CHAPTER 1 THEORY OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

Formatted: Right

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Microstrip patch antennas are planar resonant cavities that leak from their edges and radiate. In its most basic form, a Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch and a ground plane on two sides of the dielectric substrate as shown in Figure 1.1. The patch can take any shape and is generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold.

FIG:1.1 1.1: A TYPICAL MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA Some common shapes assumed by the patch are shown in Figure 1.2. For a rectangular patch, generally the length L of the patch is 0.3333 < L < 0.5 , thickness of patch t <<
o o

and height h of the dielectric substrate 0.003 h 0.05 , where is the free-space
o o o o

wavelength. The dielectric constant of the substrate ( ) is typically in the range 2.2
r

12.
r

A patch radiates from fringing fields around its edges. Without proper matching, little power radiates. The edges of a patch appear as slots whose excitations depend on the internal fields of the cavity. A general analysis of an arbitrarily shaped patch considers the substrate to be a resonant cavity. The patch and ground plane act as electric walls and the four side walls of the substrate act as magnetic walls. A thick dielectric substrate
2

having a low dielectric constant provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation. However, such a configuration leads to a larger antenna size. In order to design a compact Microstrip patch antenna, higher.

Dielectric constants must be used which are less efficient and result in a narrower bandwidth. Hence a trade-off between antenna dimensions and antenna performance must be reached.

1.2 APPLICATIONS OF MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

Due to their low profile structure, microstrip antennas are gaining popularity for use in wireless applications. Their compatibility makes them a direct choice for use in handheld wireless devices such as cellular phones, pagers, etc. Microstrip patch antennas are also widely used in telemetry, missile applications and in satellite communication because of their conformal nature.

1.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PATCH AANTENNAS

Some of their principal advantages of microstrip patch antennas are given below: Light weight and low volume. Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to host surface. Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities. Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization. Capable of dual and triple frequency operations. Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.

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Microstrip patch antennas suffer from a number of disadvantages as compared to Conventional antennas. Some of their major disadvantages are given below: Narrow bandwidth
3

 Low efficiency Low Gain Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions Low power handling capacity.

1.4 FEED TECHNIQUES

Microstrip patch antennas can be fed by a variety of methods. These methods can be classified into two categories - contacting and non-contacting. In the contacting method, the RF power is fed directly to the radiating patch using a connecting element such as a microstrip line. In the non-contacting scheme, electromagnetic field coupling is done to transfer power between the micro strip line and the radiating patch. The four most popular feed techniques used are the microstrip line, coaxial probe (both contacting schemes), aperture coupling and proximity coupling (both non-contacting schemes). Probe feeding technique is used in our project and is explained below.

1.4.1 Coaxial Feed

The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding Micro strip patch antennas. As seen from Figure 1.23, the inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. The main advantage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any desired location inside the patch in order to match with its input impedance. This feed method is easy to fabricate and has low spurious radiation. However, its major disadvantage is that it provides narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a hole has to be drilled in the substrate and the connector protrudes outside the ground plane, thus not making it completely planar for thick substrates (h > 0.02 ). Also, for thicker substrates, the increased probe length makes the
o

input impedance more inductive, leading to matching problems.

FIG 1.24.1: SIDE VIEW OF A COAXIAL FEED TO THE PATCH

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FIG -1.3: COAXIAL FEED

1.5 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The most popular models for the analysis of Microstrip patch antennas are the transmission line model, cavity model, and full wave model. The transmission line model is the simplest of all and it gives good physical insight but it is less accurate. The cavity model is more accurate and gives good physical insight but is complex in nature. The full wave models are extremely accurate, versatile and can treat single elements, finite and infinite arrays, stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements and coupling. It must be noted that our project is centered on the transmission line model and uses all of the empirical equations of this model for simulations

1.5.1 TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL

This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width W and height h, separated by a transmission line of length L. The microstrip is essentially a nonhomogeneous line of two dielectrics, typically the substrate and air. Figure 1.4 illustrates this
5

FIG 1.34: MICROSTRIP LINE Most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate and parts of some lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support pure transverse electro-magnetic (TEM) mode of transmission, since the phase velocities would be different in the air and the substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of propagation would be the quasi-TEM mode. Hence, an effective dielectric constant ( ) must be obtained in order to account for the
reff

fringing and the wave propagation in the line. The expression for
reff= r r

reff

is given as:
-1/2

( +1)/2+( -1)/2[1+12h/W]
reff

(1.1)

Where
r

= Effective dielectric constant

= Dielectric constant of substrate In order to operate in the fundamental TM mode, the length of the patch must be slightly less than / 2 where is the wavelength in the dielectric medium and is equal to /( )
o reff

where is the free space wavelength. The TM mode implies that the field varies one /
o

2 cycles along the length, and there is no variation along the width of the patch. It is seen from figure 1.5 that the normal components of the electric field at the two edges along the width of the antenna are in opposite directions and thus out of phase since the patch is /2 long and hence they cancel each other in the broadside direction. The tangential components which are in phase, means that the resulting fields combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure. Hence the edges along the
6

width can be represented as two radiating slots, which are / 2 apart and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane.
Formatted: Centered

FIG 1.45: SIDE VIEW OF ANTENNA The fringing fields along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically the patch of the micro strip antenna looks greater than its physical dimensions. The dimensions of the patch along its length have now been extended on each end by a distance L, which is given empirically by as: L=0.412h ( +0.3)(W/h+0.264)/(( -0.258)(W/h+0.8))
reff reff

(1.2)

The effective length of the patch L now becomes:

eff

L =L+2L
eff

(1.3)
o

For a given resonance frequency f , the effective length is given by as: L =c/(2f ( )
eff o reff

( 1.4)

For a rectangular Micro strip patch antenna, the resonance frequency for any TM mode is Given as: f =c/(2( )[(m/L) +(n/W) ]
o reff 2 2 1/2

(1.5)

Where m and n are modes along L and W respectively. For efficient radiation, the width W is given as: W=c/(2f (( +1)/2))
o r

( 1.6)

1.5.2 CAVITY MODEL

Although the transmission line model discussed in the previous section is easy to use, it has some inherent disadvantages. Specifically, it is useful for patches of rectangular design and it ignores field variations along the radiating edges. These disadvantages can be overcome by using the cavity model. In this model, the interior region of the dielectric substrate is modeled as a cavity bounded by electric walls on the top and bottom. The basis for this assumption is the following observations for thin subs trates (h<<). 1) Since the substrate is thin, the fields in the interior region do not vary much in the z Direction , i.e. normal to the patch. 2) The electric field is z directed only, and the magnetic field has only the transverse components H and H in the region bounded by the patch metallization and the ground
x y

plane. This observation provides for the electric walls at the top and the bottom.

1.6 OVERVIEW OF ANSOFT HFSSANSYS APPROACH

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Many simulation tool vendors continue to focus on a single discipline such as thermal analysis or electromagnetic simulation. While these point products can perform well for their intended functions, they are difficult to integrate with other tools. ANSYS has taken a more comprehensive approach that focuses on providing the best-in-class simulation tool in any given discipline. ANSYS also provides a simulation platform that integrates these various products, enabling true multi physics optimization and testing. Furthermore, ANSYS offers integrated simulation data and process management tools that enable an efficient and collaborative design process. Table shows a sampling of the ANSYS portfolio of multi physics simulation tools for electronic design. ANSYS tools streamline the simulation process by identifying particular areas of the design that need to be included in the simulation, effectively cutting simulation time dramatically, particularly for 3-D problems. Engineers can specify the level of accuracy, trading simulation time for precision. The net result is that ANSYS tools facilitate the

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multiple what-if analyses needed for design optimization without impacting time to market.

1.6.1 ANSYS HFSS:

ANSYS HFSS is used to design the RF components and Wi-Fi antenna and simulate the behavior of connectors, via and full chases. HFSS is also used to conduct a complete analysis of the behavior of the entire system as a high-speed channel. HFSS is a highperformance full-wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modeling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation, visualization, solid modeling, and automation in an easy-to-learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM problems are quickly and accurately obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM), adaptive meshing, and brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as S-Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields. HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a tetrahedron. . This allows you to solve any arbitrary 3D geometry, especially those with complex curves and shapes, in a fraction of the time it would take using other techniques. The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Structure Simulator. Ansoft pioneered the use of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for EM simulation by developing/implementing technologies such as tangential vector finite elements, adaptive meshing, and Adaptive Lanczos-Pade Sweep(ALPS). Today, HFSS continues to lead the industry with innovations such as Modes-to-Nodes and Full-Wave Spice. Ansoft HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from many users and industries. In industry, Ansoft HFSS is the tool of choice for highproductivity research, development, and virtual prototyping.

1.6.2TERMS USED IN ANSOFT DESIGNER PROJECT

A project is a design or group of designs organized and managed in one filethe *.adsn file. Multiple projects can be opened in Ansoft Designer concurrently.

DESIGN
Designs are the building blocks of projects, and can be circuits, systems, or 3D planar EM models. Designs consist of schematics or geometrical models, model data, analysis setup information, Output graphs and tables, and other pieces of information that go into describing simulation of Electrical circuits.

COMPONENT
Components are the items placed on schematics and layouts that represent low-level electrical Elements and sub circuits. A components graphical representation in a schematic is a symbol, while in a layout it is a footprint. Components have pins for connections, bitmaps in the project tree, and properties for simulation. A component can be associated with more than one simulation if it can be analyzed in more than one simulator.

LIBRARY
Components are organized into libraries. Libraries are then configured by the user (manually) or by loading technology files (automatically) making them available for use in building designs. System libraries are provided with Ansoft Designer. User libraries and Personal libraries are used to add foundry support, user defined models, and any custom set of components or simulation models.

TECHNOLOGY FILE
A technology file initializes a design with a set of data to avoid repeated entry of commonly used data. This data can consist of layers and stack up information for layout, configured libraries of Components and substrate definition for circuit analysis. Users

and foundries can customize Technology files for their own manufacturing process and simulation models.

LAYERS AND STACKUP

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Layers are used in the layout editor to organized and operate on sets of geometry or other visual Indicators. Signal, metalized signal, and dielectric are common physical layers, while symbol (to show component symbols in layout), error, and rats (to show connectivity) are non-physical layers. The stack up contains additional properties of the physical layers, such as material, thickness, and elevation. Geometrical information on these layers is used to generate masks for manufacturing.

SOLUTION
A solution is the successful result of an analysis, or imported results available for plotting.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

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2.1 CYLINDRICAL RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Planar microstrip antenna by and large can be considered to have reached its maturity. Development of conformable antennas on non planar surfaces lags behind vis--vis planar microstrip antennas. Relatively non planar or microstrip antennas conformable to non planar surfaces are at present topic of research. Specifically, theoretical works reported in literature pertain to conformable microstrip antennas on non planar regular surfaces like cylinder, sphere and cone. The need for conformal antennas is more pronounced for the large-sized apertures that are necessary for functions like military airborne surveillance radars. Microstrip antenna and arrays can also be conformed to curved surface of a cylinder. A conformal microstrip antenna on a cylindrical surface with low profile has distinct advantage for applications related to fighter aircraft and spacecraft. Specifically, considerable interest is seen and theoretical works that are reported pertains to conformable microstrip antennas on non planar regular surfaces like cylinder, sphere and cone. Techniques exist to analyze conformable microstrip antennas on electrically small cylindrical surfaces. Efficient analytical and numerical tools need to be developed for microstrip antennas conformable to electrically large cylinders with identically shaped substrates for theoretical analysis and practical manufacturing.

2.1.2 NECESSITY OF MODELLING CONFORMAL ANTENNA FOR AIRCRAFT

A modern aircraft has many antennas causing considerable drag and increasing fuel consumption. The purpose is to build the antenna so that it becomes integrated with the structure and does not cause extra drag. The shape can be some part of an airplane, for example underbelly of an aircraft or the radome. They can be manufactured using modern printed circuit techniques and can be integrated with different systems. There are specific

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13

operational relate applications related to fighter aircraft that require an antenna conforming to the aircrafts surface. Structural, aerodynamic, and space limitation compulsions as well as a particular electromagnetic requirement such as antenna beam shape and/or angular coverage are the main reasons for antenna design to conform to the aircraft surface. Microstrip antenna and arrays conformed to curved surfaces viz.

aerodynamic surfaces like supersonic aircraft or missiles, can be modeled approximately in the shape of a cylinder.

2.1.3 ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

Low profile conformable antenna on a regular surface viz. cylindrical surface is easily achievable by conforming microstrip patch antenna on the surface. Design procedure involves parameters related to cylindrical microstrip elements to realize the desired resonant frequency, input impedance, radiation patterns etc. In the structure of the

Formatted: Left

conformal microstrip antenna, the surface of the metal cylinder is used as curved ground plane. Thus, a relation for the resonant frequency of a cylindrical rectangular microstrip patch antenna needs to be determined analytically, that not only takes into account the variation of the resonant frequency with variation in curvature of cylinder, but is also computationally efficient.
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FIGURE2.1(A) &(B) :CYLINDRICAL RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

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14

The rectangular patch antenna of straight edge length 2b and the curved edge (arc) of length 2(a+h)1 on cylindrical ground plane of radius a is shown in Figure 2.1(a). The dielectric substrate of thickness h having relative permittivity r, subtends an angle 21 on the curved edges surface of the cylinder. Assuming that for thickness h<<, only TM modes exist, the electric field under the patch in the source-free case and the resonant frequency may be expressed as shown in equation (2.1) and (2.2).

(2.1)

(2.2)

The E-field in the cavity has only a component. The TM10 mode vis--vis TM01 is very sensitive to changes in curvature of the cylinder. Hybrid modes are generated for thick substrate, whereas pure TE or TM modes result in for thin substrates.

2.1.4 APPROXIMATION OF CYLINDRICAL RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA AS A PLANAR PATCH ANTENNA

When the radius of the cylindrical substrate is large, a cylindrical rectangular patch antenna can be approximated as a planar patch antenna without loss of generality. Krowne et. al analysed and compared these two configurations and published interesting results. resonant frequencies frc for the curved cylindrical-rectangular antenna, representing a distortion of a planar rectangular microstrip antenna, are compared to resonant frequencies frR of the planar patch antenna in order to assess the validity of the commonly used assumption that con- formally mounted microstrip antennas may be treated as planar. The results demonstrate that this assumption is good for h that is small compared to the surface curvature a, and that it is excellent when considering excitation of the antenna with no spatial field variation normal to the surface. Numerical results show that curvature changes f, by less than about 5 percent for a substrate dielectric thickness equal to one tenth of the
15

Formatted: Left

radius of curvature. But, the exact effect of curvature on f, will be dependent on the particular choice of antenna parameters.

2.2 SHORT-CIRCUITED QUARTER WAVELENGTH CYLINDRICAL-RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA 2.2.1 INTRORODUCTION
In recent research work, much attention has been focused on the development of small antennas on a cylindrical surface for applications where limited antenna real state is available, which is important in many commercial and military applications. Among several small antennas, the shorted microstrip patch has been a popular candidate . The resonant frequency of a microstrip antenna can be significantly reduced by introducing a short-circuited plane or a partly short-circuited plane where the electric field of the resonant mode is zero. So the length of the patch is half of the original length and resonant frequency of the patch remains unchanged . While such antennas have been used in many applications, basic studies of the effect of curvature are rather scarce .

Formatted: Left

2.2.2 CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND WIDTH OF PATCH

The geometry of a short-circuited quarter wavelength cylindrical-rectangular

microstripatch antenna is shown in Fig. 2.2. The straight edge of the patch has a dimension of L (=/4) and the curved edge has a length of W'[=2(R+h)], where 2 is the angle subtended by the curved patch and R is cylinder radius. The width of the patch may be find as

(2.3) 16

where r is relative permittivity of substrate and f r is designed frequency of antenna. It is clear that the volume covered by electric and magnetic walls change with radius of the magnetic plane, which results the change in the effective dimensions of the patch. So the effective width of the patch may be find as

(2.4)

and the effective length of the patch may be calculated,

(2.5)

where h is substrate thickness and eff is the effective relative permittivity of the substrate material .

FIG. 2.2: A SHORT-CIRCUITED RECTANGULAR PATCH MOUNTED OVER CYLINDRICAL SURFACE.

2.2.3 CALCULATION OF RESONANT FREQUENCY

17

For the case of h much smaller than one wavelength, the cavity model or modaexpansion approximation can be adopted for analyzing the patch antenna on a thin substrate. In this case the resonant frequencies of the TMmn modes for the cylindrical-rectangular microstrip patch antenna under the additional condition h<<R

(2.6)

Equation (2.6) shows that if the dimension of the patch, i.e., 2 (R+h) and L, are fixed, the resonant frequencies of TM modes are not affected by curvature. This conclusion is valid for thin substrate satisfying h<<R.

2.2.4 RESULTS
R.C.Saraswat et. al have observed results for different radii of curvature and relative permittivity. The results are shown below.

FIG2.3(A)-(D) : VARIATION OF RADIATED POWER FOR DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE PERMITTIVITY AND CYLINDER RADII.

18

FIG. 2.4(A)-(D): VARIATION OF IMPEDANCE WITH FREQUENCY FOR DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE PERMITTIVITY AND CYLINDER RADII.

From Fig. 2.3(a)-(d) it is observed that (a) the beamwidth increases with radius of curvature(b) peak radiated power increases with radius of curvature (c) it is observed that beyond the critical angle, radiated power decreases with radius of curvature and increases with radius of curvature for angle less than critical angle (d) power radiation beyond 900 is possible for cylindrical rectangular patch. From Fig. 2.4(a)-(d) it is observed that the resonant resistance increases as radius of curvature decreases for different substrate permittivities. It is also observed that resonant frequency increases as radius of curvature decreases, but the change in the resonant frequency is not significant (maximum change is 0.3%) The bandwidth is not sensitive to curvature but it decreases as substrate permittivity increases.

19

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20

CHAPTER 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION & PROPOSED METHOD VARIOUS CONFIGURATIONS

3.1 EXISTING MODEL 3.1.1 CYLINDRICAL GROUND PLANE WITH FINITE SUBSTRATE CONFIGURATION
The most widely used configuration of the microstrip patch antenna on cylindrical surface is shown in figure 3.1. In this configuration, the ground plane is a hollow cylindrical body, and a finite substrate is sandwiched between the patch and the ground plane. Clifford Krownes paper on Cylindrical Rectangular Microstrip Patch antenna in 1983 laid the foundation for active research in this field. All research done since then has focused on this particular configuration of the cylindrical rectangular patch antenna.

Formatted: Right, Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0" Formatted: Right

FIG

3.1:

CYLINDRICAL GROUND

PLANE

WITH

FINITE

SUBSTRATE

CONFIGURATION During Phase I of our project, detailed analysis of this configuration was carried out for different ground plane radii and the results are presented in Chapter 4.

3.2 PROPOSED MODEL

21

3.2.1 FINITE GROUND PLANE WITH CYLINDRICAL SUBSTRATE CONFIGURATION

This is one of the two new proposed models where the substrate is cylindrical and the ground plane and patch are finite (fig 3.2). This configuration is specifically useful when the surface of the airborne vehicle is made of fibrefiber. In this case, the body of the vehicle can be used as a substrate. A microstrip patch antenna can be easily fabricated by just etching a finite ground plane and a finite patch on the inner and outer surface of the body of the vehicle, respectively. Not much research has been carried out on this configuration. Analysis of this configuration in our project is still preliminary and a detailed analysis will be carried out in phase II of the project.

FIG

3.2:

FINITE GROUND

PLANE WITH

CYLINDRICAL

SUBSTRATE

CONFIGURATION

3.2.2 CYLINDRICAL GROUND PLANE WITH CYLINDRICAL SUBSTRATE CONFIGURATION

Another new model is shown in the figure (3.3) where the substrate is fully wrapped around cylindrical ground plane. A finite patch is etched on the outer surface of the substrate. Not much research has been carried out on this configuration as well. Analysis of this configuration in our project is still preliminary and a detailed analysis will be carried out in phase II of the project.

Formatted: Left

22

FIG 3.3: CYLINDRICAL GROUND PLANE WITH CYLINDRICAL SUBSTRATE CONFIGURATION

3.3 COMPARISON OF THE THREE CONFIGURATIONS OF CYLINDRICAL RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
In a microstrip antenna, mainly the fringe fields cause radiation. Higher the magnitude of the fringe field, greater is the radiation. AnalysingAnalyzing the three configurations in detail, one can observe that radiation will be more in configuration I when compared to other two configurations. This is because of the discontinuity in configuration I which is not as evident in the other two configurations. Comparing the two new proposed configurations, configuration III performs better in terms of radiation because the fringe fields bend more in this configuration compared to configuration II. The detailed analysis on various parameters of all the three configurations will be done in the second phase of the project.

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23

24

Formatted: Right

CHAPTER 4

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During phase I of our project, Configuration I of the patch antenna was analysedanalyzed using ANSOFT HFSS. Throughout our project, probe feed technique is used to feed the patch. Probe is a coaxial wave guide through which TEM waves propagate. Figure 4.1 shows the side view of a coaxial feed to the patch. The inner pin of the coaxial cable runs through the substrate and feeds the patch. The region between the inner pin and the outer cover is filled with substrate.
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FIG 4.1: SIDE VIEW OF A COAXIAL FEED TO THE PATCH A micro strip antenna of configuration I is designed to resonate at 10GHz with substrate of height 0.0795 cm and relative permittivity 2.2. Values of the parameters used for the design are obtained using transmission line model.

4.1 SPECIFICATIONS: DESIGN:

25

Length of the patch Width of patch Feed position from one end Length of the substrate Breadth of the substrate Height of substrate Relative permittivity of substrate Resonant frequency Co-axils inner pin radius Co-axils outer radius

= = = = = = = = = =

0.962 cm 1.164 cm 0.3310 cm 3 cm 3 cm 0.0795 cm 2.22 10 GHz 0.07 cm 0.16 cm

Using conformal mapping technique, the angle subtended by the edges of the patch to the centre of the cylindrical ground plane is calculated for various values of radii.

CONFIGURATION I WITH RADIUS 5cm:

Using conformal mapping technique, the angle subtended by the edges of the patch to the centre of the cylindrical ground plane is 10.85117o. The angle subtended from the feed position to one edge of the patch is 3.7337o.

CONFIGURATION I WITH RADIUS 10cm:

Using conformal mapping technique the angle subtended by the edges of the patch to the centre of the cylindrical ground plane is 5.4683o . 5.4683o. The angle subtended from the feed position to one edge of the patch is 1.8815o.

RESULTS:

26

CONFIGURATION I1 WITH RADIUS 5cm:

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Fig 4.1: RETURN LOSS PLOT FOR CONFIGURATION IWITH RADIUS 5 cm

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Fig 4.2: RETURN LOSS PLOT FOR CONFIGURATION 1 WITH RADIUS 5 cm

27

Fig 4.23: E PLANE PLOT FOR CONFIGURATION I 1 WITH RADIUS 5cm

FIG 4.34: H PLANE PLOT FOR CONFIGURATION I WITH RADIUS 5cm

CONFIGURATION I1 WITH RADIUS 10cm

28

FIG 4.45: RETURN LOSS PLOT OF CONFIGURATION 1 I WITH RADIUS 10 cm

FIG 4.56: E PLANE PLOT OF CONFIGURATION 1 I WITH RADIUS 10 cm

29

FIG 4.7 :4.6: H PLANE PLOT OF CONFIGURATION 1 I WITH RADIUS 10 cm TABLE 4.1: COMPARISON TABLE
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0"

RADIUS OF THE GROUND PLANE

10 cm

5 cm

Formatted Table

RESONANT FREQUENCY BANDWIDTH RETURN LOSS

9.16 GHz 9MHz -14.13 dB

9.37 GHz 30MHz -14.84dB

TABLE 4.1: COMPARISON TABLE

30

OBSERVATIONS:
From the above results it can be observed that finite substrate configuration with lower ground plane radius resonate at higher frequency than the finite substrate

configuration of larger ground plane radius and also the beam is much focused in case of 5cms ground plane than 10cms ground plane. The bandwidth for finite substrate configuration for 5cms ground plane is higher than bandwidth of finite substrate configuration for 10cms ground plane..

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31

32

CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION & APPLICATIONS

In applications pertaining to satellites, missiles and telemetry, knowledge of the radiation behavior of cylindrical-rectangular microstrip antenna contributes to an understanding of radiation from curved patch antennas. During phase I of our project, configuration I of the patch antenna was analyzed for various ground plane radii and the results were compared. It was observed that the configuration with smaller ground plane radius resonates at higher frequency compared to the configuration with larger radius. A detailed analysis of the other two configurations of the patch antenna will be undertaken during the second phase of the project.

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33

FUTURE SCOPE
During phase I of our project, configuration I of the patch antenna was analyzed for various ground plane radii. During the second phase, the group will be focusing on designing and analyzing the other two proposed configurations of the patch antenna. After analyzing the three configurations of the cylindrical rectangular patch antenna, we will be shifting our focus on designing short circuited microstrip patch which is very compact and will resonate at low frequencies with smaller length.
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REFERENCES
1. Samir Dev Gupta,Design and Performance Analysis of Cylindrical Microstrip Antenna and Array using Conformal Mapping Technique, IJCEA. Vol 02, Issue 03; July 2011 2. R. C. Saraswat,Short-Circuited Quarter Wavelength Cylindrical-Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna ,IJMOT. Vol. 3, no. 2, April 2008 3. C. M. Krowne, "Cylindrical rectangular microstrip antenna radiation efficiency based on cavity Q factor," IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int. Symp.Dig., pp. 1114, June 1981. 4. C. M. Krowne, "Cylindrical-rectangular microstrip antenna," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. Ap-31, pp. 194-199, January 1983. 5. K. Y. Wu and J. F. Kaufman, "Radiation pattern Computations for "Cylindricalrectangular microstrip antenna," IEEE Antennas Propagat. Soc. Int. Symp. Dig., pp. 39-42, 1983.

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