ENGLISH GRAMMAR

ModuleII

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Module II

Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Preposition Article Short Answers/ Fill up the bl n!s N rr tion

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"e#initions
o Noun$A noun is word th t n %es person& object& ide & or pl ce' o Pronoun$A pronoun t !es the pl ce o# noun or nother pronoun& s vin( the need to write the s %e word twice'

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WHAT ARE NOUNS?

Nouns are naming words. They name people, places and o !ec"s. They can also name ideas, emo"ions, #uali"ies and ac"i$i"ies. Here are some e%amples o& nouns' (e"er, Eli)a e"h, dri$er, sis"er, &riend. *ris"ol, Se$ern, *ra)il, pen, dog, money. +o$e, eau"y, indus"ry, na"ure, greed, pain.
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Types of noun
All nouns can be divided into common and proper nouns. Common nouns can then be divided into coun"a le and uncoun"a le nouns. Both countable and uncountable nouns can then be further divided into concre"e and a s"rac" nouns. Well look at each type in turn.
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First& loo! ( in t those t)pes nd how the) rel te'

proper abstract

nouns

countable concrete common abstract uncountable concrete

*+/*,/+-

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.o%%on nd Proper Nouns

A COMMON NOUN n %es (ener l person& pl ce& thin(& or ide ' .o%%on nouns be(in with lowerc se letter& unless #ound t the be(innin( o# sentence or p rt o# title'

A PROPER NOUN n %es speci#ic person& pl ce& thin(& or ide ' Proper nouns be(in with c pit l letter'
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Proper nouns
Proper nouns start with capital letters. They are the names of people, places, times, or anisations etc. They refer to uni!ue individuals. "ost are not found in the dictionary. They often occur in pairs or roups. #ere are some e$amples.

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Tony Blair Carly

The &am )$fam Coronation 'treet Christmas

%eynsham President Bush 'ony China Brid et &ones The (ord "otor Company "acbeth
*+/*,/+-

&ohn

Thames Coca Cola Portu al %in #enry

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'aturn

Common nouns
All nouns which are not proper nouns are common nouns. A few e$amples* cup, art, paper, work, fro , bicycle, atom, family, mind. Common nouns are either countable or uncountable.

*+/*,/+-

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.o%%on nd Proper Noun E/ %ples

.o%%on Nouns bo) (irl cit) ( %e co%p n) countr) school Proper Nouns A% r Alish .henn i Monopol) Ni!e 0 p n 1endri) 2id) l )

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Countable nouns
+se these tests for countable nouns* Countable ,or -ust .count/0 nouns can be made plural* a tree1 two trees2 a man1 men2 a pony1 ponies. 3n the sin ular, they may have the determiner a or an* a sausa e2 an asterisk. We ask* #ow many words4pa es4chairs5 We say* A few minutes4friends4chips5
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*+/*,/+-

+ncountable nouns
+se these tests for uncountable nouns* +ncountable ,or non6count0 nouns cannot be made plural. We cannot say* two funs, three advices or 7ve furnitures. We never use a or an with them. We ask* #ow much money4time4milk5 ,8ot #ow many50 We say* A little help4e9ort. ,8ot A few.0
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*+/*,/+-

:ual cate ory nouns

; 'ome nouns may be countable or uncountable, dependin on how we use them. ; We buy a bo$ of chocolates ,countable0 or a bar of chocolate ,uncountable0. ; We ask* #ow much time5 but #ow many times5 ,where times < occasions0. ; We sit in front of a television ,set0 to watch television ,broadcastin 0.

*+/*,/+-

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(ield6speci7c nouns
; +ncountable nouns are often turned into countable nouns by specialists in a particular 7eld.They become part of the -ar on of that specialism. ; =rass is usually uncountable but botanists and ardeners talk about rasses. ; >in uists sometimes talk about ?n lishes. ; (inanciers refer to moneys or even monies. ; Teas may be used to mean types of tea.
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@emember that both countable and uncountable nouns can be divided into concrete and abstract nouns.

The distinction between concrete and abstract nouns is the most important one of all when you are analysin lin uistic data. A lot of abstract nouns in a te$t will have a bi impact on its re ister.
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.oncrete nd Abstr ct Nouns

A CONCRETE NOUN n %es so%ethin( th t c n be seen& he rd& s%elled& touched or t sted' E(3 shoe& c r& per#u%e& thorn etc''

An ABSTRACT NOUN n %es n ide & 4u lit) or ch r cteristic' E(3 Si%plicit)& be ut)& truth& intention'
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Concrete nouns
; Concrete nouns are the words that most people think of as nouns. ; They are mostly the names of ob-ects and animals ,countable0 and substances or materials ,uncountable0. ; Cake, o$y en, iron, boy, do , pen, lass, pome ranate, earthworm and door are all concrete nouns.

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Abstract nouns
; Abstract nouns name ideas, feelin s and !ualities. ; "ost, thou h not all, are uncountable. ; "any are derived from ad-ectives and verbs and have characteristic endin s such as Aity, 6ness, 6ence, and 6tion. ; They are harder to reco nise as nouns than the concrete variety.
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Abstract noun or ad-ective

; Bou wont confuse abstract nouns with ad-ectives, as lon as you apply a few tests. ; #appy is an ad-ective. 3t behaves like one* very happy2 so happy2 happier2 as happy as ; #appiness behaves like a noun* The happiness 3 feel2 her happiness2 reat happiness.
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A few more e$amples

,er or ad!ec"i$e A s"rac" noun
The di9erence between us. We were di9erent from each other. "y work is precise. The air is pure. 3 composed this tune. 3t is so beautiful. Bou support me.
*+/*,/+-

3 work with precision. The purity of the air. This tune is my composition. 3t has such beauty. The support www.classmateacademy.com www'cl ss% te c de%)'co% you ive me.

Sin(ul r nd Plur l Nouns

A singular noun n %es 5NE person& pl ce& thin(& or ide ' A plural noun n %es %ore th n one person& pl ce& thin(& or ide '

Most nouns re common nouns nd be(in with lowerc se letter'E(3 ch r cter& holid ) Proper nouns n %e speci#ic people& objects& ide s& or pl ces' 6he) be(in with c pit l letters' E(3 "honi& .hrist% s
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For%in( Plur l Nouns

o Most nouns dd s to #or% the plur l (irls o Nouns th t end in s& -ss& -sh& -ch& -x& or z& es to #or% the plur l churches o So%e nouns h ve irre(ul r plur ls3 deer deer child children li#e lives
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dd

7 )s to M !e
Endin(
Add 8s Add :es .h n(e 8) to 8i nd dd :es .h n(e 8# or 8#e to :ves

Noun Plur l
Rule

Most words will onl) re4uire ddin( n s to the end 9 dd 8s to words th t end in vowel:)& such s %on!e)s; Add 8es to words th n end in 8s& :/& :ch& :< 9double <;& nd 8sh' So%e words th t end in 8o& will lso dd 8es For words th t end in conson nt:)& drop the 8) nd dd :ies& such s cities& berries& duties& etc' For so%e words th t end in 8# or 8#e=e/ %ples include c lves& !nives& h lves& etc'

Irre(ul r 9word c n St ) the s %e> deer& sheep& %oose& etc' st ) s %e or .h n(e> children& %en& %ice& (eese ch n(e;
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.ollective Noun
Re#ers to (roup o# people or thin(s'

Even when collective noun is sin(ul r in #or% it still re#ers to (roup o# individu ls' E/ %ples3 herd& # %il)& school& crew& te % nd st ## 6he herd 9unit; runs w ) s we (et close'

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.ollective Noun
6hese collective nouns re co%%onl) used under the c te(or) o# people' A cl ss o# students' An r%) o# soldiers' A choir o# sin(ers' A crew o# s ilors' A b nd o# %usici ns' A bunch o# croo!s' A crowd o# people/spect tors' A ( n( o# thieves' A (roup o# d ncers' A te % o# pl )ers'

A troupe o# rtists/d ncers' A p c! o# thieves' A st ## o# e%plo)ees' A re(i%ent o# soldiers' A tribe o# n tives' An udience o# listeners' A p nel o# e/perts' A ( n( o# l bourers' A #loc! o# tourists'
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A bo rd o# directors'

.ollective Noun
6hese collective nouns re co%%onl) used under #or ni% ls'

A c tch/school o# #ish' An r%) o# nts' A #li(ht o# birds' A #loc! o# birds' A h ul o# #ish' A #loc! o# sheep'

A te % o# horses' A troop o# lions'

A <oo o# wild ni% ls' A p c! o# wolves' A litter o# puppies/!ittens' A sw r% o# bees/ nts/r ts/#lies' A te % o# horses/duc!s/o/en' A %urder o# crows' A !ennel o# do(s'
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A herd o# deer/c ttle/eleph nts/(o ts/bu# # loes' A hive o# bees' A litter o# cubs' A host o# sp rrows'

A p c! o# hounds'

.ollective Noun
6hese collective nouns re co%%onl) used under #or thin(s'

A (roup o# isl nds' A ( l /) o# st rs' A w d o# notes' A #orest o# trees' A st c! o# wood' A #leet o# ships' A strin( o# pe rls' An lbu% o# st %ps/ uto(r phs/photo(r phs' A hed(e o# bushes' A libr r) o# boo!s'

A b s!et o# #ruit' A bowl o# rice' A p c! o# c rds' A p ir o# shoes' A bou4uet o# #lowers' A bunch o# !e)s' A chest o# dr wers' A p c! o# lies' A r n(e o# %ount ins'
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A cloud o# dust'

.o%pund Noun
For%ed #ro% two or %ore words' So%e re written s sin(le words& so%e re h)phen ted nd so%e s sep r te' 5ne word3 toothbrush& b c!p c!& w ter%elon' H)phen ted word3 sel#:!nowled(e& sister:in:l w' Sep r te word3 South . rolin & 6 jM h l'
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Possessive Nouns

Possessive nouns re nouns th t show ownership' Possessive nouns c n be sin(ul r or plur l possessive'

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Sin(ul r Possessive Nouns

For sin(ul r noun th t does not end in 8s& )ou will dd n ?s :E/ %ple3 6he te cher@s des! w s in the #ront'

For sin(ul r noun th t ends in 8s& )ou c n dd ?s& but %ost sources reco%%end onl) ddin( n postrophe' :E/ %ple3 6he bus@s tire w s #l t' 6he bus@ tire w s #l t'

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Plur l Possessive Nouns

For plur l nouns th t end in 8s& )ou onl) need to dd n postrophe'

:6he #our c ts@ t ils were swin(in( in unison s the) loun(ed on the b c! o# the couch' :All o# the pl )ers@ hel%ets were st c!ed in the corner'
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Plur l Possessive Nouns

For plur l nouns th t do not end in 8s& )ou dd ?s to % !e the plur l possessive'

:E/ %ple3 6he children@s co ts were pl ced in the co t roo%' :E/ %ple3 6he %en@s restroo% w s loc ted in the b c! o# the rest ur nt' :E/ %ple3 6he people@s opinions were % de !nown t the protest'
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Pronouns
#ave you met my teacher5 'he is always lookin over my shoulder.

Pronouns take the place of nouns.

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Ases
o Pronouns pl ) % n) roles in sentence' o subject o E/ %ple3 He w l!s to school' o object o E/ %ple3 6he pro#essor w nted to %eet er' o mo!i"ier o E/ %ple3 T eir project w s the best in the cl ss'

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Pronouns nd Antecedents
o Antece!ent3 6he ntecedent is the word 9 noun; the pronoun repl ces' o Sam an! #ee h d lunch to(ether' T e$ were l te #or cl ss' o 6on)@s paper w s re ll) (ood' %t w s the best in the cl ss'

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PR5N5ANS3 6he S)ste%

'ub-ective
'in ular Plural

)b-ective
'in ular Plural

Possessive
'in ular Plural

Cst person Dnd person Erd person

3 you

we you

me you

us you

my your

our your

he she it

they

him her it

them

his her its

their

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First Rule to Re%e%ber

o A pronoun %ust (ree with its ntecedent 9the noun it re#ers to; in nu%ber nd (ender' o A student who wor!s h rd will #ind their h rd wor! is rew rded' o Students who wor! h rd will #ind their h rd wor! is rew rded'

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PR5N5ANS3 6ip B+
These are all sin ular, so they must be matched with sin ular pronounsG

o:id e$eryone 7nish "heir test5 o:id everyone 7nish his or her test5
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N5

Second Rule to Re%e%ber

o Pronouns %ust re#er cle rl) to one nd onl) one ntecedent'

o Cill c lled to 6o% s e w s le vin('

o Cill c lled to 6o% s Tom w s le vin('

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PR5N5ANS3 6ip BD
o Eli%in te v (ue nd unnecess r) pronouns to % !e )our sentences %ore concise' o In the colle(e c t lo( it h s ll the re4uired courses #or (r du tion' o 6he colle(e c t lo( h s ll the re4uired courses #or (r du tion'

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PR5N5ANS3 6ip B,
o 6o decide which pronoun is correct in co%pound& drop one o# the words nd see i# wh t@s le#t sounds correct' o E/ %ple3 o She listened c re#ull) to Sara an! %' NO o She listened c re#ull) to %' o She listened c re#ull) to me' o She listened c re#ull) to Sara an! me'

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Re#le/ive nd Intensive Pronouns

o Alw )s end in -self 9sin(ul r; or -selves 9plur l;

o &e % de oursel'es so%e popcorn'

o % m$sel" pre#er pot to chips'

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PR5N5ANS3 6ip Bo "on@t use re#le/ive or intensive pronouns loneE the) c n onl) be used when p ired with their ntecedents' o Ple se send the report to m$sel" s soon s possible' NO o Ple se send the report to me s soon s possible'

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Pronouns correctl) p ired with ntecedents

o Re#le/ive pronoun p ired with ntecedent3 o He % de imsel" !eep up with the re din( #ter the %idter%' o Intensive pronoun p ired with ntecedent3 o 6he instructor s id th t s e ersel" h d to w tch out #or spellin( errors'

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& at is a Pronoun(

A pronoun is word th t is used in pl ce o# noun or nother pronoun' Li!e noun& pronoun c n re#er to person& pl ce& thin(& or ide ' 6he word th t pronoun re#ers to is c lled its ntecedent' For E/ %ple3 M ri w s lost' She didn@t p nic' She chec!ed the #l shli(ht' It still wor!ed'

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#ist o" Personal Pronouns)

T$pe o" Pronoun Subject Object Possessi'e Singular *irst Person Secon! Person T ir! Person

I )ou he& she& it

%e )ou hi%& her& it

%)& %ine )our& )ours his& her& hers& its

Plural *irst Person Secon! Person T ir! Person

we )ou the)

us )ou the%
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our& ours )our& )ours their& theirs

& at is a Possessive Pronoun(

A possessive pronoun is person l pronoun used to show ownership or rel tionship'

Singular m$+ mine $our+ $ours er+ ers+ is+ its Plural our& ours )our& )ours their& theirs

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To be continue!)

6he possessive pronouns my, your, her, his, its, our, nd their co%e be#ore nouns' For E/ %ple3 6he do( pric!ed up its little e rs' ,o-ners ip. It s w the bo) nd he rd his loud cr) #or help' ,relations
ip.

6he owner nd his best #riend c %e to the rescue' ,relations

ip.

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Pronouns can be tric/$000

So%e possessive pronouns sound li!e contr ctions 9its/it@s& )our/)ou@re& their/the)@re;' Re%e%ber& possessi'e pronoun ne'er h s n apostrop e' A contraction& however& al-a$s h s n apostrop e'

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& at is an Interrogative Pronoun(

An interro( tive pronoun is used to introduce 4uestion' 6he interro( tive pronouns re who, whom, what, which, nd whose' For E/ %ple3 7ho used up ll the w ter( 7hose cup is this(

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& o is who an! - at is whom(

Who is lw )s used s subject or predic te pronoun' For E/ %ple3 Subject3 7ho c lled the power co%p n)F Predic te Pronoun3 6he electrici n is whoF Whom is lw )s used s n object' For E/ %ple3 "irect 5bject3 7ho% did )ou c llF Indirect 5bject3 Gou ( ve who% %) nu%berF 5bject o# the Preposition3 6o who% did )ou spe !F
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C ec/ "or un!erstan!ing)

"irections3 .o%plete e ch sentence with who or who%' +' HHHHH told )ou bout our pl nsF D' 6he person HHHHH I c lled is %) sisterF ,' HHHHH did Ar% ndo send #orF -' HHHHH re those wo%enF I' HHHHH h ve the people electedF

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C ec/ $our -or/)

+' D' ,' -' I' 7ho told )ou bout our pl nsF 6he person who% I c lled is %) sister' 7ho% did Ar% ndo send #orF 7ho re those wo%enF 7ho% h ve the people electedF

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& at is a Demonstrative Pronoun(

A de%onstr tive pronoun points out person& pl ce& thin(& or ide ' 6he de%onstr tive pronouns:this, that, these, nd those: re used lone in sentences' For E/ %ple3 6h t is circuit bre !er' 6his is our e%er(enc) shelter' 6hose re electric l ppli nces' 6hese re bottles o# w ter'

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Are $ou "ar sig te! or near sig te!(

This nd these point out people or thin(s th t re ne r' That nd those point out people or thin(s th t re # r w )' Ne'er use here or there with de%onstr tive pronoun' 6he pronoun lre d) tells which one or ones'

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& at is a Reflexive Pronoun(

A pronoun th t ends in sel# or selves is re#le/ive pronoun3 myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, herself, himself, itself, nd themselves' A re#le/ive pronoun re#ers to the subject nd directs the ction o# the verb b c! to the subject' A re#le/ive pronoun is lw )s n object 9never subject; in sentence' Re#le/ive pronouns re necess r) to the %e nin( o# sentence' For E/ %ple3 6he . rson # %il) tried to li#t the%selves out o# povert)' Cen . rson dedic ted hi%sel# to beco%in(
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doctor'

.hec! )our wor!=

A ch %eleon c n (ive itsel# t st) %e ls o# unsuspectin( insects' 9indirect object; I wish I could cl i% so%e o# its % <in( powers #or %)sel#' 9object o# the preposition; A ch %eleon protects itsel# #ro% d n(er b) ch n(in( colors' 9direct object;

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& at is an Indefinite Pronoun(

An inde#inite pronoun does not re#er to speci#ic person& pl ce& thin(& or ide ' Inde#inite pronouns o#ten do not h ve ntecedents' For E/ %ple3 Nothin( l sts #orever' An)one c n % !e ti%e c psule'

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#ist o" Indefinite Pronouns)

Singular anot er an$bo!$ an$one an$t ing eac eit er e'er$bo!$ e'er$one e'er$t ing muc neit er nobo!$ no one not ing one somebo!$ someone somet ing Plural both #ew % n) sever l Singular or Plural ll n) %ost none so%e

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.hec! )our wor!=

Coth wor!ed h rd' Let e ch help decor te' Sever l h ve c lled bout the job' Ever)one w s deli(hted t our p rt)' I thin! so%eone #or(ot this swe ter' H s n)one seen %) w lletF 5ne is bsent'

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A"0E.6I2ES

Identi#) li%itin(& descriptive& possessive& proper& 5bjectives nd de%onstr tive djectives in sentences' Ase the rticles a, an, nd the correctl)' H)phen te co%pound djectives when ppropri te'
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continue!
PP 1231a

continue!

Ase the positive& co%p r tive& nd superl tive 5bjectives de(rees o# djectives correctl)' Identi#) nouns %odi#ied b) djectives& djective phr ses& nd djective cl uses' "eter%ine the correct us (e o# co%%onl) %isused djectives'
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PP 1231b

A!jecti'e
An djective is word th t %odi#ies 9describes; noun or pronoun' Sever l djectives o#ten ppe r in one sentence' More th n one djective % ) describe the s %e noun or pronoun'

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PP 1232a

continue!

A!jecti'e

An djective nswers these 4uestions3 7h t !indF green, old, round, strong 7hich oneF this, that, these, those How % n)F two, few, 300, two-thirds, all, some 7hoseF hers, Marias, companies

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PP 1232b

#imiting A!jecti'es
Indic te how many5 M ) be nu%bers or words' We must wait six wee s for the new chairs! "isa charges a $200 consulting fee!

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PP 1234

6escripti'e A!jecti'es Be"ore Nouns

Answer the 4uestion What ind! Asu ll) precede nouns or #ollow lin!in( verbs' Are pl ced s closel) s possible to the noun or pronoun the) %odi#)'
We re#uest sealed $ids for the wor station estimates! "a# disorders may result from $oor posture!
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PP 1237

6escripti'e A!jecti'es A"ter #in/ing 8erbs

Modi#) nouns or pronouns used s subjects' Act s co%ple%ents 9predic te djectives;'
%roper office lighting is im$ortant! &he noise in this office seems ex#essive!

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PP 1239

Possessi'e A!jecti'es
Possessive pronouns such s my, her, his, your, its, our #unction s djectives' Modi#) noun or pronoun' Answer the 4uestion whose)
'ou should use a ey$oard that meets your needs! (e li ed his chair at wor so much that he $ought one for his home office! Ri#hard%s degree is in mar eting!
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PP 123:

Proper A!jecti'es
Proper a!jecti'es re proper nouns or words derived #ro% proper nouns th t #unction s djectives' 6he) nswer the 4uestion whi#h)
. pit li<e %ost proper djectives s )ou would proper nouns' We selected the Italian des lamps! "o not c pit li<e proper djectives when the) lose their connections with the proper nouns #ro% which the) were derived' *helly recommends a light $lue venetian $lind!
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PP 123;

6emonstrati'e A!jecti'es
6he #our de%onstr tive djectives th t %odi#) nouns re this, that, these, those& 6hese djectives nswer the 4uestion whi#h one! or whi#h ones! Ase this or that with sin(ul r nouns' Ase these nd those with plur l nouns'
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PP 123<a

continue!

6emonstrati'e A!jecti'es

E/ %ples$
We recommend this computer monitor for employees with vision pro$lems! We will have difficulty complying with that safety regulation! Many of these in+uries are unnecessary! ,re you sure those ey$oards reduce wrist discomfort)

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PP 123<b

=ui!elines "or Using ' or 'n

6he initi l sound 9not the #irst letter; o# the word th t #ollows n rticle deter%ines whether )ou will use a or an'
Ase a be#ore words be(innin( with a chair a des conson nt sound' a telephone a uniform
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PP 123>a

Ase a be#ore words be(innin( with the lon( sound o# u' a university a union

continue!

=ui!elines "or Using ' or 'n

Ase an be#ore words be(innin( with the vowel sounds a, e, i, o, nd the short sound o# u! an asset an outcome an unfortunate accident an estimate Ase an be#ore words be(innin( with silent ' an honest sales staff an honor an hour ago

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PP 123>b

T e Article The
Ase with sin(ul r or plur l nouns' Pl ce be#ore n) other djective when two or %ore djectives precede noun'
&a e short rest $rea s throughout the day! The indoor air #uality of the $uilding is excellent! The most well- nown category of -&. is carpal tunnel syndrome!
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PP 1231?

Compoun! A!jecti'es@H$p enate! Be"ore an! A"ter Nouns

So%e co%pound djective co%bin tions use h)phens when ppe rin( be#ore or #ter nouns or in other loc tions in sentence'
&his wor -related in+ury could have $een prevented! &his office was descri$ed to me as fast-$a#ed!

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PP 12311

Compoun! A!jecti'es@H$p enate! Onl$ Be"ore Nouns

So%e co%pound djective co%bin tions use ppe rin( be#ore noun' h)phen when

&his well- nown furniture company is the one we selected! 7hen these co%bin tions ppe r in other loc tions in sentence& the) do not re4uire h)phens' We selected this furniture company $ecause it is well nown!
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PP 12312

Common Compoun! A!jecti'es

"o not use h)phen when n djective plus noun co%bin tion is widel) reco(ni<ed s concept or institution'
/ur real estate agent recommended moving to a new location! Most of our positions re#uire more than a high s#hool education! &o avoid wrist in+ury, learn the eystro e com$inations for your word $ro#essing program!
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PP 12314

Nouns -it Numbers

Ase nd h)phen to connect nu%ber 9words or #i(ures; noun to #or% co%pound djective be#ore noun'
, )*-$ound o$+ect

, (-foot wor station

"o not use h)phen when the e/pression consistin( o# nu%ber nd noun #ollows the noun'
, wor station that is ( feet ,n o$+ect that is )* $ounds
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PP 12317

Numerical Compoun! A!jecti'es

Ase h)phens in the nu%bers between D+ nd JJ when the nu%bers re written s words'
+ighty-two out of one hundred adults will suffer $ac pro$lems at some point in their lives! /ur note to the $an is for 0s!31,133 2Thirty-five thousand five hundred thirty-three rupees3!

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PP 12319

Series o" Compoun! A!jecti'es

Ase h)phen in series o# co%pound djectives even thou(h the b se noun does not #ollow e ch djective'
,re you a$le to lift )*-, 20-, or ,0-$ound o$+ects) We had an opportunity to choose (-, --, or .-foot wor stations!

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PP 1231:

ASel"B &or!s
Ase h)phen when self is connected to nother word to #or% co%pound djective'
self-confidence self-reliant self-fulfilling self-worth

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PP 1231;

Positi'e 6egree
Ase the positive de(ree s the b se #or% o# the djective to describe one person& pl ce& thin(& 4u lit)& ide & or one (roup o# thin(s'
$right color #uiet printer tall $uilding high $id

&his tur#uoise fa$ric is a /right color! 4ran lin /ffice 4urniture su$mitted a high $id on the computer chairs!
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PP 1231<

Comparati'e 6egree
Ase the co%p r tive de(ree to co%p re two people& pl ces& ide s& 4u lities& or thin(s'
$righter color #uieter printer taller $uilding higher $id

&his tur#uoise fa$ric is a /righter color than the gray fa$ric! 4ran lin /ffice 4urniture su$mitted a higher $id on the computer chairs than 0incon 4urniture!
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PP 1231>

Superlati'e 6egree
Ase the superl tive de(ree to co%p re %ore th n two persons& pl ces& or thin(s'
$rightest color #uietest printer tallest $uilding highest $id

&his tur#uoise fa$ric is the /rightest color of all the fa$ric samples! 4ran lin /ffice 4urniture su$mitted the highest $id of all the vendors!
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PP 1232?

=ui!elines "or One3S$llable A!jecti'es

Add er to the positive #or% #or its co%p r tive de(ree' cool 5 er 6 cooler
tall old safe high clean 5 5 5 5 5 er er er er er 6 6 6 6 6 taller older safer higher cleaner
PP 12321a

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=ui!elines "or One3S$llable A!jecti'es

Add est to the positive #or% #or its superl tive de(ree' cool 5 est 6 coolest
tall old safe high clean 5 5 5 5 5 est est est est est 6 6 6 6 6 tallest oldest safest highest cleanest
PP 12321b

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=ui!elines "or T-o3S$llable A!jecti'es

Add er or dd more or less to the positive #or% #or its co%p r tive de(ree' Add est or dd most or least to the positive #or% #or its superl tive de(ree'
Positi'e
n rrow 4uiet si%ple

Comparati'e
n rrower or %ore n rrow 4uieter or %ore 4uiet si%pler
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Superlati'e
n rrowest or %ost n rrow 4uietest or %ost 4uiet si%plest
PP 12322

=ui!elines "or T ree3S$llable A!jecti'es

Add the words more or less be#ore the positive #or% #or its co%p r tive de(ree' Add the words most or least be#ore the positive #or% #or its superl tive de(ree'

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PP 12324a

continue!

=ui!elines "or T ree3S$llable A!jecti'es

Comparati'e
%ore ttr ctive %ore essenti l less e##icient less co%plic ted

Positi'e
ttr ctive essenti l e##icient co%plic ted

Superlati'e
%ost ttr ctive %ost essenti l le st e##icient le st co%plic ted

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PP 12324b

&or!s En!ing in y
.h n(e the y to i nd dd er or est to #or% the co%p r tive nd superl tive de(rees'
Positi'e
#riendl) bus) he v) h pp)

Comparati'e
#riendlier busier he vier h ppier
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Superlati'e
#riendliest busiest he viest h ppiest

PP 12327

Special *orms
So%e irre(ul r djectives ch n(e #or%s in their co%p r tive nd superl tive #or%s'
Positi'e
(ood b d little % n) %uch

Comparati'e
better worse less& lesser %ore %ore
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Superlati'e
best worst littlest& le st %ost %ost
PP 12329

Absolute A!jecti'es
E/presses the hi(hest de(ree'
circul r co%plete correct de d e%pt) hori<ont l ide l inst nt neous per#ect sin(le
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PP 1232:

str i(ht supre%e un ni%ous uni4ue vertic l

A!jecti'e Clauses
Ase who& whose& whi#h& nd that to connect to the noun or pronoun th t is %odi#ied' Pl ce n djective cl use i%%edi tel) #ter the noun th t is described' Ase co%% s to set side the cl use when it does not dd to the %e nin( o# the sentence 9nonrestrictive cl use; nd do not use co%% s when the cl use is necess r) to the %e nin( o# the sentence 9restrictive;'
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PP 1232;a

continue!

A!jecti'e Clauses

E/ %ple o# nonrestrictive cl use

&he firms main office, whi#h is in 0outh 1arolina, compiled statistics on wor place in+uries!

E/ %ples o# restrictive cl uses

Wor ers who must re$eat the same motion throughout the day are most li ely to develop 0*7s! *everal We$sites that I dis#overed provide excellent information a$out ergonomics!
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PP 1232;b

A!jecti'e P rases
Function s %odi#iers o# nouns or pronouns nd % ) be in#initive phr ses& p rticipi l phr ses& or preposition l phr ses'
To avoid $ain in my wrists, 7 wear a wrist support! 2aving no /rea from wor ing on the #om$uter, 7 noticed that my eyes were dry! &he wireless mouse from 1om$uter Town was highly recommended!
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PP 1232<

3ewer45ess
Ase fewer with plur l nouns th t c n be counted' Ase less with sin(ul r nouns th t re#er to de(ree or %ount or to thin(s th t c nnot be counted' 8sing computer function eys causes fewer hand in+uries! *imple ergonomic changes cost less money to implement than you might imagine! &reehorn 9oo s had fewer complaints after lowering the $oo shelves! www.classmateacademy.com
PP 1232>

3arther43urther
Ase farther to re#er to ph)sic l dist nce' Ase further to %e n ddition l' &he printer is farther from my wor station than 7 li e! &he new office supply store is farther from our office than we expected! %oor indoor air #uality causes further pro$lems to people with asthma! :ane will provide further information a$out the wor station at the next meeting! www.classmateacademy.com
PP 1234?

5atter45ater45ast45atest
Ase latter to re#er to the second o# two persons& pl ces& or thin(s %entioned' Ase later to re#er to ti%e' Ase last to re#er to wh tever #ollows ever)thin( else in series' Ase latest to re#er to ti%e 9 s in %ost recent;'

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PP 12341a

continue!

5atter45ater45ast45atest

E/ %ples
&he latter plan for the reception area is more comforta$le for visitors than the others that were su$mitted! &he latest set of statistics a$out wor -related in+uries +ust arrived! We ordered new computer ey$oards last year! &he later time for the planning meeting was not suita$le for me!
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PP 12341b

6eterminers
A !eterminer is a -or! or a group o" -or!s t at intro!uces a noun 5

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6eterminers go be"ore nouns5 6here re "our /in!s o# deter%iners3

Articles 9a, an, the; Possessive Adjectives 9my, your, his& etc'; "e%onstr tive Adjectives 9this, that, these, those; Ku nti#iers 9a lot of, a few, some& etc';

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Possessi'e A!jecti'es
Possessive pronouns such s my, her, his, your, its, our #unction s djectives' Modi#) noun or pronoun' Answer the 4uestion whose)
'ou should use a ey$oard that meets your needs! (e li ed his chair at wor so much that he $ought one for his home office! Ri#hard%s degree is in mar eting!
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PP 123:

Proper A!jecti'es
Proper a!jecti'es re proper nouns or words derived #ro% proper nouns th t #unction s djectives' 6he) nswer the 4uestion whi#h)
. pit li<e %ost proper djectives s )ou would proper nouns' We selected the Italian des lamps! "o not c pit li<e proper djectives when the) lose their connections with the proper nouns #ro% which the) were derived' *helly recommends a light $lue venetian $lind!
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PP 123;

6emonstrati'e A!jecti'es
6he #our de%onstr tive djectives th t %odi#) nouns re this, that, these, those& 6hese djectives nswer the 4uestion whi#h one! or whi#h ones! Ase this or that with sin(ul r nouns' Ase these nd those with plur l nouns'
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PP 123<a

continue!

6emonstrati'e A!jecti'es

E/ %ples$
We recommend this computer monitor for employees with vision pro$lems! We will have difficulty complying with that safety regulation! Many of these in+uries are unnecessary! ,re you sure those ey$oards reduce wrist discomfort)

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PP 123<b

=ui!elines "or Using ' or 'n

6he initi l sound 9not the #irst letter; o# the word th t #ollows n rticle deter%ines whether )ou will use a or an'
Ase a be#ore words be(innin( with a chair a des conson nt sound' a telephone a uniform
www.classmateacademy.com
PP 123>a

Ase a be#ore words be(innin( with the lon( sound o# u' a university a union

continue!

=ui!elines "or Using ' or 'n

Ase an be#ore words be(innin( with the vowel sounds a, e, i, o, nd the short sound o# u! an asset an outcome an unfortunate accident an estimate Ase an be#ore words be(innin( with silent ' an honest sales staff an honor an hour ago

www.classmateacademy.com
PP 123>b

T e Article The
Ase with sin(ul r or plur l nouns' Pl ce be#ore n) other djective when two or %ore djectives precede noun'
&a e short rest $rea s throughout the day! The indoor air #uality of the $uilding is excellent! The most well- nown category of -&. is carpal tunnel syndrome!
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PP 1231?

Cuanti"iers 3 SOME D ANE

7e use some nd any with both count ble nd uncount ble nouns'

0ome is used in ##ir% tive sentences' 7 need to $uy some $read! &here are some apples in the itchen!

'ny is used in both ne( tive sentences nd 4uestions' 7 dont have any pen to use! .o you have any pen you can lend me)
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Cuanti"iers 3 SOME D NO D ANE

7e c n use some in 4uestions which re o##ers or re4uests' Would you li e some coffee)

NO D ANE 7e use no #ter n ##ir% tive verb nd any #ter ne( tive verb' &here is no mil left! &here isnt any mil left!

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SOMEBO6E D ANEBO6E D NOBO6E D E8EREBO6E

PE5PLE 6HINGS PLA.ES

F 3

some$ody someone not any$ody not anyone no$ody no one

something not anything nothing

somewhere not anywhere nowhere

( any$ody
anyone

anything
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anywhere

MUCH D MANE D A #OT O* D A *E& D A #%TT#E

7e use a lot of 4 lots of with both count ble nd uncount ble nouns' 7 have lots of good movies to see! 7 spend a lot of time watching &;!

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MUCH D MANE D A #OT O* D A *E& D A #%TT#E

7e use mu#h nd a little onl) with uncount ble nouns' 7 dont have mu#h money to go out today' 7 thin 7 need a little help! 7e use many nd a few onl) with count ble nouns' *he has many nice color pens! &here are a few students who didnt do the homewor !
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A-,ER*S

Adverbs describe nd %odi#) or ch n(e other words& just s djectives do' H57E2ER& inste d o# descri$ing things& the) descri$e actions < #ualities' Adverbs #ualify the %e nin(s o# verbs& djectives& nd other dverbs' For e/ %ple3

How did the runner runF How deep w s the snowF How well did the sin(er sin(F

Adverbs h ve the nswers to ll these 4uestionsL

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E%ample

He pl )ed (uit r s!ill#ull)' He pl )ed (uit r dre d#ull)' He pl )ed (uit r p ssion tel) '

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.ea"ures o& Ad$er s

+' D' ,' -' M n) dverbs end in ly Adverbs %odi#) Pl ce%ent o# dverbs Adverbs nd co%p risons

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/012any ad$er s end in 3ly

M n) dverbs re #or%ed b) ddin( ly to n djective' E/3 lovel)& u(l)& s dl)& h ppil)& brie#l)& e sil)& trul)' 7 rnin(3 -ly endin( does not (u r ntee word is n djectiveL
Adjective Kuiet M -ly Endin( l) > Adverb Kuietl)

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HOW?
4s or was i" done?
Rules bout dverbs3
+' Ase dverbs sp rin(l) b/se the) c use wordiness nd w!w rdness D' Cew re o# words endin( in ly th t re not dverbs
E/ %ples3 lovel)& lonel)& (h stl)& nd worldl) 6hese e/ %ples do not nswer the 4uestion H57F 6hese e/ %ples re re ll) djectivesL

,' Alw )s (o b c! to the H57F Rule

H57F Is/w s it doneF
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/51 Ad$er s 2odi&y

7hen )ou use n dverb& )ou %odi#) or ch n(e the %e nin( o# verb& n djective& or nother verb' Modi#) verb

E/3 Good drivers turn the corner slowl)' E/3 Re ll) (ood drivers turn th t corner slowl) E/3 Good drivers turn th t corner ver) slowl)
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Modi#) djective

Modi#) dverb

/61 (lacemen" o& Ad$er s

Adverbs %odi#)in( verbs c n usually be %oved round in sentence w/out ch n(in( the %e nin(' Ce#ore verb E/3 6he c r i%%edi tel) stopped' A#ter verb E/3 6he c r stopped i%%edi tel)' Adverbs th t %odi#) djectives or other dverbs $elong right in the front of the words they modify! Ce#ore djective E/3 6h t@s n e/tre%el) d n(erous corner #or bic)cle riders' Ce#ore dverb E/3 6he c r turned the corner re ll) 4uic!l)'
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/71 Ad$er s and 8omparisons

Re(ul r dverbs
F st E rl) R pidl) E sil) F ster E rlier More r pidl) More e sil) F stest E rliest Most r pidl) Most e sil)

Irre(ul r dverbs
C dl) F r 7ell 7orse F rther Cetter
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7orst F rthest Cest

8on&using ad$er
Adverb 7ell C dl)

pairs
Surel)

Re ll)

Adjective

Good

C d

Re l

Sure

E/ %ples3
Her test results were (ood' 9 djective lin!ed to results; She did well on her test' 9 dverb %odi#)in( verb did;

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A!'erbs usuall$ eGpress a relation o" place+ time+ manner+ number or !egree -it t e 'erb5 & en a!'erbs ans-er t e Huestion I&HERE(I t e$ eGpress a relation o" P#ACEJ here, there, inside, outside, everywhere, southward & en a!'erbs ans-er t e Huestion I&HEN(I t e$ eGpress a relation o" T%MEJ after, /efore, sin#e, already, soon, then, now & en a!'erbs ans-er t e Huestion IHO&(I t e$ eGpress a relation o" MANNERJ hard, easily, loudly, 6ui# ly, silently, ha$$ily, sadly www.classmateacademy.com

T e Meaning o" A!'erbs an! "unctions

T e Meaning o" A!'erbs an! "unctions

& en a!'erbs ans-er t e Huestion IHO& O*TEN(I t e$ eGpress a relation o" NUMBERJ always, never, seldom, fre6uently, on#e, twi#e, often & en a!'erbs ans-er t e Huestion ITO &HAT EKTENT(I t e$ eGpress a relation o" 6E=REEJ almost, also, only, very, enough, rather, too A!'erbs ma$ also eGpress A**%RMAT%ON or 6EN%A# yes, no, not, #ertainly, $ro/a/ly, $erha$s All CUEST%ON -or!s are also a!'erbs5 www.classmateacademy.com how, why, where, when

E'entuall$0 T e a!'erbsL "unctionM T e a!'erb mo!i"ies a ver/+ an ad7e#tive+ another adver/ nd senten#e5

T e Meaning o" A!'erbs an! "unctions

E/' 8 T e ban! marc e! 6ui# ly to t e music5 96he dverb 6ui# ly %odi#ies the verb mar#hed; E/' 8 T e ban! pla$e! very popular songs5 96he dverb very %odi#ies the djective $o$ular; E/' 8 % it im right on is nose5 96he dverb right %odi#ies the preposition on; E/' 8 T e$ li'e! nearly on t e top o" t e ill5 96he dverb nearly %odi#ies phr se on the to$ of the hill&;

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T e Meaning o" A!'erbs an! "unctions

E/' 8 3ortunately, % remembere! in time - o e -as5 96he dverb fortunately %odi#ies sentence; NAdverb nd Adverbi lO Adverbi l > word or (roup o# words #unction s n dverb' E/': He will co%e soon' 9 dverb; He will co%e in #ew d )s' 9 dverbi l; He will co%e #ter he #inished his wor!'9 dverbi l;

T e$ are t ree places in t e sentences - ere an

a!'erb can go5 T e$ are calle! front, mid an! end position a!'erb5
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T e Position o" A!'erbs

A&"er $er when i" modi9ed $er '

6 The old woman walks slowly.

*e&ore ad!ec"i$e when i" modi9ed ad!ec"i$e'

6 'am is very stron .

*e&ore ad$er when i" modi9ed ad$er ' : The train is very fast. *e&ore sen"ence when i" modi9ed sen"ence' : (ortunately, the weather stayed 7ne. 6 We probably wont et there in time. www.classmateacademy.com

*orms o" A!'erbs

15 A!'erb o" Manner is usuall$ a!! -it Al$B Huic/ N Huic/l$ care"ul N care"ull$ nois$ N noisil$ "ull N "ull$ 25 A!'erb as t e same -it A!jecti'eM "ast+ ar!+ straig t+ lo-+ long+ enoug 45 A!jecti'e -it Al$B manl$+ co-ar!l$+ brot erl$+ sill$+ li'el$+ lo'el$+ el!erl$+ www.classmateacademy.com

A!'erb C allenge
Here re the #our dverbs c te(oriesE ti%e& pl ce % nner nd de(ree3
$ester!a$ reall$ laOil$ o'er care"ull$ !ail$ urrie!l$ "or-ar! ere almost tomorro- ar!l$ t ere ner'ousl$ 'er$ be"ore soon scarcel$ e'er$- ere brilliantl$

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A!'erb C allenge
Time
,ans-ers - en.

Place
,ans-ers - ere.

Manner
,ans-ers o-.

6egree
,ans-ers to - at eGtent.

Eester!a$ TomorroSoon Be"ore 6ail$

O'er T ere E'er$- ere Here *or-ar!

Hurrie!l$ Brilliantl$ Care"ull$ #aOil$ Ner'ousl$ Scarcel$

Almost 8er$ Har!l$ Reall$

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