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    Measurement & Instrumentation Lecture

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    naeema_58
    This document provides an overview of a course on measurement and instrumentation. It discusses the need for measurement in various applications and describes common measurement methods. Early measurement techniques are reviewed along with modern standardization of units. Key elements of measurement systems like sensors, signal processing, and display are defined. Factors in selecting appropriate measurement systems are outlined. An assignment is provided to research units from different measurement systems.

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    Measurement & Instrumentation Lecture

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    naeema_58
    180 views24 pages
    This document provides an overview of a course on measurement and instrumentation. It discusses the need for measurement in various applications and describes common measurement methods. Early measurement techniques are reviewed along with modern standardization of units. Key elements of measurement systems like sensors, signal processing, and display are defined. Factors in selecting appropriate measurement systems are outlined. An assignment is provided to research units from different measurement systems.

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    Measurement and instrumentation lecture. Guidance for Engineers.

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    This document provides an overview of a course on measurement and instrumentation. It discusses the need for measurement in various applications and describes common measurement methods. Early measurement techniques are reviewed along with modern standardization of units. Key elements of measurement systems like sensors, signal processing, and display are defined. Factors in selecting appropriate measurement systems are outlined. An assignment is provided to research units from different measurement systems.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    180 views24 pages

    Measurement & Instrumentation Lecture

    Uploaded by

    naeema_58
    This document provides an overview of a course on measurement and instrumentation. It discusses the need for measurement in various applications and describes common measurement methods. Early measurement techniques are reviewed along with modern standardization of units. Key elements of measurement systems like sensors, signal processing, and display are defined. Factors in selecting appropriate measurement systems are outlined. An assignment is provided to research units from different measurement systems.

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    Measurement and Instrumentation

    Dr. Javaid Khurshid javaidk@pieas.edu.pk

    Information

    Course : ME-308 - Measurements and Instrumentation Location: SE-210 Course Credits: 2+0 Time table: As circulated by Course Coordinator

    Tuesday : 9:30-10:25 Wednesday: 10:35 11:30

    Semester: Jan 27, 2014 till May 16, 2014 Text Book: Measurement and Instrumentation Principles Alan S. Morris \\172.30.10.2\learning material\ Javaid Khurshid Dr.\

    Introduction

    Why do we need measurement? If I cultivate Oranges How many do I need to give to get clothes / Goat etc? How can I seek an advice from a doctor? What should be the standards of interconversion?

    Why need measurement?

    To understand an event or an operation. To monitor an event or an operation. To control an event or an operation. To collect data for future analysis To validate an engineer design.

    Measurement Methods

    Direct comparison method


    We have a standard and we compare to measure Length of a bar (using ruler) Weight of rice (measuring bots)
    We measure the quantity by converting it into another form Measurement of temperature using expansion of liquid in a glass tube

    Indirect comparison method


    Earlier measurement methods

    Earlier:

    Length

    Unit of Hand Foot Cubit Grain of wheat

    Weight

    Time Temperature Measured using body parts. All measurements were imprecise Standards vary from one place to other Standards even vary from one person to other

    Problems:

    Units : Today

    There are many units which had to be defined with the development in technical fields. Units should be standardized New units must be incorporated Unit conversion should be possible Now we have the units as

    Basic Units (Length, Time etc) Derived Units (Speed, Acceleration etc)

    Standardization in Units

    SI (System International) Unit

    Length (m), Weight (gm)


    Length (ft), Weight (lb)

    British System (Foot, Pound, Second)

    MKS system (Meter, Kilogram, Second) Any other system Need interconversion methods

    Some Standard Units

    Fundamental Units

    Supplementary Fundamental Units

    Derived Units

    Unit Conversion

    Applications of Measuring Systems

    Present day applications of measuring instruments are classified in three categories.


    1.

    2. 3.

    In regulating trade, by measuring physical quantities such as length, volume and mass in terms of standard units. Monitoring functions Automatic feedback control systems

    Simple Temperature Control System

    Elements of a simple closed loop control system

    Elements of a measurement system


    A measuring system provides information about the physical value of some variable being measured. The system can consist of a single unit that gives an output signal/reading. In complex case, the system consists of several separate elements as shown below

    Elements of a measurement system


    Sensor 2. Variable Conversion Element 3. Signal Processing Element 4. Signal Display / Recording Element Optional Elements
    1.
    1. 2.

    Signal Transmission Utilization of measured signal (e.g. Control part of a system)

    1- Sensor

    Gives an output that is a function of the measurand. Measures the physical quantity Mostly the output is approximately linear Examples:

    Liquid in glass thermometer Thermocouple Strain gauge

    2 Variable Conversion Element

    Output of the primary sensor is in inconvenient form. It has to be converted for convenient form. Example (Temperature using expansion of liquids)

    change of resistance of thermocouple with change in temperature The resistance change has to be converted into voltage using bridge circuit etc.

    3 Signal Processing Element


    The output of a sensor is very weak that has to be identified correctly There is noise in the sensors output Example (ECG data)

    Amplification of the signal Filtration of the required signal

    4 Signal Transmission Element

    Signal transmission is needed when the observation of the measurement system is far from the primary sensor. Example:

    Measurement of temperature of a volcano Measurement of radiation from a nuclear accidental location

    5 Signal Display / Recording


    Signal has to be displayed

    Example: Display temperature on LEDs / display monitor


    Example: Recording of temperature for analysis and prediction of rain, storm etc

    Signal may be recorded

    Selection of Measurement System

    The suitable instrument for measuring a particular quantity depends on many parameters like

    Cost Resolution Sensitivity Dynamic performance Ruggedness Durability Maintenance requirement etc

    Example: Measuring temperature of a plant, environment, Volcano need different type of temperature sensitive devices

    Assignment

    Dead line (Feb 12m 2014) in Power point format


    Definition of the unit Basic / Derived Unit Name in different systems of units including the ancient/old systems (Indian, British, Roman, Arabic, Japanese etc) Unit symbols

    Length, Mass, Volume, Time, Temperature, Current, Voltage, Inductance, Resistance, Capacitance, Force, Pressure, Torque, Force, Frequency, Electric Charge, Electric Flux, Power, Luminance, Gravity Paper sizes (A4, A3,etc), Radiation dose, Metal thickness gauge, wind speed, monitor resolution Internet speed, Energy, Karat, earthquake intensity, Viscosity

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