A Study of Blood Sugar Meter Embedded in Mobile Phone

Sindhu Velayudham, J.Jenifer ,Electronics and Communication Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Chennai.
1 sindhuvel92@gmail.com 2 joseph.jenifer@ymail.com

ABSTRACTA new portable blood sugar meter embedded in mobile phone is proposed in this paper. This system adopts MSP430 single chip microcomputer (SCM)as central controlling and software platform based on Java mobile phone. It is an inexpensive, convenient and rapid way to obtain blood sugar level. Furthermore, users can transfer the measure results to doctors or secure server and get the feedback Rx by the mobile network in time. We develop the method of data processing and discuss the temperature compensation. According to the experience, the maximal measure error of this system is 7.84% which is satisfied with the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendation.

doctors and diabetic. So the development of an accurate and precise self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and the efficient techniques of information exchange between doctors and diabetics are strongly required. For this purpose, a new portable blood sugar meter embedded in mobile phone is proposed in this paper. The blood sugar meter proposed here, which is integrated into mobile phone, is an inexpensive, convenient, rapid and safe way to obtain blood sugar level. Diabetes can measure the blood sugar level anytime and anywhere, then the system will transfer the information describing the state of illness to the corresponding secure server and get the feedback Rx by the mobile network in time. II.SYSTEM DESIGN In this system, the blood glucose-testing device is plugged into the auxiliary port of a conventional mobile phone. The circuit board is only 3cmx1cm, which can be set in the mobile phone conveniently. The test interface and interior circuit are shown in Fig. 1.

I.INTRODUCTION Diabetes is called the silent murderer, because it does not cause the death but the complications associated with it have been afflicting millions of people. Diabetes are at high risk for heart attack, retinopathy, nephropathy and so on, even can cause to stroke and amputation. Now diabetes can be potentially identified, treated, and prevented much more easily. But most methods used to measure blood sugar level adopt specific installation and lacking in the information feedback. As shown in the previous investigation, the prevalence of diabetes still continues to grow and many people are in agony of it because they are not cured in time due to the information delay between

The hardware part of this system is comprised of enzyme electrode sensor, signal processing, data acquisition and MSP430 single chip microcomputer (SCM) as shown in fig. 2. We adopt MSP430 SCM as the central control unit and design the software platform based on Java mobile phone to accomplish the serial communication between SCM and the mobile phone. The software of this tester is

compatible with the mobile phone so that the analyzed results can be displayed on the phones screen. The measure results and other parameters of each glucose test will be stored on the mobile phones memory in order to comparative analysis of the data collected during a period. In addition, the stored results can be automatically send to hospital server by short message, and then

doctors give the treatment plans which used descriptive statistics to access patient characteristics, including age, race, diabetes duration, treatment, control, and compliance with testing. Finally, hospital can control the insulin pumps carried by patients through GSM in time. However, it must be according to the individual discrepancy, more frequent monitoring may be appropriate for poorly controlled patients and for patients who adjust their pre-meal short-acting insulin. Stable patients who do not adjust insulin does require less intensive testing. However, Optimal SMBG testing strategy for these patients is unknown. Therefore, testing strategies must obtain sufficient data to accurately assess blood glucose level control and patterns of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. III. DATA PROCESSING A. Electrode Calibration Algorithm: The blood glucose test in this paper adopts the biology enzyme electrode sensor which

is based on electric current. Compared with electrical potential sensor, it is more sensitive, simple and intuitional. The enzyme electrode sensor is comprised of Glucose Oxidation enzyme (GOX) and medium such as Fe. When blood drips into the test paper, the electron adhered on the carbon electrode surface will be oxidized by catalysis. The Relationship between the current of Oxidation-deoxidize and blood glucose level are linearity. By measuring the value of oxidation electric current, we can calculate the blood glucose level. The reaction process of glucose enzyme electrode is presented as shown in Fig.3. The dispersion ratio of enzyme electrode can be influenced by equipments, methods, active matter and operator. So we must take the corresponding electrode calibration algorithm of this system at first. And then contrast the measure results with the standard calculated from the electrode calibration algorithm, we will get the users glucose level. The electrode Calibration algorithm is defined as follows:

glucose level 2.2 27.8 mmol/L,the range of response current is 3 50 A. The principle of blood sugar level is based on this relationship. According to the curve shownin Fig.4, we can see that the response current reach the peak at 11s,so pre-11s is the reaction period; the later 5.3s is the sample time. Calculate the later 5.3s current area to get the electric quantity Q. Then we get the standard coefficient K through the Eq. (1) according to the given blood glucose level C. The experiment adopts the enzyme electrode of test papers, which are selected from same batch products by random sampling, to measure the given concentration C. The average response electric current I is the characteristic parameter which reflects the performance of these enzyme electrodes. We can obtain electric quantity Q by electric current area integral. Additionally, we may use the electric quantity as another form of the enzyme electrode performance. Through the test, take 0.4V working voltage on the electrode, the glucose oxidation enzyme that fixed on the electrode reacts with the glucose of blood sample when the blood sample drops into the test area of electrode. After a certain delay (A-B),the relationship between the response current of enzyme electrode and the glucose concentration are linear as shown in the Fig.4.Corresponding with the blood ( )
( )

(1) (2)

Sequentially, we deduce the blood glucose level Cx through Eq. (1) and (2), Cx=
( )

(3)

B. Temperature Compensation: Temperature is the most important influencing factor of the enzymatic activity and the enzyme catalysis reaction rate. Even if the experiment uses the same level sample, the enzymatic activity will change with the temperature. So that we import the temperature compensation to make the measure results more accurate. The temperature influence on the enzyme catalysis reaction is as shown in Fig.5. It is shown

that the relationship between enzymatic activity and temperature approximate presents linearization before 50C. The enzymatic activity becomes increased as temperature raise at first but decreases rapidly when the temperature exceeds 50C, because the partial enzyme is devitalized or running off when the temperature is quite high, so that in this system we adopt 25C as temperature benchmark. According to the experiment, during 0 40C,the glucose enzyme temperature coefficient ,Kt is 0.7 1.2. Through the system testing and results analysing ,we get the temperature compensation formula: Kt=0.0133*t+0.067 (4)

Therefore, the final formula of blood glucose level is Cx=

(5)

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this paper, we adopt the hospital sample of serum EM1-0510-B as the standard. The comparison of measured value and the standard value is as shown in the Fig.6.Where the block marking describe the

standard value, other lines give three different measured values. According to the test result, we find that the measured value is lower than the standard sample of serum at the high level. The reason is that the source of blood is capillary vessel in SMBG and the standard sample comes from serumor plasma of vein. Moreover, there is some excessive uric acid; dopamine and

aminophenol carried by the special medicine in the blood. The oxidation disturbance material can oxidize on the electrode surface and the oxidation electric current can influence on the measurement accuracy. Moreover, based on the test results, we also find that the influence of the test paper aspects on storage period, air, temperature and humidity which can cause the electrochemistry characteristic degenerate. It is possible to induce the blood glucose level descend. We identify several factors that contribute to lower glucose precision in patients performing SMBG compared with medical laboratory technologists including:(a)Wrong operation procedure. Move the indicator paper during the measurement; remain alcohol on the test area.(b)Take blood improper. Inadequate sample delivery does not guarantee a negative bias to the result. If patients take blood insufficient or excessive and overflow the testing area, in addition, extrude the capillary vessel excessively. Overestimation of blood glucose could lead to hypoglycemia whereas underestimation of blood glucose could lead to hyperglycemia.(c)Influence of indicator paper. The characteristic indicator paper is the vital importance factor that influence on the measurement accuracy. Therefore, the storage of indicator paper is very important. To keep away from moist, keep dry and cool, not touch the test area of indicator paper, select single package, in addition, pay attention to the valid period while purchasing the paper and so on. The relationship between the test error and the standard blood glucose concentration is as shown in Fig.7. The test error is: (6) Where A is the standard sample concentration, At is single test blood glucose level. The maximal test error in this system is 7.84% which suits ADA recommendation.

The ADA advises that the maximal error between SMBG and standard experimental result is 15%.

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V.CONCLUSION In this paper, a new style portable blood sugar meter embedded in mobile phone is proposed. We adopt MSP430SCM as central controlling and design the software platform based on Java mobile phone. According to the experiment, this system works stably and exactly. Taking electrode calibration algorithm and import temperature compensation, we get the measure results and contrast them with standard value. The maximal measure error of this system is 7.84% which suits the ADA recommendation. This system has the network function so that patients can get feedback treatment messages and adjust treatment plans from the diabetes doctors in time. This monitoring device can help people with diabetes improve the control of their blood sugar levels and enhance the self management of their condition, give young adults a much better chance of a life without the long-term complication of diabetes and sustain glucose in a narrow range near normal. REFERENCES [1] C.David, M.D. Klonoff, FACP, Roadmap for 21st century diabetes therapy, Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(5).