Radioactivity of
14
CO
2
trapped in hyamine hydroxide
was counted by liquid scintillation (Packard Tricarb). The amount of protein of cell lysate was determined by the
Bradford method. Total ODC activity was calculated as pmol(
14
CO
2
)

/h/mg protein. Positive controls were obtained
using TPA (10 M) as the activating agent.

RESULTS:
These experiments are currently in progress using the sXc ITIS GSM-waveguide with suitable temperature control.

CONCLUSION:
Results will allow a comparison of the potential effects on ODC activity of RF emitted by North American mobile
phones versus GSM-1800 mobile phones.

REFERENCES :
(1) Penafiel et al., 1997, Bioelectromagnetics, 18, 132-141

This work was supported by MMF and GSM-A, the Aquitaine Council for Research and the CNRS.
6
th

188
P-066

MORPHOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF HUMAN PLACENTAL
SYNCYTIOTHROPHOBLAST NUCLEI IN LOW MAGNETIC INDUCTION OF
VARIABLE MAGNETIC FIELDS FOLLOWING PERFUSION IN VITRO

MACIEJ OPUCKI
1
, BARBARA JDRYCH
2
, WANDA ROGOWSKA
1
, STANISAW PIETRUSZEWSKI
3
,
KRZYSZTOF KORNARZYSKI
3
, MIROSAW ACUT
2
, KRYSTYNA CZERNY
2
, JAN KOTARSKI
1

1
1st Department of Gynaecology, University Medical School, 20-081 Lublin, Staszica 16, Poland
2
Department of Histology and Embriology, University Medical School, 20-080 Lublin, Radziwiowska 11, Poland
3
Department of Physics, Agricultural University, Faculty of Agricultural Technology,
20-033 Lublin, Akademicka 13, Poland

INTRODUCTION.
There are no data in the available literature concerning the influence of variable magnetic field (MF) of low magnetic
induction on human placenta in vitro. One of the morphological elements of the placenta is syncytiothrophoblast.
Changes in the surface, consistency and shape of the syncytiothrophoblasts cell nuclei may be a symptom of placental
malfunction.

THE AIM
of this work was to evaluate the influence of variable homogeneous magnetic field of low magnetic induction (0.5 mT,
2 mT and 5 mT) and frequency of 50 Hz on the area of syncytiothrophoblast nuclei of human placental villi following
dual closed perfusion in vitro after 180 min.

MATERIALS AND METHODS.
The material consisted of human placentas obtained from physiological pregnancies and spontaneous deliveries
between 38 and 41 weeks of pregnancy. Perfusion of human placental cotyledon in vitro was performed according to
the model introduced by Schneider et al., subsequently modified by Miller et al. The control group C (10 perfusions)
was not subjected to any influence of MF; in the experimental groups E
1
(10 perdusions), E
2
(10 perfusions), and E
3
(10
perfusions) we used variable homogeneous magnetic field of the following induction: 0.5 mT (50 Hz), 2 mT (50 Hz),
and 5 mT (50 Hz), respectively. After the perfusion we obtained biopsy specimens of the cotyledon. Paraffin sections
were coloured with hematoxylin and eosin (H+E). Estimations of syncytiothrophoblast nucleus area were evaluated
microscopically with the use of Super-SVIST computer software (Wilkom, Poland). 50 nuclei of the
syncytiothrophoblast were evaluated for each specimen. Mean values X of syncytiothrophoblast nucleus were
calculated, as well as standard deviation SD. In the course of comparison we used variance analysis in single
classification ANOVA I (the value of the Fischer-Snedecor test function, significant for p < 0.05).

RESULTS.
Mean area of syncytiothrophoblast nucleus surface ( X SD) was 200.634.2 m
2
in the control group C and,
respectively, 221.244.7 m
2
in group B
1
, 192.340.5 m
2
in group B
2
and 77.122.6 m
2
in group B
3
.We found a
significant increase in the area of syncytiothrophoblast nucleus in group B
1
(p<0.05) and a decrease in groups B
2

(p<0.05) and B
3
(p<0.05), in relation to group C.

CONCLUSION.
Variable homogeneous MF of magnetic induction 0.5 mT (50 Hz), 2 mT (50 Hz), and 5 mT (50 Hz) has an effect on the
area of syncytiothrophoblast nucleus surface of human placenta perfused in vitro after 180 min.

Research supported by a grant from KBN 6 P05E 044 20
Address: Maciej opucki MD., PhD.: I Katedra i Klinika Ginekologii AM Lublin,
20-081 Lublin, ul.Staszica 16, Poland
e-mail: mLopucki@wp.pl

6
th

189
P-067

EXPOSURE TO ELF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS TURNED TO ZN INHIBITS
GROWTH OF CANCER CELLS

EVA MARKOVA
1, 2
, RUSLAN SARIMOV
1, 3
, FREDRIK JOHANSSON
1

DAG JENSSEN
1
, GALINA SELIVANOVA
4
, IGOR BELYAEV
1,3

1
2

Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic;

3
4
Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

INTRODUCTION:
Non-thermal effects of ELF on cell proliferation have been described and both inhibition and stimulation has been
observed dependent on cell type and exposure conditions. According to current models, ELF magnetic field affects cells
through influence on specific ions if parameters of exposure (frequency, AC and DC magnetic intensities) are tuned to
these ions. One approach for the suppression of cancer cells growth is to restore the conformation of mutant p53. Recent
data have indicated that small molecules such as PRIMA-1 could restore the tumor suppression function of mutant p53.
Since the presence of Zn ion in the DNA binding domain of p53 is important for its functional activity, we investigated
whether modulation of Zn by ELF can reactivate the growth suppression function of mutant p53.

OBJECTIVE:
Here, the effects of ELF tuned to Zn were investigated on growth of cancer cells with different status of p53.

Cancer cells HeLa (cervix cancer, p53+/+), Saos-2 and Saos-2-His-273 (osteosarcoma, p53-/- and p53 His-273 mutant,
respectively), H1299tTA and H1299tTA-His175 (lung carcinoma, p53-/- and p53 His-175 mutant) and normal human
fibroblasts VH-10 were used. Cells were seeded at 5, 10 and 20E+4 cells/well in 96-well plates and cell growth was
assessed with the neutral red proliferation assay. Conditions of exposure were calculated for the fist harmonic of Zn as
based either on the magnetic parametric resonance model (MPR) of Lednev or the ion parametric resonance model
(IPR) of Blanchard and Blackman. Exposure was for 72-96 h. Vertical DC field was 43 T, collinear AC field was 20
Hz at the amplitudes of 38.7 T or 77.4 T (IPR or MPR), and horizontal DC field was zeroed. Treatment of cells with
PRIMA-1 and -rays was used as a control. The data were analyzed with the paired t-test.

RESULTS:
Growth inhibition of cells exposed to ELF according to the IPR model was observed in all cell types. Inhibition of HeLa
cells was statistically significant, p=0.05. PRIMA-1, 20 or 50 M, inhibited growth of all cell lines with stronger effect
in mutant p53-carrying cell lines. The effects of -rays, 1-10 Gy, were relatively weak as compared to PRIMA-1.

CONCLUSIONS:
The data suggest that ELF under conditions of exposure tuned to Zn according to the IPR model inhibited the growth of
cancer cells. At this point, no clear relationship of the observed growth inhibition to p53 status has been found. Further
experiments using complementary techniques are required in order to test whether mutant p53 reactivation by ELF is
feasible.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research and the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute supported
these studies.

6
th

190
P-068

EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO 1950 MHZ RADIO-FREQUENCY FIELDS ON
EXPRESSION OF HSP 27 AND HSP70 IN HUMAN GLIOMA MO54 CELLS

JUNJI MIYAKOSHI
A
, GUI-RONG DING
A,B
, HIDEKI HIROSE
C
, SHIN KOYAMA
D

a
Department of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1
Hon-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8564, Japan;

b
Department of Radiation Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China;

c
Graduate School of Science and
d
Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies
, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

In recent years, with the rapid introduction of mobile telecommunication devices, the possible health effects, in
particular brain tumour, due to exposure to radio-frequency (RF) fields from mobile phones have become a public
concern. Since heat shock response is a universal fundamental mechanism necessary for cell survival under a variety of
unfavorable conditions, we examined the expression level of heat shock proteins (Hsp27 and Hsp70) as well as cell
proliferation in Human glioma MO54 cells after RF fields exposure.

MO54 cells were cultured in Dulbeccos modified Eagle
s medium supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum.

RF fields were generated by REFLEX 1950 (Switzerland). The setup consists of two single-mode resonator cavities for
1.8 GHz, which are based on the R18 waveguide placed in an ordinary incubator. Exponentially growing cells were
cultured in 35 mm dishes (310
5
cells/dish) and were moved to dish holders in two waveguides (one for sham, the other
for exposure). Cells were sham-exposed or exposed to 1950 MHz continuous-wave for 1 or 2 h. Specific absorption
rates (SARs) were 1, 2 and 10 W/kg. None of the exposures produced a rise in temperature more than 0.1C. For the
experiment of cell growth, cell number was counted at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after exposure. Expression of Hsp27 and
Hsp70 was determined by western blotting. The celLytic
TM
mammalian cell lysis/Extraction reagent (Sigma) was used
for protein extraction. The antibodies used in this experiment were as follows: anti-Hsp27 goat polyclonal antibody
(Santa Cruz Biotechnology), anti-Hsp70 mouse monoclonal antibody (StressGen Biotechnologies Corp), anti--actin
mouse monoclonal antibody (Sigma), anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and anti-
mouse IgG horseradish peroxidase (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech). The blot was visualized with an ECL kit
(Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech). Densitometric analysis was performed using ATTO Image Analysis Software. The
experiment was repeated three times. Data were normalized as Hsp/-actin. Statistical analyses were performed by
Student t test. p 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Sham-exposed and RF-exposed cells demonstrated a same growth pattern up to 4 days after RF exposure. RF
exposure at both 2 and 10 W/kg could not affect the growth pattern of MO54 cells. Cell number increased exponentially
up to 4 days after RF exposure. In addition, there were no significant difference in protein expression of Hsp27 and
Hsp70 between sham-exposed and RF-exposed cells at 1W/kg, 2W/kg or 10 W/kg for 1 and 2 h. In mammalian cells,
Hsp synthesis is induced not only by hyperthermia, but can be triggered by a wide variety of toxic conditions. Induction
of Hsp synthesis can result in stress tolerance and cytoprotection against stress-induced molecular damage. In the
present study, we examined that whether 1950 MHz RF exposure could activate stress response, especially expression
of Hsp 27 and Hsp 70, in MO54 cells. Our results showed that 1950 MHz RF field has no effect on Hsp 27 and Hsp 70
expression as well as cell proliferation in MO54 cells.

This study is supported, in part, by the Grant from NTT DoCoMo, Inc. and by the Grant-in-Aid from the
Research for the Future Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

6
th

191
P-069

EFFECTS OF THZ RADIATION ON CARBONIC ANHYDRASE LOADED LIPOSOMES

A. RAMUNDO-ORLANDO
1
, M. DARIENZO
2
, A. DORIA
2
, G. P. GALLERANO
2
, E. GIOVENALE
2
, G. MESSINA
2

1
INEMM-CNR, Via Del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Roma (Italy)
2
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via Enrico Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Italy)

Several in vitro studies indicate that millimeter waves radiation may alter structural and functional properties of the cell
membrane [1]. A promising approach for evaluating alteration induced by electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure is to
use a simple membrane model system, such as liposomes. Previous studies indicated that cationic liposomes loaded
with carbonic anhydrase offers a good system for evaluating permeability alteration of lipid bilayer induced by EMFs
both at high (2.45 GHz) and extremely low frequency (7-13 Hz) [2,3]. Furthermore, concerning mechanisms of
interaction, a simpler membrane system than a natural one may reduce inherent problems in performing simulation
analysis [4]. In this study we report preliminary results on alteration of liposome bilayer permeability induced by THz
irradiation.

METHODS:
We used cationic liposomes consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline, cholesterol and positive charged
stearylamine (SA) at 5:3:2 molar ratio, entrapping Carbonic Anhydrase (CA). In order to study the effect on the
substrate diffusion rate induced by THz irradiation, we followed the influx of the p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-PNA) across
intact liposome bilayer, by means of the measurement of CA enzymatic activity following the p-nitrophenolate anion
appearance at 400 nm wavelengths on the spectrophotometer. The p-PNA can slowly diffuse through the bilayer, thus
any increase of the CA activity rate induced on the irradiated samples can be accounted for a change of liposome
permeability.

The THz radiation was generated by the Compact Free Electron Laser at ENEA-Frascati [5]. We used two different
irradiation set up, referred to as A (Fig. 1) and B (Fig.2). In the A apparatus, aliquots (0.06 ml) of liposomes were
placed in five different cuvettes in a final volume of 0.5 ml, at 5 min intervals, at the output of the THz delivery system
(TDS). Each cuvette had an exposed area of 1 cm
2
The irradiation was carried out for 60 minutes at a frequency of 130
GHz, average intensity 0.17 mW/cm
2
, with 4s pulses at a repetition of 5 Hz. At the end of irradiation time, the cuvettes
were withdrawn at 5 min intervals, 2.4 ml of buffer and 0.1 ml of the p-PNA were added and the CA activity rate was
immediately measured. In the B apparatus, 0.03 ml of liposomes were placed in the cuvette, 1.42 ml of buffer and 0.05
ml of p-PNA added and immediately the kinetic measurement was made in real time during the THz irradiation, as
shown in Fig.2. In both cases, the hydrolysis rate of p-PNA (A/min), expressed as the absorbance change at = 400
nm, was computed on the slope of the linear fitting of the recorded curve.

RESULTS:
The hydrolysis rate of p-PNA (A/min) showed a significant (p<0.05 df=23) difference between irradiated (0.0054
0.0004 n=13) and sham (0.0067 0.0003 n=12) samples. Further experiments at different repetition rates as well as
real time measurements with the exposure apparatus B are under way.

REFERENCES:
1. Pakhomov A. G., et al (review) Bioelectromagnetics 19: 393-413 (1998).
2. Ramundo-Orlando, A., Mossa, G., and dInzeo, G. Bioelectromagnetics 15: 303-313 (1994).
3. Ramundo-Orlando A., Morbiducci U., Mossa G., dInzeo, G. Bioelectromagnetics 21: 491-498 (2000). 4. Ramundo-
Orlando A., Mattia F., Palombo A., dInzeo G. Bioelectromagnetics 21:499-507 (2000)
5. Gallerano G.P., Doria A., Giovenale E., Renieri A. Infrared Phys. and Tech. 40, 161-174 (1999)

This work has been carried out with financial support from the Commission of the European Communities,
specific RTD programme "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources", QLK4-CT2000-00129 "Tera-Hertz
Radiation In Biological Research, Investigation on Diagnostics and study on potential Genotoxic Effects".
6
th

192

Fig. 1 - Irradiation set up A showing one cuvette placed in. Fig. 2 Set up B for kinetic measurement in
6
th

193
P-070

EVALUATION OF DNA DAMAGE BY ALKALINE COMET ASSAY AFTER IN VITRO
EXPOSURE TO ELF MAGNETIC FIELD

GY. KUBINYI, Z. SALAMON, G. THURCZY


OBJECTIVE:
The aim of our study was to determine if exposure to 500 T magnetic field for 2, 4 and 24 hours on human
lymphocytes can cause DNA damage.

METHODS:
Whole venous blood was taken by vein puncture and dispensed to Eppendorf tubes. The samples in Eppendorf tubes
were exposed in thermostat on 37C to vertical 50 Hz 500 T magnetic field, between two horizontally placed
Helmholtz coils (1), for 2, 4 and 24 hours. Sham exposed controls were placed in the same thermostat, where the lowest
stray magnetic field was measured (~1,3 T) for 2, 4 and 24 hours respectively. Positive control was exposed to
ionising radiation (
60
Co; 4Gy). The alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis - Comet assay was used to investigate the
DNA damage (single and double strand brakes) on lymphocytes, 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes after the exposure to
magnetic field or 4 Gy. The comets were analysed with the Komet 4.0 (Kinetic Imaging, Ltd, UK) image analysis
system with respect to their tail DNA (tail factor %), and olive tail moment.

Our investigations are in progress, but the preliminary results have shown, that there is no significant damage of the
DNA after exposure to 500T magnetic field for 2, 4 and 24 hours. It is well known, that ionising radiation damages the
DNA. In our assay the tail factor of the lymphocytes immediately after the 4 Gy exposure was 4 fold the control, but
after 120 minutes it returned to the control level. Actually, we conducted these experiments as a preliminary study for
investigation of the magnetic field effects on the repair mechanism of the DNA induced by ionising radiation.

REFERENCES:
1. Forgcs, Zs., Thurczy, Gy., Paksy, K., Szab, L.D., (1998): Effect of sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field on the
testosterone production, of mouse primary Leydig cell culture. Bioelectromagnetics 19:429-431.

6
th

194
P-071

GSM MICROWAVES INDUCE STRESS RESPONSE IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

RUSLAN SARIMOV
1, 2
, JESPER TORUDD
2
, LENA HILLERT
3,4
, LARS MALMGREN
5
,
BERTIL PERSSON
5
, MATS HARMS-RINGDAHL
1
, IGOR BELYAEV
1,2

1

2
3
Occupational and Environmental Health, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden;

4
Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
5
Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.

INTRODUCTION:
Non-thermal effects of GSM microwaves on the conformation of chromatin in lymphocytes from normal and
hypersensitive subjects have been described and individual variability has been observed.

OBJECTIVE:
Here, effects of GSM microwaves were investigated at different frequencies in replicated experiments with
lymphocytes from 7 healthy persons and in comparison with heat shock.

Lymphocytes were separated from fresh blood samples. The changes in chromatin conformation were measured with
the method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD). Stress protein hsp60 was analyzed by Western blot in
cells, nuclei and nuclear matrix. Apoptosis was determined by morphological changes. Apoptotic fragmentation of
DNA was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). GSM test-mobile phone was used for exposure at the
frequencies of 895, 900, 905, 910, and 915 MHz (channels 24, 49, 74, 99, and 124, all GSM modulations included).
Exposures and sham-exposures were 0.5-2 h at 33 dB, SAR=0.4 mW/g in the TEM-cell. The data were analyzed with
the t-test.

RESULTS:
GSM exposure, 0.5 h, resulted in statistically significant condensation of chromatin in lymphocytes from one of 3 tested
donors at 900 and 905 MHz. Heat shock within the temperature window of 40-44
0
C resulted in more prominent
condensation. Decondensation of chromatin was observed at 46
o
C. Stronger effects of GSM were found after 1-h GSM
exposure. In replicated experiments, cells from 4 of 5 donors responded to 905 MHz. Responses to 895 and 915 MHz
were observed for 1 donor of 5, p=0.03 and p=0.004. Dependent on donor, condensation, 3 donors, or decondensation, 1
donor, of chromatin was found in response to 1 h GSM exposure. Temperature window for chromatin condensation
induced by the 1-h heat shock was narrower, 40-42
0
C, as compared to 0.5 h treatment. Heat shock protein hsp60
accumulated in nuclear matrix in response to heat shock and 915 MHz exposures as was observed in preliminary
experiments. This accumulation needs to be confirmed in additional experiments. No effects of 915 MHz exposures, 2
h, on apoptosis were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:
GSM microwaves under specific conditions of exposure affect human lymphocytes similar to stress response. The data
suggested that these effects might differ at different GSM frequencies and vary between donors. Accumulation of stress
proteins to nuclear matrix might account for the observed effects of heat shock and GSM on chromatin conformation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research and the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute supported
these studies.
6
th

195
P-072

EVALUATION OF DNA DAMAGE IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES EXPOSED TO THZ
RADIATION

O. ZENI
1
, M. ROMAN
1
, A. PERROTTA
1
, M. SARTI
1
, A.DORIA
2
, G. P. GALLERANO
2
, E. GIOVENALE
2
, G.
MESSINA
2
, A. LAI
2
, G. CAMPURRA
2
, M. DARIENZO
2
, M. R. SCARF
1

1
ICEmB at CNR-IREA, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
2
ENEA FIS-ACC, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy

The study of potential health hazard induced by electromagnetic radiation in the THz region (100 GHz - 20 THz) is one
of the objectives of the EU funded project THz-BRIDGE. Despite the recent technological applications of THz
radiation in biology and biomedicine, which are based on the specific spectroscopic fingerprints of biological matter in
this spectral region, very little is known about its interaction with biological systems. A variety of techniques and
biological assays are employed within THz-BRIDGE to clarify such issues. In the present study we report on possible
chromosome and DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, which has been investigated by applying the
cytokinesis block micronucleus (MN) technique and the alkaline single-cell gel (SCG) / comet assay, respectively.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
2 ml human peripheral blood samples from 5 healthy non smoking donors, aged between 28 and 48 years, were exposed
in Petri dishes (52 mm internal diameter) for 20 minutes to 130 GHz radiation with an average power of 3.6 mW. The
incident radiation was composed of 4s pulses spaced at a repetition rate of 5 Hz.
A Compact Free Electron Laser (FEL) has been used to generate the radiation at 130 GHz. The FEL radiation is
transported to a dedicated user room by means of a special mm-wave transmission line composed of an evacuated
copper light pipe with 25 mm clear aperture and appropriate delivery optics. In the same room, far enough from the
shielded source, controls (sham exposed samples) were also located.
Following exposure/sham exposure, a small amount of blood has been devoted to set up slides for comet assay; from
the remaining blood, lymphocyte cultures were established to be processed for the evaluation of MN induction. After
coding and staining (Giemsa for MN; Ethidium Bromide for comets), the slides were analysed: 1000 binucleated
cells/sample for MN and 100 cells/sample for comets (tail factor).

The results obtained indicate that the experimental conditions adopted do not alter the parameters investigated,
suggesting absence of chromosomal and DNA damage. In fact, by comparing sham exposed cultures with exposed
ones, both MN frequency and tail factor resulted unaffected, as assessed by two tailed paired Students t test (p>0,05 in
all cases).
These findings do not yet allow definitive conclusions. Ongoing studies on a larger number of individuals and adopting
different exposure conditions should provide further, more complete information on the topic.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work has been carried out with financial support from the Commission of the European Communities, specific
RTD programme "Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources", QLK4-CT2000-00129 "Tera-Hertz Radiation
In Biological Research, Investigation on Diagnostics and study on potential Genotoxic Effects".

6
th

196
P-073

CELL PROLIFERATION AND VIABILITY IN HUMAN GLIOMAS AND NORMAL
FIBROBLASTS CELLS EXPOSED TO CW AND W-CDMA MODULATED SIGNALS AT
2-GHZ BAND MICROWAVES.

M. SEKIJIMA
1
, H. TAKEDA
1
, K. YASUNAGA
1
, T. NOJIMA
2
AND J. MIYAKOSHI
3
.

1
Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd., Kashima-Gun, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan,

2
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
3
Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8563, Japan.

OBJECTIVE:
We tested the hypothesis that modulated radiofrequency (RF) fields may act as a cytotoxicant by arresting cell cycle,
leading to extended doubling time. Firstly, to confirm the response of the human cell lines exposed to microwaves at
SAR of 80 mW/kg, which corresponds to the limit of the whole-body average SAR for general public exposure defined
as the basic restriction in the ICNIRP guidelines [1]. Secondly, to investigate if continuous wave (CW) and W-CDMA
modulated signal RF fields affect cytotoxic and/or cytostatic levels to different extents.

We used the in vitro exposure system with a horn antenna and dielectric lens in an anechoic chamber, which was
developed by NTT DoCoMo [2]. Four human cell lines, A172 (glioblastoma), H4 (neuroglioma), IMR-90 (normal
fibroblasts from fetal lung), and CCD25SK (normal fibroblasts from skin) were used, and the cells were exposed in
plastic 35 mm petri dishes at 24 dishes per cell line. Cell cycle analysis at 80-800 mW/kg SAR was performed on log-
phase cultures after a 72 h exposure. Cell growth at 80-800 mW/kg SAR was determined by cell counts of log-phase
cultures at every 24 h for 96 h exposure.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:
During the incubation phase, each cell was exposed at SAR of 80, 250, and 800 mW/kg with both W-CDMA and/or
CW electromagnetic fields at 2.1425GHz for up to 96 hrs. The temperatures were at 37.0C 0.5 in both the W-
CDMA and CW experiments. No differences in either cell morphological phenomenon or in cell cycle profile were
detected when the exposure took place during the period of incubation. No significant effects were detected between the
sham and exposed cell number, cell growth ratio, viability after exposure, or in its growing capacity after exposure in
both the W-CDMA and CW. In addition, no cytostatic effect of CW and/or W-CDMA exposure was observed in either
of the cell lines. Our results confirm that long-term and low-level exposures to W-CDMA and CW 2.1425 GHz
microwave did not act as a cytotoxicant at up to 800 mW/kg SAR. . In a future plan, we will evaluate whether or not
there are biological effects of exposure to microwave radiation on the genotoxicity and the gene expression profile in
human cell lines, using this in vitro exposure system.

This work was supported by NTT DoCoMo Inc.

REFERENCES:
[1] ICNIRP, Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to
300GHz), Health Phys., 74, 494-522, 1998.
[2] Uebayashi et al., 24
th
BEMS annual meeting, Quebec, Canada, P-7.

6
th

197
P-074

STUDY THE EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC (50HZ ) FIELD IN DISTRIBUTION OF
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX IN MADIN-DARBY KIDNEY
CELLS

ZOLTN SOMOSY, GABRIELLA BOGNR, GYRGY THURCZY

Fodor Jzsef National Center of Public Health, National "Frdric Joliot-Curie" Research Institute for Radiobiology
and Radiohygiene Budapest, Hungary;

The tight and adherents junctions distributed in the lateral region of neighboring epithelial and endothelial cells.
These membrane domains are specialized regions of the cell membrane that are responsible for the formation of
physical connections among the cells. They are also regulated the paracellular transport between the neighboring cells
and they are playing a role in cell communication, and in the signal transduction processes of the plasma membrane.
The effects of magnetic field on the organization and function of junctional complex is not unambiguously proved. Ours
goals are to investigate the changes of the distribution of specific proteins of tight and adherents junction (occludin, -
catenin, cadherin) upon 50 Hz magnetic field exposure. These experiments would provide new information about
affectivity of magnetic field to the supramolecular structure of these junctions. Here, we present data on the distribution
and staining of the mentioned tight and adherents junctional markers in Mandin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells
exposed to 50 Hz frequency magnetic field. As positive control we investigated the effect of X-ray

Samples of X-ray irradiated (3 Gy, 4hours) and AC magnetic exposed (1 hour exposure, 50 Hz, flux density of
100T) culture plates containing standard MDCK II cells were taken immediately, 1 and 4 hours after exposures. Cells
were fixed for immunocytochemistry and permeabilized with methanol at 20C
0
for at least 2 hours for the detection
occludin, cadherins and -catenin (Zymed Labs. Inc), using occludin, pan-cadherin and -catenin antibodies (Sigma).
The secondary antibody was FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) labeled anti-mouse antibody developed in rabbit
(Sigma).

In unexposed MDCK cells occludin was detected in a circumcellular distribution at the cell periphery and
showed characteristic honeycomb-like pattern indicating the tight junctional zone. The -catenin and cadherins was
expressed basolaterally. They were observed at the lateral membranes and at the basal surface of the cells were they
mainly formed spots or loose line-shaped network. magnetic field did not change the observed localization patterns of
the occludin, -catenin and pan-cadherin antibodies.

X-ray caused both a reduction in the staining intensity of occludin as well as lateral staining of pan-cadherin and
-catenin and breaks in the mainly continuous lines of stain.

Our present data show, that different form X-ray effects, magnetic field exposure does not injure the
supramolecular structure of the tight and adherent junctions in Mandin-Darby canine kidney cells upon 100T flux
density magnetic field exposure.
6
th

198
P-075

ACTION OF GSM SIGNALS ON THE EXPRESSION OF FGF-RECEPTORS BY NEURAL
CELLS.

M. A. TRILLO, G. ALEGRA, M. A. MARTNEZ, M.A. CID*, A. BEDA AND J. LEAL.

Dept. Investigacin, Bioelectromagnetismo, Hospital Ramn y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, SPAIN.

OBJECTIVE:
We have previously reported that the exposure to GSM 1800-Basic signal at 2 W/Kg induced a decrease in the number
of cells expressing the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR-1) in human neuroblastoma cells NB69 and in
striatas neural stem cells from rat embryos. The expression of other receptors (FGFR2 and FGFR3) was unaffected.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of other GSM signal patterns on the expression of
FGFR-1 in NB69 cells.

METHODS:
NB69 cells were plated on coverslips in 35-mm petri dishes and exposed to 1800 MHz GSM signals CW, Talk and
Basic (SAR = 2 W/kg) or DTX (1 W/kg) for 24 hours in 5 min On/10 min Off cycles. bFGF (human recombinant, 20
ng/ml) was added at day three post-plating and used both as a positive control and a chemical co-factor. The sham-
exposure and the GSM exposure were conducted inside an ad hoc designed exposure system for the REFLEX Project
(ITIS Setup, Schuderer J. et al., 2001), placed inside a CO
2
incubator (37C, 5% CO
2
and 100% humidity).
Immunocytochemical analysis for FGFR-1 was carried out at the end of the exposure period. Coverslips were mounted
in a medium containing p-phenylenediamine and bisBenzimide (Hoechst 33342) for nuclear staining. All experiments
were conducted in blind conditions for exposure and immunocytochemical analysis.

RESULTS:
The results show that the CW signal at 2 mW/g SAR induces a significant decrease (12.3% below controls, ANOVA
followed by unpaired Students T test p<0.05) in the percentage of cells expressing the receptor FGFR-1. This reduction
was similar to that induced by the GSM-Basic signal (15.9% below controls, p<0.01). However, GSM-Talk and GSM-
DTX signals were ineffective. The responses elicited by the GSM-CW and -Basic signals were equivalent to that
induced by exogenous treatment with 20 ng/ml bFGF (about 20% less FGFR-1-positive cells than in controls, p<0.01)
and by the combined treatment with bFGF plus GSM signal (19% less than in controls, p<0.05). The exposure to the
different GSM-signals investigated did not affect significantly cell growth or the cell viability. The changes induced by
the treatments with bFGF were accompanied by an induction of neuronal phenotype.

CONCLUSION:
The present results indicate that NB69 human neuroblastoma cells are sensitive to low-SAR GSM-signals. The
described response, consisting of a decrease in the number of cells expressing the FGFR-1, does not seem to be
dependent on the signals frequency-modulation pattern. Although these effects do not seem to be related with cell
growth or the cell viability, indications exist that the exposure to CW or Basic signals at 2 W/kg could promote cell
differentiation in the NB69 line.

FGFR-1 EXPRESSION BY NEURAL CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO GSM-1800 SIGNALS. M. A. Trillo, G.
Alegra*, M. A. Martnez*, E. Bazn*, D. Reimers*, M.A. Cid*, A. beda and J. Leal. Dept. Investigacin,
Bioelectromagnetismo, Hospital Ramn y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, SPAIN.

6
th

199
P-076

POWER-FREQUENCY MF CAN INFLUENCE PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS IN
HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS.

M. A. TRILLO, M. A. MARTNEZ, M. A. CID, A. BEDA, G. ALEGRA, AND J. LEAL.

Dep. Investigacin, Hospital Ramn y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, SPAIN.

We have previously reported that the exposure to 50 Hz MF at 10 or 100 T can promote cell growth in the
human cell line NB69 (neuroblastoma), as revealed through studies of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether the reported growth-promoting effect could be exerted through
alterations in the S-phase of the cell cycle and/or in the rate of spontaneous apoptosis.

METHODS:
NB69 cells were seeded a) directly in 60 mm , plastic petri dishes or b) on glass coverslips placed in the petri dishes.
Three days post-plating (pp), the cells were exposed for 42 or 63 hours to 50-Hz, sinus wave, linearly polarized MF at
100-T, in 3 h On/3 h Off cycles. The MF- and sham-exposures were carried out within pairs of Helmholtz coils placed
inside co-netic metal chambers, in a 5% CO
2
, 37 C and 100% humidity atmosphere. The samples were BrdU-labeled
during the exposure period. At the end of the exposure (days 5 or 6 pp) the cells were processed. Immunostaining with
anti-BrdU antibody or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were used to determine cell proliferation. The S-phase
fraction was analyzed through flow cytometry. TUNEL technique was applied for determination of spontaneous
apoptosis. The proportions of BrdU-positive, PCNA-positive and apoptotic cells were calculated through computer-
assisted image analysis. All experimental procedures were carried out in the blind.

RESULTS:
As shown in Fig. 1, at the end of a 42-h exposure (day 5 pp) to the 100-T MF a significant increase of BrdU-positive
cells was observed in the treated cultures (41.03% over controls, Students T test p<0.01). Such an effect was followed
(63-h exposure, day 6 pp) by a subsequent increase in the number of cells (9.7 % over controls, p<0.0001, Fig. 1),
together with an increased proportion of PCNA positive cells (32.71% over controls, p<0.01; data not shown) and a
significant reduction in the percent of spontaneously apoptotic cells (58.5 % of that in controls, p<0.05, Fig. 2)

CONCLUSIONS:
The present results confirm and reinforce our previous observation that a 50-Hz magnetic field of 100 T can modulate
cell growth in the NB69 line from a human neuroblastoma. Such an effect has been revealed through changes in the
number of cells, in BrdU incorporation, and PCNA-labeling. The data are indicative that this growth-stimulating
response may be mediated by MF-induced changes in the S-phase of the cell cycle and/or in the rate of spontaneous
apoptosis of the cultures.

Fig 1: Cell growth Fig 2: Apoptosis at day 6 pp
Controls MF
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
*
T
U
N
E
L
+

C
e
l
l
s

(
%
)
BrdU No. Cells BrdU No. Cells
60
80
100
120
140
160
**
***
Day 5 pp Day 6 pp
[50 Hz, 100 T]
%

o
f

C
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
6
th

200
P-077

IMMUNO-PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ENDOGENOUS ELECTRIC FIELDS

ROGER COGHILL AND TAMARA GALONJA-COGHILL

Coghill Research Laboratories, Lower Race, Pontypool Torfaen, Wales NP 5UH

INTRODUCTION:
All living multicellular organisms emit weak electric fields cutaneously, reflecting their fields from endogenous sources
such as the brain and the heart. The heart beat rate is mediated by electric fields arising at the sino-atrial node (ECG) ,
and the brains rhythmic electric fields arrive at the CSF from corpus callosal emissions (EEG) hence are omnipresent
in the live body, but their function is not known. Electric fields are also randomly generated by muscular movements.
There is evidence of a developmental role for endogenous fields in embryology and a regulatory role in soft tissue
healing. In this study we show that endogenous fields have a protective effect on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of
their donor, which is not observed in cells exposed to endogenous fields from a non-donor. The design of the study was
such that it indicates a mechanism of immuno-protection not mediated by chemical messengers, and as unique to the
organism as its own DNA. We speculate there may be a direct regulatory interaction between endogenous fields from
the brain and DNA.

Lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral whole blood of a healthy donor (58 yrs male) and the standardised
culture was divided into three 2ml phials. Into one phial was led a gold wire the other end of which was attached to the
donors forearm. The second phial also had an entering gold wire, but not attached to any part of the body. The third
sealed phial had no gold wire. All three were placed into a mu-metal container and attached to the donors forearm
overnight. There were no temperature differences between the samples (c 32degrees Centigrade +/- 0.1). In a separate
experiment in the same conditions a) an ELF square wave and b) an RF/MW signal were substituted for the donor ields.

RESULTS:
Viability of the samples was assessed double-blind by trypan blue exclusion. The results are set out in the table below.
It was found that the donor-field-exposed cells were significantly more viable than nondonor-field-exposed cells. The
effect of both the ELF and RF/MW exposure appeared to lower viability, but a larger study in needed to confirm this
finding.

Table 1: Viability of lymphocytes exposed to endogenous, ELF and RF/MW electric fields
Exposure viable SD non-viable SD % viable
(cells) (cells)
Controls (a) 1103 24.7 1253 26.1 46.8%
Controls (b) 282 - 222 - 56.0%
Sham 1147 44.1 1274 41.4 47.4%

Donor 1866 74.1 752 12.1 71.3%*
Non-donor 563 28.2 659 50.1 46.0%
ELF 346 - 488 - 41.5%
RF/MW 155 - 262 37.2%
* total of 6 runs, significantly diff. from controls (a) (p= <0.001 )a)on forearm b) in mu-metal can

DISCUSSION:
The robust nature of these results (repeated a dozen times) indicates that the electric not the magnetic component of the
field is an active parameter in immunoregulation, since only the former can traverse the length of a gold wire without
substantial decay. There a re many studies also reporting adverse effects on immune system cells from EM electric
fields at many different frequencies and at densities not strong enough for thermal effects.

CONCLUSIONS:
The implications of this study are a) that external weak electric fields may perturb delicate immuno-regulatory
processes by superposition, and b) that regulatory growth control mechanisms implicate an ELF electric field of
enormous complexity generated from the brain
6
th

201
P-078

EFFECTS OF ELF ELECTRIC AND STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS (SMFS) ON
SALINE SOLUTION FLOW RATE AND CONDUCTIVITY

CHRIS CONNERS AND ROGER COGHILL

Coghill Research Laboratories, Pontypool, South Wales, NP4 5UH

INTRODUCTION:
Mechanisms of interaction between weak EMFs and biological systems are unclear. Electropollutive effects have been
reported in many animal and some epidemiological studies from exposure to non thermal levels of ELF electric fields,
and therapeutic effects are frequently claimed for the application of SMFs in conditions such as muscle pain and gout,
but there are no generally accepted mechanisms for either intervention. This study aims to replicate unpublished findings
that the flow rate of saline solutions is increased by application of SMFs, and investigate whether alternating electric
fields are conducted most efficiently at physiological saline solutions, implying evolutionary choice of this salinity level.
Since humans are largely (c. 70 percent) composed of saline solutions bathing their cells, together these findings may
throw light on the underlying biophysical mechanisms of interaction.

a) Static magnets. 2L of 5% saline (NaCl) solution was poured into a large (5L) glass container, and allowed to flow by
gravity vertically down a 60 cm rubber tube with two neodymium/boron/iron static magnets attached 30 cm apart (340
mT at the poleface). The mass of 5% saline flowing through the tube in exactly 3 mins was measured with/without the
magnets in place. Then the solution was replaced with 0.9% (physiological) saline solution to record any effects at that
concentration level. b) ELF electric fields. A coil of ordinary mains cabling (11 windings) was wound around a burette
containing water of known salinity. To this was attached a 2.7m rubber tube leading to a second similar burette. ELF
electric field strengths were measured at various salinity concentrations to investigate variations in conductivity and their
effect on field strength. A second study investigated electric field strength in a distal mu-metal shielded chamber when a
GSM cellphone was energised near the proximal end of a 2.7m long hosepipe filled with 5% saline solution connecting
two attached water vessels. In this second study an RF exposure level meter was used (Com Meter, Perspective
Scientific) able to resolve 0.5V/m at MW frequencies.

RESULTS:
The MIT results with 5% saline were confirmed, however, no significant effect on flow rate was observed at 0.9 %. The
ELF electric field could be detected at the distal end of the saline filled tube and indeed in some cases appeared to be
amplified rather than diminished, bringing into question the use of SAR as a meaningful metric when assessing exposure
to cellphone and other appliances. It proved more difficult to control for stray RF fields in the second study, but there
was little evidence that the RF was significantly carried to the distal end via the solution.

DISCUSSION:
The flow rate when a 5% saline solution was passed through SMFs was significantly faster. We hypothesise this may be
due to SMFs acting on the charged ions in the solution (Hall Effect). Increased flow rate found with a 0.9% solution
however; was statistically insignificant. The flow rate used (approx. 0.3 L/minute) is about a third of the mean infra-renal
blood flow rate when at rest (Cheng et al, 2003). Ions are needed for the improved conductivity of solutions, and distilled
water does not conduct well. There was however, no significant difference using a 0.9% saline solution compared with
0.5-1.2% values.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results do not support the hypothesis that physiological saline was chosen during evolution for conductivity
reasons. ELF electric fields in the burettes was differed only c. 3%, suggesting almost lossless conductivity, bringing the
use of SAR as a metric into question. The RF experiment results were uninterpretable but illustrated the difficulty of
distinguishing between radiations through solutions and those through air, even when shielded within double skinned
mu-metal.

6
th

202
P-079

PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5-BISPHOSPHATE (PIP2), A CANDIDATE MOLECULE
FOR ELF MFS EFFECT ON INCREASING THE ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL TIGHT
JUNCTION PERMEABILITY

EBRAHIMPOUR A.
1
, SHAHSAVAN BEHBOODI B.
2
, SHAHBAZIMOGHADAM M.
2
, RIAZI GH.
2
,

1
Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran;

2
Tehran University, Tehran, Iran

In contrast to what might be expected, the alveolar tight junctions are highly dynamic areas and their
permeability can change in response to both external and intracellular stimuli. In fact, the tight junctions play an
important role in the regulation of the passive transepithelial movement of molecules. Tight junctions are formed by
many specific proteins and are connected with the cytoskeleton. A number of signaling molecules have been implicated
in the regulation of tight junction function, including Ca
++
, protein kinase C, G proteins, phospholipase A
2
and C.
Moreover, structure and function of the tight junctions, and therefore epithelial permeability can be modified by diverse
physiological and pathological stimuli.

METHODS AND RESULTS:
We evaluated the effects of ELF MFs (Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields) on paracellular flux of protein
solutions (Lysozyme and Ovalbumin separately) in the preformed filter-grown alveolar epithelial cell monolayers.

Alveolar type II cells were isolated from rat lungs as described by Dobbs et al. (4) and cultured on Transwell filters for
transdifferentiation to the alveolar type I phenotype occurring (1,2,3). After assessment of monolayer integrity (6,7),
protein solutions were added to the apical side of monolayer and the cumulative amount of protein appearing in the
basolateral side, against the time, was analyzed by HPLC, in 25 C. In contrast with non exposed samples, enhanced in
permeability was observed when a cell culture was exposed to the 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields intensities of 50 and
400 mT, but not at 0.08, 0.1, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3, 2, 5 mT. When cells were treated with; Calphostin C (an inhibitor of the
protein kinase C); Nifedipin and Dantrolen (Ca
++
entry blockers); or W7 (a Calmodolin antagonist) during the 400 mT
ELF MF exposure, the enhanced on permeability was not observed. In contrast, U73122 (an inhibitor of the
Phospholipase C) did not inhibit this induced permeability whereas Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) level was increased
significantly. Cytosolic IP3 was measured by using IP3-binding protein from an IP3 Biotrak Radioimmunoassay
System Kit (TRK1000; Amersham Life Science Products)(5).

CONCLUSION:
These findings demonstrate that ELFMFs increase alveolar epithelial tight junction permeability by effect on
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) molecule as probable hot spot of protein kinase C signal transduction.

REFERENCES:
1. Adson, A.; et al. (1994) J. Pharmaceutical Sci.; 83(11): 1529-1536.
2. Audus, K.L.; et al. (1990) Pharmaceutical Res.; 7(5): 435-448.
3. Cheek, J.M.; et al. (1989) Ex. Cell Res.; 184: 375-387.
4. Dobbs, L.G.; et al. (1986) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.; 256: 141-145.
5. Huangt, S.; et al. (1999) Cell Signal; 11(4): 263-274.
6. Mc Neil, P.L.; et al. (1989) Gastroenterology; 96: 1238-1242.
7. Somosy, Z.; et al. (1993) Scan. Microsc.; 7: 961-963.

6
th

203
P-080

SOME EFFECTS OF HIGH-GRADIENT MAGNETIC FIELD ON GRAVISENSING
CELLS OF HIGHER PLANTS ROOTS

A.V. KONDRACHUK

Institute of Physics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 46 prospect Nauki, 03028, Kiev, Ukraine,
kondr@kondr.kiev.ua

The perception of gravity in living organisms is mostly based on the response of the gravisensing system to
displacement of some specific mass caused by gravitational force. According to starch-statolith hypothesis the
amyloplasts play the role of specific mass in gravisensing cells of higher plants. Kuznetsov&Hasenstein have
demonstrated that the high-gradient-magnetic field (HGMF) exerts a directional ponderomotive force on diamagnetic
substances, in particular, statoliths. This effect of the HGMF causes root response similar to that produced by the
change of gravity vector. Their studies supported starch-statolith hypothesis and showed that ponderomotive force can
be used to modify gravity force acting on statoliths by manipulating statolith locations within gravisensing cells.
Although the HGMF is a promising tool to study the gravitropism of the plants, many effects which accompany HGMF
stimulation of gravisensing cells were not studied yet. Some additional mechanisms of the HGMF on plant roots are
discussed and qualitatively estimated in the present work. a) Thigmotropic effect of the HGMF due to the radial
magnetic inhomogeneity of the root. b) The influence of the HGMF on the processes of mass and charge transfer within
gravisensing cells, in particular, on the processes of plant cell growth (The vesicular transport may be affected by
HGMF because vesicles have a density and likely magnetic susceptibilities that are different from those of cytoplasm.
Since it is believed that the actin/myosin system is responsible for vesicular transport, the cytoskeleton may be sensitive
to HGMFs because of two reasons: its assembly depends on the redistribution of intracellular masses and spatial
orientation of cytoskeletal elements may be affected by the HGMF. If vesicles carry charges, their transport corresponds
to a current and, thus, is influenced by uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields). c) Spatial distribution of exogenous
ion fluxes along the roots. (The application of HGMFs or strong uniform magnetic fields may influence ion transport
due to Ampere force. It results in proton asymmetry relative to the root axis because the extent of changed H
+
fluxes
will depend on the intensity of the magnetic field. Thus, strong magnetic field can elicit asymmetric radial ion fluxes
that, in turn, may be perceived as a directional stimulus). The estimates of these effects and the possible experiments to
test these effects are proposed.

The other problem considered in the present work is related to the requirements for HGMF experiments such as
magnitudes and spatial distribution of the magnetic fields acting on various parts of the roots. A theoretical analysis and
modeling of optimal magnet configurations for HGMF experiments include the design of the HGMF with the
permanent and approximately permanent magnitudes of the ponderomotive forces in various extended working areas
that are determined by spatial shapes of the magnetic poles. The results are important for the qualitative treatment of
HGMF effects.

6
th

204
P-082

A LONG-TERM STUDY ON THE ATHERMAL BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
MICROWAVES.

D. ADANG
1,2
, A. VANDER VORST
1
, M. ZIZI
2

Universit catholique de Louvain (Emic)
1
, Labo Hyperfrquences, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, Military Hospital
Queen Astrid (ACOS WB/Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics)
2
, 1120 Brussels, Belgium

INTRODUCTION:
The thermal effects of microwaves (radar radiation) are well known. There still exists a lot of uncertainties about the
athermal long-term effects. This lack of scientific consensus forced the World Health Organisation to state that more
scientific research is needed on this issue .
In Belgium, in the military setting, microwaves are mainly used by radars. A few years ago, articles in the national and
international press expressed a number of cancer incidences.
The Belgian minister of Defence asked for more research on this topic: the Biomedical effects of MicroWaves research
group inside the division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics of the Belgian Armed Forces was born in collaboration with
the Royal Military Academy , the Catholic University of Louvain and the University of Ghent.
The general public applications of microwaves are essentially the cellular phone which operates at the frequency of 0.9
GHz or 1.8 GHz, and the microwave oven (2.45 GHz).

METHODS:
A possible causal link between radar radiation and the physiological and cellular changes will be checked among others
by an experimental animal study. The Wistar albino rat will be used as a model. Besides, we dispose of the most
relevant physiological and behavioural data concerning the Wistar rat.
To reduce as much as possible the stress factor, we have chosen for a collective exposure instead of an individual
exposure where the rat is caged in a small waveguide.
The rats will be exposed to microwaves at frequencies of 1 GHz and 10 GHz, continuous and pulsed mode. In total
there will be 5 groups, the sham exposed rats included.
The time of exposure will be 2 hours a day, 5 days a week during 1 year. The ANSI standard (American National
Standards Institute) which is based on the thermal effects of microwaves, states there is no detectable (thermal) effect
beyond a two hours lasting exposure at a power density of 10 mW/cm
2
.
In order to assess the possible biological long-term effects of microwaves, we selected the following blood parameters:
lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. In a first step, a quantitative study will be performed.

MATERIAL:
The exposure unit is in fact a self-made cage with the antenna (an open waveguide) on top.
The basis is a box of PVC (1.11 m x 0.6 m x 0.71 m) covered at the outside with radar absorbing materials, themselves
covered with wood (multiplex 15 mm).
The cover of the box is also self constructed and its height is 12 cm to be sure that the rats are exposed in the far field.

RESULTS:
The first results are expected fall 2003.

6
th

205
P-083

METHODOLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION APPROACH FOR STUDY OF
AQUARIUM FISHES TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR IN-VIVO

V.V. ALEXANDROV, B.V. ALEXANDROV, Y.M. BALAGULA,
N.V. KOROVKIN, I.N. SEROV
(1)
, D.A. USTAVNIKOV.

Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University,

(1)
New Medical Technologies Foundation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

INTRODUCTION:
The living process of aquarium in-vivo investigated by V.Alexandrov from 1980 to 2003, inclusive. He applicated the
electrometric methods for observe of fishes motional activity (MA). The natural electrokinetical potentials (Fs)
generating by an complete organism (or group of specimen) in the process of its motion was measured. The behaviors
biorhythms, the amplitudes and level of electric signals in MA, a motional activity depression for Cyprinidae fishes has
been detected during geomagnetic storms in laboratory environment. The use of Fourier analysis succeeded in the
specific hour-range biorhythms detection, where partial or complete depression is observed during magnetic stimulation
in solenoidal coil [1, 2]. Besides, for the first time it became possible to find out instrumentally on an organismic level
in-vivo and to show with the help of computer based video registering system origination of fish behavioural response
on the influence of weak EMFs induction from 200 through 1000 nT with frequency from 1 through 10 Hz; as it is
known, the change of behavioural physiology of an organism make signals about perception of the physical factor
influence by a central nervous system [3, 4].

OBJECTIVE:
Except that the use of EMFs methods for registration fishes MA in aquarium there are several shortcoming:
the changes natural background by systems of the indicator electrodes;
the necessity of the systematical inventory of the diffusion Fs drift in time;
the arising electric disturbances in measuring contours.
Because the new methods for investigations there will be elaborate.
To develope video-registration system to characterize with an adequate, objective and non-invasive way motional
activity of the fishes. To investigate the ability of applying fractal features to quantify motional activity.

AREAS:
in vivo studies

KEY WORDS:
fishe
,
s behavior, bioelectromagnetics, measuring methodology, fractal analysis

METHODS:
We have applied a simple installation to obtain the continuous videosignal from aquariums with fishes. The hardware
includes a web-camera and a computer. The software is programs for capturing and image processing. As a result of
capturing and image conditioning we get the sequence of 1-bit (black-white) images. To derive a time series, that
characterizes the motional activity of the fishes, from such a film, it was suggested follows: we subtruct two
neighbouring frames and count the number of on-pixels on this difference image. The more this count, the more the
difference between two consecutive frames. Hence, this count characterizes the motional activity at the given moment.
We investigate different properties of this time series. Our assumption

6
th

206
P-084

EFFECT OF GSM EXPOSURE ON GLIOSIS

ELSA BRILLAUD; REN DE SEZE

INERIS, Parc technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, FRANCE

INTRODUCTION:
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are suspected to have biological effects. In the framework of RAMP 2001 project, we try
to evaluate possible effects of GSM exposure on the central nervous system and to determine the Specific Absorption
Rate (SAR) limit that produces them. Anne-Laure Mausset showed in her thesis that 15 min exposure to GSM-type
radiation at a SAR of 4 W/kg could increase gliosis 72 hours later in cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex by GFAP
immunohistochemical analysis.
The aim of our first experiment is to determine if a gliosis increase is detectable before 72 hours, its evolution in
function of time (persistence, decrease, or fluctuation), and which brain areas are most affected to orient future
biochemical (receptors, neurotransmitters) and behavioural (memory, motricity) studies.

EXPOSURE SYSTEM:
Animals were placed in Plexiglas rockets with an individual loop antenna placed above the rats head. Four animals was
exposed at the same time. Loops antenna were connected to a generator and emitted a GSM signal (900 MHz, pulsed at
217 Hz, 1/8 duty factor) at a 4 W/kg-SAR.

EXPERIMENTAL GROUP:
Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of 9 groups (8 rats per group):
- Rats exposed to a 900 MHz-EMF at 4 W/kg-SAR for 15 min in an anechoic chamber and sacrificed 2, 3, 5, or 10
days after exposure;
- Rats SHAM exposed for 15 min (in same conditions than exposed rats) and sacrificed 2, 3, 5, or 10 days after
exposure.
- Cage-control rats.
-
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES:
Animals were sacrificed by paraformaldehyde 4% perfusion, then brains were recovered and cut in 50 m sagittal
sections with a cryomicrotome.
Sections were then processed as free-floating sections for GFAP immunodetection.
Slides were analysed by image analysis software.

RESULTS:
Results are being analysed and will be presented at the meeting.

Support : projet europen RAMP (CE) n contrat, BCRDn Ministre de lEcologie et Ministre de la Recherche
6
th

207
P-085

EFFECTS OF PULSED ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (PEMFS) ON THE
INTEGRATION OF OSTEOCHONDRAL AUTOGRAFTS IN SHEEP.

F. CAVANI
1
, F. BENAZZO
2
, M. FINI
3
, S. SETTI
4
, V. CAN
1
, R. CADOSSI
4
.

1
Dipartimento di Anatomia e Istologia, Universit di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy,;

2
Clinica Ortopedica Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
3
Laboratorio di Chirurgia Sperimentale, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
4
Laboratorio di Biofisica Clinica, IGEA, 41012 Carpi (Mo), Italy

INTRODUCTION:
A positive effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the osteointegration of hydroxyapatite implants in
trabecular bone was recently described [1]. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that PEMFs influence bone cells
activity [2] and increase the proliferation of human chondrocytes [3].

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the integration of
osteochondral autografts.

METHODS:
Six adult sheep were included in the study to investigate short term effects. Each animal was anesthetized and was
operated in two different areas of the posterior right knee: medial femoral condyle and femoral inter-condyle area.
In these areas, two osteochondral autografts were extracted and interchanged. Three sheep were stimulated with
PEMFs (75 Hz, 1.8mT) generated by a pulse generator (ELLIXIA, Igea srl, Carpi, Italy) and three sheep were sham
treated. The stimulation was maintained for one month, six hours/day, and then the animals were sacrificed. Bone
fragments containing the graft were embedded in methylmethacrylate and were sectioned. The sections were
microradiographed and the healing of bone autografts was evaluated by calculating the linear percentage value of
new bone growth at the interface between autografts and receiving bone, normalizing the results taking into
consideration the trabecular bone volume (TBV) of the receiving bone. Routine histology and tartrate resistant acid
phosphatase (TRAP) enzymatic reaction (marker of osteoclast activity) were performed.

RESULTS:
Computerized analysis of microradiographs showed that PEMFs treatment induce a statistical significant increase
of new bone formation. We evaluated separately the new bone around the autografts inserted in the area 1 (non
weight bearing) and in the area 2 (weight bearing). In the area 1, the values of the ratio of new bone/TBV in the
stimulated and control group were 1,590.79 and 0,830.50 respectively (p<0.05); in area 2, the values of the ratio
of new bone/TBV in the stimulated and control group were 0,950.16 and 0,770.77 respectively. When the results
from area 1 and area 2 were pooled the values of the ratio of new bone/TBV in the stimulated and control group
were 1,330.68 and 0,800.62 respectively (p<0.05). Histological analysis showed that the gap between receiving
bone and graft was mainly filled with fibrous tissue. Newly formed bone trabeculae were present around and at the
bottom of the graft. TRAP positive areas were present around margins of the graft mainly in the control group, thus
confirming the microradiographs outcomes.

DISCUSSION:
In this experimental condition the results show that the treatment with PEMFs seems to promote the
osteointegration of the osteochondral autografts by enhancing the new bone formation and by reducing bone
resorption. These effects of PEMFs stimulation allow an early stabilization of the osteochondral autografts, which
may lead to a better outcome of the graft at follow-up, which is currently under investigation.

REFERENCES:
1) Fini M, et al., J Orthop Res. 2002; 20(4):756-63. 2) Spadaro JA et al.Calcif Tissue Int 2002 Jun;70(6):496-502.
3) De Mattei M, et al., Connect Tissue Res. 2001; 42(4):269-79.
6
th

208
P-086

INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO VARIABLE MAGNETIC FIELD WITH
LOW INDUCTION VALUE ON ANTIOXIDANT REACTIONS IN RATS

CIESLAR GRZEGORZ,
*
ZALEJSKA-FIOLKA JOLANTA.
*
BIRKNER EWA,
*
KASPERCZYK SLAWOMIR,
SIERON ALEKSANDER

Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine in Bytom. Silesian Medical University in Katowice,
Poland
*
Chair and Department of Biochemistry in Zabrze. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Poland

In the paper the influence of chronic exposure to weak variable magnetic field used in magnetostimulation on
activity of some antioxidant enzymes in rats was estimated. Experimental material consisted of 96 male Wistar rats
weighting 180-200 g. Weak variable magnetic field of saw-like shape of impulse, at a frequency of basic impulse 180-
195 Hz and induction 120 T generated by device for magnetostimulation VIOFOR JPS (Poland) was used. All animals
were randomly divided into 2 groups (48 animals each). In first group whole body exposure to magnetic field lasting 36
minutes daily for 14 consecutive days was made. In second - control group sham-exposure without generating magnetic
field inside of cuboid applicator lasting 36 minutes daily for 14 consecutive days was made. In both groups 24 before a
cycle of exposures or sham-exposure, 24 hours after first exposure, then at 7
th
and 14
th
day of repeated exposures and at
7
th
and 14
th
day after the end of a cycle of exposures every time a part of animals (8 rats from each group) was
exsanguinated in ether narcosis. In obtained blood samples contents of some antioxidant activity indicators: activity of
catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dysmutase (SOD) in erythrocytes, activity of superoxide
dysmutase in serum and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in erythrocytes and serum was determined. In
magnetic field-exposed group a significant increase of activity of all analyzed antioxidant enzymes both in erythrocytes
and serum during exposure cycle, persisting also after the end of exposure cycle was observed as compared to control
group. Besides in this group a significant decrease of malondialdehyde serum concentration during and after the end of
exposure cycle was obtained. These data indicate stimulating effect of weak variable magnetic fields on antioxidant
activity of living organisms.

6
th

209
P-087

LOW INDUCTION VALUE ON ANALGESIC REACTION IN RATS

CIESLAR GRZEGORZ, SIERON-STOTNY KAROLINA, DYDON AGATA, DYDON PAWEL,
*
PLECH
ANDRZEJ,
**
KASPERCZYK SLAWOMIR, SIERON ALEKSANDER

Poland
*
Chair and Department of Pharmacology in Zabrze. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Poland
**

In the study the influence of chronic whole body exposure to weak variable magnetic field used in
magnetostimulation on reactivity to pain stimulus in rats was estimated. Experimental material consisted of 40 male
Wistar rats weighting 180-200 g. Weak variable magnetic field of saw-like shape of impulse, at a frequency of basic
impulse 180-195 Hz and induction 120 T generated by device for magnetostimulation VIOFOR JPS (Poland) was
used. All animals were randomly divided into 5 groups (8 animals each). In first group whole body exposure to
magnetic field lasting 36 minutes daily for 14 consecutive days was made. In second group a similar cycle of exposures,
but lasting 72 minutes daily was made. Other 8 animals made up a control group in which sham-exposure without
generating magnetic field inside of cuboid applicator was made. In order to estimate the involvement of endogenic
opioid system in mechanism of magnetic field-induced analgesic reaction, in next 2 groups after prior i.p. injection of
Naloxone hydrochloride antagonist of opioids - following 36 minutes lasting exposure to magnetic field or sham-
exposure respectively was made. The pain perception was determined by latency of foot-licking or jumping from the
surface of a 56
o
C hot plate. The measurements were made immediately after exposure, and then at 5
th
, 15
th
, 30
th
, 60
th
,
90
th
and 120
th
minute after the end of exposure. The estimation of pain reaction was made at 24 hours after a single
exposure, at 2
nd
, 7
th
and 14
th
day of repeated everyday exposure and at 7
th
and 14
th
day after the end of a cycle of
exposures. As a result of repeated exposures a significant increase of pain reaction latency index persisting also after the
end of a cycle of exposures, specially in case of longer, 72-minutes lasting exposures as compared to sham-exposed
group was observed. This magnetic fieldinduced analgesic effect was not inhibited by prior injection of opioid
antagonist Naloksone.

6
th

210
P-088

LOW INDUCTION VALUE ON BEHAVIOUR IN RATS

CIESLAR GRZEGORZ, SIERON-STOLTNY KAROLINA,
*
PLECH ANDRZEJ, DYDON PAWEL., DYDO
AGATA,
**
KASPERCZYK SLAWOMIR, SIERON ALEKSANDER

Poland
*
Chair and Department of Pharmacology in Zabrze. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Poland
**

In the study the influence of chronic whole body exposure to weak variable magnetic field used in
magnetostimulation on behavioural reactions in rats was estimated. Experimental material consisted of 24 male Wistar
rats weighting 180-200 g. Weak variable magnetic field of saw-like shape of impulse, at a frequency of basic impulse
180-195 Hz and induction 120 T generated by device for magnetostimulation VIOFOR JPS (Poland) was used. All
animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (8 animals each). In first group whole body exposure to magnetic field
lasting 36 minutes daily for 14 consecutive days was made. In second group a similar cycle of exposures, but lasting 72
minutes daily was made. Last 8 animals made up a control group in which sham-exposure without generating magnetic
field inside of cuboid applicator was made. A locomotor activity was determined in the open field test by recording a
number of episodes of crossings, peepings, rearings, washing and defecation per 3 minutes. Simultanously an
exploratory activity was examined in the hole test by recording a number of head dips into a board hole per 3 minutes.
Space memory was determined by means of water maze test. Afterwards an irritability was investigated by means of
Nakamura and Thoenen score test. The evaluation of behaviour was made at 24 hours after a single exposure, at 2
nd
, 7
th
and 14
th
day of repeated everyday exposure and at 7
th
and 14
th
day after the end of a cycle of exposures. As a result of
repeated exposures significant improvement of space memory specially in case of longer exposure time was observed as
compared with control group. Furthermore significant decrease of locomotor and exploratory activity as well as
reduction of irritability was observed in both magnetic field-exposed groups comparing to control group.

6
th

211
P-089

THE EFFECTS OF WHOLE BODY CELL PHONE EXPOSURE ON THE T1

RELAXATION TIMES AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE SERUM OF RATS

FEYZAN AKSEN*, SULEYMAN DASDAG*, M.ZULKUF AKDAG*, MUZAFFER ASKIN**,
M. MUTLU DASDAG***

Department of Biophysics* and Biostatistics***,
Medical Faculty of Dicle University, Department of Physics**,
Science Faculty of Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakr, Turkey

Hypersensitivity of radiation emitted from cellular phones is phenomenon of public opinion and scientists have
been shown more performance in this field (1, 2, 3 ). Because of this, the objective of this study was to investigate the
effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted from cellular phones on the trace elements such as mangan, iron, copper,
zinc, T1 relaxation times in serum and rectal temperature of rats exposed to microwave radiation emitted from cellular
phones. Sixteen Spraque Dawley rats were separated into two groups of eight, sham exposed (control) and
experimental (speech). The rats were confined in Plexiglas cages and cellular phones were placed 0.5 cm under the
cages. For the experimental group, cellular phones were activated 20 minutes per day (7 day a week) for one month. For
the control group, the cellular phones were placed beneath the cages for 20 minutes a day, but the phones were turned
off. Rectal temperatures were measured weekly. For 250 mW-radiated powers, the whole body average SAR (rms) is
0.52 W/kg and 1g-averaged peak SAR (rms) is 3.13 W/kg. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical
comparisons of groups. T1 relaxation time was not found significant (P>0.05). Mangan and zinc values in serum were
found significant (P<0.05). The values of iron and copper in serum were not found significant (P>0.05). By the way, the
difference of the rectal temperature that is measured before and after exposure of rats in the experimental groups was
not found to be higher than rats in control group (P>0.05).

KEY WORDS:
Cellular phone, T1 relaxation times, trace elements

1. Dasdag S., Ketani A.M, Akdag MZ., Ersay A, Sari I, Demirtas OC, Celik MS.(1999), Whole-body microwave
exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urol. Res., 27, 219-223.
2. Dasdag S., Akdag MZ., Ayyildiz O, Demirtas OC, Yayla M, and Sert C. (2000), Do cellular phones alter blood
parameters and birth weight of rats? Electro-and Magnetobiology, 19,107-113.
3. Dasdag S., Akdag MZ., Aksen F, Yilmaz F, Bashan M, Dasdag MM., Celik MS.(2003), Whole body exposure
of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes. Bioelectromagnetics, 24(3):182-188.

6
th

212
P-090

STATUS OF PERFORM-A: CO- AND CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES IN RODENTS ON
RADIOFREQUENCY RELATED TO MOBILE TELEPHONES AND BASE STATIONS

C. DASENBROCK
1
, R. HRUBY
2
, G. OBERTO
3
, P. SMITH
4
, N. KUSTER
5

1
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany;

2
Austrian Research Centers (ARCS), Seibersdorf, Austria;

3
Istituto di Ricerche Biomediche A. Marxer (RBM), Colleretto Giacosa (To), Italy;

4
RCC Ltd., Itingen, Switzerland;

5
Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (ITIS), Zurich, Switzerland

INTRODUCTION:
The European project with the acronym PERFORM-A includes NTP-like cancer studies in mice and rats currently
being performed at Fraunhofer ITEM and RCC Ltd. In addition, long-term effects on DMBA-induced mammary
tumours in rats are investigated at ARCS, and co-carcinogenic effects on lymphoma induction in pim-1 transgenic mice
are tested at RBM. Within PERFORM-A, the Foundation ITIS is responsible for the design, construction and operation
of the exposure set-ups.

OBJECTIVE:
PERFORM-A will investigate whether RF exposure induces or promotes the development of cancer in rats and mice.
Tube-restrained animals are exposed to EMFs of 902 and 1747 MHz.

METHODS:
The first partial project was started at the Fraunhofer ITEM in November 2001. In two carcinogenicity studies, B6C3F1
mice are exposed over a period of two years 5 days per week for 2 hours a day to EMFs (signal cocktails) at 902 or
1747 MHz. In summer 2002 two analogous carcinogenicity studies in Wistar rats were initiated at the RCC Ltd. The
third partial project at the ARCS was started in September 2002 and will investigate possible promoting effects of a 902
MHz GSM basic signal (4 h/d, 5d/wk, 6 months) on mammary tumours induced in female Sprague Dawley rats by 17
mg/kg b.w. DMBA. Last, the fourth partial project at the RBM was initiated in November 2001. It will provide results
on co-carcinogenic effects, if any, on the lymphoma induction and other tumours in pim-1 mice when exposed to 902
MHz (GSM basic signal) for 1 hour per day, 7 days a week and 18 months.
Ferris wheel and multiple-wave-guide systems with a radial position of the exposure tubes guarantee the most
homogeneously possible exposure of all animals. In each experiment three dose groups and one sham control group
are investigated. Furtheron, one cage control group for each of the mice and rats studies is added. All animal
experiments are conducted as blind studies and according to the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and the
testing guidelines for carcinogenicity studies.

RESULTS:
Pre-studies resulted in exposure levels of 0.3., 1.3, and 4 W/kg SAR (whole body) to be used for long-term studies. The
in-life phase of the DMBA and pim-1 studies are completed. Results of the total project PERFORM-A will be available
in mid-2005 since the cancer studies will each last two years. Another year will be needed for the histopathological
examination and for the total evaluation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
PERFORM-A is supported by the European Commission (through the Fifth Framework Program), the Swiss and
Austrian Governments, the GSM Association and the Mobile Manufacturers Forum.
6
th

213
P-091

EFFECTS OF MICROWAVES FROM GSM MOBILE PHONES ON THE RAT BRAIN.

J.L. EBERHARDT
1
, B. PERSSON
*1
, L.G. SALFORD
*2
, A. BRUN
*3
.

Dept. of
1
Medical Radiation Physics,
2
Neurosurgery,
3
Neuropathology, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden

INTRODUCTION:
Our group has since 1988 studied the effects of different intensities and modulations of 915 MHz RF in a rat model. In
series of more than 1600 animals, we have proven that subthermal energies from both pulse-modulated and continuous
RF fields including those from real GSM mobile phones - have the potency to significantly open the BBB for the
animals own albumin (but not fibrinogen) to pass out into the brain and to accumulate in the neurons and glial cells
surrounding the capillaries. These results are duplicated recently in another laboratory [1]. Similar results are found by
others [2]. In a recent pilot study, we found signs of neuronal damage in the rat 50 days after a 2 hours exposure for
GSM microwaves at 900 MHz with SAR<0.2 W/kg [3]

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate in a larger study the occurrence of damaged neurons and heat shock proteins in the rat brain 14 or 28
days after a 2 hour exposure to radiation from a GSM mobile phone at different intensities.

METHODS:
Ninety-six male and female Fisher 344 rats were exposed or sham exposed for two hours in TEM-cells to radiation from
a software programmable GSM-900 mobile telephone. The animals were awake during the exposure and could move
and turn within the exposure chamber. The peak output power fed into the TEM cells were 1, 10, 100 or 1000 mW,
resulting into average whole body specific absorption rates of 0.2, 2, 20 or 200 mW/kg. For each exposure condition, 16
animals were exposed and 8 animals were sham exposed in non activated TEM-cells. Half of the animals in each
exposure group were allowed to survive 14 days and the rest for 28 days. By the end of the period they were
anaesthetized and sacrified by perfusion-fixation with 4% formaldehyde. Brain slices were stained for RNA/DNA with
cresyl violet and HSP70 for heat shock protein. Applying albumin antibodies (Dakopatts), albumin is revealed as
brownish spotty or more diffuse discolorations.

ANALYSIS:
The occurrence of blood-brain barrier leakage, damaged (dark) neurons and heat shock protein in different parts of the
brain will be judged semi-quantitatively by the neuropathologist. The Kruskall Wallis one-way of variance by ranks will
be used for a simultaneous test of all experimental conditions. The Mann-Whitney non-parametric test for independent
samples will be used for pair wise comparisons. Results will be presented at the meeting.

REFERENCES
1. F Tre, P-E Dulou, E Haro, B Veyret, P Aubineau. Two-hour exposure to 2 W/kg, 900 MHz GSM microwaves
induces plasma protein extravasation in rat brain. In: Proceedings from the 5
th
International Congress of the
European Bioelectromagnetics Association. (M Hietanen, K Jokela, J Juutilainen, eds) 2001, pp 43-45.
2. K Fritze, C Sommer, B Schmitz, G Mies, K Hossman, M Kiessling, et al. Effect of global system for mobile
communication (GSM) microwave exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in rat. Acta Neuropathology
(Berlin) 1997, 94, pp 465-470.
3. LG Salford, AE Brun, JL Eberhardt, L Malmgren, BRR Persson. Nerve cell damage in mammalian brain after
exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones. Environmental Health Perspectives, accepted for publication.
6
th

214
P-092

1800 MHz GSM-LIKE MICROWAVE EXPOSURE ELEVATES
THE SERUM TESTOSTERONE LEVEL AND RED BLOOD
CELL COUNT OF MALE MICE

ZSOLT FORGCS
1
, GYRGYI KUBINYI
2
, HANNA SINAY
2
, JZSEF BAKOS
2
,
CSABA RVSZ
1
, ARANKA HUDK
3
, ANDRS SURJN
1
, GYRGY THURCZY
2

1
National Institute of Chemical Safety, Budapest, Hungary
2
National "Frederic Joliot-Curie" Research Institute for Radiobiology
and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
3
National Institute of Occupational Health, Budapest, Hungary

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of in vivo 1800 MHz GSM-like microwave
exposure on male reproduction. In five separate experiments, male NMRI mice weighing 35 to 41 g were exposed (11-
12 mice each) in a GTEM cell to 1800 MHz GSM-like microwave radiation. The average power density was 100
W/cm
2
, while the mean value of the field strength was determined as 19.42.8 V/m within the cage. The estimated
SAR was 0.018-0.023 W/kg. The animals were exposed ten times (over two weeks on workdays) and the duration of
exposure was 2 h/day. On the day of last treatment, immediately after the exposure mice were anesthetized with i.p.
pentobarbital and blood samples were taken for hematology, serum chemistry and serum testosterone (T)
determinations (ELISA). Testicles, epididymes, adrenals, prostates and pituitary glands were removed for histological
examinations. One testicle of each animal was used for preparation and culture of Leydig cells. In each experiment,
Leydig cells were isolated and collected in two blocks: one obtained from sham-exposed, and another one from the
exposed animals. The cells were cultured for 48 h in the presence or absence of 1, 10, or 100 mIU/ml human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG) to evaluate the possible effect of the in vivo 1800 MHz exposure on the steroidogenic capacity of
Leydig cells in vitro.

In the exposed animals red blood cell count (RBC: 8.590.10 T/l, n=37) and volume of packed red cells (VPRC:
42.290.43 %, n=37 ) were significantly higher (p<0.01) compared with the sham-exposed controls (RBC: 8.120.08
T/l, n=36; VPRC: 39.760.36 %, n=36 ). The serum testosterone level of the exposed animals (7.851.08 ng/ml, n=56)
was also significantly elevated (p<0.05) compared with the sham-exposed controls (5.120.79, n=52), while the in vitro
steroidogenic capacity of the Leydig cells was unaltered. No significant differences in the other investigated variables
were found between sham-exposed and exposed mice. The animal growth rate was also unchanged.

These findings suggest that the applied microwave exposure is able to modulate the serum testosterone level in
mice. The targets of action are probably not directly the Leydig cells, but the higher level of endocrine regulation and/or
sexualsteroid metabolism. Our results indicate that the applied GSM-like microwave exposure may induce slight, but
statistically significant alterations in some hematological and endocrine parameters of male mice within the
physiological range. Further investigations are required to establish the biological significance of these phenomena.

This work was supported by research grants from the National Scientific Research Fund
(OTKA No. T 034957) and Szchenyi Project (1/016/2001 NKFP) in Hungary.
6
th

215
P-093

CHANGES IN MICE EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY INDUCED BY
LOW-LEVEL MICROWAVE EXPOSURE

C. GOICEANU
(1)
, G. BLCEANU
(2)
, R. DNULESCU
(3)
, F. GRDINARIU
(4)
, D.D. SANDU
(5)

(1)
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health, 14 Victor Babes St, 6600 Iasi, Romania; E-mail:
goiceanu@iasi.mednet.ro
(2)
As (1) above, but E-mail: GheorgheBalaceanu@pub-health-iasi.ro
(3)
- As (1) above, but E-mail: razdan@iasi.mednet.ro
(4)
- As (1) above, but E-mail: FeliciaGradinariu@pub-health-iasi.ro
(5)
- Al. I. Cuza University, Faculty of Physics, 11 Blvd. Copou, 6600 Iasi, Romania; E-mail: ddsandu@uaic.ro

PURPOSE:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible effects on the activity of central nervous system of mice exposed
to low-level microwave fields for a relatively long period of time (3 month), comparing to their lifetime.

Swiss mice were exposed to low-level microwave fields of 400 MHz and approximately 1 mW/cm
2
power density. In
order to obtain a quantifiable and similar exposure, each mouse was placed inside a transverse electromagnetic (TEM)
Cell in its own plexiglas holder, far enough one of each other. The exposure experiment lasted 13 weeks. Every week
the mice were exposed 8 hours per day, five days per week. A sham exposed lot was kept in similar environmental
conditions. Motor and exploring activity were assessed using a battery of behavioural tests: test, evasion test, perforated
plate test and open field test; test sessions were performed every 15 days for both exposed and control lots.

RESULTS:
During exposure period it was recorded a progressive but moderate loss of motor activity for both exposed and controls,
probably due to weight gain and aging. Concerning exploratory activity there are significant differences between
control and exposed. Two kinds of modifications were noticed in exploratory ability of exposed mice: a slight decrease
during the entire experiment and a phasic evolution consisting in stages of activation and inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS:
The phasic evolution of performances and the general decrease of exploratory activity of exposed mice, compared to
controls, could be due to the interference of microwaves with central nervous activity. Acting as an additional factor
that influences the evolution of exposed mice exploratory activity by inducing stages of excitation, microwave exposure
can conduce in time to a state of tiredness that reduces the general performances of animals. Thus, due to the repeated
stages of activation, an effect of long-term low-level microwave exposure appears in mice exploratory activity
consisting in the reduction of the investigative potential of the animal.
6
th

216
P-094

CELL PHONES INCREASE HSP70 AND INDUCE SPECIFIC TRANSCRIPTION
FACTORS IN DROSOPHILA

DAVID WEISBROT
1
, MARTIN BLANK
2
AND REBA GOODMAN
1

1
& Physiology
2
, Columbia University, NYC, NY 10032, USA

INTRODUCTION:
Electromagnetic fields, a nonthermal stress, induce a variety of genes, including the stress gene HSP70. Magnetic fields
use two signaling pathways, both distinctly different from that used by thermal stimuli, heat shock. Characterization of
these pathways, by identifying changes in transcription factor activation, provides an unambiguous approach to
analyzing magnetic field interaction mechanisms. It can also suggest much needed biomarkers to be used for
establishing science-based cell phone safety guidelines.

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether cell phone radiation affects the level of hsp70, and the activity of the transcription factors, serum
response element (SRE) and ELK1 during reproduction and growth in Drosophila.

MATERIALS:
Drosophila melanogaster Oregon R; Bosch World 718 multiband 900/1900, Class 4 (GSM-900/2 W; Class 1 (GSM-
1900/1 W); SAR 1.4 W/kg

EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL:
In each experiment five vials, containing either 1 female and 1 male (20 experiments) or 6 females and 3 males (30
experiments), were placed in contact with the antenna of an active cell phone. For sham/control experiments five vials
were placed in contact with the antenna of an inactive cell phone. All the vials were exposed for 1 hr at 11AM and 1 hr
at 4PM daily for 10 days. Pupae and adults were counted, protein isolated from larvae for Western blot analyses of
hsp70 levels, and gel shift assays of SRE-binding and ELK1 phosphorylation.

RESULTS:
Radiation from a GSM cell phone (50 replicate experiments) resulted in significant (p=.01) increases in:
! numbers of offspring
! hsp70 levels
! SRE binding
! ELK1 phosphorylation

CONCLUSION:
Radiation from cell phones affected reproduction and growth in Drosophila. Hsp70 levels, SRE-binding and ELK1
phosphorylation increased significantly. These data provide realistic biomarkers for establishing science-based cell
phone safety guidelines.

REFERENCES:
Weisbrot, D, Lin, H, Ye, L, Blank, M and Goodman, R (2003)
Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on Reproduction and Development in Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Cellular
Biochemistry 89: 48-55.
6
th

217
P-095

THE EFFECT OF ELF AND RF EMF ON THE ACTIVITY/INDUCIBILITY OF
CYTOCHROME P450 SYSTEM IN RAT LIVER.

WIADERKIEWICZ R.
1
, KARPOWICZ J.
2
, CZEKAJ P.
1
, GRYZ K.
2
, PAASZ A.
1
, WIADERKIEWICZ A.
1
,
MIRANOWICZ-DZIERAWSKA K.
2

1
Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
2
Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

The effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the biotransforming potential of living organisms is not known as
available data are sparse and often inconsistent. In the presented study, the effect of EMF exposure on the activity and
inducibility of cytochrome P450 system in rat liver was analysed. The study concerned occupational permissible levels
of exposure.

The mature male Wistar rats were exposed to sinusoidal, vertically polarised magnetic or electric fields. The
Helmholtz coils were used as a source of 50 Hz magnetic field and the TEM cell as a source of 27 MHz RF electric
field. EMF of these frequencies often occur in the working environment. Experimental animals were exposed to EMF of
various strength for 0.5 6 hours /day during a period of 1 - 3 weeks. The strength of electric and magnetic fields was
in the range of permissible occupational exposure levels with the lowest experimental exposure level corresponding to a
typical real working environment. Spatial strength distributions of electric and magnetic fields in the animals cages
were determined by detailed measurements. The exposure parameters were strictly controlled and registered constantly
in the course of the experiment. One group of animals was fed using diet containing ethanol and two other groups
received i.v. injection of phenobarbital or -naphtoflawon 24 h before the end of experiment.

In the microsomal fraction of liver, the total content of cytochrome P450, cytochrome b
5
and activity of their
corresponding NADPH and NADH reductases was measured. The levels of CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2, CYP3A1 and
CYP2E1 isoforms were analyzed by immunoblotting and expression of their corresponding genes by RT-PCR.
Simultanously, the sections of the liver were stained with H/E and histochemicaly for the activity of classical marker
enzymes of hepatocyte function (SDH, LDH, G6Pase, ATPase Mg
+2
, AcP).

On the basis of obtained results, the maximal admissible strength (MAS) values, defined by national regulations were
discussed.

The studies were conducted under the National Programme "Adaptation of working conditions in Poland to EU
standards".

6
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218
P-096

PROPAGATION VELOCITY IN NERVE FIBRE EXPOSED TO MICROWAVE

HIIE HINRIKUS, JAANUS LASS, VIIU TUULIK

Biomedical Engineering Centre, Tallinn Technical University

The increase in permeability of the brain blood barrier caused by low-level microwave field (MWF) has been
reported in recent studies [1, 2]. The hypotheses raised here is that MWF affect not only the cells of blood vessel walls
but can cause also the similar change in permeability for other cells. The changes in nerve fiber membrane or myelin
sheath permeability affect propagation velocity of the nerve pulse. In this study the experimental investigation was
carried out for nerve pulse propagation velocity with and without applied microwave field with different polarisations.

The experimental protocol consisted of three measurements of the nerve pulse velocity: without MWF, with
MWF perpendicular and with MWR parallel to the nerve fibre. The left and right nervus medianus of two young female
subjects were under the study. The Schwarzer EMG/EPmyos 2/4 plus System was used for measurement. The 450 MHz
MWR was applied from generator with 1W output power. The measured field power density was 0.87 mW/cm
2
. The
preliminary results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. The statistical results of nerve pulse velocity measurements
without MWF Perpendicular MWF parallel MWF
Average 57.66 60.06 57.68
St dev 1.879 2.486 1.955
T-test, p 0.00032 0.696368

The clear dependence in polarisation confirm additionally that
the effect can not be thermal. The effect of increasing of the
nerve pulse propagation velocity can be related to the changes
in nerve fibre active membrane or its myelin sheath. The
predicted by theory effect caused by myelin sheath should be
opposite [3]. The effect can be related to the active
membrane:increase in velocity can be caused by increase in
sodium current or reduction of axial resistance.
Therefore the effect would be related rather to reduction of
axial resistance. The mechanism and details of the effect need
further investigation.
This study has been supported by Estonian Science Foundation
Grant No 5143.
Fig. 1. Relative changes in nerve pulse
propagation velocity

REFERENCES
[1] Salford l, Brun A, Eberhardt J, Malmgren L, Persson B, Environmental Health Perspectives, doi:10.1289/ehp.6039,
January 2003.
[2] Schirmacher A, Winters S, and oth., Bioelectromagnetics, 21(5):338-45, 2000.
[3] A. G. Richardson, C.C. McIntyre, W. M. Grill, Med. Biol. Eng. Comp., 38, 438- 446, 2000.
0
1
2
3
4
1 2
1- perpendicular
2- parallel polarization
%
Average
St dev
6
th

219
P-097

MULTICENTER REPLICATION STUDY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
NEURODEGENERATION STUDY CONDUCTED IN SWEDEN

ISABELLE LAGROYE
1
, BERNARD VEYRET
1
, FLORENCE POULLETIER DE GANNES
1
,
GYORGY THURCZY
2
, GEORG NEUBAUER
3
,CHIYOJI OHKUBO
4
, JOE WIART
5
,
JILL MCQUADE
6
, JAMES MERRITT
6
, AND PATRICK MASON
6

1
PIOM, Bordeaux, France
2
National Research Insitute for Radiobiology & Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
3
ARCS, Vienna, Austria
4
National Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
5
France Telecom CNET, Cedex, France
6
Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division,
Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks City-Base, Texas, USA

In a paper recently published in Environmental Health Perspectives (111: 881-883, 2003), the Swedish research
group led by Leif Salford at Lund University reported the occurrence of nerve cell damage (permeability of the blood-
brain barrier and presence of dark neurons) in rats, 50 days after a single 2-hour whole body exposure in a TEM cell to
a mobile telephony GSM-900 signal (no voice modulation). The authors stated that such effects indicated that intense
mobile phone use by youngsters is a serious memento. The authors indicated that over time, such exposure could
reduce the brain reserve capacity. Given the strong impact in the media of such speculative assumption, a replication
study is urgently needed.

In the Swedish study, the Fisher 344 rats were mixed in terms of age (12 to 26 weeks old) and gender and those
differences were not taken into account in the analysis. Moreover, the cresyl violet stain used in the study is not specific
for the identification of degenerative neurons. Therefore, the number of dark neurons observed may be the result of
staining artefact (e.g., dark cells of Cammermeyer*) and may have been overestimated.

In the recently updated World Health Organization (WHO) (www.who.emf) research agenda, studies to assess
the accuracy and reproducibility of published radio frequency effects on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and
other neuropathologies (e.g., dura mater inflammation, dark neurones) are considered as short-term or urgent needs. The
co-authors on this presentation at EBEA are developing a research collaboration in order to clarify these BBB data and
assumptions. This international effort is designed so that the experimental procedures (dosimetry and biology) will be
similar and that the data will be tabulated in a manner so that cross-comparisons can be easily conducted.

* Cammermeyer, J. Is the solitary dark neuron a manifestation of postmortem trauma to the brain inadequately fixed by
perfusion? Histochemistry, 56: 97-115, 1978.
6
th

220
P-098

RF GSM ARTIFACT SUPPRESSOR FOR IN SITU ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL
RECORDINGS

L. KELLNYI
1
G. P.KOVCS, G.STEFANICS, I.HERNDI, G.THURCZY
2
;

1
Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pcs, Hungary,
2
atl. Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, H-1775 Budapest, POB.101., Hungary,

Studies of the central nervous system on the brain, investigated by electrophysiological recordings relevant to RF
exposure emitted by mobile phones meet many difficulties due to the artifacts generated on the recording electrodes.
Even using solution filled glass microelectrodes and/or non-perturbing (i.e. carbon loaded) electrodes, the electronic
devices widely used in such investigations with high input impedance, may sensitive to pulse modulation (typically 217
Hz with 1/8 duty cycle in GSM technology) of RF field. The radiated RF pulses generate short DC impulses
(observable as artifacts) with high energy and very fast rise time. Otherwise in many cases the researchers are interested
on the possible effects during the RF exposure period and in the brain research continuous electrophysiological
recordings are needed. The aim of our investigation was to solve the difficulties above and to develop an RF artifact
suppressor for in situ recordings during the RF exposure time.

Our development of RF artifact suppressor is based on the fact that in technological systems of digital cellular
phones the RF exposure is modulated with strictly repeated pulses with a well defined duty cycles. In widely used GSM
standard this pulse repetition is 217 Hz with 1/8 duty-cycles. On the other hand the electrophysiological recordings
from the investigated nervous systems in-vivo or in-vitro have non strictly periodic and in many cases the time base of
the signals is far from the time base of the GSM modulation applied in the cellular technology. The third approach is
that the duty-cycle characteristics of the mobile systems allow us to eliminate the short epochs from the recordings
within the cycle period (i.e. 1/8 period) when the RF exposure may induce artifacts in the electronic devices especially
in the electrophysiological amplifiers with high input impedance. The recorded DC impulses and cell activity have a
time shift due to of the high-impedance fluid filled microelectrode and preamplifier (or EEG). The preamplifiers serve
as a high-pass filter differentiating the artifact impulses. These impulses are not suitable for driving the gating
electronics system. For this reason we record the RF signal from the radiated electric field by a passive RF receiver. The
RF suppressor gating system is connected between the pre- and main amplifier. The received gating signal is formed
and extended by a monostable multivibrator, thus the gating equipment is able to reject artifacts (DC potentials
generated by RF field). The equipment has a free-running 217 Hz pulse generator as well. Without RF radiation,
biological electrical activity can be also recorded similarly as under RF radiation, thus different conditions can be
compared. The two ways filters configuration produced excellent attenuation of 217 Hz signal causing interference. For
perfect cancellation of artifacts on unit activity the gating system switch the artifacts to earth potential when
interference signals are present. In case of EEG or evoked potentials (i.e.ERPs) our equipment works as a sample and
hold circuit.

The RF artifact suppressor system was tested in-vivo situation in anesthetized Long Evans rats. Spontaneous
firing rates of single/multiple units were measured in extended cortical areas of single unit recordings by means of glass
microelectrodes. The firing rates were evaluated using the RF artifact suppressor and the recordings were statistically
analyzed in both cases when the suppressor was switched-on and switched-off. The recordings on human studies on
evoked potentials are also in progress. This work was supported by the Hungarian Research Funds ETT-049/2000 and
OTKA-029818.
6
th

221
P-099

PULSED 900 MHz ELECTROMAGNETIC IRRADIATION ALTERS SPONTANEOUS
NEURAL ACTIVITY IN THE RODENT PREFRONTAL CORTEX.

PTER KOVCS
1
, ISTVN HERNDI
1
, LRND KELLNYI
1,2
, GYRGY THURCZY
2

1
Dept. of General Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pcs;
2
National Research Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, H-1775, Budapest, Hungary

Widespread concerns are being raised about the possibility that exposure to the radio frequency (RF) fields from
mobile telephones could have a range of effects on peoples health. Our previous results based on audiometry and
auditory evoked responses (ABR) from the brainstem and cortical areas of human volunteers, indicated that the auditory
threshold values together with latencies and amplitudes of evoked responses are affected by radio frequency (RF)
irradiation (Kellnyi et al, 1999). Behavioral studies conducted on rodents indicate, that RF fields dose dependently
interfere with task performance (Thurczy et al., 2001).

Since the vast majority of research in this field provide only indirect evidence for the effects of RF irradiation on
the functional activity of the cellular elements in the central nervous system, we have created an experiment to
investigate the instantaneous, in vivo effects of GSM-like pulsed 900 MHz RF irradiation on spontaneous, maintained
electrical activity of medial prefrontal cortical neurons in the rat. In ketamine anesthetized Long Evans rats spontaneous
firing rates of single/multiple neurons were measured by means of glass microelectrodes. The rats were exposed to 900
MHz, GSM-like modulated fields by means of a small loop antenna (designed by ENEA). The SARs were measured in
liquid phantom (e= 42.5, o=0.85). The maximum SAR at the location of brain was 1.32 W/kg. The duration of
exposure was between 15-30 min. We analyzed 79 neuronal recordings obtained in 18 experimental sessions. The
majority of recorded neurons (41%) expressed sensitivity to the irradiation, forming inhibition only, and excitation
followed by inhibition groups. On the basis of our results, we suppose that, as a consequence of the RF irradiation,
neurons (expressing sensitivity to it) may transiently become unable to attend to their previous physiological functions.
This phenomenon may lead to the already widely observed alterations in execution of particular tasks, especially with
high cognitive demands present.

These experiments were supported by Hungarian Ministry of Health ETT 048/2000.

REFERENCES:
Kellnyi L., Thurczy Gy., Faludy B., Lnrd L.: Effects of Mobile GSM Radiotelephone Exposure on the Auditory
Brainstem Response (ABR), Neurobiology Vol.7(1) pp. 79-81, 1999.
Thurczy G., Herndi I, Kellnyi L., The effect of GSM mobile phone irradiation on spontaneous neural activity and
memory of the rat, BEMS Abstract, p 27, 2001.
6
th

222
P-100

ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE (ODC) ACTIVITY IN SKIN KERATINOCYTES
AFTER EXPOSURE TO GSM SIGNALS OF HAIRLESS RATS.

SANCHEZ S., MASUDA H., TAXILE M., BILLAUDEL B., DULOU P., HARO, E., LAGROYE I.
AND VEYRET B.

Laboratory P.I.O.M., E.N.S.C.P.B., Univ. Bordeaux 1,
33607 PESSAC-France.

INTRODUCTION:
Radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by mobile phone have been reported to alter gene expression and proliferation
in skin fibroblasts (Pacini et al. 2002, Oncol. Res., 13:19-24). In the skin, the location of keratinocytes is more
peripheral than that of fibroblasts and consequently keratinocytes are more exposed to RFR. Since Ornithine
DeCarboxylase (ODC) overexpression is involved, not only in cell neoplastic transformation, but also in cancer cell
invasiveness, the aim of this study was to determine, after either acute (2 hours) or chronic (12 weeks) exposure,
whether RFR emitted by GSM-900 or -1800 signals are able to alter keratinocyte ODC activity in Hairless rat skin.

METHODS:
Animals: Hairless 5-week-old female rats were progressively habituated to the rocket-type exposure set-up over two
weeks.
Exposure procedure: part of the right back of each animal was exposed (n = 4) or sham exposed (n = 4) for two hours
(acute experiment: SAR = 4 W/kg) or for two hours per day, 5 days per week, during twelve weeks (chronic
experiment: SAR = 1, 2, or 4 W/kg) to GSM-900 or -1800 signals using a loop-antenna. At the end of each experiment,
skin biopsies were collected from the exposed part and also from the symmetrical part of the back, and stored at 70C
until assayed for ODC activity.
ODC activity measurement: Skin biopsies were scrapped and epidermis cells (mainly keratinocytes) were collected.
Epidermis cell pellets were lysed and 100-l aliquots of supernatant were incubated for 1 h at 37C with 2.22x10
5

d.p.m.
14
C-labeled L-Ornithine.
14
CO
2
generated by ODC was absorbed with hyamine hydroxide in a center well
secured in a rubber septum-type stopper. The reaction was terminated by injection of trichloroacetic acid and incubation
continued for 1 h.
14
CO
2
trapped hyamine hydroxide was counted by liquid scintillation (Packard Tricarb). The amount
of protein of cell lysate was determined by the Bradford method. Total ODC activity calculated as pmol(
14
CO
2
)/h/mg
protein. Positive controls were obtained using UVB irradiation (400 mJ/cm
2
) on a selected part of the rat backside.

RESULTS :
Exposures have been carried out and ODC determination on skin biopsies is in progress.

CONCLUSION:
Results will allow a comparison of the potential effects on keratinocyte ODC activity of RFR emitted by GSM-900 or -
1800 mobile phones.

This work was supported by France Telecom R&D, the Aquitaine Council for Research and the CNRS.

6
th

223
P-101

RADIO FREQUENCY BIOEFFECTS AND DOSIMETRY RESEARCH AT THE
U. S. AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY

MICHAEL R. MURPHY, JAMES H. MERRITT, PATRICK A. MASON

Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division
Human Effectiveness Directorate, Brooks City-Base, Texas

Contemporary military activities employ extensive radio frequency (RF) emitting equipment, including
communication systems, anti-electronic and non-lethal weapons, and radars for detection and ranging. The use of such
equipment often involves human exposure to some low-level of RF and the risk of accidental high-level exposures. The
mission of the Radio Frequency Radiation Branch of the U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory is to determine and
mitigate the hazards of RF exposure on personnel health, safety, and job performance. To accomplish this mission, we
conduct bioeffects research to assess the risk of RF-induced health effects, develop and evaluate dosimetric tools to
improve RF safety, and transition the results to RF standard setting, safety, and medical communities. One recent area
for bioeffects focus has been on the effects of short high-peak power pulses (HPM) including pulses with ultrawide
band frequency content. Research led by Dr. Andrea Pakhomov has studied the effects of HPM pulses up to a peak e-
field of 1.5 MV/m and a peak SAR of nearly 1.0 MW/g. Using biological systems such as the heart pacemaker,
hippocampal slice, cell membrane, and yeast cells, all effects seen from HPM pulses were duplicated with equivalent
heating from more conventional RF exposure, indicating equal effect for equal energy deposited. Another focus has
been the effects of microwaves and millimeter waves on human subjects. Dr. Eleanor Adair has studied the
thermoregulatory responses of humans to 2450, 450, 100, and, most recently, 220 MHz exposure under 3 environmental
temperatures and SAR values up to 8 times currently accepted exposure standards. Others have determined the effects
of mmWave irradiation in the 94-95 GHz range on detection, pain, and damage thresholds. RF effects on memory and
the blood brain barrier also have recently been evaluated.
With respect to dosimetric tools, we continue to evaluate a human, 1 mm resolution, dosimetric model (the
Brooks Man). High speed computing has facilitated our ability to run the FDTD model in multiple orientations and
frequencies. A series of studies has evaluated the robustness of the model with respect to variations in tissue dielectric
values and other parameters. Experimental validation of the model is being accomplished by comparing model
predictions with surface temperature measurements in humans irradiated in various positions at different frequencies.
Work is beginning to incorporate thermoregulation algorithms to predict local temperature changes based on RF
exposure and thermal distribution. An evaluation of RF personal warning and measurement devices is in progress. A
totally revised and updated 5
th
Edition of the RFR Dosimetry Handbook is underway, with extensive international
participation and support. The results of our activates are made available to the relevant RF safety communities through
our scientific publications and presentations, and our service to the NATO General Medical Working Party, the IEEE
International Committee on EMF Safety, and the World Health Organization EMF Project. Overall, our activities are
planned to support the maximum safe use of the RF spectrum and the setting of scientifically-based health and safety
standards. (The views, opinions, and/or findings reported are those of the authors and should not be construed as
official Department of the Air Force, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government position, policy or decision unless so
designated by other documents).
6
th

224
P-102

PARTHENOGENETIC ABILITY OF SILKWORM STRAINS AFTER EHF-RADIATION
IMPACT ON PUPAE

V.G.SHAKHBAZOV
1
, L.M.CHEPEL
1
, N.N.GRIGORYEVA
1
, S.P.SIRENKO
2
, V.V.NAVROTSKAYA
1
,
A.I.FISUN
2
, O.I.BELOUS
2

1
- Kharkov national university
2
Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics, Kharkov

The degree of understanding of the nature of the microwaves influence on biological objects is apparent
insufficient. The investigations are carried on in two directions:
- determining of the mechanism of the direct action on biological objects;
- studying of EMF-impact on the vital functions of an organism as a whole.
The question about the parthenogenetic development of eggs taken from individuals that have been formed from
irradiated pupae was raised for the first time.

Efficiency of the extremely high frequency (EHF) impact was studied in the experiments with the strains
Belokokonnaya-1 (B-1) and Belokokonnaya-2 (B-2).

Pupae were irradiated in the region of the new photoreceptor (Shakhbazov, 1961) 3-4 days before imago
appearing. The source of EMF was the generator of microwaves (=5-8 mm, P=20mW). The radiation exposure was
1.5, 5, 20 minutes. This time was stated experimentally earlier in trials with drosophila and silkworm.

Ability of eggs temperature parthenogenesis was estimated after the yield of imago in control and test variants.

The percentage of normally pigmented eggs (NPE), that characterizes the beginning of the embryo
development, and the yield of larvae served as criteria of parthenogenesis success.

Different strains were stated to response to EHF-radiation in different ways. The possibility exists to improve
the efficiency of the eggs thermoactivation. The increase of the percentage of NPE was 9,3% in B-1 when the
irradiation time was 1.5 min, and 11,5% when 5 min (P>0.999); 9,1% in B-2 when the irradiation time was 5 min. 20-
minute irradiation of pupae led to the decrease of the percentage of NPE in both the strains B-1 and B-2.

The yield of larvae was reliably higher in B-2 when the irradiation time was 5 min.
The present data show that the stage of pupae is sensitive to the EHF-impact. The response of pupae depends on the
influence doze and the individual genotype.
6
th

225
P-103

THE LIGHT OF DIFFERENT ZONES OF SPECTRUM AS A POSSIBLE FACTOR OF
THE GAMETES DIFFERENTIATION

V.V.NAVROTSKAYA, A.V.SALOV, V.G.SHAKHBAZOV

Kharkov national university

The heterotic effect is of great theoretical and practical value and application of heterosis comprises all branches
of agriculture today. However, its nature is still unclear. There is a lot of publications describing manifestations of
heterosis, but research of heterosis formation mechanisms is under way.

The aim of our work was to investigate initial stages of this phenomenon development, namely genetic
differentiation of parent individuals, which is nesessary for the formation of a heterotic organism. In order to do this we
induce genetic differentiation of Drosophila melanogaster. It is achieved by the influence of different zones of light, i.e.
by using pairs: red green, blue infrared. Imago were irradiated during first 2 days after appearing, separately males
and females, then they were crossed in different combinations.

Changes of quantitative characteristics means were studied in F
1
, F
2
, F
3
. The sensitivity of different stages of
gametogenesis to the influence in question was determined by means of the series of successive transfers of flies pairs
and by studying their offspring in every transfer separately.

The heterotic effect was determined by indices of viability and reproductive capacity. Viability was estimated by
the thermo-test (41
0
C, 20 min).

The increase of indices of viability and reproductive capacity in some of combinations studied may be considered
as manifestation of psysiological heterosis in the offspring as compared with the best from parents. In addition, some
peculiarities in response to the light influence exist between stages of gametogenesis.

It may be concluded that the light influence interacts with nuclear substance of gametes, as the irradiation effect
was observed in F
1
, F
2
and F
3
.
6
th

226
P-104

HISTOLOGICAL AND STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CUTANEOUS MAST CELLS
IN RATS EXPOSED TO 50 Hz EMF

VESNA RAJKOVIC
1
, MILICA MATAVULJ
1
, OLLE JOHANSSON
2

1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro,
2
Experimental Dermatology Unit,
Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

The objective of this study was to determine whether rat skin mast cells (MC) are sensitive to the influence of
power-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) by using histological and stereological analysis. The experiment was
performed on 24 two months old white male rats of Wistar strain. Twelve animals were exposed four hours a day, seven
days a week during one month to 50 Hz EMF of decaying intensity along the cages with animals from 300 T (at the
side of the cage near the coil which produced EMF) to 100 T (at the opposite side of the cage) while the intensity of
electric field was 160 V/m and 54 V/m respectively. Twelve animals served as controls and were maintained in a
similar environment, but without the presence of artificially produced ELF-EMF. Immediately after the last hour at the
last day of exposure, animals were sacrificed in diethyl ether narcosis and samples of skin from the interscapular region
were taken. After fixation, samples were cut on a cryostat into 14 m thick sections and further processed for toluidine
blue-staining or indirect immunohistochemistry to histamine. Stereological analysis was performed starting from the
epidermal-dermal junction. Number and volume of MC on toluidine blue-stained sections were analyzed using a
multipurpose stereological grid M42 on 2 skin sections per sample and 50 test fields per animal using the 40x objective.
The number of histamine-containing MC per mm
2
was counted using a special microscopic frame under the 20x
objective on 2 skin sections per sample and 4 test fields per animal. The most prominent alterations on both series of
stained sections were observed in the upper dermis of the skin. Toluidine blue-stained sections of exposed animals were
characterized by the presence of predominantly pale stained MC with a decreased cell volume in the stratum papillare,
indicating their degranulation. These cells were sometimes appearing in large groups or in shapely lines following the
outlines of the epithelial basal membrane. Occasionally, solitary cells were placed very closely to the stratum basale of
the epidermis. Free granules extruded from MC in the connective tissue immediately below epidermis were noted too.
Similarly, a frequent presence of histamine-positive MC at the epidermal-dermal junction in exposed animals was also
noted. Cells were mainly solitary with a decreased volume of oval-shaped cell bodies and revealing a very weak
fluorescence, both signs of degranulation, and occasionally seen in very close relation to cells in the stratum basale.
Large histamine-positive MC with many cytoplasmic processes were noted arising from deep dermis in strait lines
towards epidermis. This migration process was noted in half of the investigated exposed specimens, while only in two
from the control group. Stereological analysis showed volume and numerical differences in cutaneous MC between the
control and exposed group, but they were not statistically significant. Results obtained in our investigation, indicate a
reactivity of skin MC in animals exposed to 50 Hz EMF by means of accumulation and degranulation in upper dermis
and, possibly, MC migration from deeper parts of the dermis towards epidermis.
6
th

227
P-105

THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF VARIABLE MAGNETIC FIELD WITH LOW
INDUCTION VALUE IN PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION SYNDROMES

SIERON ALEKSANDER,
*
HESE ROBERT T.,
*
SOBIS JAROSLAW, CIESLAR GRZEGORZ

Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine in Bytom. Silesian Medical
University in Katowice, Poland
Chair and Clinic of Psychiatry in Tarnowskie Gry. Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Poland

In the paper preliminary results of research on the therapeutic efficacy of weak variable magnetic fields with low
value of induction used as magnetostimulation in patients with depression not reacting to two consecutive, correctly
applied anti-depressant pharmacological treatment are presented. The examined patients (24 persons aged 18-65 years)
treated with antidepressants accessible in Poland were randomly divided into 2 groups. In 1 group (11 persons 9
women and 2 men) magnetostimulation with use of weak variable magnetic field with low value of induction of 15 T
generated by device VIOFOR JPS (Poland) lasting 12 minutes daily for 15 days was added to pharmacological therapy.
Patients from 2 group (13 persons 11 women and 2 men) were exposed to sham-exposure with use of the same device.
The intensity of depression was estimated with use of Becks, Montgomery-Asbergs and Hamiltons scales. As a
results of a cycle of active magnetostimulation a distinct, statistically significant decrease of intensification of
depression, both in 7
th
and 15
th
day exposure was obtained, while in sham-exposed group only slight, transient decrease
of intensification of depression in 7
th
day of sham-exposure was observed. It was concluded that addition of
magnetostimulation to pharmacological therapy results in progressive, significant reduction of intensification of
depression symptoms.

6
th

228
P-106

THE SPECIFIC FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELD MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS.

I.DETLAVS, A.TURAUSKA, K.GRUNDSTEINS

Medical-scientific center ELMA-LA, Riga, Latvia

INTRODUCTION.
We have 30 years experience of using static and electromagnetic fields (EMF) with various induction and frequency.
During last years we had possibility to use therapeutic EMF devices Viofor (Poland) generating modulated low
frequency EMFs and Deta (Russian) generating different frequencies EMF specific for different diseases and injured
organs.

OBJECTIVE.
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of low intensity EMF with various frequencies or specific resonance
frequency on the clinical status and physiological and biochemical reactions of treated patients.

METHOD.
We used electromagnetic apparatus Viofor generating modulated low frequency electromagnetic fields, the induction
does not exceed 70 T. The exposure lasted 8-12 minutes 1-2 times per day. The course lasted 10-20 days. With a part
of patients this therapy was combined with other electromagnetic devices, with laserotherapy and as a monotherapy
method as well. This method was used with 400 patients of both sex suffering from various diseases.
Device Deta generates impulse EMF in range from 0,9 to 100 Hz. Specific frequencies of various organs and
patological processes earlier were investigated with a help of electroacupuncture method. These frequencies have been
applied for creating Detatreatment programs. Each program comprises from 5 to 7 frequencies, each frequency lasts
from 5 to 7 minutes. The treatment course lasted from 1 to 2 months. The apparatus Deta has been applied to 150
patients and to 45 patients it was applied at home with our observation.

RESULTS.
The patients treated by modulated EMF (Viofor) significant decrees of muscular tension and spasticity, increase a
muscle contraction force, improvement of gait were observed. It is important that we have observed decrease of muscle
tonus in patients with parkinsonism, arthrogryposis.
The majority of patients showed improvement in various degree after exposure of specific frequency fields generated
by Deta. We have observed improvement in patients with bronchial astma, with disturbance of hearing and tiniitis,
decrease of high blood sugar level in patients with diabets 2. There are specific resonance frequencies that help to fall
asleep, decrease the stress and depression.
The results of the treatment depended not only on the parameter of the fields but also of the individual sensitivity of the
organism. We have noted variable reactions of subjective status and cordiovascular systems in different days, which
partly depend on the climatic conditions and especially on geomagnetic field (during solar storms).

CONCLUSION.
Our experience of electromagnetotherapy allows us to recommend the treatment with both ways of our applicated
electromagnetotherapy: applying modulated low frequency EMF and EMF device generating large diapason of specific
resonance frequency EMF for various diseases and damaged organs.

6
th

229
P-107

STRESS PROTEINS AS THE MEDIATORS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EFFECTS

OLGA GLUSHKOVA, ELENA NOVOSELOVA

Institute of Biophysics of RAS, Pushchino, Moscow region, RUSSIA

At present, there is substantial evidence that the biological effect of electromagnetic radiation depends on the
physical parameters of the field, primarily on its intensity and frequency. In addition, biological effects of microwaves
depend on pathophysiology of exposed organisms. For this reason, the exposure of healthy or tumor-bearing animals to
microwaves could be resulted in different effects. The goal of present study was to compare the effects of fractionated
(1,5h daily, for 30 days) exposure to low-density centimeter electromagnetic waves (8-18 GHz, 1 W/m
2
) on TNF
production and heat shock proteins synthesis in immunocompetent cells from healthy animals and mice carrying
tumors. We have shown, that total body WMW irradiation increased of macrophage secretory activity of irradiated
animals during all of used exposure period as compared to sham-exposed mice (Fig. 1 A, Curve 2). The tumor growth
induced a marked increase in TNF production at the initial stage (by day 7) (Fig. 1 B, Curve 2). This finding shows the
adaptive response of an organism that intends to destroy cancer cells. As the tumor grew (by day 14 and day 20), TNF
production declined when compared with earlier stage. This data demonstrates that the antitumoral resistance is most
significant at the initial stage of tumor development. Upon prolonged exposure of tumor-bearing animals to MW, TNF
production in macrophages was higher than that induced by the tumor growth alone or by irradiation of healthy mice
(Compare Fig. 1 and 2). So, upon the combination of tumor development together with irradiation, the values of
cytokine synthesis were significantly higher as compared to other three animal groups: controls, healthy irradiated, and
unirradiated tumor-bearing mice.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20
30
40
50
60
A
T
N
F

p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,

p
g
/
m
l
exposure time, days
2
1
**
**
**
**
*

5 10 15 20 25 30
20
30
40
50
60
B
3
T
N
F

p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,

p
g
/
m
l
time after cancer transplantation, days
2
1
**
**
**

Fig. 1. Effect of fractionated total-body microwave irradiation on TNF production in peritoneal macrophages of healthy
and tumor-bearing mice 1, healthy sham-exposed animals; 2, irradiated mice.(A) 1, tumor-bearing animals; 2, irradiated
mice caring carcinoma; 3, sham-exposed animals (B). Significantly different from control, * - p < 0.05, ** - p < 0.01.

Heat shock protein 72 expression. We observe, that the tumor growth lasted for 20 day also did not induce
overproduction of this protein (Fig. 2, Column 4). It is interesting to note that the repeated irradiation stimulated
overexpression of HSP 72 both in healthy and tumor-bearing mice (Fig. 2, Columns 2 and 3, respectively).

1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 2. Effect of fractionated total-body microwave irradiation
and tumor growth for 20 days on HSP 72 expression in splenic
cells of mice.
1, HSP 72;
2, irradiated healthy mice;
3, irradiated tumor-bearing mice;
4, non-irradiated mice caring carcinoma;
5, sham-exposed mice.

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In summary, we showed that the irradiation with low-level centimetre waves induced the expression of TNF and
HSP72, which is regarded as biomarkers of stress, in healthy and tumor-bearing mice.The interpretation of these data
suggests that the expression of stress proteins is the key factor in MW-induced immune responses not only in healthy
organism, but also in animals with immunopathology. For these reasons, the stimulation of stress proteins, such as TNF
and HSP, produced by MW can support the immune system in immunodepressive pathological processes, including
cancer.

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P-108

EDUCATION OF BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF MICROWAVES

MTAY G., ZOMBORY L.

Department of Broadband Infocommunication Systems, FEEI,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BUTE), Budapest, Hungary

INTRODUCTION
The three-year (six-semester) Biomedical Engineering training course of second diploma was introduced at BUTE in
1994-95 school year for both doctors, veterinarians, biologists and engineers. Depending on the original qualification of
the students there are different and common subjects of the training course. The distinction is in the basic subjects
educated in the first and second semesters. It means that the education in these semesters is organized in two parallel
branches. The common subjects are in 3
rd
-5
th
semesters. The optional subjects entering in the 5
th
semester give
possibility for specialization. The sixth semester serves for making diploma work. One of the optional subjects is the
subject with title of Biomedical Application of Microwaves. It was also advertised as optional subject for the students of
electrical engineering training course. At first it was presented in the spring of 1997 and since then usually 15-20
students choose as optional subject in every year.

CURRICULUM OF THE SUBJECT
The curriculum of the subject consists of four main chapters namely: 1 theoretical foundations, 2 physiological effects
of radio-frequency (RF) radiation, 3 save of life and health against RF radiation, 4 application of RF radiation in
medicine.
In the subsection 1 are described following: place of microwaves (MW) in EM spectrum, physical description of RF
and MW radiation, emission of EM energy (elementary antennas, near and far field, wave propagation in lossy
medium), MW and matter (relaxation mechanisms in low-loss and lossy dielectrics as well as in biological materials,
heat generation, phenomena of heat runaway, etc.). In the subsection 2 are discussed interaction between RF fields and
living organism (thermal effects, resonance phenomena, hot spots, specific absorption rate (SAR), dosimetry),
biological effects on mammal animals, effects on man (epidemiology, EM hypersensitivity, interaction between mobile
phone and man, EM fields and pacemakers). The subsection 3 deals with safety standards (comparison of national
standards, recommendation of the EU Council, ICNIRP guidelines), measurement of EM fields or power density as well
as protective facilities (spectacles, garments) against RF fields. The subsection 5 describes in detail biomedical
applications of RF radiation. It deals with MW thermography; MW hyperthermia (whole body, local, superficial, deep,
interstitial) its applicators and equipments; transurethral MW thermotherapy; curing of heart diseases (MBA, MW
ablation); MW surgery; application MW in pathology; thawing of frozen tissues, organs; and other biomedical
applications of microwaves (MW in general pain treatment, sterilization applications, RF rewarming in case of
hypothermia, etc.).

SUMMARY
This presentation gives a report about Education of Biomedical Application of Microwaves at BUTE. On the basis of
more year education experiences of this subject the authors wrote a book for their students, which was published in
December of 2000.
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P-109

A LIQUID PHANTOM MEDIUM FOR MICROWAVE BREAST IMAGING

J. LEENDERTZ
1
, A. PREECE
1
,R. NILAVALAN
1
, I. J.CRADDOCK
2
, AND R.BENJAMIN
3

1 Department of Medical Physics, University of Bristol, UK
2 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, UK
3 13 Bellhouse Walk, Bristol, BS11 OUE, UK

Microwave imaging of the human breast offers the possibility of early detection of breast tumours. Breast tissue
has a high fat content, giving it a low permittivity and low absorption in the range 3 to 10 GHz. In contrast, tumour
tissue tends to have a high water content, giving a high permittivity and high loss in this range. Extensive numerical
simulations by various groups suggest that these differences can be exploited to produce images showing tumour
location and size.

This contribution describes the development of a liquid phantom for use in the evaluation of microwave imaging
systems. The objective was a permittivity close to 10 over the frequency range, together with an attenuation of 4dB/cm
at 10GHz (these figures are quoted by Hagness et al [1] as being typical for breast tissue).

Polar liquids, such as water and organic solvents, have often been used in human phantom materials but proved
unsuitable in this application, due to very high absorption at high frequencies. Lower loss liquids, such as oils, tend to
have low permittivities. This contribution proposes that an emulsion of oil and water might be suitable, with dielectric
properties intermediate between those of its constituents.

Oil of Paraffin (Liquid Paraffin) and distilled water were used as the main components of the emulsion. Different
emulsifying agents were tried and found to require widely different proportions of oil and water to achieve a given
value of permittivity. Attenuation also depends on which agent is used.

E m u l s io n D i e l e c t r i c P r o p e r t i e s
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
1 2
2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6
F r eq . (G H z )
R e l a t i v e
Pe r m i tt iv it y
At t e n u a tio n
(d B /c m )

The above graph shows the variation of permittivity and attenuation with frequency for an emulsion made from
approximately equal proportions of oil and water, using 5% pharmaceutical quality beeswax as the emulsifying agent.

The stability of these emulsions will be discussed, together with problems encountered in measuring their
dielectric properties.

[1]. S. C. Hagness, A.Taflove, J.E.Bridges: "Two-Dimensional FDTD analysis of a Pulsed Microwave Confocal
System for Breast Cancer Detection: Fixed-Focus and Antenna-Array Sensors." IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. vol.45,
pp.1470-1479. 1998.
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P-110

HYPERTHERMIA IN ONCLOGY: HEAT OR FIELD?

A. SZASZ
1,2
, O.SZASZ
1
, N.SZASZ
3
,

(
1
) Szent Istvan University, Hungary,
Prof.Dr. A. Szasz: szasz@gi.szie.hu
(
2
) Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
(
3
) MIT, Cambridge, USA

INTRODUCTION:
The absorbed electromagnetic energy to heat up the malignant tissues and cause hyperthermia in the area has a growing
popularity among the specialists. Numerous results show its useful effect in combination with classical modalities or
even applied as a monotherapy. The classical hyperthermia effect is based on well-focused energy absorption targeting
the malignant tissue. The treatment temperature has been considered as the main technical parameter. There are
discussions about the mechanism and control of the process because of some doubts about the micro-mechanisms.
Unfortunately, the heat-shock protein (HSP) synthesis may considerably suppress the treatments efficiency through the
adaptation of cells to survive the shock, may adapt of cells to stress, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, mainly
by suppressing apoptosis and stabilizing proteins. The results of hyperthermia are therefore often unpredictable or
harmful.

OBJECTIVE:
Our aim is to adapt electric field for hyperthermia tumor destruction. The main idea is to heat up the targeted tissue by
means of electric field keeping the energy absorption in the extracellular matrix (ECM).

THEORY:
Based on knowledge the successfully applied invasive electric field treatment by non-hyperthermia conditions
(Arsonvalization), we design an electro-magnetic hyperthermia treatment of tumors with capacitive coupling that avoids
stress response and adaptation disrupting the cellular membrane before heat diffusion could induce SP synthesis. works
in a wide range of frequencies with acceptable efficiency. It also has a self-regulated energy loss based on the
inhomogeneties of the dielectric constant within the body. The use of an electric field that rapidly heats the ECM but
not the cells is therefore desired. Heating the ECM produces a temperature gradient and initializes numerous non-
equilibrium thermal micro-processes to destroy the cell-membrane: constrained heat-flow through the cell-membrane,
increased ion-mobility and constrained ion-fluxes to modify the dynamic equilibrium membrane potential, increasing
pressure in the cells due to the osmotic modifications as well as metabolic rate is intensified. Furthermore, before the
heat-shock activates the intra-cellular HSP mechanisms, the cell-membrane has been already destructed, therefore the
HSP-synthesis in the cells starts secondarily only after the membrane damage. The inhomogenity of the complex
dielectric constant and vascular properties of malignant tissues are also further aids in focusing the energy to malignant
areas with these devices. The process could explain why the non-uniform and basically not satisfactorily high
temperature loco-regional hyperthermia could be effective.

METHODS:
Based on this theory, several electro-hyperthermia devices have been developed to target a wide range of malignant
sites with great success: a DC system for surface treatments, an AC device for intracavital treatments, and an RF-
capacitive coupling system for deep-seated tumor treatments.

RESULTS:
Clinical results show a significant synergy with other treatments (e.g. chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery) and a
drastic improvement over classical hyperthermia.

CONCLUSION:
The answer the question addressed in the title is: they synergistically promot the hyperthermia process, we have to
apply both! Electric-field (extracellular) hyperthermia has huge advantages, it is highly selective, safe, providing all the
benefits of conventional hyperthermia without initiating harmful stress adaptation.

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P-111

BIOTROPIC INFLUENCE OF LOW-POWER (NONTHERMAL) MILLIMETER WAVES:
60 YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN RUSSIA

TKACHENKO Y
1
, KREVSKY
1
, KOSHURINOV Y
1
, CHIDICHIMO G
2
, BENEDUCI A
2
.

1
University of Nizhny Novgorod (Russia),

2
University of Calabria (Italy)

In Russia mm-wave (power from 10
-15
to -10
-22
W\m
2
, 53-78 GHz) found its application in Biology, Medicine
and new biotechnologies. First works on interaction of MM, IR, visible and UV range with leaving cells were
conducted by Russian scientist A.Gurvich [1]. Russia's priority in investigations in the fields of mm-wave interaction
with bioobjects has been acknowledged, particularly, in publication at IEEE magazine 2002 [2] and in works of
American scientists Webb S. and Dodd S. [3]. German scientist G.Frlich [4] laid out foundation on mechanisms of
Electromagnetic Waves applications in mm-band. Works of Russian academician N.D.Deviatkov [5] based grounds for
practical application of millimeter waves in Medicine.

Method of mm-therapy was officially approved by Russian Health Ministry and by Health Ministries of some
countries. Numerous nonspecific treating effects at different pathology without any negative impacts is the peculiarity
of mm-therapy. The most positive effect is achieved at treating of the diseases, which are accompanied by strong
metabolic and microcircular disorders, such as diabetes (6), arthrosis, hyperlipemia, etc. Quick and, owing to this fact,
very demonstrative effect could be observed at treating stress and insomnia.

Nowadays there are more than 1500 scientific papers, concerning treatment of different diseases by mm-therapy,
published in Russian medical journals.

In the past years many countries show profound interest to mm-therapy. In particular, investigations on mm-
wave application in different fields are being conducted in Italy [7]. Modern scientific state of mm-therapy is described
in detail in the web-site: http://www.biomicrowave.com//

REFERENCES:
1. Gurvich AG The theory of biological field. ., 1944, p.155.
2. Harold Sobol, Kiyo Tomiyasu. "Milestones of Microwaves" IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Techniques, Vol.50, No.3, p.604.March 2002.
3. Webb SJ and Dodd SD: Inhibition of bacterial cell growth by 136 Hz microwaves/ Nature 218. 374, 1968.
4. Frlich H, Kremer F. Springer - Verlog, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokio, 1983, p.117-122.
5. Devyatkov ND et al: Scientific session of the division of general physics and astronomy, USSR Academy of
Sciences, Sov phis-Usp 16: 568-579, 1974.
6. Zanozina OV, Runov GP, Krevsky MA, Zinina ES. Influence of microwave resonance therapy on metabolic and
vascular disorders in diabetes mellitus patients. Conf. of 40-years Studing of Acupuncture in Russia and CIS. NN, 1996,
pp.104-106.
7. Chidichimo G, Beneduci A, Nicoletta M, Critelli M, Renata De Rose, Tkachenko Y, Abonante S: Selective Ingibition
of Tumoral Cells Growth by Low Power Millimeter Waves. Int. J. Anticancer Research, 22: 1681-1688, 2002.

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P-112

ABOUT EVOLUTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN LIVING SYSTEMS:
DEL STRUCTURES AND BIOOBJECTS

GAK E.Z.

Agrophysical Institute, Saint-Petersburg, 195220, Russia

The problem of definition of typical distinctive properties of the living matter remains actual as in the time when
E.S.Bauer (1935) tried to solve it. Destruction of internal electric neutrality and asymmetry in the living systems at all
hierarchic levels, thus stipulating generation of bioelectromagnetic fields and endogenic currents, are of particular
interest and fundamental value. The report considers several examples of generation of bioelectromagnetic fields as
well as much the same to them model systems realized in the experiment. Comparison of results obtained on the models
and also computed estimates and data in vivo is presented.

Will be discusse the effects: the generation of macroscopic volume charge in vivo and in the model systems. The
exclusive attention is given electric phenomena originating during motion of erythrocytes in single capillars. It were
models of erythrocytes in form of spheres travelling. Example electric impulse are given on the fig. 1.

Fig.1. Oscilloscopic picture of the voltage
pulse resulted from the motion of a single
sphere.
Aqueous solution 0,1 N CuSO
4
Exposure
12 s.

It will be discussed effectes the merging and divergence of the intacts cells besides of geophysical fields and
models systems (single curls, water drops and enother) the influence electrical and magnetical fields.

Finally, it should be noted that biomagnetic fields exist together with caused by biocurrents bioelectric fields
which can be applied for the purposes of diagnostics. Apparently, these fields featured by vortex character when
generating by biocurrents can reach significant values directly in a local area of their generation and acquire a
functional significance.

KEYWORDS:
electromagnetic fields, living systems, model structures.
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P-113

THE BBEMG WEB SITE PROJECT : FOR SCIENTISTS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC?

LEDENT M., CRASSON M., DELFOSSE, C., & LEGROS J.J.

University of Lige, Psychoneuroendocrinology Unit, Lige, Belgium

INTRODUCTION
The 'Belgian BioElectroMagnetic Group' (BBEMG) devotes its research to the effects of power-frequency (50 Hz)
electromagnetic fields on health. The group brings together the expertise of nine scientific research teams coming from
four Belgian universities and one independent research center. The work is focused on the research of mechanisms of
action at cellular or tissular levels, on the effects on the genome, on psychological and neuroendocrinal effects in man
as well as on epidemiology, with the technical support of electrical engineers.

Soon the group has felt the need to develop a communication tool designed both to inform the general public about
power-frequency fields and to propose answers to the questions of specialists (scientists, physicians or authorities). The
site has been launched in March 2001 (http://www.bbemg.ulg.ac.be/). It is presented in English, French and Dutch
languages.

A first evaluation has been carried out from the setting on line of the site to check the quality of navigation and the
accessibility to a varied audience. In this paper, we will focus on a website as a communication tool for the general
public, media, scientists, political authorities and physicians. To reach this goal, we will present the result of the
evaluation and the change we made to provide a useful tool for everyone.

METHOD
A qualitative analysis of site usability has been performed by one expert and four people who have different abilities
concerning the use of internet and knowledge in the electromagnetic field area. They were asked to think aloud as they
freely navigated through the site. For each comment, we summarized the idea in the form of a keyword. After this
analytical step, we have tried to improve our strategy of communication.

RESULTS
15% of the users comments specifically concerned the notion of one site for everyone with a difference between the
two scientists and the others. Each user found the idea interesting in particular for a better transparency. However, both
of the uninitiated people seemed lost with technical aspects and unable to manage with the amount of information. To
deal with the different users, we decided for example to (a) better organize the different parts of the site, (b) summarize
the content and add a to know more button, (c) develop a FAQ for the general public distinct from the FAQ for
scientists,

CONCLUSIONS
An internet site seems to constitute a relevant tool of communication to answer the questions of a vast public. However
we have to keep in mind all of the internet users. Making an evaluation like this is not too time-consuming: only five
people already provides useful information to improve accessibility.

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P-114

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN WCDMA MOBILE PHONES AND
MEDICAL ELECTRONICS

NINA LVEHAGEN
1
, PETER HKANSSON
2
, LARS-ERIC LARSSON
3
, THERESE MARVE
2
,
CHRISTER TRNEVIK
1
, MATS WALLIN
2
.

1
Ericsson AB, Stockholm, Sweden

2
Department of Medical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden

3
TeliaSonera AB, Karlstad, Sweden.

Today the use of mobile phones is forbidden in many hospitals due to concerns of electromagnetic interference
(EMI). However, some hospitals use DECT and other cordless telephones. Third-generation (3G) wireless technologies
are entering the market and with higher frequency, different modulation and low maximum power levels, it might be
possible to use these technologies inside hospitals without EMI problems. The use of modern wireless communication
equipment in hospital environments would open up new possibilities that could simplify communication. The objective
of this study was to investigate the possibility to use WCDMA 3G devices in the neighborhood of medical equipment
and to establish distances when potential EMI effects may occur.

Seventy-six medical technical products were tested with an antenna transmitting a WCDMA signal at distances
between 0 and 200 cm. The tests were performed in the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. To simulate a
WCDMA terminal a signal generator, a computer and a commercially available dipole antenna were used. The
WCDMA (FDD) signal was transmitted at the frequency 1952.6 MHz with an output power level of 250 mW, without
simulated power control. A total of 76 different medical devices, consisting of ten categories, were tested: 10
ventilators, 20 patient monitors, 11 infusion pumps, 9 laparoscope equipment including monitors, 4 ultrasonic devices,
3 radiology devices, 3 surgical diathermy devices, 3 haemodialysis devices and 9 other types of devices. During the
laboratory tests the medical equipment under test was placed in the middle of an operation room attached to a test
subject. The test operator moved the transmitting antenna in a circle around the medical device with a radius of 2 m. If
no interference effects were noticed the test radius was decreased and the test was repeated. The same procedure was
performed with smaller radii until the transmitting antenna was as close as possible to the cover and the cables of the
device. If any unusual effect was observed, the distance to the antenna was measured, and the procedure was repeated.
To be considered as an established interference effect from the test signal, the distance to the antenna and the type of
interference should be the same in three consecutive measurements. In addition, clinical tests in operation units and
intensive care units were performed for some of the equipment used in the laboratory tests. The test procedure was
changed since the antenna could not always be moved in the specified pattern during the on-going operation.

In the laboratory tests, 2 of 76 medical devices showed some kind of interference effect. Both were Ultrasound
Doppler devices, which are used to detect blood flow. A kind of buzzing noise was just audible at the distances 1 cm
and 25 cm, for the two Dopplers, respectively. At closer distances the sound increased. These interference sounds
should however not cause any misinterpretation of the blood flow measurements. In the clinical tests, no types of
interference were noticed. To conclude, this study indicates that 3G WCDMA devices would be possible to use in
hospital environments.

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P-115

METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULATION AND
ELECTRICAL RECORDING OF THE HUMAN BRAIN

J. L. BARDASANO, C. MAEST J.L. RAMOS, E. GOMEZ-UTRERO, I. GUTIERREZ, J. M. R. DELGADO

Departamento de Especialidades Mdicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcal Fundacin Europea de
Bioelectro-magnetismo Fundacin Humanismo y Ciencia.

Non-invasive electromagnetic stimulation (EMS) of the brain produces detectable changes in behaviour and in
electrical activity (EEG) and for their joint study we developed the following experimental conditions:
1) Tests were performed in a room shielded with 12 x 12 mm. copper mesh to maintain a uniform inside
magnetic field of 0.010 microTesla (uT).
2) Connections between instruments and subjects were made of optic fiber cable.
3) Digital EEG recordings were obtained with a "Micromed" instrument connected to electrodes placed on
the scalp using the 10-20 distribution.
4) EMS was generated with a specially designed instrument, fed by recharcheable batteries and delivering
picoTeslas (pT) of EMS at 0-8 Hertz.
5) Modifications of EEG and behaviour by these very weak EMS were demonstrated in 52 subjects.

KEYWORDS:
Magnetic stimulation. Electroencephalography. Human brain.

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P-116

THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHO-VEGETATIVE DISORDERS AFTER
PSYCHOPHYSICAL OVERLOADIN WOMEN IN MENSTRUAL PERIOD BY WHITE
LIGHT & ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS

G.S. MARKAROV , V.M. MARCHENKOVA, S.B. SHVARKOV, J.V. CHEREVISHNIK.

Hospital 83 , F.D. of MEDBIOEXTREM M.H., Russia ,POB 53 Moscow 115598
mail : markarov@comail.ru

BACKGROUND:
The antidepressant effects of white light are using in psychic patients. The same time our previously works noted the
sedative effect of special electric field (EF).

OBJECTIVE:
To study the possibility to control neurobehavioral reactions, brain bioelectrical activity (bba), neurotransmitters,
hormone level changes, by the EF and bright white light effects in women after psychophysical overload in menstrual
period

60 women after psychophysical overloading ( WAPO ) in menstrual period with senesto-hypochondric syndromes
(sleep disorders, disforia, anxiety headache, blood pressure disturbance,) had been tested. They had been treated by 50-
80Hz, 1mV/cm EF & 500-1500 lux white light, directed to the eyes of WAPO.

RESULTS,DISCUSSION:
It was shown the reduction anxiety, sadness, sleep, in examined WAPO under the treatment. It was determined the
improve of brain bioelectrical activity. Its correlation with neurotransmitter, hormone blood level changes,
psychosomatic indexes dynamics. It had been well associated the increase slow wave activity in anxiety WAPO and
modulation by frequency quick waves activity /EEG data / in fatigue, dysphoria WAPO, what indirectly pointed to the
soft sedative and antidepressant effect of treatment complex.
The normalise glycin, glutamate, cortisol blood level allawed us to discuss the reduce excitotoxicity effects in WAPO,
what had been confirmed the control bba by the dosed EF and white light the same time.

CONCLUSION:
The research had established, that combined special EF with bright white light control brain activity, neurotransmitter
changes, hormone level, arresting brain neurotoxicity effects and by its regulate psychosomatic symptoms in WAPO in
menstrual period. The best results had been reached, when applied low intensity of light (500lux) with EF 1mV/cm in
the women, where anxiety prevalence over depression and 1500 lux more adequate in the women with expressed
depression symptoms
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240
P-117

ATHEM - AN AUSTRIAN RESEARCH INITIATIVE ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
MOBILE TELEPHONY BY THE NATIONAL OCCUPATION HAZARD INSURANCE
ASSOCIATION

MOSGOELLER WILHELM
1
, DIEM ELISABETH
2
, NEUBAUER GEORG
3
, SCHMID

GERNOT
3
,TUSCHL
HELGA
4
, KUNDI MICHAEL
5
, GERNER CHRISTOPHER
1
, TRAXLER ELISABETH
1
, HUTTER HANS-PETER
5
,
IVANCSITS S.
2
MOLLA-DJAFARI HAMID
6

1
Inst.Cancer Research, University of Vienna, wilhelm.mosgoeller@unvie.ac.at,
2
Internal Medicine IV, University Clinic Vienna, elisabeth.diem@akh-wien.ac.at,
3
Seibersdorf research, 2444 Seibersdorf, Information Technologies, georg.neubauer@arcs.ac.at;
4
Seibersdorf research, 2444 Seibersdorf, Toxicology, helga.tuschl@arcs.ac.at
5
Inst. of Environmental Hygiene, University of Vienna, michael.kundi@unvie.ac.at.
6
AUVA Austria, hamid.molla-djafari@auva.sozvers.at

Concerning radio frequency electromagnetic fields used by mobile phones (RF-EMF), up till now mainly thermal
effects have been considered relevant in the discussion on adverse health effects. Bio-effects at levels well below
established limits (often called athermal or non-thermal effects) have been described, and some of them were generally
acknowledged. The introduction of mobile phones into working life tremendously increased the number of employees
exposed to radio frequency. It is within the scope of preventive and occupational medicine to investigate these effects of
RF-EMF.

Therefore the national occupational health insurance company AUVA launched an Austrian research project,
dealing with human exposure studies and in vitro experiments using highly sophisticated exposure setups. More
specifically the project aims at
the construction of exposure units simulating typical mobile phones exposure to human heads and to cells in
vitro (GSM-900, GSM-1800, UMTS).
research on DNA integrity by Comet assays and chromosome analysis after in vitro exposure
Proteom analysis with 2D gel electrophoresis following in vitro cell exposure including
protein-identification and activity determination by phosphorylation measurements
in vitro immunological tests on leukocyte function, regarding NK cytotoxicity, phagocytosis and cytokine
expression
EEG study including evoked potentials, slow potential shifts and brain stem potentials in healthy probands.

The major project aim is to perform double blind studies to contribute to the controversial discussion on
biological effects related to RF-EMF exposure. First results can be expected in 2004.

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th

241
P-118

ASSESSMENT OF ELF MAGNETIC FIELDS EXPOSURE IN DIFFERENT
OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS IN ITALY

F. GOBBA
1
, P. ROSSI
2

1
Chair of Occupational Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, ITALY
2
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention (ISPESL) Rome, ITALY

Information on occupational exposure to ELF magnetic fields (MF) is insufficient, and is mostly based on results
obtained in Scandinavian countries and North America. Few and inaccurate data are available regarding exposure in
Italian workers. Accordingly, we have measured ELF-MF in 150 workers, 84 male and 66 female, employed in 28
different occupations in Italy. Individual exposure to ELF magnetic fields (40 Hz 1 kHz) was measured using personal
monitors (EMDEX Lite, Enertech Consultants, USA) worn on the hip in a belted pouch. The whole work-shift (8 hours)
was sampled during 3 consecutive days of a normal working week. A sampling interval of 10 seconds was adopted,
resulting in the collection of more than 8600 measurements for each worker. The individual Time-Weighted Average
(TWA) exposure was obtained from the arithmetic mean of all measurements, throughout the 3 work-shifts period to
take into account possible within-days variability. The main results are presented in the following table (all data in T):
arithmetic mean (Mean) and geometric mean (GM) of individual TWA values, and Intermittency (Int), a measure of the
variation among measurements, are reported. The overall arithmetical mean in the whole sample was 0,36 T, the
overall geometric mean 0,21 T; the highest exposure levels have been found in substation electricians and in sewing-
machines workers. A high variability among workers engaged in the same occupation in different plants was also
observed.

OCCUPATION
Mean
TWA
GM
TWA
Int OCCUPATION
Mean
TWA
GM
TWA
Int
Utilities Companies 0,33 0,08 0,09 Tile production 0,26 0,13 0,06
Substation electricians 1,12 0,15 0,19 Blazer 0,59 0,19 0,12
Telephone maintenance 0,51 0,13 0,05 Presser 0,18 0,12 0,05
Substation mechanics 0,35 0,08 0,11 Clay pugger 0,18 0,08 0,06
Bus drivers 0,16 0,07 0,08 Garment production 0,69 0,49 0,09
Linemen 0,15 0,06 0,06 Sewing machine workers 0,84 0,63 0,10
Gas installation workers 0,10 0,06 0,05 Quality control 0,57 0,15 0,09
MECHANICAL
INDUSTRY
0,18 0,08 0,08 Knitting loom workers 0,09 0,03 0,06
Trimmers (hand trimm.) 0,56 0,2 0,33 Packaging workers 0,09 0,08 0,02
Machine testers 0,23 0,09 0,07 Cutters 0,06 0,03 0,04
Grinders 0,15 0,06 0,08 Others 0,08 0,04 0,03
Sand-blasters 0,13 0,08 0,03 Dental mechanics 0,17 0,06 0,04
Trimmers 0,12 0,08 0,03 Radio-TV repairmen 0,17 0,09 0,05
Drillers 0,10 0,06 0,08 Carpenters 0,13 0,03 0,09
Milling-machine operat. 0,08 0,06 0,02 Administrative clerks 0,06 0,03 0,02
Quality-control operators 0,07 0,05 0,01 Public health personnel 0,05 0,03 0,01
Infant school teachers 0,02 0,01 0,01

6
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242
P-119

NO INFLUENCES OF GSM BASE STATIONS ON CARDIAC PACEMAKERS

G. SCHMID
1
, G. NEUBAUER
1
, F. RAUSCHA
2

1
2
University of Vienna, Dept. of Cardiology

INTRODUCTION:
The growth of GSM networks and the increasing number of base station antennas located close to homes and living
areas raised the question whether cardiac pacemakers could be influenced by the transmitted signals. Although it is
widely assumed that recommended safety distances to GSM antennas for the general public are also sufficient for
pacemaker patients, experimental evidence is poor so far.

In the present study a sample of 23 different pacemaker models (PM) of 7 world leading manufacturers were examined
in vitro during exposure to GSM base station signals of the 900 MHz as well as 1800 MHz frequency band. For the
investigations each pacemaker including the leads connected to it were implanted into a homogeneous body phantom
according to the right-pectoral implantation method. The body phantom was filled with tissue simulating liquid which
meets the target dielectric properties of muscle tissue within 10 % in the considered GSM frequency bands. These in
vitro investigations were supplemented by in vivo experiments on 5 volunteer pacemaker patients (not totally
pacemaker-dependent).
As source of exposure commercially available base station equipment was used. In the 900 MHz band a base station of
Motorola connected to a Kathrein A-Panel type antenna (Model 739636) and in the 1800 MHz band a portable base
station of Nokia in combination with a Kathrein F-Panel type antenna (Model 739 495) were used as radiation sources.
At both frequency bands the base stations were operated in a well-defined mode, simultaneously emitting a BCCH
signal (all 8 time slots at full power) and 1 traffic channel (1 time slot at full power). Antenna peak input power was
5.6 W and 6.3 W at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively.
Prior to each exposure period the pacemaker settings and electrode impedances were checked, detection sensitivity was
programmed to maximum and the event storage and counters of the pacemakers were cleared. After each exposure
period, which typically took about 1 minute, pacemaker function was checked again and the event storage and counters
were read out to detect recordings of possibly appearing events or malfunctions of the pacemaker. Bipolar as well as
unipolar configuration of the pacemakers detection circuit was considered. In total more than 230 different exposure
conditions at different distances (0.2 m 10 m) and different directions with respect to the antennas main lobe were
considered in vitro. In vivo experiments were carried out at 10 m distance to the antennas in main lobe direction.

RESULTS:
None of the performed experiments pointed out any clinically relevant influences. Therefore this study indicated no risk
for pacemaker patients at the investigated transmit power levels, even in close proximity to GSM base station antennas.

This study was sponsored by the Austrian Ministry of Traffic, Innovation and Technology.
6
th

243
P-120

INVESTIGATIONS OF INFLUENCES OF RADIO SETS ON CARDIAC PACEMAKERS

G. SCHMID
1
, G. NEUBAUER
1
, F. RAUSCHA
2

1

2
University of Vienna, Dept. of Cardiology

INTRODUCTION:
Public services as police, ambulance, fire brigade, and several other professional groups are commonly using radio sets
for wireless communication. The most common types of these radio sets are operating in the 0.7 m frequency band and
the 2 m frequency band, corresponding to carrier frequencies of approximately 400 MHz and 170 MHz, respectively.
Beside traditional analogue AM and FM transmission methods new digital standards for radio sets, as for example
TETRA are increasingly used today. Due to the fact that these radio sets are operated at several watts of output power in
close proximity to the body the question whether implantable cardiac pacemakers could be influenced by the
transmitted signals is of interest.

In the present study a sample of 21 different pacemaker models (PM) of 7 world leading manufacturers were examined
in vitro during exposure to 5 different types of radio sets including 4 different analogue FM devices (of the 0.7 m and
the 2 m band operating at 2 W and 5 W output power, respectively) as well as one digital TETRA device at 3 W output
power. For the investigations each pacemaker and its leads were implanted into a homogeneous body phantom
according to the right-pectoral implantation method. The body phantom was filled with tissue simulating liquid which
meets the target dielectric properties of muscle tissue within 10 % in the considered frequency bands. These in vitro
investigations were supplemented by in vivo experiments on 5 volunteer pacemaker patients.
As exposure situations intended use positions (radio set in front of the mouth) as well as worst case situations (in front
of the chest in the implants region) were considered. During the exposure periods, which typically took about 1 minute
each, the orientation of the radio set relative to the phantom was varied and the press to talk button was repeatedly
pressed once in a 2 seconds time interval (duty cycle 0.5). The distance between the radio sets and the pacemaker were
varied from touching the phantom surface to the distance where no influences were noticeable anymore. Prior to each
exposure period the pacemakers settings and electrode impedances were checked, detection sensitivity was
programmed to maximum and the event storage and counters of the pacemakers were reset. After each exposure period
the pacemaker function was checked again and the event storage and counters were read out. Bipolar as well as unipolar
configuration of the pacemakers detection circuit was considered. In total more than 220 different exposure conditions
were considered in vitro, supplemented by 50 in vivo experiments.

RESULTS:
Examinations in worst case position pointed out clinically significant influences in 10 of 21 pacemakers. In intended
use positions influences were found in only 4 of 21 pacemakers. Radio sets operating in the 0.7 m frequency band were
found to have a higher potential of interference compared to devices operating in the 2 m band. The highest potential of
interference had to be attributed to the TETRA device. At distances between the implant and the radio set of 30 cm
(analogue devices) and 70 cm (TETRA device) no influences could be found anymore.

This study was sponsored by the Austrian Ministry of Traffic, Innovation and Technology.

6
th

244
P-121

SEED-STIMULATION BY GLOW-DISCHARGE PLASMA

G. VINCZE
*1
, P. SZENDRO
*1
, N. SZASZ
2
, O. SZASZ
*1
AND A. SZASZ
1,3

1
Szent Istvan University, Godollo, Hungary, H2103,

2
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139.

3
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK G1 IXQ, UK.

INTRODUCTION:
Seeds sown into the soil do not germinate optimally: many of them are inable to germinate, some of them has more
germen. The loss of seeds makes the crop unstable, while the multi-germinating degenerates the vegetation, so both of
these make the actual arable incalculable. Surplus seeds to reach the normal plant-density can result in suboptimal
arrangement, which can lower the success of the harvest. Physical treatments can modify the water-permeability of the
seed-coat and the inner membranes, and can rearrange the water distribution within the seed.

OBJECTIVE:
Our goal was to use electromagnetic stimulation to increase seed germination and stabilize the germination properties.
We study, how the electromagnetic stimulation affects the germination success and can exploit to improve seed
germination properties resulting in higher quality, more reliable seed stock.

THEORY:
The water-permeability of the seed-coat is the primary determinant of a seeds germination-power, and can also
influence germ vitality and the eventual green-mass of the plant
1,2
. The hard-grain ratio of the seed-mass affects
germination stability and thus methods for its elimination have been devised
2
. Unfortunately, these methods are
typically difficult to control and consume too much energy to be practical. Well controlled glow-discharge, however,
can solve both of these problems. (1) Glow-discharge increases seed respiration by delivering high oxygen
concentration to the seed, (2) it mechanically creates micro-channels to promote water intake of the seeds through the
seed-coat, and (3) it supports electro-osmotic transport processes, thus enhancing water-transport through the internal
membranes, (4) changes the hydrogen-bridge clustering in the electrolytes of the seed to lower its surface tension and
promote the membrane permeability, (5) changes the enzymatic processes promote the proper germination. We worked
out a theory for all of the described factors.

METHODS:
A spark-discharge is used to create micro-channels through the seed-coat. The applied voltage on the brush electrode
was 1540 kV, at a frequency of 10500 Hz, with a negative half-period of 0.21.5 ms. A vibrating mechanism supplies
the seeds to a conveyor belt, which delivers the seeds to a needle-brush electrode system, where the conveyor belt itself
serves as the counter electrode. A container then collects the treated seeds.

Treatments of various seeds were carried out. The treatment time (effective time in the glow-discharge plasma) was
varied, and in most cases a definite optimum was found in between 5-15 s. Some results are summarized in Table 1..

REFERENCES:

1
Matthews+: Proc. Int. Seed Test. Ass. 32:553-563, 1967;
2
Mohsenin: Electromagnetic Radiation Properties of Foods
and Agricultural Products, Gordon and Breach Publishers, New York, 1984;

Table 1. Germination ratio of control and electromagnetic
field stimulated seeds.

control stimulated
Allium cepa 77 86
Carthamus tinctorius 26 68
Triticum spp. 80 96
Hordeum vulgare 75 95
Sorghum sudanense 85 93
Nicotiana tabacum 22 40
Germination of seeds
[%]
Name of seeds
6
th

245
Electric polarization
Electric field
Electric field
Electric field
Electric field
P-122

STIMULATION OF SEEDS BY ELECTROMAGNETIC POTENTIALS.

SZASZ
1,3
, P. SZENDRO
*1
, G. VINCZE
*1
, N. SZASZ
2
, O. SZASZ
*1

1
2
3

INTRODUCTION:
To optimize the germination of the seeds sown into the soil is an important task for cultivation of plants. The loss of
seeds or the weak vitality or low green-mass production makes the crop unstable, and the use of the actual arable
incalculable. Surplus seeds to make the germination stable can result in suboptimal plant density, which can lower the
success of the harvest and needs more care for the cultivation.

OBJECTIVE:
Our goal was to use electromagnetic stimulation to increase germination ratio, and stabilize vegetation. The stimulation
is controlled by the potential parameters and experimentally investigated in vivo germination.

THEORY:
The germination process depends on the water states and water permeability inside the seed
1
. Water state is defined by
hydrogen-bridge density (clustering) and therefore surface tension and self-diffusion. Water clusters (hydrogen-bonds)
are quantum-mechanical objects, which could be described with the actual Hamiltonian, containing the scalar and
vector potential of the external electromagnetic field. Water-states can be modified by a well chosen vector potential.
The water polarization depends on the external electric field and its waveform (Figures 1 a and b). The curl-free vector-
potential has no magnetic field, but its effect on the quantum-mechanical processes proven by the Aharonov-Bohm
effect. The same observation could be done in the case of germination in vivo.

METHODS:
A magnetic field was applied to various seeds moving through a solenoid. The coil was supplied by a spark-discharge
and electronics with a collector and transport system controlled by computer. A bifilar coil (curl-free vector-potential
without a measurable magnetic field) was also applied during certain experiments to assess quantum-mechanical
effects. The germination power of control and treated cells were subsequently measured.

Although our results require further statistical analyses, our preliminary findings indicated that vector-potential
stimulation can be used to increase the germination power of various seeds. Our bifilar coil studies indicated that a
vector potential alone can elicit biological changes. Further studies on the effects of magnetic fields and vector-
potentials on seed germination are in progress.

REFERENCES:
1
Matthews+:Hort. Res. 8:88-93, 1968;

6
th

246
P-123

IS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF THE FLOW OF ELECTRICALLY
NEUTRAL LIQUIDS REALISTIC?

O. SZASZ
1
, P.SZENDRO
1
, G.VINCZE
1
AND A. SZASZ
1,2

1
Szent Istvan University, Godollo, Hungary,

2
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

INTRODUCTION:
The electric current density for charge flow is derived usually by the persistent continuos charge-distribution. The
discrete behavior of the moving charges generally has not been considered. In this approach the electric displacement-
current-density has no role. However, to describe a realistic model for the aqueous electrolytes we have to take into
account the distribution of the given discrete (anion and cation) charges.

OBJECTIVE:
We orient our attention to discrete charge effects of flowing aqueous electrolytes. Our attention is taken on the popular
and scientifically never proven statement, that some people can sense the underground natural water-flows in the
surface above.

THEORY:
The current caused by discrete charged particles will have also discrete behavior. Of course, the total current density (as
a superposition of the displacement-currents generated of discrete charges) remains continuous: the charge-effective
field appears beforehand and afterwards of its passing through a given surface. At this passing procedure the
displacement-current density is an odd function of the time, it is automatically eliminated at the averaging. Thus the
effects of discrete behavior of the field-carrying charges has no role in a large-time-scale description, but in microscopic
studies have to be considered. It can be proven that the Poynting-vector depends on only the vector-potential, which
explains the hard detectability of the effect. We may implicate from the Poynting theory that according to the condition
0 S also electric and magnetic fields appear in the surroundings of the electrolyte flow. Since the source of magnetic
field is the current, we may experience also a current flow parallel to the centre line of tube. This current is the
displacement current.

METHODS:
Discrete charged particle movement of the dilute aqueous electrolytes is described by the classical electrodynamics.

We had shown if electrically neutral electrolyte-flows in a tube, a parallel electric energy-flow can be detected also in
the neighbourhood of the tube. From the above considerations we may see that only the direction of the motion of
particles is important but not the sign of its electric charge. Also simultaneous appearance of electrical and magnetic
fields as well as joint current can be observed. Important consequence of our analysis is that electric energy and electric
current occur parallel to the electrolyte-flow taking place in the electrolyte network-system of bio-organism (for
example: blood-stream (vascular system), lymphoid-system, urine flow, etc.). This effect could have a significant
influence on the development of new diagnostic, medical processes as well as on the discovery of water-stream
sensitivity, which seems to be a mystical phenomenon for the time being.
6
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247
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
8
16
24
32
40
M
a
s
s

o
f

f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

[
%
]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of fractions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
8
16
24
32
40
M
a
s
s

o
f

f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

[
%
]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of fractions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10
16
22
28
34
40
G
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
-
p
o
w
e
r

[
%
]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of fractions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10
16
22
28
34
40
G
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
-
p
o
w
e
r

[
%
]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of fractions
P-124

ELECTROMAGNETIC SEED SELECTION.

P. SZENDRO
*1
, G. VINCZE
*1
, N. SZASZ
2
AND A. SZASZ
1,3
.

1
2
3

INTRODUCTION:
Effective seed selection after harvest is essential to ensure that the seeds for the following season are separated out from
offal and diseased seeds and that only the highest quality seeds are retained for sowing. As it turns out, healthy seeds
have a different composition and, therefore, dielectric constant than diseased seeds, offal, and inorganic particulates.

OBJECTIVE:
Our goal was to develop an electromagnetic seed sorter for agricultural use.

THEORY:
An asymmetric, high-voltage pulsed signal with zero mean-value was applied to create a glow-discharge. The seeds
were charged by the glow-discharge plasma according to their transient electric permittivity. Transient electric
permittivity primarily depends on the water-content of the seeds and other particulates, therefore, the net charge on each
particle will be characteristic of the particle itself. The charge to mass ratio was thus used as our selection factor for the
seed/particulate mixtures.

METHODS:
A special electrode system was developed to provide optimal charge characteristics of 1540 kV glow-discharge
voltage at a 10500 Hz tunable frequency. The effective charge of the particles was created by the subsequent charging-
discharging transient processes, which are sensitive to the material properties. The treated seeds and particulates were
selected by their charge with an appropriate charge-selector. The various fractions of seeds were also tested for
germination power.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The selection results were satisfactory, however, further improvements are necessary
for practical applications. The efficacy of the selection depended mainly on seed water content and original mixture
purity, as the tables in Table 1 describing the various fractions show. This method can also be used to separate seeds
according to their germination power as shown in Figure 2a and b.

Table 1. Purity and mass fraction of the selection bins after the electromagnetic seed
selection process.

fraction
fraction
mass
achenium
[%]
offal
[%]
original 100 95.06 4.94
C 31.0 99.59 0.41
B 11.5 98.64 1.36
A 57.5 85.34 14.7
fraction
fraction
mass
[%]
achenium
[%]
offal
[%]
original 100 73.6 26.4
C 50.9 99.4 0.6
B 8.3 94.55 5.45
A 40.8 49.46 50.5
fraction
fraction
mass
[%]
achenium
[%]
offal
[%]
original 100 99.1 0.9
A 59.2 99.8 0.2
B 16.8 98.8 1.2
C 24.0 97.6 2.4
carthamus
millet
sunflower
6
th

248
P-125

CHARACTERIZATION OF CHRONIC 50-Hz MAGNETIC FIELD USING
MUTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

VERRIER*, F. WALLET**, M. SOUQUES**

*Service Gnral de Mdecine de Contrle EDF Gaz de France
**Service des Etudes Mdicales EDF Gaz de France

Our lack of knowledge about the biological mechanisms of 50-Hz magnetic fields increases the difficulty in
defining a relevant measurement of exposure. The objective of our study is to provide better information about these
exposure measurements ; we use multidimensional analysis techniques to examine the relations between different
exposure indicators for a group of subjects.

We calculated 44 indicators of exposure measurements from data series (16 "exposed" EDF employees and 15
"controlled"), made up of approximately 20,000 recordings of magnetic fields, measured every 30 seconds for 7 days
with an EDMEX II dosimeter. These indicators included parameters used systematically or occasionally and some that
were new. To eliminate those that expressed the least variability and that were most highly correlated to one another, we
began with an initial Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

A second PCA of the remaining 12 indicators enabled us to identify from the foreground 82.7% of the variance:
the first component (62.0%) was characterized by central tendency indicators; the second (20.7%) is composed of
dispersion characteristics. We were able to use Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC) to divide the entire sample
(of individuals) into 4 groups according to the lines that emerged from the PCA. Finally, the discriminant power of the
"exposed"/"controlled" classification variable as well as that of the classification variable resulting from the AHC was
examined with discriminant analysis. The first showed that 2 subjects had been incorrectly classified, while no
classification error was observed in the second.

This exploratory study confirms the need to improve exposure measurements by using at least two dimensions: intensity
and dispersion. It also indicates the usefulness of constructing a typology of magnetic field exposures.

6
th

249

Author Index
6
th

251
Author Index

A
Adang, D. P-082
Adlkofer, F. O-9-04
Agostini, C. O-2-08
P-001
Ahlbom, A. O-6-05
Akdag, M. Z. P-089
Aksen, F. P-089
Alegra, G. P-075
P-076
Alexandrov, B. V. P-083
Alexandrov, V. V. P-083
Amadei, A. O-8-03
Amaroli, A. O-9-01
Anderle, G. P-041
Anguiano, M. P-040
Angwafo, N. O-5-07
Apollonio, F. O-8-02
O-8-03
O-9-05
P-010
Aran, J. M. O-7-02
Ardoino, L. P-006
O-1-03
O-5-04
Artaud, J.-P. O-7-06
Aschi, M. O-8-03
Askin, M. P-089
Asou, H. P-026
Azanzac, M. J. P-051
Azoulay, A. O-5-08

B
Babij, T. O-1-07
Bachelet, C. P-004
Bachmann, T. O-6-06
Bagramyan, K. P-052
Bakos, J. P-053
P-092
Blceanu, G. P-093
Balagula, Y. M. P-083
Baldinini, Y. O-6-03
Ballen, M. O-1-07
Barbieri, E. O-5-04
Barbieri, R. P-035
Bardasano, J. L. P-028
P-115
Bardati, F. O-1-03
O-10-01
Bechet, P. P-020
Bell, S. O-7-01
Belous, O. I. P-102

Belyaev, I. P-054
P-067
P-071
Benazzo, F. P-085
Beneduci, A. P-111
Benjamin, R. O-10-05
P-109
Berdias-Torres, V. O-5-01
Bergamaschi, A. O-9-08
Bernard, N. O-4-06
Bersani, F. O-2-08
P-001
Besset, A. O-4-01
Betti, P. O-1-01
Bianchi, E. O-2-08
Bianchi, E. P-001
Bianco, B. O-8-01
O-9-01
P-007
Bienkowski, P. P-008
Billaudel, B. O-9-03
P-063
P-064
P-065
P-100
Billiard, M. O-4-01
Birkner, E. P-086
Bit-Babik, G. O-1-07
Bitz, A. O-5-06
Blank, M. O-10-03
P-037
P-094
Bognr, G. P-074
Bolomey, J.-Ch. O-1-08
O-5-08
Bonfiglio, L. P-049
Bornhausen, M. O-4-02
Braun-Fahrlnder, C. O-6-03
Brazzale, A. O-7-02
Brdart, S. P-046
Brillaud, E. P-084
Brugaletta, V. O-1-01
Brun, A. P-091
Buschmann, J. O-5-06

C
Cadossi, R. PL-4
O-4-05
O-10-02
P-085
Campurra, G. P-072
Camus, F. O-6-08

6
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252
Can, V. O-4-05
P-085
Cappelli, M. O-8-02
Capri, M. O-2-03
O-2-08
P-001
Carlberg, M. O-6-02
Carosella, S. O-2-08
P-001
Carrere, N. O-7-02
Caruso, A. O-9-02
P-056
P-057
Cavani, F. O-4-05
P-085
Cebe, M. P-048
Ceranic, B. O-7-05
Cerella, C. O-9-08
Chadwick, P. O-1-04
O-7-05
Charbuy, H. O-6-08
Chavannes, N. O-8-04
Chebrolu, S. O-1-07
Chepel, L. M. P-102
Cherevishnik, J. V. P-116
Chesselet, M. F. P-005
Chidichimo, G. P-111
Chou, C. K. O-1-07
Chovanec, R. O-10-06
Chretien, P. O-4-06
Christ, A. O-1-05
Chukova, Y. P-036
Cid, M. A. P-075
P-076
Cieslar, G. P-087
P-086
P-088
P-105
Clavarino, G. O-9-08
Coghill, R. P-044
P-045
P-055
P-077
P-078
Conners, C. P-078
Cox, R. O-7-05
Craddock, I. J. O-10-05
P-109
Crasson, M. O-2-01
P-046
P-113
Cristoforetti, L. O-3-05
O-5-05
P-041
Cureoglu, S. P-048
Cvek, J. O-10-06
Czekaj, P. P-095
Czerny, K. P-066

D
DAmbrosio, G. O-2-03
P-001
P-035
DArienzo, M. P-009
P-069
P-072
DInzeo, G. O-8-02
O-8-03
O-9-05
P-009
P-010
Dnulescu, R. P-093
Darzynkiewicz, Z. O-9-08
Dasdag, M. M. P-089
Dasdag, S. P-047
P-048
P-089
Dasenbrock, C. P-090
Dauvilliers, Y. O-4-01
De Mattei, M. O-9-02
P-056
P-057
De Nicola, M. O-9-08
De Seze, R. O-4-01
O-7-06
P-084
Debouzy, J. C. P-004
Decata, G. O-2-01
Del Morala, A. P-051
Delfosse, C. P-113
Delgado, J. M. R. P-115
Delhez, M. P-046
Delmonte Corrado, M. U. O-9-01
Demeter, S. P-020
Detlavs, I. P-106
Detlefsen, J. O-4-02
Deventer, T.E. van PL-1
Devevey, L. O-4-06
Di Carlo, C. D. P-005
Di Martino, S. P-007
Di Pietro, R. O-2-03
Diem, E. O-2-05
P-117
Ding, G.-R. P-068
Dominici, L. O-8-03
Doria, A. P-009
P-069
P-072
Doyle, J. O-9-06
Duchesne, L. O-5-08
Duelli, F. O-9-05

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Dulou, P. O-7-02
P-063
P-100
Dunn, E. J. P-030
Dydon, A. P-087
P-088
Dydon, P. P-087
P-088

E
Eberhardt, J. L. P-091
Eberle, J. O-4-02
Ebrahimpour, A. P-079
Egger, M. O-6-03
Elder, J. O-3-02
Elliott, P. O-6-05
Erdem, T. O-7-04
Erhard, M. O-4-02
Erkes, J. O-4-01
Espa, F. O-4-01
O-7-06

F
Falsaperla, R. O-1-01
Faraone, A. O-1-07
Faucon, G. O-7-03
Faurie, C. O-1-06
Feychting, M. O-6-05
P-029
Fini, M. O-4-05
P-085
Fisun, A. I. P-102
Fitzner, R. O-9-04
Fleming, S. M. P-005
Fleury, G. O-1-08
Floderus, B. O-6-01
Forgcs, Zs. P-058
P-092
Forssn, U. M. P-029
Franceschi, C. O-2-03
O-2-08
P-001
Fresegna, A. M. O-2-06
Friz, T. O-3-05
Frhlich, J. O-1-05
O-5-01
Fujiwara, O. O-4-04
Fukunaga, K. O-5-02
P-026
Furlani, U. P-041
Futter, P. O-8-04

G
Gabriel, B. O-1-06
Gaggelli, A. O-1-01
Gak, E. Z. P-112
Gallerano, G. P. P-009
P-069
Gallerano, G. P. P-072
Galloni, P. O-7-02
P-006
Galonja-Coghill, T. P-055
P-077
Garcia, A. S. P-005
Garreau, P. O-5-08
Garza, T. H. P-005
Gemmati, D. O-9-02
Gerner, C. P-117
Ghibelli, L. O-9-08
Ghione, S. P-049
Giczi, W. O-5-03
Giordano, S. O-8-01
O-9-01
P-007
Giovenale, E. P-009
P-069
P-072
Girdinio, P. P-007
Glushkova, O. P-107
Gminski, R. O-9-04
Gobba , F. O-2-04
P-118
Goedhe, W. O-9-08
Goiceanu, C. P-093
Golzio, M. O-1-06
Gmez-Perretta, C. P-028
Gomez-Utrero, E. P-115
Goodman, R. O-10-03
P-037
P-094
Grdinariu, F. P-093
Grado, A. R. P-005
Grigoryeva, N. N. P-102
Grundsteins, K. P-106
Gryz, K. P-003
P-011
P-039
P-095
Guillosson, J.-J. O-4-06
Gustavsson, P. O-6-01
Gutierrez, I. P-115

H
Haider, H. O-5-03
Hkansson, N. O-6-01
Hkansson, P. P-114
Hakobyan, M. P-052
Haldorsen, T. O-6-04

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Hanazawa, M. P-012
P-017
P-025
P-033
Hansen, V. O-5-06
Hardell, L. O-6-02
Harms-Ringdahl, M. P-054
P-071
Haro, E. O-9-03
P-063
P-065
P-100
Hashimoto, O. O-5-07
Herndi, I. P-098
P-099
Herza, J. O-10-06
Hese, R. T. P-105
Hillert, L. O-6-05
P-054
P-071
Hinrikus, H. O-6-06
P-050
P-096
Hirose, H. P-068
Hirota, S. O-4-03
Hlavac, R. O-10-06
Hondarrague, Y. O-7-02
Hyt, A. P-059
Hruby, R. P-090
Hudk, A. P-092
Huo, X. L. P-060
Hutter, H.-P. P-117

I
Ichihara, T. O-4-04
Ikehata, M. P-032
Imaida, K. O-4-04
Impagliazzo, A. O-10-02
Ishii, Y. P-026
Israel, M. P-013
Ivancsits, S. O-2-05
P-117

J
Jacquemont, C. O-4-06
Jahn, O. O-2-05
Jnossy, G. P-031
P-058
Jarup, L. O-6-05
Jdrych, B. P-066
Jenssen, D. P-067
Joenvr, S. PL-3
Johansen, C. O-6-01
Johansson, F. P-067
Johansson, O. P-104
Johnsson, A. O-6-07
Jokela, K. O-1-02
P-014
P-038
Joo, E. P-015
Juutilainen, J. O-2-02
O-2-03
P-001
P-059

K
Kalcioglu, M. T. O-7-04
Kamimura, Y. P-016
Kanda, M. O-1-07
Karnaukhov, A. V. O-8-06
Karpowicz, J. P-003
P-011
P-039
P-095
Kasperczyk, S. P-086
P-087
P-088
Kawabe, M. O-4-04
Kelfkens, G. O-3-03
Kellnyi, L. P-098
P-099
Keshvari, J. O-8-04
Kizilay, A. O-7-04
Klaeboe, L. O-6-04
Klingenbck, A. O-1-05
O-5-01
Koana, T. P-032
Kondrachuk, A. V. P-080
Kornarzyski, K. P-066
Korovkin, N. V. P-083
Koshurinov, Y. P-111
Kotarski, J. P-066
Kovcs, G. P. P-098
Kovcs, P. P-099
Koyama, S. P-068
Krevsky, M. P-111
Kubes, J. O-10-06
Kubinyi, Gy. P-053
P-070
P-092
Kumahara, R. P-017
P-033
Kumlin, T. O-2-02
Kundi, M. P-117
Kuokka, R. PL-3
P-061
Kuster, N. O-1-05
O-5-01
O-8-04
O-9-04
P-090
Kvech, J. O-10-06
6
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L
Laconi, C. P-062
Lagroye, I. O-9-03
P-063
P-064
P-065
P-097
P-100
Lai, A. P-072
Lambrozo, J. O-6-08
Lamedschwandner, K. O-3-01
O-5-03
acut, M. P-066
Landstorfer, F. O-5-07
Lantow, M. O-9-07
Lanzarini, C O-2-08
P-001
Larsson, A. O-6-05
Larsson, L.-E. P-114
Lass, J. P-096
O-6-06
P-050
Lassegues, M. P-064
Le Bouquin-Jeanns, R. O-7-03
Leal, J. P-075
P-076
Ledent, M. P-113
Leendertz, J. O-10-05
P-109
Legoff, M. O-5-08
Legros, J.-J. P-046
P-113
Lehmann, H. P-034
Lnrt, K. O-3-06
Leszczynski, D. PL-3
P-061
Levque, P. P-004
Lewandowski, A. P-003
Liberti, M. O-8-02
O-9-05
P-010
Lin, H. O-10-03
Lioi, M. B. P-035
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Lovisolo, G. A. O-1-03
O-2-06
P-006
P-062
Lvehagen, N. P-114
Lu, S. T. P-005
Luengas, W. O-1-07
Lupke, M. O-9-07
Lutman, M. E. O-7-01
Luxon, L. O-7-05

M
Maby, E. O-7-03
Maercker, C. O-9-04
Maest, J. L. P-028
P-115
Malabiau, R. P-004
Malacarne, C. O-3-05
O-5-05
P-041
Malaric, K. P-018
Mallarini, I. O-8-01
Malmgren, L. P-054
P-071
Mancini, S. P-006
Marchenkova, V. M. P-116
Marino, C. O-2-06
O-7-02
P-006
P-062
Markarov, G. S. P-116
Markov, M. S. O-10-04
Markova, E. P-067
Marrocco, G. O-1-03
O-10-01
Martn, A. P-040
Martin, K. O-4-01
O-7-06
Martin, S. O-4-01
O-7-06
Martnez Brdalo, M. P-040
Martnez, M. A. P-075
P-076
Marve, T. P-114
Mason, P. A. P-097
P-101
Massa, R. O-2-03
P-001
P-035
Massari, L. O-9-02
P-056
Massaro, M. P. O-10-01
Masuda, H. O-4-03
P-100
Matavulj, M. P-104
Mtay, G. P-108
Mathur, S. P. P-005
Mattei, A. O-10-02
Mazzurana, M. O-3-05
O-5-05
McQuade, J. P-097
Mercke, O. O-1-08
Meric, F. P-048
Merritt, J. H. P-097
P-101

6
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256
Mesirca, P. O-2-08
P-001
Messina, G. P-069
P-072
Meyer, F. J. C. P-019
Mezei, G. P-029
Mezzasalma, L. P-049
Miclaus, S. P-020
Miklavi, D. O-1-06
Mild, K. H. O-6-02
P-002
Milochau, A. P-064
Miman, M. C. O-7-04
Miranda, J. M. O-8-05
Miranowicz-Dzierawska,
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Miyakoshi, J. P-032
P-068
P-073
Miyota, Y. P-026
Mochizuki, S. P-017
Moggia, E. O-8-01
O-9-01
P-007
Molfetta, S. P-010
Molla-Djafari, H. P-117
Molnr, B. F. P-024
Mondain, M. O-7-06
Monebhurrun, V. O-5-08
Morrissey, J. O-3-02
Mosgoeller, W. P-117
Mosiello, L. P-062
Muoz San Martn, S. O-8-05
Murphy, M. O-9-06
P-101

N
Naarala, J. O-2-02
P-059
Naftiger, J. O-4-06
Nagai, T. P-032
Navarro, E. P-028
Navrotskaya, V. V. P-102
P-103
Neasham, D. O-6-05
Negroni, A. P-062
Nervi, M. P-007
Neubauer, G. O-3-01
O-5-03
P-097
P-117
P-119
P-120
Nikoloski, N. O-5-01
O-8-04

Nilavalan, R. O-10-05
P-109
Nise, G. P-029
Nishizawa, S. O-5-07
Nojima, T. P-073
Novoselova, E. P-107
Nyberg, H. P-038

O
Ober, C. P-045
Oberto, G. P-090
Oftedal, G. O-6-07
Ohkubo, C. O-4-03
P-097
Oktay, M. F. P-047
P-048
Ongaro, A. O-9-02
P-056
P-057
Opp, L. O-10-06
Ornetta, Mg. Eng. V. C. O-3-04
Ozturan, O. O-7-04

P
Pakhomov, A. O-9-06
Paasz, A. P-095
Parazzini, M. O-7-02
Parts, M. P-050
Pasello, M. O-9-02
P-056
P-057
Pavlin, M. O-1-06
Peetersa, E. O-2-01
Pellati, A. O-9-02
P-056
P-057
Pennders, R. O-3-03
Prez Bruzn, R. N. P-051
Perrin, A. P-004
Perrotta, A. P-035
P-072
Persson, B. P-054
P-071
P-091
Petrowicz, O. O-4-02
Pickl, C. P-034
Pietruszewski, S. P-066
Pinto, R. O-2-06
P-006
P-062
Pirozzoli, M. C. P-062
Piscitelli, M. O-7-02
Plech, A. P-087
P-088
Poladyan, A. P-052
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Ponomarev, V. O. O-8-06
Pontalti, R. O-3-05
O-5-05
P-041
Portols, M. P-028
Poulletier de Gannes, F. P-063
P-064
P-097
Preece, A. W. O-10-05
P-030
P-109
Preiner, P. O-5-03
Prosolovitch, K. P-005
Protopopova, M. P-054
Pruppers, M. O-3-03
Puranen, L. O-1-02

R
Rajkovic, V. P-104
Ramos, C. P-028
P-115
Ramundo-Orlando, A. P-069
Rauscha, F. P-119
P-120
Ravazzani, P. O-7-02
Reinhardt, T. O-5-06
Reivinen, J. PL-3
Repacholi, M.H. PL-1
Rvsz, Cs. P-058
P-092
Riazi, Gh. P-079
Roccatto, L. O-2-04
Rodina, A. O-6-06
Rogowska, W. P-066
Rollwitz, J. O-9-07
Rols, M.-P. O-1-06
Roman, M. O-2-06
P-035
P-072
Rossi, P. O-1-01
O-2-04
P-118
Rsli, M. O-6-03
Ruoss, H.-O. O-5-07
Rdiger, H. W. O-2-05

S
Salamon, Z. P-070
Salford, L. G. P-091
Salov, A. V. P-103
Sanchez, S. P-064
P-100
Sancho, M. O-8-05
Sandrini, L. O-3-05
O-5-05
Sandstrm, M. O-6-02
P-002
Sandu, D. D. P-093
Sarimov, R. P-067
P-071
Sarti, M. O-2-06
P-009
P-072
Sato, K. P-026
Scarcella, E. O-2-08
P-001
Scarf, M. R. O-2-03
O-2-06
P-001
P-035
P-072
Scaringi, M. O-2-04
Schatz, A. O-1-06
Schelkshorn, S. O-4-02
Schlatterer, K. O-9-04
Schmid, G. O-3-01
O-5-03
P-117
P-119
P-120
Schuderer, J. O-9-04
Seaman, R. L. P-005
Sebastin, J. L. O-8-05
Seguinot, M. PL-2
Segura, J. P-028
Sekijima, M. P-073
Selivanova, G. P-054
P-067
Seppia, C. D. P-049
Serov, I. N. P-083
Setti, S. O-4-05
O-10-02
P-085
Shahbazimoghadam, M. P-079
Shahsavan Behboodi, B. P-079
Shakhbazov, V. G. P-102
P-103
Shirai, H. P-017
P-033
Shirai, T. O-4-04
Shoji, M. P-016
Shvarkov, S. B. P-116
Sieron, A. P-086
P-087
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Sieron-Stotny, K. P-087
P-088
Sihvonen, A.-P. O-1-02
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Simk, M. O-9-07
Sinay, H. P-053
P-092
Sinigaglia, B. O-2-04
Sirenko, S. P. P-102
Smith, M. B. P-030
Smith, P. P-090
Smolewsky, P. O-9-08
Sobis, J. P-105
Sokura, M. P-059
Somosy, Z. P-058
P-074
Song, T. P-060
Souques, M. O-6-08
P-125
Spreitzer, W. O-5-07
Spurio Pompili, G. O-10-02
Stabellini, G. P-056
Stangassinger, M. O-4-02
Stefanics, G. P-098
Stensson, O. P-002
Stohrer, M. O-4-02
Straume, A. O-6-07
Streckert, J. O-5-06
Surjn, A. P-092
Surlve-Bazeille, J. E. P-064
Suzuki, Y. P-032
Swicord, M. O-1-07
O-3-02
Szab, J. P-031
Szsz, A. P-015
P-110
P-121
P-122
P-123
P-124
Szsz, N. P-110
P-121
P-122
Szsz, O. P-110
P-121
P-122
P-123
P-124
Szendr, P. P-121
P-122
P-123
P-124
Szentpli, B. P-022
P-023
Szwarcberg, G. O-4-01
O-7-06

T
Takabe, M. P-026
Takahashi, M. P-042
Takeda, H. P-073
Taki, M. O-4-03
O-4-04
Taki, M. P-025
P-032
P-042
Tamano, S. O-4-04
Tanaka, Y. P-042
Tanguy, M.-L. O-4-06
Tauber, R. O-9-04
Taxile, M. P-065
P-063
P-100
Tchobanoff, P. P-013
Teisserenc, A. O-4-01
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Teissi, J. O-1-06
Teodori, L. O-9-08
Thurczy, Gy. P-022
P-023
P-024
P-031
P-053
P-058
P-070
P-074
P-092
P-097
P-098
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Tirindelli, D. O-9-08
Tkachenko, Y. P-111
Tkalec, M. P-018
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Toropainen, A. O-8-04
Torudd, J. P-071
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Trnevik, C. P-114
Traina, G. C. P-057
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Tuulik, V. P-050
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U
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Uno, T. P-025
Urech, M. P-034
Ushiyama, A. O-4-03
Ustavnikov, D. A. P-083
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V
Vaccari, A. O-3-05
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Vali, B. O-1-06
Van Loockc, W. O-2-01
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Vander Vorst, A. P-082
Vecchia, P. O-5-04
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Veyret, B. O-7-02
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P-063
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P-100
Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z. P-018
Vijayalaxmi O-2-07
Villani, P. O-2-06
Villar, R. P-040
Vincze, G. P-121
P-122
P-123
P-124
Vrba, J. O-10-06

W
Wake, K. O-4-03
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P-012
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Wallin, M. P-114
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P-042
Weisbrot, D. P-037
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Wiaderkiewicz, A. P-095
Wiaderkiewicz, R. P-095
Wiart, J. O-5-03
P-097
Wiln, J. P-002
O-6-02
Wright, M. G. P-030

X
Xu, T. P-060

Y
Yamada, Y. P-016
Yamakana, Y. O-4-03
O-4-04
O-5-02
P-012
P-016
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P-025
P-026
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P-042
Yang, W. P-060
Yasunaga, K. P-073
Yazicioglu, M. P-048

Z
Zalejska-Fiolka, J. P-086
Zeni, O. O-2-03
O-2-06
P-001
P-035
P-072
Zheng, T. P-060
Zizi, M. P-082
Zombory, L. P-108
Zradziski, P. P-011

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6

Trenitalia S.p.A. Rolling Stock Technologies Unit, FLORENCE ITALY

Fellowship supported from IGEA (Carpi, Italy).

,TIRINDELLI D, AND TEODORI L.

flow modulators implanted

Fellowship supported from IGEA (Carpi, Italy).

Fellowship supported by IGEA (Carpi, Italy).

, Becton Dickinson) using DiOC6

software was used

s medium supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum.

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