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    Membrane Technology Covers All Engineering Approaches For The Transport of Substances Between

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    Dheeraj Shukla
    Membrane technology uses permeable membranes to separate substances without heating. It is widely used for non-thermal separations in food, biotech, and pharmaceuticals. Key applications include desalination, which produces 7 million cubic meters of drinking water annually, and separations like reverse osmosis that cannot be done through distillation. Membrane processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, which separate particles and molecules of different sizes.

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    Membrane Technology Covers All Engineering Approaches For The Transport of Substances Between

    Uploaded by

    Dheeraj Shukla
    33 views3 pages
    Membrane technology uses permeable membranes to separate substances without heating. It is widely used for non-thermal separations in food, biotech, and pharmaceuticals. Key applications include desalination, which produces 7 million cubic meters of drinking water annually, and separations like reverse osmosis that cannot be done through distillation. Membrane processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, which separate particles and molecules of different sizes.

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    Membrane technology uses permeable membranes to separate substances without heating. It is widely used for non-thermal separations in food, biotech, and pharmaceuticals. Key applications include desalination, which produces 7 million cubic meters of drinking water annually, and separations like reverse osmosis that cannot be done through distillation. Membrane processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, which separate particles and molecules of different sizes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    33 views3 pages

    Membrane Technology Covers All Engineering Approaches For The Transport of Substances Between

    Uploaded by

    Dheeraj Shukla
    Membrane technology uses permeable membranes to separate substances without heating. It is widely used for non-thermal separations in food, biotech, and pharmaceuticals. Key applications include desalination, which produces 7 million cubic meters of drinking water annually, and separations like reverse osmosis that cannot be done through distillation. Membrane processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, which separate particles and molecules of different sizes.

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    Definition Membrane technology covers all engineering approaches for the transport of substances between two fractions with

    the help of permeable membranes. In general, mechanical separation processes for separating gaseous or liquid streams use membrane technology. Application Membrane separation processes operate without heating and therefore use less energy than conventional thermal separation processes such as distillation, sublimation or crystallization. The separation process is purely physical and both fractions (permeate and retentate) can be used. Cold separation using membrane technology is widely used in the food technology, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, using membranes enables separations to take place that would be impossible using thermal separation methods. For example, it is impossible to separate the constituents of azeotropics liquids or solutes which form isomorphic crystals by distillation or recrystallization but such separations can be achieved using membrane technology. Depending on the type of membrane, the selective separation of certain individual substances or substance mixtures is possible. Important technical applications include the production of drinking water by reverse osmosis (worldwide approximately 7 million cubic meters annually), filtrations in the food industry, the recovery of organic vapors such as petro-chemical vapor recovery and the electrolysis for chlorine production. Membrane operations Gas Separation Processes:

    microfiltration ultrafiltration Nano-filtration reverse osmosis

    Microfiltration Microfiltration is a well-developed membrane process. Commercially, it is the largest and most developed of any studied. It has a high rate of investment and a high level of success. The profitable products developed by this industry concentrate on high value applications such as pharmaceuticals, foods, chemicals for making semiconductor integrated circuits, etc. These applications are exacting, demanding and do not require commodity pricing. There are important applications at the mass usage end of the spectrum; perhaps even potable water and sewage treatment. These applications require a different sort of thinking about product design, manufacturing and pricing. Microfiltration is loosely defined as a membrane separation process using membranes with a

    pore size of approximately 0.03 to 10 microns (1 micron = 0.0001 millimeter), a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of greater than 1000,000 Daltons and a relatively low feed water operating pressure of approximately 100 to 400 kPa (15 to 60psi) Materials removed by MF include sand, silt, clays, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium cysts, algae, and some bacterial species. MF is not an absolute barrier to viruses. However, when used in combination with disinfection, MF appears to control these microorganisms in water. There is a growing emphasis on limiting the concentrations and number of chemicals that are applied during water treatment. By physically removing the pathogens, membrane filtration can significantly reduce chemical addition, such as chlorination. Another application for the technology is for removal of natural synthetic organic matter to reduce fouling potential. In its normal operation, MF removes little or no organic matter; however, when pretreatment is applied, increased removal of organic material can occur. MF can be used as a pretreatment to RO or NF to reduce fouling potential. Both RO and NF have been traditionally employed to desalt or remove hardness from groundwater.

    Ultrafiltration Of the developed membrane processes, ultrafiltration was ranked highest as an area for increased research attention. This reflected the opportunities for further growth of this technology if unsolved problems are addressed. Fouling-resistant membranes is clearly a preferred research topic, but improved modules which are lower in cost and inherently more fouling resistant, or modules which use less energy to control fouling, were other approaches given high priority. Finally , the development of membranes and modules able to treat solutions at high temperatures, at high and low pHs, and containing solvents was considered to be a significant opportunity for ultrafiltration research, but of less importance than fouling-control research. Current membranes and modules are almost all polymer based and cannot be exposed to harsh environments. Ceramic membranes are being developed that have promise and are finding niche applications. If the cost and reliability of these modules could be improved, a number of significant opportunities for large-scale use of ultrafiltration would develop. Ultrafiltration has a pore size of approximately 0.002 to 0.1 microns, an MWCO of approximately 10,000 to 100,000 Daltons, and an operating pressure of approximately 200 to 700 kPa (30 to 100 psi). UF will remove all microbiological species removed by MF (partial removal of bacteria), as well as some viruses (but not an absolute barrier to viruses) and humic materials. Disinfection can provide a second barrier to contamination and is therefore recommended.

    The primary advantages of low-pressure UF membrane processes are compared with conventional clarification and disinfection (post-chlorination) processes are:

    No need for chemicals (coagulants, flocculants, disinfectants, pH adjustment) Size-exclusion filtration as opposed to media depth filtration

    Constant quality of the treated water in terms of particle and microbial removal Process and plant compactness Simple automation

    Nano-filtration Nano filtration membranes have a nominal pore size of approximately 0.001 microns and an MWCO of 1,000 to 100,000 Daltons. Pushing water through these smaller membrane pores requires a higher operation pressure than either MF or UF. Operating pressures are usually near 600 kPa (90psi) and can be as high as 1,000 kPa (150psi). These systems can remove virtually all yeast, bacteria, viruses, and humic materials. They provide excellent protection from DBP formation if the disinfectant residual is added after the membrane filtration step. Because NF membranes also remove alkalinity, the product water can be corrosive, and measures, such as blending raw water and product water or adding alkalinity, may be needed to reduce corrosivity. NF also removes hardness from water, which accounts for NF membranes sometimes being called softening membranes. Hard water treated by NF will need pretreatment to avoid precipitation of hardness ions on the membrane. However, more energy is required for NF than MF or UF. Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis can effectively remove nearly all inorganic contaminants from water. RO can also effectively remove radium, natural organic substances, pesticides, yeast, bacteria and viruses. RO is particularly effective when used in series with multiple units. Disinfection is also recommended to ensure the safety of water. Some of the advantages of RO are: Removes nearly all contaminant ions and most dissolved non-ions, Relatively insensitive to flow and total dissolved solids (TDS level and suitable for small systems with a high degree of seasonal fluctuation in water demand, RO operates immediately, without any minimum break-in period, Low effluent concentration possible, Bacteria and particles are also removed, and Operational simplicity and automation allow for less operator attention and make RO Suitable for small system applications.

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