GPL Reference Guide

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GPL Reference Guide
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Contents
1 Introduction to GPL 1
Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Brief Overview of GPL Algebra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 How Coordinates and the Algebra Interact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Statement and Function Reference

GRAPH Statement . . . SOURCE Statement . . DATA Statement . . . . TRANS Statement . . . SCALE Statement. . . . COORD Statement . . . GUIDE Statement. . . . ELEMENT Statement . Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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11 12 13 13 14 19 23 28 35 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 42 42 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
base Function . . . . . . . . . . . . base.aesthetic Function. . . . . base.all Function . . . . . . . . . . base.coordinate Function . . . begin Function . . . . . . . . . . . . bin.dot Function . . . . . . . . . . . bin.quantile.letter Function . . bin.rect Function . . . . . . . . . . binCount Function . . . . . . . . . binStart Function . . . . . . . . . . binWidth Function . . . . . . . . . closed Function . . . . . . . . . . . cluster Function. . . . . . . . . . . col Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . collapse Function . . . . . . . . . color Function . . . . . . . . . . . . color.brightness Function. . . . color.hue Function . . . . . . . . . color.saturation Function . . . . csvSource Function . . . . . . . .
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dataMinimum Function . . . . . . . . . . . dataMaximum Function . . . . . . . . . . . delta Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . end Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eval Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exclude Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exponent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gridlines Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . include Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jump Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . label Function (For Graphic Elements) label Function (For Guides) . . . . . . . . map Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . min Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . missing.gap Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . missing.interpolate Function . . . . . . . missing.wings Function . . . . . . . . . . . notIn Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . origin Function (For Graphs). . . . . . . . origin Function (For Scales) . . . . . . . . position Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . preserveStraightLines Function . . . . . reflect Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . region.confi.smooth Function. . . . . . . region.spread.confi Function . . . . . . . region.spread.range Function . . . . . . region.spread.sd Function . . . . . . . . . region.spread.se Function . . . . . . . . . reverse Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scale Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shape Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . size Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . smooth.cubic Function. . . . . . . . . . . . smooth.linear Function . . . . . . . . . . . smooth.loess Function . . . . . . . . . . . . smooth.mean Function. . . . . . . . . . . . smooth.spline Function . . . . . . . . . . . smooth.step Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . smooth.quadratic Function . . . . . . . . sort.data Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sort.natural Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . sort.statistic Function . . . . . . . . . . . .
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sort.values Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . split Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . start Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . startAngle Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . summary.count Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . summary.count.cumulative Function . . . . summary.max Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . summary.min Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . summary.mean Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . summary.percent Function. . . . . . . . . . . . summary.percent.cumulative Function. . . summary.sum Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . summary.sum.cumulative Function . . . . . texture.pattern Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ticks Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . transparency Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . transpose Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . userSource Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . values Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples
97
Using the Examples in Your Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Summary Bar Chart Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Simple Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple Bar Chart of Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple Horizontal Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple Bar Chart With Error Bars. . . . . . . . . . Simple Bar Chart with Bar for All Categories . Stacked Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clustered Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clustered and Stacked Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . Bar Chart Using an Evaluation Function . . . . . Paneled Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-D Bar Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Error Bar Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Histogram Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Histogram . . . . . . . . . Frequency Polygon . . Stacked Histogram . . Cumulative Histogram ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 98 . . 98 . . 99 . 100 . 101 . 101 . 102 . 103 . 103 . 104 . 106 . 106 . 107 . . . . 107 108 108 109
High-Low Chart Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Simple Range Bar for One Variable . . Simple Range Bar for Two Variables . High-Low-Close Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . Scatter/Dot Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple 1-D Scatterplot . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple 2-D Scatterplot . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple 2-D Scatterplot with Fit Line . . Grouped Scatterplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scatterplot Matrix (SPLOM) . . . . . . . . Bubble Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scatterplot with Border Histograms . . Scatterplot with Border Boxplots . . . . Dot Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-D Dot Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Line Chart Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple Line Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple Line Chart with Points. . . . . . . Line Chart of Date Data . . . . . . . . . . . Line Chart With Step Interpolation . . . Fit Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Line Chart from Equation . . . . . . . . . . Line Chart with Separate Scales . . . . Line Chart in Parallel Coordinates . . . Pie Chart Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 110 111 112 112 112 113 114 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 120 121 122 122 123 124 125 126 126
Pie Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Paneled Pie Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Boxplot Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 1-D Boxplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boxplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boxplot With Overlaid Dot Plot . . . Multi-Graph Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . 128 128 130 130 130 131 132 133
Scatterplot with Border Histograms . . . . . Scatterplot with Border Boxplots . . . . . . . Stocks Line Chart with Volume Bar Chart . Histogram with Dot Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Appendix A GPL Constants 135
Color Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Shape Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Size Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Pattern Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Bibliography Index
137 138
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Chapter
Introduction to GPL
The Graphics Production Language (GPL) is a language for creating graphs. It is a concise and flexible language based on the grammar described in The Grammar of Graphics. Rather than requiring you to learn commands that are specific to different graph types, GPL provides a basic grammar with which you can build any graph. For more information about the theory that supports GPL, see The Grammar of Graphics, 2nd Edition (Wilkinson, 2005). Following is a GPL example that creates a simple bar chart. A summary of the GPL follows the picture. Note: To run the examples that appear in the GPL documentation, they must be incorporated into the syntax specific to your application. For more information, see Using the Examples in Your Application in Chapter 3 on p. 97.
Figure 1-1 GPL for a simple bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)))
Figure 1-2 Simple bar chart
2 Chapter 1
Each line in the example is a statement. One or more statements make up a block of GPL. Each statement specifies an aspect of the graph, such as the source data, relevant data transformations, coordinate systems, guides (for example, axis labels), graphic elements (for example, points and lines), and statistics. Statements begin with a label that identifies the statement type. The label and colon (:) that follow it are the only items that delineate the statement. No other characters are needed, so multiple statements can appear on one line. Note that all quotes must be quotation marks. You cannot use single quotes in GPL. Consider the statements in the example:
SOURCE. This statement specifies the file or dataset that contains the data for the graph. In the example, it identifies userSource, which is a data source defined by the application that is
calling the GPL. The data source could also have been a comma-separated values (CSV) file.
DATA. This statement assigns a variable to a column or field in the data source. In the example, the DATA statements assign jobcat and salary to two columns in the data source. The
statement identifies the appropriate columns by using the name function. The strings passed to the name function correspond to variable names in the userSource. These could also be the column header strings that appear in the first line of a CSV file. Note that jobcat is defined as a categorical variable. If a measurement level is not specified, it is assumed to be continuous.
SCALE. This statement specifies the type of scale for the graph dimensions and the range for
the scale, among other options. In the example, it specifies a linear scale on the second dimension (the y axis in this case) and indicates that the scale must include 0. Linear scales do not necessarily include 0, but many bar charts do. Therefore, its explicitly defined.
GUIDE. This statement handles all of the aspects of the graph that arent directly tied to the
data but help to interpret the data, such as axis labels and reference lines. In the example, the GUIDE statements specify labels for the x and y axes. An axis is identified by a dim function. The first two dimensions of any graph are the x and y axes.
ELEMENT. This statement identifies the graphic element type, variables, and statistics. The example specifies interval, which creates the bars in the graph. position() specifies the
location of the bars. These appear at each category in the jobcat, and the height of the bars is the mean of salary for each job category. The contents of position() use GPL algebra. For more information, see Brief Overview of GPL Algebra on p. 3. Details about all of the statements and functions appear in Statement and Function Reference on p. 11.
Concepts
This section contains conceptual information about GPL. Although the information is useful for understanding GPL, it may not be easy to grasp unless you first review some examples. You can find examples in Examples on p. 97.
3 Introduction to GPL
Brief Overview of GPL Algebra

Before you can use all of the functions and statements in GPL, it is important to understand its algebra. The algebra determines how data are combined to specify the position of graphic elements in the graph. That is, the algebra defines the graph dimensions or the data frame in which the graph is drawn. For example, the frame of a basic scatterplot is specified by the values of one variable crossed with the values of another variable. Another way of thinking about the algebra is that it identifies the variables you want to analyze in the graph. The GPL algebra can specify only one variable. However, if it includes more than one variable, you must use one of the following operators:
Cross (*). The cross operator crosses all of the values of one variable with all of the values
of another variable. A result exists for every case (row) in the data. The cross operator is the most commonly used operator. It is used whenever the graph includes more than one axis, with a different variable on each axis. Each variable on each axis is crossed with each variable on the other axes (for example, A*B results in A on the x axis and B on the y axis when the coordinate system is 2-D). Crossing can also be used for paneling (faceting) when there are more crossed variables than there are dimensions in a coordinate system. That is, if the coordinate system were 2-D rectangular and three variables were crossed, the last variable would be used for paneling (for example., with A*B*C, C is used for paneling when the coordinate system is 2-D).
Nest (/). The nest operator nests all of the values of one variable in all of the values of another
variable. The difference between crossing and nesting is that a result exists only when there is a corresponding value in the variable that nests the other variable. Nesting always results in paneling, regardless of the coordinate system.
Blend (+). The blend operator combines all of the values of one variable with all of the values
of another variable. For example, you may want to combine two salary variables on one axis. Blending is often used for repeated measures, as in salary2004+salary2005. Crossing and nesting add dimensions to the graph specification. Blending combines the values into one dimension. How the dimensions are interpreted and drawn depends on the coordinate system. See How Coordinates and the Algebra Interact on p. 5 for details about the interaction between the coordinate system and the algebra.
Rules
Like elementary mathematical algebra, GPL algebra is associative and distributive. That is:
(X*Y)*Z = X*(Y*Z) (X/Y)/Z = X/(Y/Z) (X+Y)+Z = X+(Y+Z) X*(Y+Z) = X*Y+X*Z X/(Y+Z) = X/Y+X/Z
However, GPL algebra is not commutative.
4 Chapter 1
Operator Precedence
The nest operator takes precedence over the other operators, and the cross operator takes precedence over the blend operator. Like mathematical algebra, the precedence can be changed by using parentheses. You will almost always use parentheses with the blend operator because you will want to blend the variables before crossing or nesting the result with other variables. :
(A+B)*C
Unity Variable
The unity variable (indicated by 1) is a placeholder in the algebra. When a scale is created for the unity variable, unity is located in the middle of the scale but no other values exist on the scale. The unity variable is needed only when there is no explicit variable in a specific dimension and you need to include the dimension in the algebra. For example, assume a 2-D rectangular coordinate system. If you are creating a graph showing the count in each jobcat category, summary.count(jobcat) appears in the GPL specification. Counts are shown along the y axis, but there is no explicit variable in that dimension. If you want to panel the graph, you need to specify something in the second dimension before you can include the paneling variable. Thus, if you want to panel the graph by columns using gender, you need to change the specification to summary.count(jobcat*1*gender). If you want to panel by rows instead, there would be another unity variable to indicate the missing third dimension. The specification would change to summary.count(jobcat*1*1*gender).
User Constants
The algebra can also include user constants, which are quoted string values (for example., "2005"). When a user constant is included in the algebra, it is like adding a new variable, with the variables value equal to the constant for all cases. The effect of this depends on the algebra operators and the function in which the user constant appears. In the position function, the constants can be used to create separate scales. For example, in the following GPL, two separate scales are created for the paneled graph. By nesting the values of each variable in a different string and blending the results, two different groups of cases with different scale ranges are created.
ELEMENT: line(position(date*(calls/"Calls"+orders/"Orders")))
Constants can also be used in the position function to create a category of all cases when the constant is blended with a categorical variable. Remember that the value of the user constant is applied to all cases, so thats why the following works:
ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean((jobcat+"All")*salary)))
Aesthetic functions can also take advantage of user constants. Blending variables creates multiple graphic elements for the same case. To distinguish each group, you can mimic the blending in the aesthetic functionthis time with user constants.
ELEMENT: point(position(jobcat*(salbegin+salary), color("Beginning"+"Current")))
5 Introduction to GPL
User constants are not required to create most charts, so you can ignore them in the beginning. However, as you become more proficient with GPL, you may want to return to them to create custom graphs.
How Coordinates and the Algebra Interact

The algebra defines the dimensions of the graph. Each crossing results in an additional dimension. Thus, gender*jobcat*salary specifies three dimensions. How these dimensions are drawn depends on the coordinate system and any functions that may modify the coordinate system. Some examples may clarify these concepts. The relevant GPL statements are shown, with a link to expand the full specification.
1-D Graph
COORD: rect(dim(1)) ELEMENT: point(position(salary))
Full Specification
SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salary)) Figure 1-3 Simple 1-D scatterplot

The coordinate system is explicitly set to one-dimensional, and only one variable appears in the algebra. The variable is plotted on one dimension.
2-D Graph
ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary))
6 Chapter 1
Full Specification
SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary))
Figure 1-4 Simple 2-D scatterplot

No coordinate system is specified, so it is assumed to be 2-D rectangular. The two crossed variables are plotted against each other.
Another 2-D Graph

ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(jobcat)))
Full Specification
SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Count")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(jobcat)))
7 Introduction to GPL Figure 1-5 Simple 2-D bar chart of counts

No coordinate system is specified, so it is assumed to be 2-D rectangular. Although there is only one variable in the specification, another for the result of the count statistic is implied (percent statistics behave similarly). The algebra could have been written as jobcat*unity. The variable and the result of the statistic are plotted.
A Paneled 2-D Graph

ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary*gender)))
Full Specification
SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(3), label("Gender")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary*gender)))
8 Chapter 1 Figure 1-6 Paneled 2-D bar chart

No coordinate system is specified, so it is assumed to be 2-D rectangular. There are three variables in the algebra, but only two dimensions. The last variable is used for paneling (also known as faceting). The first variable is plotted against the result of the summary statistic calculated on the second variable for each category in the paneling variable.
A 3-D Graph
COORD: rect(dim(1,2,3)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*gender*salary)))
Full Specification
SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1,2,3)) SCALE: linear(dim(3), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(3), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Gender")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*gender*salary)))
9 Introduction to GPL Figure 1-7 3-D bar chart

The coordinate system is explicitly set to three-dimensional, and there are three variables in the algebra. The three variables are plotted on the available dimensions. Note that the variable being analyzed appears as the third dimension in the algebra when using a 3-D coordinate system (its the second dimension in a 2-D system).
A Clustered Graph
COORD: rect(dim(1,2), cluster(3)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(gender*salary*jobcat)), color(gender))
Full Specification
SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1,2), cluster(3)) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(gender*salary*jobcat)), color(gender))
10 Chapter 1 Figure 1-8 Clustered 2-D bar chart

The coordinate system is explicitly set to two-dimensional, but it is modified by the cluster function. The cluster function indicates that clustering occurs along dim(3), which is the dimension associated with jobcat because it is the third variable in the algebra. The variable in dim(1) identifies the variable whose values determine the bars in each cluster. This is gender. The variables are plotted using the modified coordinate system. Note that the graph would be a paneled graph if you removed the cluster function. The charts would look similar and show the same data, but their coordinate systems would differ.
Chapter
Statement and Function Reference
This section provides detailed information about the various statements that make up GPL and the functions that you can use in each of the statements.
Statements
There are general categories of GPL statements.
Data definition statements. Data definition statements specify the data sources, variables, and
optional variable transformations. All GPL code blocks include at least two data definition statements: one to define the actual data source and one to specify the variable extracted from the data source.
Specification statements. Specification statements define the graph. They define the axis scales,
coordinates systems, text, graphic elements (for example., bars and points), and statistics. All GPL code blocks require at least one ELEMENT statement, but the other specification statements are optional. GPL uses a default value when the SCALE, COORD, and GUIDE statements are not included in the GPL code block.
Control statements. GPL currently includes one control statement. The GRAPH statement allows you to group multiple graphs in a single page display. For example, you may want to add histograms to the borders on a scatterplot. Data Definition Statements
SOURCE Statement, DATA Statement, TRANS Statement

Specification Statements
SCALE Statement, COORD Statement, GUIDE Statement, ELEMENT Statement, GRAPH Statement
GRAPH Statement
Syntax
GRAPH: <function>
<function>. A function for specifying the GRAPH statements that mark the beginning and end of the individual graph.
11
12 Chapter 2
Description
This statement is optional. Its needed only when you want to group multiple graphs in a single page display or you want to customize a graphs size. The GRAPH statement is essentially a wrapper around the GPL that defines a particular graph. There is no limit to the number of graphs that can appear in a GPL block. Grouping graphs is useful for related graphs, like graphs on the borders of histograms. However, the graphs do not have to be related. You may simply want to group the graphs for presentation.
Examples
Figure 2-1 Scaling a graph GRAPH: begin(scale(50%,50%)) Figure 2-2 Example: Scatterplot with border histograms GRAPH: begin(origin(10.0%, 20.0%), scale(80.0%, 80.0%)) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(10.0%, 100.0%), scale(80.0%, 10.0%)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salbegin)))) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(90.0%, 20.0%), scale(10.0%, 80.0%)) COORD: transpose() ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary)))) GRAPH: end()
Valid Functions
begin Function, end Function
SOURCE Statement
Syntax
SOURCE: <source name> = <function>
<source name>. User-defined name for the data source. <function>. A function for extracting data from various data sources. Description
Defines a data source for the graph. There can be multiple data sources, each specified by a different SOURCE statement.
13 Statement and Function Reference
Examples
Figure 2-3 Example: Reading a CSV file SOURCE: mydata = csvSource(path("C:\\Data\\demo.csv"))
mydata is an arbitrary name. It will be used to refer to the dataset in other parts of the GPL. The csvSource function takes a path to a comma-separated value (CSV) file as its argument.
Valid Functions
csvSource Function, userSource Function
DATA Statement
Syntax
DATA: <variable name> = <function>
<variable name>. User-defined name for the variable. <function>. A function indicating the data sources. Description
Defines a variable from a specific data source. The GPL statement must also include a SOURCE statement. The name identified by the SOURCE statement is used in the DATA statement to indicate the data source from which a particular variable is extracted.
Examples
Figure 2-4 Example: Specifying a variable from a data source DATA: age = col(source(mydata), name("age"))
age is an arbitrary name. In this example, the variable name is the same as the name that appears in the data source. Using the same name avoids confusion. The col function takes a data source and data source variable name as its arguments. Note that the data source name was previously defined by a SOURCE statement and is not enclosed in quotes.
Valid Functions
col Function
TRANS Statement
Syntax
TRANS: varname = <function>
14 Chapter 2
varname. A string that specifies a name for the variable that is created as a result of the transformation. <function>. A valid function. Description
Defines a new variable whose value is the result of a data transformation function.
Valid Functions
collapse Function, eval Function
SCALE Statement
Syntax
SCALE: <scale type>
<scale type>. A valid scale type. Description
Defines the scale for a particular dimension or aesthetic (such as color).

Examples
Figure 2-5 Example: Specifying a linear scale SCALE: linear(dim(2), max(50000))
This example defines a linear scale on the second dimension (the y axis) and sets the maximum value for that scale to 50000.
Scale Types
There are several scale types available in GPL.
Scale Types
cat Scale, linear Scale, log Scale, pow Scale, safelog Scale, safepower Scale, time Scale
cat Scale
Syntax
cat(dim(<integer>), <function>)
-or-
15 Statement and Function Reference cat(aesthetic(aesthetic.<aesthetic type>), <function>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the dimension to which the scale applies. <function>. One or more valid functions. <aesthetic type>. An aesthetic type indicating the aesthetic to which the scale applies. This is an aesthetic created as the result of an aesthetic function in the ELEMENT statement, often used for distinguishing groups of graphic elements, as in clusters and stacks. Description
Creates a categorical scale. Note that the scale can be associated with a dimension (such as an axis or panel facet) or an aesthetic (as in the legend). By default, a categorical scale is created for a categorical variable. You usually dont need to specify the scale unless you want to use a function to modify the scale (for example, to sort the categories on the scale).
Examples
Figure 2-6 Example: Specifying the scale for a dimension and sorting categories SCALE: cat(dim(1), sort.natural()) Figure 2-7 Example: Specifying the scale for an aesthetic and including categories SCALE: cat(aesthetic(aesthetic.color), include("IL"))
Note: The exclude function is not supported for aesthetic scales.

Applies To
SCALE Statement
Valid Functions
exclude Function, include Function, map Function, reverse Function, sort.data Function, sort.natural Function, sort.statistic Function, sort.values Function, values Function
linear Scale
Syntax
linear(dim(<integer>), <function>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the dimension to which the scale applies. <function>. One or more valid functions.
16 Chapter 2
Description
Creates a linear scale. By default, a linear scale is created for a continuous variable. You usually dont need to specify the scale unless you want to use a function to modify the scale (for example, to specify the range of the scale).
Example
Figure 2-8 Example: Specifying a maximum value for the linear scale SCALE: linear(dim(2), max(50000))
Applies To
SCALE Statement
Valid Functions
dataMinimum Function, dataMaximum Function, include Function, max Function, min Function, origin Function (For Scales), reverse Function
log Scale
Syntax
log(dim(<integer>), <function>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the dimension to which the scale applies. <function>. One or more valid functions. Description
Creates a logarithmic scale. If a base is not explicitly specified, the default is base 10.
Example
Figure 2-9 Example: Specifying the scale and a base SCALE: log(dim(2), base(2))
Applies To
SCALE Statement
Valid Functions
base Function, dataMinimum Function, dataMaximum Function, include Function, max Function, min Function, origin Function (For Scales)
pow Scale
Syntax
pow(dim(<numeric>), <function>)
<numeric>. A numeric value indicating the dimension to which the scale applies. <function>. One or more valid functions. Description
Creates a power scale. If an exponent is not explicitly specified, the default is 0.5.
Example
Figure 2-10 Example: Specifying the scale and an exponent SCALE: pow(dim(2), exponent(2))
Applies To
SCALE Statement
Valid Functions
dataMinimum Function, dataMaximum Function, exponent Function, include Function, max Function, min Function, origin Function (For Scales)
safelog Scale
Syntax
safelog(dim(<integer>), <function>)
Creates a safe logarithmic scale. Unlike a regular log scale, the safe log scale uses a modified function to handle 0 and negative values. If a base is not explicitly specified, the default is base 10.
sign(x) * log(1 + abs(x))
So, if you assume the axis value is 99, the result of the transformation is:
sign(-99) * log(1 + abs(-99)) = -1 * log(1 + 99) = -1 * 2 = -2
18 Chapter 2
Example
Figure 2-11 Example: Specifying the scale and a base SCALE: safelog(dim(2), base(2))
Applies To
SCALE Statement
Valid Functions
base Function, dataMinimum Function, dataMaximum Function, include Function, max Function, min Function
safepower Scale
Syntax
safepower(dim(<integer>), <function>)
Creates a safe power scale. Unlike a regular power scale, the safe power scale uses a modified function to handle negative values. If an exponent is not explicitly specified, the default is 0.5. When the exponent is a positive number, the safe power formulas are:
If (x>=0): pow(1+x, exponent)-1 If (x<0): 1-pow(1-x, exponent)
When the exponent is a negative number, the safe power formulas are:
If (x>=0): 1-pow(1+x, exponent) If (x<0): pow(1-x, exponent)-1
So, if you assume the axis value is 99 and the exponent is 0.5, the result of the transformation is:
1 - pow(1 - (-99), 0.5) = 1 - pow(100, 0.5) = 1 - 10 = -9
So, if you assume the axis value is 99 and the exponent is- 0.5, the result of the transformation is:
pow(1 - (-99), -2) - 1 = pow(100, -2) - 1 = 0.0001 - 1 = -0.999
Example
Figure 2-12 Example: Specifying the scale and an exponent SCALE: safepower(dim(2), exponent(10))
Applies To
SCALE Statement
Valid Functions
dataMinimum Function, dataMaximum Function, exponent Function, include Function, max Function, min Function
time Scale
Syntax
time(dim(<integer>), <function>)
Creates a time scale.

Example
Figure 2-13 Example: Specifying a maximum value for the time scale SCALE: time(dim(1), max("12/31/2005"))
Applies To
SCALE Statement
Valid Functions
dataMinimum Function, dataMaximum Function, max Function, min Function, origin Function (For Scales)
COORD Statement
Syntax
COORD: <coordinate type>
<coordinate type>. A valid coordinate type.
20 Chapter 2
Description
Specifies a coordinate system for the graph. You can also embed coordinate systems.
Examples
Figure 2-14 Example: Polar coordinates for pie charts COORD: polar.theta(dim(1)) Figure 2-15 Example: 3-D rectangular coordinates COORD: rect(dim(1,2,3)) Figure 2-16 Example: Embedded coordinate systems for paneled pie chart COORD: rect(dim(2), polar.theta(1))
Coordinate Types
There are several coordinate types available in GPL.
Coordinate Types
parallel Coordinate Type, polar Coordinate Type, polar.theta Coordinate Type, rect Coordinate Type
parallel Coordinate Type

Syntax
parallel(dim(<integer>), <function>)
<integer>. One or more integers (separated by commas) indicating the graph dimension or
dimensions to which the parallel coordinate system applies. The number of integers equals the number of dimensions for the coordinate systems frame, and the integers are always in sequential order. For example, parallel(dim(1,2,3,4)) indicates that the first four variables in the algebra are used for the parallel coordinates. Any others are used for faceting. If no dimensions are specified, all variables are used for the parallel coordinates.
<function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional. Description
Creates a parallel coordinate system. A graph using this coordinate system consists of multiple, parallel axes showing continuous data across multiple variables, resulting in a plot that is similar to a profile plot.
When you use a parallel coordinate system, you cross each continuous variable in the algebra. A line graphic element is the most common element type for this graph. The graphic element is always distinguished by some aesthetic so that any patterns are readily apparent.
Examples
Figure 2-17 Example: Parallel coordinates graph COORD: parallel() ELEMENT: line(position(var1*var2*var3*var4), color(catvar1))
Applies To
COORD Statement
Valid Functions
reflect Function, transpose Function
polar Coordinate Type

Syntax
polar(dim(<integer>), <function>, <coordinate type>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the dimensions to which the polar coordinates apply. This is
optional and is assumed to be the first two dimensions.

<function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional. <coordinate type>. Another coordinate system embedded in the polar coordinate system. This
is optional.
Description
Creates a polar coordinate system. This differs from the polar.theta coordinate system in that it is two dimensional. One dimension is associated the radius, and the other is associated with the theta angle.
Examples
Figure 2-18 Example: Polar line chart COORD: polar() ELEMENT: line(position(date*close))
Applies To
COORD Statement
22 Chapter 2
Valid Functions
reflect Function, reverse Function, transpose Function
polar.theta Coordinate Type

Syntax
polar.theta(dim(<integer>), <function>, <coordinate type>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the dimension. This is optional and required only when polar.theta is not the first or outermost dimension. Otherwise, it is assumed to be the first
dimension.
<function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional. <coordinate type>. Another coordinate system embedded in the polar.theta coordinate
system. This is optional.

Description
Creates a polar.theta coordinate system, which is the coordinate system for creating pie charts. polar.theta differs from the polar coordinate system in that it is one dimensional. This is the dimension for the theta angle.
Examples
Figure 2-19 Example: Pie chart COORD: polar.theta() ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.count(1)), color(jobcat))
Applies To
COORD Statement
Valid Functions
reflect Function, reverse Function, startAngle Function, transpose Function
rect Coordinate Type

Syntax
rect(dim(<integer>), <function>, <coordinate type>)
<integer>. One or more integers (separated by commas) indicating the graph dimension or
dimensions to which the rectangular coordinate system applies. The number of integers equals the number of dimensions for the coordinate systems frame, and the integers are always in sequential order (for example, dim(1,2,3) and dim(4,5)).
<function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional. <coordinate type>. Another coordinate system within the rect coordinate system. This is
optional.
Description
Creates a rectangular coordinate system. By default, a rectangular coordinate system is 2-D, which is the equivalent of specifying rect(dim(1,2)). To create a 3-D coordinate system, use rect(dim(1,2,3)). Similarly, use rect(dim(1)) to specify a 1-D coordinate system. Changing the coordinate system also changes which variable in the algebra is summarized for a statistic. The statistic function is calculated on the second crossed variable in a 2-D coordinate system and the third crossed variable in a 3-D coordinate system.
Examples
Figure 2-20 Example: 2-D bar chart COORD: rect(dim(1,2)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary))) Figure 2-21 Example: 3-D bar chart COORD: rect(dim(1,2,3)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*gender*salary)))
GUIDE Statement
Syntax
GUIDE: <guide type>
<guide type>. A valid guide type. Description
Specifies a guide for the graph. Guides provide additional information about the graph; they help interpret the graphic element or elements in the graph. Therefore, an axis is a guide because it labels the categories and values in a graph (but is separate from the scale on which the data are drawn). A title is a guide because it describes the graph. A legend is a guide because it provides color swatches to match a category name to specific graphic elements in the graph.
Examples
Figure 2-22 Example: Axis GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Current Salary"))
24 Chapter 2
Guide Types
There are several different types of guides.
Guide Types
axis Guide Type, legend Guide Type, text.footnote Guide Type, text.subfootnote Guide Type, text.subsubfootnote Guide Type, text.subtitle Guide Type, text.title Guide Type
axis Guide Type

Syntax
axis(<dimensions>, <function>)
<dimensions>. The graph dimension on which the axis appears. <function>. One or more valid functions. Use the null() function to hide the axis. Description
Specifies the axis for a particular dimension. Do not confuse the axis with the scale. They are separate parts of the graph and are handled with separate GPL statements. The axis helps interpret the scale with labels and tick marks, but the axis does not change the scale. For information about scales, see SCALE Statement on p. 14.
Examples
Figure 2-23 Example: Specifying an axis label GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Current Salary"))
Applies To
GUIDE Statement
Valid Functions
delta Function, gridlines Function, label Function (For Guides), start Function, ticks Function
legend Guide Type

Syntax
legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.<aesthetic type>), <function>)
<aesthetic type>. An aesthetic associated with the legend. The aesthetic identifies the legend, which was created as the result of an aesthetic function in the ELEMENT statement. <function>. One or more valid functions. Use the null() function to hide the legend.
Description
Specifies properties of the legend associated with a specific aesthetic. The aesthetic itself is defined by an aesthetic function in the ELEMENT statement. The aesthetic function must use multiple values, as when using a variable to control the aesthetic or when blending user constants to control the aesthetic (such as color("2004"+"2005")). For example, in a stacked bar chart, there may be a variable that controls the color aesthetic, with each value of the variable corresponding to a specific color. Note that the aesthetic also has a scale, which is controlled by a specific scale type. If the aesthetic variable is a categorical variable or one or more string values are arguments of the aesthetic function, use the cat scale to specify features like the order of the categories in the legend. If the aesthetic variable is a continuous variable, use any of the other scales, depending on your requirements. For more information, see SCALE Statement on p. 14.
Examples
Figure 2-24 Example: Specifying a legend title GUIDE: legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.color), label("Gender")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(jobcat)), color(gender))
Applies To
GUIDE Statement
Valid Functions
label Function (For Guides)
text.footnote Guide Type

Syntax
text.footnote(<function>)
<function>. One or more valid functions. Description
Specifies the footnote for the graph.

Examples
Figure 2-25 Example: Specifying the footnote text GUIDE: text.footnote(label("Some Text"))
26 Chapter 2
Applies To
GUIDE Statement
Valid Functions
text.subfootnote Guide Type

Syntax
text.subfootnote(<function>)
Specifies the second-level footnote for the graph. That is, the subfootnote appears below the footnote.
Examples
Figure 2-26 Example: Specifying the second-level footnote text GUIDE: text.subfootnote(label("Some Text"))
Applies To
GUIDE Statement
Valid Functions
text.subsubfootnote Guide Type

Syntax
text.subsubfootnote(<function>)
Specifies the third-level footnote for the graph. That is, the subsubfootnote appears below the subfootnote.
Examples
Figure 2-27 Example: Specifying the third-level footnote text GUIDE: text.subsubfootnote(label("Some Text"))
Applies To
GUIDE Statement
Valid Functions
text.subtitle Guide Type

Syntax
text.subtitle(<function>)
Specifies the subtitle for the graph.

Examples
Figure 2-28 Example: Specifying the subtitle text GUIDE: text.subtitle(label("Some Text"))
Applies To
GUIDE Statement
Valid Functions
text.title Guide Type

Syntax
text.title(<function>)
<function>. One or more valid functions.
28 Chapter 2
Description
Specifies the title for the graph.

Examples
Figure 2-29 Example: Specifying the title text GUIDE: text.title(label("Salary by Gender"))
Applies To
GUIDE Statement
Valid Functions
ELEMENT Statement
Syntax
ELEMENT: <element type>
<element type>. A valid element type. Description
Specifies a graphic element used to draw the graph. Graphic elements are the bars, points, lines, etc., that make up a graph. There can be multiple ELEMENT statements in the same block of GPL to create multiple graphic elements. If the variables in the element statements differ, they are blended to create the graph. For example, assume the GPL includes the following ELEMENT statements:
ELEMENT: point(position(x*y)) ELEMENT: point(point(position(x2*y2)))
In the resulting graph, dimension 1 uses x+x2, and dimension 2 uses y+y2.
Examples
Figure 2-30 Example: Scatterplot ELEMENT: point(position(x*y)) Figure 2-31 Example: Line chart ELEMENT: line(position(x*y))
29 Statement and Function Reference Figure 2-32 Example: Bar chart of means ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(x*y)))
Element Types
There are several different types of elements for drawing data on a graph.
area Element
Syntax
area.<collision modifier>(<function>)
<collision modifier>. A method that specifies what should happen when two area graphic elements
overlap each other. The collision modifier is optional.

<function>. One or more valid functions. The position function is required. Description
Specifies an area graphic element.

Examples
Figure 2-33 Example: Area chart ELEMENT: area(position(summary.mean(jobcat*gender)))
Collision Modifiers
stack Collision Modifier

Valid Functions
closed Function, color Function, color.brightness Function, color.hue Function, color.saturation Function, jump Function, label Function (For Graphic Elements), missing.gap Function, missing.interpolate Function, missing.wings Function, position Function, preserveStraightLines Function, shape Function, size Function, split Function, texture.pattern Function, transparency Function
Applies To
ELEMENT Statement
30 Chapter 2
bar Element
Description
bar is an alias for interval. For the syntax and other examples, see interval Element.
Examples
Figure 2-34 Example: Bar chart ELEMENT: bar(position(summary.mean(jobcat*gender)))
interval Element
Syntax
interval.<collision modifier>(<function>)
<collision modifier>. A method that specifies what should happen when two interval graphic
elements overlap each other. The collision modifier is optional.

Specifies an interval (bar) graphic element, as would be used in a bar chart, histogram, or error bar chart.
Examples
Figure 2-35 Example: Bar chart ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary))) Figure 2-36 Example: Histogram ELEMENT: interval(position(bin.rect(summary.count(salary)))) Figure 2-37 Example: Error bar chart of standard deviation ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.sd(jobcat*salary)), shape(shape.ibeam)) Figure 2-38 Example: Stacked bar chart ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), color(gender))
Collision Modifiers
Valid Functions
color Function, color.brightness Function, color.hue Function, color.saturation Function, label Function (For Graphic Elements), position Function, shape Function, size Function, split Function, texture.pattern Function, transparency Function
Applies To
ELEMENT Statement
line Element
Syntax
line.<collision modifier>(<function>)
<collision modifier>. A method that specifies what should happen when two line graphic elements
overlap each other. The collision modifier is optional.

Specifies a line graphic element. If multiple cases have the same value, the line is drawn through the mean of the values.
Examples
Figure 2-39 Example: Line chart of continuous variables ELEMENT: line(position(salbegin*salary)) Figure 2-40 Example: Line chart of summary statistic ELEMENT: line(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)))
Collision Modifiers

Valid Functions
closed Function, color Function, color.brightness Function, color.hue Function, color.saturation Function, jump Function, label Function (For Graphic Elements), missing.gap Function, missing.interpolate Function, missing.wings Function, position Function, preserveStraightLines Function, shape Function, size Function, split Function, transparency Function
Applies To
ELEMENT Statement
32 Chapter 2
path Element
Syntax
path(<function>)
Specifies a path graphic element. The path graphic element connects all data points. Therefore, it can cross back on itself when there are multiple cases with the same value. This behavior is what distinguishes the path element from the line element. Additionally, paths can have variable sizes, so another variable can control the thickness of the path at any particular point.
Examples
Figure 2-41 Example: Line chart drawn through all values ELEMENT: path(position(salbegin*salary)) Figure 2-42 Example: Creating a line chart with variable widths ELEMENT: path(position(salbegin*salary), size(educ))
Valid Functions
closed Function, color Function, color.brightness Function, color.hue Function, color.saturation Function, label Function (For Graphic Elements), missing.gap Function, missing.interpolate Function, missing.wings Function, position Function, preserveStraightLines Function, shape Function, size Function, split Function, transparency Function
Applies To
ELEMENT Statement
point Element
Syntax
point.<collision modifier>(<function>)
<collision modifier>. A method that specifies what should happen when two points overlap each
other. The collision modifier is optional.

Specifies a point graphic element, as would be used in a scatterplot.
Examples
Figure 2-43 Example: Scatterplot ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) Figure 2-44 Example: Dot plot ELEMENT: point.dodge.symmetric(position(bin.dot(salary)))
Collision Modifiers
dodge.asymmetric Collision Modifier, dodge.symmetric Collision Modifier, stack Collision Modifier

Valid Functions
Applies To
ELEMENT Statement
schema Element
Syntax
schema(<function>)
Specifies a schema (boxplot) graphic element.

Examples
Figure 2-45 Example: Boxplot ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(jobcat*salary)))
Valid Functions
34 Chapter 2
Applies To
ELEMENT Statement
Collision Modifiers
Collision modifiers specify what happens when two graphic elements overlap.
dodge.asymmetric Collision Modifier

Syntax
<element type>.dodge.asymmetric
Moves graphic elements next to other graphic elements that appear at the same value, rather than positioning them over one another. The graphic elements are arranged asymmetrically. That is, the graphic elements are stacked on top of one another, with the graphic element on the bottom positioned at a specific value on the scale. dodge.asymmetric is typically used for 1-D dot plots.
Examples
Figure 2-46 Example: 1-D Dot plot ELEMENT: point.dodge.asymmetric(position(bin.dot(salary)))
Valid Element Types
point Element
dodge.symmetric Collision Modifier

Syntax
<element type>.dodge.symmetric
Moves graphic elements next to other graphic elements that appear at the same value, rather than positioning them over one another. The graphic elements are arranged symmetrically. That is, the graphic elements extend in two directions from a central position. dodge.asymmetric is typically used for 2-D dot plots.
Examples
Figure 2-47 Example: 2-D Dot plot ELEMENT: point.dodge.symmetric(position(bin.dot(salary*jobcat)))
Valid Element Types
point Element

Syntax
<element type>.stack
Stacks graphic elements that would normally be drawn over each other or overlapping.
Examples
Figure 2-48 Example: Stacked bar chart ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), color(gender))
Valid Element Types
area Element, interval Element, line Element, point Element
Functions
Functions are used within GPL statements. Functions can also be embedded in other functions.
Aesthetic Functions
color Function, color.brightness Function, color.hue Function, color.saturation Function, shape Function, size Function, texture.pattern Function, transparency Function
Coordinate Functions
reflect Function, transpose Function

Data Functions
col Function
36 Chapter 2
Data Source Functions
csvSource Function, userSource Function

Density (Binning) Functions
bin.dot Function, bin.quantile.letter Function, bin.rect Function

Graph Control Functions
begin Function, end Function

Percentage Base Functions
base.aesthetic Function, base.all Function, base.coordinate Function

Sort Functions
sort.data Function, sort.natural Function, sort.statistic Function, sort.values Function

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Transformation Functions
collapse Function, eval Function

Missing Value Functions for Lines and Areas
missing.gap Function, missing.interpolate Function, missing.wings Function

Other Functions
base Function, binCount Function, binStart Function, binWidth Function, closed Function, cluster Function, dataMinimum Function, dataMaximum Function, delta Function, exclude Function, exponent Function, gridlines Function, In Function, include Function, jump Function, label Function (For Graphic Elements), label Function (For Guides), map Function, max Function, min Function, notIn Function, origin Function (For Graphs), origin Function (For Scales), position Function, preserveStraightLines Function, reverse Function, scale Function, start Function, startAngle Function, ticks Function, values Function
base Function
Syntax
base(<numeric>)
<numeric>. A numeric value indicating the base for the logarithmic scale. Description
Specifies a base for the logarithmic scale.

Examples
Figure 2-49 Example: Specifying a different base for a logarithmic scale SCALE: log(dim(2), base(2))
Applies To
log Scale, safelog Scale
base.aesthetic Function
Syntax
base.aesthetic(aesthetic(aesthetic.<aesthetic type>))
<aesthetic type>. An aesthetic whose associated variable is used as the percentage base. Description
Specifies that the percentage is based on the count across the result of an aesthetic function. Summing the percentages of all of the graphic elements with a specific aesthetic equals 100%. For example, all blue bars sum to 100%, and all red bars sum to 100%.
Examples
Figure 2-50 Example: Using a variable across clusters as the percentage base ELEMENT: COORD: rect(dim(1,2), cluster(3)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent(summary.count(jobcat*1*gender), base.aesthetic(aesthetic(aesthetic.color)))), color(jobcat))
Applies To
summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function
38 Chapter 2
base.all Function
Syntax
base.all()
-or
base.all(acrossPanels())
Description
Specifies that the percentage is based on the total count. Summing the percentages of all of the graphic elements in the chart or in each panel equals 100%. If you are using paneling and want to specify the total count across all panels as the percentage base, use the acrossPanels function.
Examples
Figure 2-51 Example: Specifying the total count of one panel as the percentage base COORD: rect(dim(1,2)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent(summary.count(jobcat), base.all()))) Figure 2-52 Example: Specifying the total count in each panel as the percentage base COORD: rect(dim(1,2)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent(summary.count(jobcat*1*gender), base.all()))) Figure 2-53 Example: Specifying the total count across all panels as the percentage base COORD: rect(dim(1,2)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent(summary.count(jobcat*1*gender), base.all(acrossPanels()))))
Applies To
base.coordinate Function
Syntax
base.coordinate(dim(<integer>))
<integer>. An integer indicating the graph dimension whose associated variable is used as the
percentage base.
Description
Specifies that the percentage base is based on the individual values along a specific dimension. Summing the percentages of all of the graphic elements with a particular value on the specified dimension equals 100%. For example, you may do this to specify that the segments in each stacked bar sum to 100%.
Examples
Figure 2-54 Example: Making each stack equal 100% ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.percent(summary.count(jobcat*1*gender), base.coordinate(dim(1)))), color(gender)) Figure 2-55 Example: Making each cluster equal 100% COORD: rect(dim(1,2), cluster(3)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent(summary.count(gender*1*jobcat), base.coordinate(dim(3)))), color(gender))
Applies To
begin Function
Syntax
begin(<function>)
<function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional.
Specifies the start of the GPL block that defines a particular graph.
Examples
Figure 2-56 Example: Scaling a graph by 50% GRAPH: begin(scale(50%,50%)) Figure 2-57 Example: Defining a particular graph GRAPH: begin() ELEMENT: line(position(x*y)) GRAPH: end()
Valid Functions
origin Function (For Graphs), scale Function
40 Chapter 2
Applies To
GRAPH Statement
bin.dot Function
Syntax
bin.dot(<algebra>, <function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional. Description
Creates irregularly spaced bins of graphic elements with nearly identical values. When data are sparse, bin.dot centers the bins on the data. This function is typically used to create a dot plot.
Examples
Figure 2-58 Example: Creating a 1-D dot plot ELEMENT: point.stack.asymmetric(position(bin.dot(salary)))
Valid Functions
binCount Function, binStart Function, binWidth Function

Applies To
position Function, region.spread.sd Function, region.spread.se Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.mean Function, summary.min Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
bin.quantile.letter Function
Syntax
bin.quantile.letter(<algebra>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional.
Description
Calculates the five statistics used in box plots. The data are binned appropriately as a result of the statistical calculation. bin.quantile.letter is used with the schema element to generate a box plot.
Examples
Figure 2-59 Example: Creating a box plot ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(jobcat*salary)))
Applies To
bin.rect Function
Syntax
bin.rect(<algebra>, <function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional. Description
Creates rectangular bins for grouping similar cases. bin.rect is the binning method commonly used in histograms to calculate the count in each bin.
Examples
Figure 2-60 Example: Histogram binning ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary)))) Figure 2-61 Example: Histogram binning with specified bin sizes ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary, binWidth(5000)))))
Valid Functions
binCount Function, binStart Function, binWidth Function
42 Chapter 2
Applies To
binCount Function
Syntax
binCount(<integer>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the number of bins. Description
Specifies the number of bins.

Examples
Figure 2-62 Example: Defining a specific number of bins ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary, binCount(25)))))
Applies To
bin.dot Function, bin.rect Function
binStart Function
Syntax
binStart(<value>)
<value>. An integer or quoted date literal indicating the value of the first bin. Description
Specifies the value of the first bin.

Examples
Figure 2-63 Example: Specifying the first bin on a continuous scale ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary, binStart(10000)))))
43 Statement and Function Reference Figure 2-64 Example: Specifying the first bin on a date scale ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(saledate, binStart("01/20/2003")))))
Applies To
binWidth Function
Syntax
binWidth(<integer>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the width of the bins. If the data being binned are dates, the
integer indicates days.

Description
Specifies the width of the bins.

Examples
Figure 2-65 Example: Histogram binning ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary, binWidth(1000)))))
Applies To
closed Function
Syntax
closed()
Description
Specifies that the end point of a graphic element is connected to its start point. In polar coordinates, this results in a closed loop around the center of the coordinate system.
Examples
Figure 2-66 Example: Creating a closed line ELEMENT: line(position(x*y), closed())
44 Chapter 2
Applies To
area Element, line Element, path Element
cluster Function
Syntax
cluster(<integer> ...)
<integer>. One or more integers indicating the variable or variables in the algebra along whose
axis the clustering occurs.

Description
Clusters graphic elements along a specific axis. You can also cluster graphic elements on more than one axis in 3-D charts.
Examples
Figure 2-67 Example: Clustering on the x-axis dimension COORD: rect(dim(1,2), cluster(3)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(gender*salary*jobcat)), color(gender))
In this example, the x axis becomes jobcat, and gender is the variable used for clustering. Another way to look at this is to compare the position of the numbers in dim() to the positions of the numbers in cluster(). In this case, the 1 in dim and 3 in cluster line up. Therefore, clustering occurs on dim(3), and dim(1) specifies the variable that defines the graphic elements in each cluster. If you removed the cluster function, the chart would look similar, except in this case, dim(3) would specify a paneling facet and dim(1) would be the x axis. In a way, the clustering condenses the dimensions into one graph. Thats why it changes the variables associated with a particular axis. Although clustering changes the role of the dimensions, it does not change the dimensions themselves.
The following 3-D examples used the following designations for the axes:
Figure 2-68 3-D axes
Figure 2-69 Example: Clustering on the y-axis dimension in a 3-D coordinate system COORD: rect(dim(1,2,3), cluster(0,4,0)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(minority*gender*salary*jobcat)), color(gender))
In this example, the y axis becomes jobcat, and gender is the variable used for clustering. In this example, dim(1) is not affected. The first parameter of cluster is 0, which indicates that dim(1) is not affected by the clustering. The second parameter of cluster is 4. This indicates that the 2nd variable (gender) is clustered in the 4th variable (jobcat). As in the 2-D example, removing the cluster function would result in a paneled chart.
Figure 2-70 Example: Clustering on the x-axis dimension in a 3-D coordinate system COORD: rect(dim(1,2,3), cluster(4,0,0)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(gender*jobcat*salary*minority)), color(gender))
In this example, the y axis becomes minority, and gender is the variable used for clustering. The first parameter of cluster is 4. This indicates that the 1st variable (gender) is clustered in the 4th variable (minority).
Applies To
rect Coordinate Type
col Function
Syntax
col(source(<source name>), name("variable name"), <type>, <function>)
<source name>. A data source previously defined by a SOURCE statement.
46 Chapter 2
variable name. The name of the variable in the data source. <type>. A data type or measurement level. If no type is specified, the variable is assumed to
be continuous.
<function>. One or more valid functions. These are optional. Description
Extracts a column of data from a data source. Used for creating variables from the data.
Examples
Figure 2-71 Example: Specifying a continuous variable from a data source DATA: age = col(source(mydata), name("age")) Figure 2-72 Example: Specifying a categorical variable from a data source DATA: gender = col(source(mydata), name("gender"), unit.category()) Figure 2-73 Example: Specifying a date variable from a data source DATA: date = col(source(mydata), name("date"), unit.time(), format("M/d/yyyy"))
Valid Types
unit.category unit.time Specifies a categorical variable. Specifies a date variable.
Valid Functions
In Function, notIn Function

Applies To
DATA Statement
collapse Function
Syntax
collapse(category(<algebra>), minimumPercent(<numeric>), sumVariable(<algebra>), otherValue("label"))
<algebra>. Graph algebra, although in this case, the algebra should identify only one variable. The variable in category() identifies the variable whose categories are collapsed. The variable in sumVariable() identifies the variable whose sum for the total compared to the sum for a particular category determines whether the category is collapsed.
<numeric>. A numeric value between 0 and 100 indicating the percentage of the sum of sumVariable(). A category is collapsed if its sum is less than the specified percentage of the total sum for sumVariable. label. The label for the new variable containing the collapsed categories. This is the text that identifies the variable in the graph. Description
Collapse small categories of a categorical variable to create a new categorical variable. The function collapses the categories by recoding them to the value specified by otherValue. Therefore, if your data were pre-aggregated, you often need a summary function to summarize the multiple values in the otherValue category.
Examples
Figure 2-74 Example: Collapsing categories whose sum is less than 10% of total TRANS: educ_collapse = collapse(category(educ), minimumPercent(10), sumVariable(salary), otherValue("Other")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.sum(educ_collapse*salary))))
Applies To
TRANS Statement
color Function
Syntax
color(<algebra>)
-orcolor(color.<color constant>)
-orcolor(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, using one variable or a blend of variables. Each unique variable value results in a different color. For example, if you were creating a stacked bar chart, the argument of the color function would be the variable that controls the stacking. Each stack segment would be a different color. <color constant>. A constant indicating a specific color, such as red. For more information, see Color Constants in Appendix A on p. 135. Color constants can also be blended (for example, color.blue+color.red). <statistic function>. A statistic function.
48 Chapter 2
Description
Controls the color of the graphic elements. To specify the color explicitly for the fill or border of the graphic element, you can append .interior or .exterior to the function. Using color without a qualifier implies color.interior.
Examples
Figure 2-75 Example: Specifying a color value ELEMENT: line(position(x*y), color(color.red)) Figure 2-76 Example: Specifying a color value for the bar border ELEMENT: interval(position(x*y), color.exterior(color.red)) Figure 2-77 Example: Using the values of a variable to control color ELEMENT: point(position(x*y), color(z)) Figure 2-78 Example: Using a statistical function to control color ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), color(summary.count()))
Valid Functions
summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
area Element, interval Element, line Element, path Element, point Element, schema Element
color.brightness Function
Syntax
color.brightness(<algebra>)
-orcolor.brightness(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, using one variable or a blend of variables. Each variable value results in a different level of color brightness. <statistic function>. A statistic function.
Description
Controls the color brightness of the graphic elements. To specify the color brightness explicitly for the fill or border of the graphic element, you can append .interior or .exterior to the function. Using color.brightness without a qualifier implies color.brightness.interior.
Examples
Figure 2-79 Example: Using the values of a variable to control color brightness ELEMENT: point(position(x*y), color.brightness(z), color(color.blue)) Figure 2-80 Example: Using a statistical function to control color brightness ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), color.brightness(summary.count()))
Valid Functions
Applies To
color.hue Function
Syntax
color.hue(<algebra>)
-orcolor.hue(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, using one variable or a blend of variables. Each variable value results
in a different color hue.

<statistic function>. A statistic function. Description
Controls the color hue of the graphic elements. To specify the color hue explicitly for the fill or border of the graphic element, you can append .interior or .exterior to the function. Using color.hue without a qualifier implies color.hue.interior.
50 Chapter 2
Examples
Figure 2-81 Example: Using the values of a variable to control color hue ELEMENT: point(position(x*y), color.hue(z), color(color.blue)) Figure 2-82 Example: Using a statistical function to control color hue ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), color.hue(summary.count()))
Valid Functions
Applies To
color.saturation Function
Syntax
color.saturation(<algebra>)
-orcolor.saturation(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, using one variable or a blend of variables. Each variable value results in a different level of color saturation. <statistic function>. A statistic function. Description
Controls the color saturation of the graphic elements. To specify the color saturation explicitly for the fill or border of the graphic element, you can append .interior or .exterior to the function. Using color.saturation without a qualifier implies color.saturation.interior.
Examples
Figure 2-83 Example: Using the values of a variable to control color saturation ELEMENT: point(position(x*y), color.saturation(z), color(color.blue))
51 Statement and Function Reference Figure 2-84 Example: Using a statistical function to control color ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), color.saturation(summary.count()))
Valid Functions
Applies To
csvSource Function
Syntax
csvSource(file("file path"))
file path. The path to the CSV file. This can be an absolute or relative path. The path is relative
to the location of the application that parses the GPL code. If using backslashes in the path, each backslash must be escaped with another backslash. You can also use forward slashes.
Description
Reads the contents of a comma-separated values (CSV) file. This function is used to assign the contents of the file to a data source.
Examples
Figure 2-85 Example: Reading a CSV file SOURCE: mydata = csvSource(file("C:\\Data\\Employee data.csv"))
Applies To
SOURCE Statement
dataMinimum Function
Syntax
dataMinimum()
52 Chapter 2
Description
Specifies that minimum of the scale is exactly the same as the minimum of the data.
Examples
Figure 2-86 Example: Specifying a minimum on the 2nd dimension (y axis) SCALE: linear(dim(2), dataMinimum())
Applies To
linear Scale, log Scale, pow Scale, safelog Scale, safepower Scale, time Scale
dataMaximum Function
Syntax
dataMaximum()
Description
Specifies that the maximum of the scale is exactly the same as the maximum of the data.
Examples
Figure 2-87 Example: Specifying a maximum on the 2nd dimension (y axis) SCALE: linear(dim(2), dataMaximum())
Applies To
delta Function
Syntax
delta(<integer>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the difference between major ticks on the axis. If the underlying
data along the axis are dates, the integer indicates days.
Description
Specifies the difference between major ticks on an axis. Major ticks are the location at which labels are displayed along the axis.
Examples
Figure 2-88 Example: Specifying the distance between major ticks GUIDE: axis(dim(1), delta(1000))
Applies To
axis Guide Type
end Function
Syntax
end()
Description
Specifies the end of the GPL block that defines a particular graph.
Examples
Figure 2-89 Example: Defining a particular graph GRAPH: begin() ELEMENT: line(position(x*y)) GRAPH: end()
Applies To
GRAPH Statement
eval Function
Syntax
eval(<expression>)
<expression>. A mathematical expression, such as log(salary). Description
Evaluates a mathematical expression for each case in the data. You can use many different mathematical functions in the expression. See Valid Operators, Functions, and Constants for GPL eval Function (evalfunctions.html) (in the help) for a complete list. You can also use the iter(<from>, <to>, <step>) function, which is useful when creating graphs from equations.
54 Chapter 2
Examples
Figure 2-90 Example: Plotting the difference between two variables TRANS: saldiff = eval(salary-salbegin) ELEMENT: point(position(summary.mean(jobcat*saldiff))) Figure 2-91 Example: Creating a graph from an equation TRANS: x = eval(iter(-100,100,1)) TRANS: y = eval(x**2) ELEMENT: line(position(x*y))
Applies To
TRANS Statement
exclude Function
Syntax
exclude("category name" ...)
<category name>. The string representing the category on the axis. If specifying multiple categories, separate them with commas. Description
Excludes the categories from the axis. These categories are not displayed on the axis. This function cannot be used with the categorical scale created by the legend. However, it is valid for other categorical functions.
Examples
Figure 2-92 Example: Exclude a category SCALE: cat(dim(1), exclude("No Reponse")) Figure 2-93 Example: Excluding multiple categories SCALE: cat(dim(1), exclude("No Reponse", "Didn't Ask"))
Applies To
cat Scale
exponent Function
Syntax
exponent(<numeric>)
<numeric>. A numeric value (including negative values) indicating the exponent for the power
scale.
Description
Specifies an exponent for a power scale.

Examples
Figure 2-94 Example: Specifying a different power exponent SCALE: power(dim(2), exponent(3))
Applies To
pow Scale, safepower Scale
gridlines Function
Syntax
gridlines()
Description
Specifies that grid lines should be drawn for the axis. These are lines drawn from the major tick marks to the opposite side of the graph. They can assist in determining the exact location of a graphic element in the graph.
Examples
Figure 2-95 Example: Displaying grid lines GUIDE: axis(dim(2), gridlines())
Applies To
axis Guide Type
56 Chapter 2
In Function
Syntax
In(min(<value>), max(<value>))
<value>. Numeric values for defining the range that determines which values to include. Description
Includes only the continuous values that are in the range specified by the min and max parameters. This function is valid only for continuous variables.
Examples
Figure 2-96 Example: Including only a subset of continuous values DATA: gender = col(source(mydata), name("salary"), In(min(0), max(50000)))
Applies To
col Function
include Function
Syntax
include(<value> ...)
<value>. The string representing the category on the axis or a numeric value on the axis. If specifying multiple values, separate them with commas. Description
Includes the categories or values on the axis or legend, even if the data does not include the categories or values. These categories or values are always displayed on the axis or legend.
Examples
Figure 2-97 Example: Include a category SCALE: cat(dim(1), include("No Response")) Figure 2-98 Example: Including multiple categories SCALE: cat(dim(1), include("No Response", "Didn't Ask"))
57 Statement and Function Reference Figure 2-99 Example: Include a value SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) Figure 2-100 Example: Including multiple values SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0, 100))
Applies To
cat Scale, linear Scale, log Scale, pow Scale, safelog Scale, safepower Scale
jump Function
Syntax
jump()
Description
Used with smooth.spline, smooth.step, smooth.step.left, smooth.step.center, and smooth.step.right to indicate that the interpolation line or area jumps to the next value. There is no vertical line connecting the values.
Examples
Figure 2-101 Example: Specifying an interpolation line GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category"))
Applies To
area Element, line Element
label Function (For Graphic Elements)

Syntax
label("label text")
-orlabel(<algebra>)
-orlabel(<statistic function>)
label text. The text that appears in the label. Multiple strings are concatenated when each string is separated by a comma (for example., label("This is a ", "long label")).
58 Chapter 2
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <statistic function>. A valid statistic function. Description
Specifies a label for a graphic element. The label appears on the graphic element.
Examples
Figure 2-102 Example: Labeling by another variable ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary), label(gender)) Figure 2-103 Example: Labeling by the result of a statistic ELEMENT: point(position(summary.count(jobcat)), label(summary.count())) Figure 2-104 Example: Labeling by the result of a statistic ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), label(summary.mean(salary)))
Valid Statistic Functions
Applies To
area Element, bar Element, interval Element, line Element, path Element, point Element, schema Element

Syntax
label("label text")
label text. The text that appears in the label. Multiple strings are concatenated when each string is separated by a comma (for example, label("This is a ", "long label")).
Description
Specifies a label for a guide (for example, an axis or legend). This is text that is displayed on the resulting graph.
Examples
Figure 2-105 Example: Specifying an axis title GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) Figure 2-106 Example: Specifying a legend title GUIDE: legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.color), label("Gender")) Figure 2-107 Example: Specifying a graph title GUIDE: title(label("Sales By Region"))
Applies To
axis Guide Type, legend Guide Type, text.footnote Guide Type, text.subfootnote Guide Type, text.subsubfootnote Guide Type, text.subtitle Guide Type, text.title Guide Type
map Function
Syntax
map((<value>, <aesthetic>) ...)
<value>. <aesthetic>. Description
Maps a specific categorical value to a specific aesthetic value. For example, if you were creating a bar chart showing the median income in each U.S. state, you could use the map function to force the color of the bar corresponding to Illinois to be blue.
Examples
Figure 2-108 Example: Mapping a category to a color SCALE: cat(aesthetic(aesthetic.color), map(("IL", color.blue)))
Applies To
cat Scale
60 Chapter 2
max Function
Syntax
max(<numeric>)
<numeric>. A numeric value indicating the maximum scale value. Description
Specifies a maximum value for a scale.

Examples
Figure 2-109 Example: Specifying a maximum on the 2nd dimension (y axis) SCALE: linear(dim(2), max(50000))
Applies To
min Function
Syntax
min(<numeric>)
<numeric>. A numeric value indicating the minimum scale value. Description
Specifies a minimum value for a scale.

Examples
Figure 2-110 Example: Specifying a minimum on the 2nd dimension (y axis) SCALE: linear(dim(2), min(0))
Applies To
missing.gap Function
Syntax
missing.gap()
Description
Specifies that the graphic element ends at a valid value and does not continue until the next valid value. There is a gap between valid values.
Examples
Figure 2-111 Example: Specifying gaps for missing values ELEMENT: line(position(x*y), missing.gap())
Applies To
missing.interpolate Function
Syntax
missing.interpolate()
Description
Specifies that the graphic element is interpolated through missing values. That is, the graphic element is continuous from one valid value to another, regardless of missing values between the valid values.
Examples
Figure 2-112 Example: Interpolating through missing values ELEMENT: line(position(x*y), missing.interpolate())
Applies To
missing.wings Function
Syntax
missing.wings()
62 Chapter 2
Description
Specifies that the graphic element continues after a valid value in the direction of the next valid value but then breaks just before and after the missing value. This is like interpolating through the missing value and erasing the graphic element at the missing value. For line charts, the result looks similar to wings.
Examples
Figure 2-113 Example: Specifying Wings for Missing Values ELEMENT: line(position(x*y), missing.wings())
Applies To
notIn Function
Syntax
notIn("category name" ...)
<category name>. The string representing the category to be excluded. If specifying multiple
categories, separate them with commas.

Description
Excludes the categories from the variable. These categories are not displayed or used in statistical calculations. This function is valid only for variables defined as categorical.
Examples
Figure 2-114 Example: Excluding a category from a variable DATA: gender = col(source(mydata), name("gender"), unit.category(), notIn("Missing"))
Applies To
col Function
origin Function (For Graphs)

Syntax
origin(<value>, <value>)
<value>. Indicates an absolute value or a percentage for the origin of the graph. The value is
relative to the bottom left corner of the page and does not include axis labels. The first value indicates the x value relative to this position, and the second value indicates the y value relative to this position. Units or a percent sign can be included with the value (e.g., 30px, 5cm, or 25%). If units are omitted, they are assumed to be pixels. Percentages are proportional to the whole page.
Description
Specifies the position of the graph relative to the bottom left corner of the page.
Examples
Figure 2-115 Example: Positioning a graph with absolute units GRAPH: start(origin(2in, 4in)) Figure 2-116 Example: Positioning a graph with percentages GRAPH: start(origin(10%, 100%))
Applies To
begin Function
origin Function (For Scales)

Syntax
origin(<numeric>)
<numeric>. A numeric value indicating the value of the scales origin. Description
Specifies the origin for a scale. The origin is typically used to specify a value from which area or interval graphic elements extend. The graphic elements originate at the origin and extend toward their value. For example, if your bar chart includes values of 367 and 48 and the origin is 100, one bar extends up from 100 to 367 (in default coordinates), while the other bar extends down to 48.
Examples
Figure 2-117 Example: Specifying the origin SCALE: linear(dim(2), min(0))
Applies To
linear Scale, log Scale, pow Scale, time Scale
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position Function
Syntax
position(<algebra>)
-orposition(<function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <function>. One or more valid functions. Description
Specifies the position of the graphic element in the graph. When a statistic function is used in position, the statistic function is calculated on the second crossed variable in a 2-D coordinate system and the third crossed variable in a 3-D coordinate system.
Examples
Figure 2-118 Example: Scatterplot ELEMENT: point(position(x*y)) Figure 2-119 Example: Bar chart of means ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(x*y)))
Valid Functions
bin.dot Function, bin.quantile.letter Function, bin.rect Function, region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, region.spread.se Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
preserveStraightLines Function
Syntax
preserveStraightLines()
Description
Specifies that the graphic element is not curved in the space between points. Rather, the graphic element is drawn straight from point to point. This function is relevant only for graphic elements drawn in polar coordinates.
Examples
Figure 2-120 Example: Drawing straight lines ELEMENT: line(position(x*y), preserveStraightLines())
Applies To
reflect Function
Syntax
reflect(dim(<integer>))
<integer>. An integer indicating the dimension across which the graph is reflected. Description
Reflects the coordinate system across the specified dimension.

Examples
Figure 2-121 Example: Creating an icicle plot COORD: rect(dim(1,2), reflect(dim(2))) ELEMENT: interval(position(x*y))
Applies To
region.confi.smooth Function
Syntax
region.confi.smooth.<smooth function>(<algebra>, alpha(<numeric>))
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <smooth function>. The smooth function for which to calculate the confidence interval. Valid values are cubic, linear, and quadratic.
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<numeric>. A numeric value between 0 and 1 indicating the alpha for the confidence interval calculation. This is optional. If omitted, the alpha is 0.95. Description
Calculates the confidence interval around a smoother function. The function creates two values. When using the interval graphic element, this function results in one bar showing the confidence interval. When using the area graphic element, this function results in a difference area. All other graphic elements result in two separate elements, one showing the confidence interval below the smoother function and one showing the confidence interval above the smoother function.
Examples
Figure 2-122 Example: Showing the confidence interval around a fit line ELEMENT: line(position(region.confi.smooth.linear(salbegin*salary)))
Applies To
position Function
region.spread.confi Function
Syntax
region.spread.confi(<statistic function>, alpha(<numeric>))
<statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate region.spread.confi. <numeric>. A numeric value between 0 and 1 indicating the alpha for the confidence interval calculation. This is optional. If omitted, the alpha is 0.95. Description
Calculates the confidence interval for a specific statistic. The function creates two values. When using the interval graphic element, this function results in one bar showing the confidence interval. When using the area graphic element, this function results in a difference area. All other graphic elements result in two separate elements, one showing the confidence interval below the statistic and one showing the confidence interval above the statistic.
Examples
Figure 2-123 Example: Creating error bars ELEMENT: line(position(region.spread.confi(summary.mean(jobcat*salary))))
Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
region.spread.range Function
Syntax
region.spread.range(<algebra>)
-orregion.spread.range(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate region.spread.range. Description
region.spread.range calculates the minimum and maximum for a variable or variables identified by the algebra. That is, region.spread.range calculates the range of the variables. When using the interval graphic element, this function results in one bar showing the range. When using the area graphic element, this function results in a difference area. All other graphic elements result in two separate elements, one showing the start of the range and one showing the end of the range.
Examples
Figure 2-124 Example: Range bar showing minimum and maximum of one variable ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.range(jobcat*salary))) Figure 2-125 Example: Range bar showing maximums of two variables ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.range(jobcat*(salbegin+salary))))
Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function,
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summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
position Function
region.spread.sd Function
Syntax
region.spread.sd(<algebra>)
-orregion.spread.sd(<density function>)
-orregion.spread.sd(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate region.spread.sd. Description
region.spread.sd calculates the standard deviation for the variables identified by the algebra.
Examples
Figure 2-126 Example: Creating an error bar ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.sd(jobcat*salary)))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
position Function
region.spread.se Function
Syntax
region.spread.se(<algebra>)
-orregion.spread.se(<density function>)
-orregion.spread.se(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate region.spread.se. Description
region.spread.se calculates the standard error for the variable identified by the algebra.
Examples
Figure 2-127 Example: Creating an error bar ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.se(jobcat*salary)))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
Applies To
position Function
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reverse Function
Syntax
reverse()
Description
When used in conjunction with a scale, this function reverses the scale. For categorical scales, this function can be used in conjunction with an explicit sorting function. When used in conjunction with a polar coordinate system, this function reverses the direction of the coordinate system. Thus, it would draw pie slices in a counterclockwise direction.
Examples
Figure 2-128 Example: Using reverse alpha-numeric sorting SCALE: cat(dim(1), sort.natural(), reverse()) Figure 2-129 Example: Reversing a linear scale SCALE: linear(dim(2), reverse()) Figure 2-130 Example: Reversing the direction of a coordinate system COORD: polar.theta(reverse())
Applies To
cat Scale, linear Scale, polar Coordinate Type, polar.theta Coordinate Type
scale Function
Syntax
scale(<value>, <value>)
<value>. Indicates an absolute value or a percentage for the graph size. The first value indicates the x component of the size (width), and the second value indicates the y component of the size (height). Units or a percent sign can be included with either value (e.g., 30px, 5cm, or 25%). If units are omitted, they are assumed to be pixels. Percentages are proportional to the whole page. Description
Specifies the size of the graph
Examples
Figure 2-131 Example: Sizing a graph with absolute units GRAPH: start(scale(2in, 4in)) Figure 2-132 Example: Sizing a graph with percentages GRAPH: start(scale(80%, 100%))
Applies To
begin Function
shape Function
Syntax
shape(<algebra>)
-orshape(shape.<constant>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra using one categorical variable or a blend of categorical variables. <constant>. A constant indicating a specific shape, such as shape.square. For more
information, see Shape Constants in Appendix A on p. 136.

Description
Controls the shape of a graphic element. What shape controls depends on the graphic element type. The shape of a line specifies whether its solid or dashed. The border around a bar has a similar shape. The shape of a point or interval specifies whether its a square or a line. Both of these shapes are controlled by the shape function, but you can append .interior or .exterior to the function to ensure that you are specifying the desired one. shape.interior specifies the overall shape of the graphic element, including the dashing of line elements. shape.exterior specifies the shape of the exterior of the graphic element, which is often the border on graphic elements with fills. Using shape without a qualifier implies shape.interior.
Examples
Figure 2-133 Example: Specifying a shape value ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary), shape.interior(shape.square)) Figure 2-134 Example: Using the values of a variable to control shape ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary), shape.interior(jobcat))
72 Chapter 2 Figure 2-135 Example: Using the values of a variable to control line dashing ELEMENT: line(position(salbegin*salary), shape.interior(jobcat)) Figure 2-136 Example: Using the values of a variable to control border dashing ELEMENT: interval(position(gender*salary*jobcat), shape.exterior(gender))
Applies To
size Function
Syntax
size(<algebra>)
-orsize(size."size value")
-orsize(size.<constant>)
-orsize(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra using one variable or a blend of variables. This is not available for line
elements.
size value. A specific value that indicates a size. This can be a percentage of the inner frame size (for example, 40%) or a number with units (for example, 2in). <constant>. A size constant. For more information, see Size Constants in Appendix A on p. 136. <statistic function>. A statistic function. This is not available for line elements. Description
Specifies the size of the graphic elements.

Examples
Figure 2-137 Example: Using a variable to control size ELEMENT: point(position(x*y), size(z))
73 Statement and Function Reference Figure 2-138 Example: Specifying a percentage for size ELEMENT: interval(position(x*y), size(size."60%")) Figure 2-139 Example: Specifying a value for size ELEMENT: interval(position(x*y), size(size."6px")) Figure 2-140 Example: Specifying a constant for size ELEMENT: interval(position(x*y), size(size.large))
Statistic Functions
Applies To
smooth.cubic Function
Syntax
smooth.cubic(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>>)
-orsmooth.cubic.<kernel>(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <kernel>. A kernel function for the smoother. This specifies how data are weighted by the smoother, depending on how close the data are to the current point. <numeric>. A numeric value between 0 and 1 indicating the proportion of data points to include when calculating the smooth function. This specifies the size of the window used for the smoother. Description
Uses regression to determine values that best fit the data to a cubic polynomial.
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Examples
Figure 2-141 Example: Creating a cubic fit line ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.cubic(salbegin*salary)))
Kernel Functions
uniform epanechnikov biweight tricube triweight gaussian cauchy All data receive equal weights. Data near the current point receive higher weights than extreme data receive. This function weights extreme points more than the triweight, biweight, and tricube kernels, but less than the Gaussian and Cauchy kernels. Data far from the current point receive more weight than the triweight kernel allows, but less weight than the Epanechnikov kernel permits. Data close to the current point receive higher weights than both the Epanechnikov and biweight kernels allow. Data close to the current point receive higher weights than any other kernel allows. Extreme cases get very little weight. Weights follow a normal distribution, resulting in higher weighting of extreme cases than the Epanechnikov, biweight, tricube, and triweight kernels. Extreme values receive more weight than the other kernels, with the exception of the uniform kernel, allow.
Applies To
position Function
smooth.linear Function
Syntax
smooth.linear(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>)
-orsmooth.linear.<kernel>(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>)
Uses regression to determine values that best fit the data to a linear slope.
Examples
Figure 2-142 Example: Creating a linear fit line ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.linear(salbegin*salary)))
Kernel Functions
Applies To
position Function
smooth.loess Function
Syntax
smooth.loess(<algebra>, proportion(<numeric>))
-orsmooth.loess.<kernel>(<algebra>, proportion(<numeric>))
Uses iterative weighted least squares to determine values that best fit the data.
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Examples
Figure 2-143 Example: Creating a loess fit line ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.loess(salbegin*salary))) Figure 2-144 Example: Creating a loess fit line with specific kernel ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.loess.uniform(salbegin*salary)))
Kernel Functions
Applies To
position Function
smooth.mean Function
Syntax
smooth.mean(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>)
-orsmooth.mean.<kernel>(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>)
Calculates a constant value that is the mean of y in a 2-D (x*y) frame and z in a 3-D (x*y*z) frame.
Examples
Figure 2-145 Example: Creating a line at the mean of the y axis ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.mean(salbegin*salary)))
Kernel Functions
Applies To
position Function
smooth.spline Function
Syntax
smooth.spline(<algebra>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. Description
Calculates the cubic spline for the data. You should use a cubic spline curve only when you believe there is no error in your data.
Examples
Figure 2-146 Example: Creating a cubic spline curve ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.spline(salbegin*salary)))
Applies To
position Function
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smooth.step Function
Syntax
smooth.step(<algebra>)
-orsmooth.step.<position>(<algebra>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <position>. The position of the data value in relation to the drawn line. Valid values are right, left, and center, with right being the default. Description
Uses step interpolation to draw the graphic element through the data values. Use the jump Function to specify that no connecting lines are drawn between the lines at each data value.
Examples
Figure 2-147 Example: Creating a step interpolation line ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.step.center(salbegin*salary)))
Applies To
position Function
smooth.quadratic Function
Syntax
smooth.quadratic(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>)
-orsmooth.quadratic.<kernel>(<algebra, proportion(<numeric>)
Uses regression to determine values that best fit the data to a quadratic polynomial.
Examples
Figure 2-148 Example: Creating a quadratic fit line ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.quadratic(salbegin*salary)))
Kernel Functions
Applies To
position Function
sort.data Function
Syntax
sort.data()
Description
Sorts the categorical values in the order they appear in the data.
Examples
Figure 2-149 Example: Sorting the categories SCALE: cat(dim(1), sort.data())
Applies To
cat Scale
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sort.natural Function
Syntax
sort.natural()
Description
Sorts the categorical values in alphanumeric order.

Examples
Figure 2-150 Example: Sorting the categories SCALE: cat(dim(1), values("Male", "Female"), sort.natural())
Applies To
cat Scale
sort.statistic Function
Syntax
sort.statistic(<statistic function>)
Sorts the categorical values based on the result of the statistic function for each category.
Examples
Figure 2-151 Example: Sorting the categories SCALE: cat(dim(1), sort.statistic(summary.mean(salary)))
Statistic Function
Applies To
cat Scale
sort.values Function
Syntax
sort.statistic("category name" ...)
category name. The name of a category in the data. Delineate each name with a comma. Description
Sorts the categorical values based on the order in which they appear in this function. You do not need to specify every category. The categories will be ordered as they appear, and any other categories that are not specified will appear in the order they appear in the data.
Examples
Figure 2-152 Example: Sorting the categories explicitly SCALE: cat(dim(1), sort.values("Male"))
In this example, Male will appear first. It is not necessary to specify that Female will appear next.
Applies To
cat Scale
split Function
Syntax
split(<algebra>)
-orcolor(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. The name of a categorical variable. <statistic function>. A statistic function. Description
Splits the graphic element into multiple graphic elements or groups of graphic elements for each category in a categorical variable. This is similar to the aesthetic functions, but it does not change the appearance of the graphic elements.
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Examples
Figure 2-153 Example: Creating groups of lines ELEMENT: line(position(salbegin*salary), split(gender))
Statistic Functions
Applies To
start Function
Syntax
start(<value>)
<value>. A numeric value indicating the location of the first major tick. Description
Specifies the value at which the first major tick appears.

Examples
Figure 2-154 Example: Specifying the first major tick GUIDE: axis(dim(1), start(1000))
Applies To
axis Guide Type
startAngle Function
Syntax
startAngle(<integer>)
<integer>. An integer indicating the number of degrees relative to 12:00.
Description
Indicates the angle at which the coordinate system begins. Often used to indicate the position of the first slice in a pie chart. The specified degrees are relative to the 12:00 position, and rotation is counterclockwise.
Examples
Figure 2-155 Example: Specifying the first slice at 9:00 COORD: polar.theta(startAngle(90)) Figure 2-156 Example: Specifying the first slice at 3:00 (90 degrees) COORD: polar.theta(startAngle(-90))
Applies To
polar.theta Coordinate Type
summary.count Function
Syntax
summary.count(<algebra>)
-orsummary.count(<density function>)
-orsummary.count(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.count. Description
Calculates the number of cases identified by the algebra or function. A typical function would be a density or binning function. summary.count subsequently calculates the number of cases in each bin.
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Examples
Figure 2-157 Example: Specifying a bar chart of counts ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(jobcat))) Figure 2-158 Example: Specifying a histogram ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary))))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
position Function, color Function, color.brightness Function, color.hue Function, color.saturation Function, size Function, sort.statistic Function
summary.count.cumulative Function
Syntax
summary.count.cumulative(<algebra>)
-orsummary.count.cumulative(<density function>)
-orsummary.count.cumulative(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.count.cumulative.
Description
Calculates the cumulative number of cases identified by the algebra or function. A typical function would be a density or binning function. summary.count subsequently calculates the number of cases in each bin.
Examples
Figure 2-159 Example: Specifying a bar chart of cumulative counts ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count.cumulative(jobcat))) Figure 2-160 Example: Specifying a cumulative histogram ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count.cumulative(bin.rect(salary))))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
summary.max Function
Syntax
summary.max(<algebra>)
-orsummary.max(<density function>)
-orsummary.max(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function.
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<statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.max. Description
Calculates the maximum value for variables identified by the algebra. The actual variable whose maximum is being calculated depends on the coordinate system. In a 2-D coordinate system, it is the second crossed variable in the algebra. In a 3-D coordinate system, it is the third crossed variable.
Examples
Figure 2-161 Example: Calculating the maximum ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.max(jobcat*salary)))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
summary.min Function
Syntax
summary.min(<algebra>)
-orsummary.min(<function>)
-orsummary.min(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y.
<function>. A valid function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.min. Description
Calculates the minimum value for variables identified by the algebra. The actual variable whose minimum is being calculated depends on the coordinate system. In a 2-D coordinate system, it is the second crossed variable in the algebra. In a 3-D coordinate system, it is the third crossed variable.
Examples
Figure 2-162 Example: Calculating the minimum ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.min(jobcat*salary)))
Valid Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
summary.mean Function
Syntax
summary.mean(<algebra>)
-orsummary.mean(<density function>)
-orsummary.mean(<statistic function>)
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<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.mean. Description
Calculates the mean for the variables identified by the algebra. The actual variable whose mean is being calculated depends on the coordinate system. In a 2-D coordinate system, it is the second crossed variable in the algebra. In a 3-D coordinate system, it is the third crossed variable.
Examples
Figure 2-163 Example: Calculating the mean ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
summary.percent Function
Syntax
summary.percent(<algebra>, <base function>)
-orsummary.percent(<statistic function>, <base function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <base function>. A function that specifies the percentage base for summary.percent.
<statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.percent. You cannot currently embed summary.count unless the data are
binned using a density or binning function.

Description
Calculates the percentage of cases with specific values. If your data are not pre-aggregated (that is, the data do not contain counts), you must first calculate the counts using another statistic function, such as summary.count. You then embed this function in summary.percent.
Examples
Figure 2-164 Example: Calculating percentages ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent(summary.count(jobcat))))
Base Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
summary.percent.cumulative Function
summary.percent.cumulative(<algebra>, <base function>)
-orsummary.percent.cumulative(<statistic function>, <base function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <base function>. A function that specifies the percentage base for summary.percent.cumulative. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.percent.cumulative. You cannot currently embed summary.count
unless the data are binned using a density or binning function.
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Description
Calculates the cumulative percentage of cases with specific values. If your data are not pre-aggregated (that is., the data do not contain counts), you must first calculate the counts using a statistic function, such as summary.count. You then embed this function in summary.percent.cumulative. Note that the cumulative percentage occurs in each panel (facet).
Examples
Figure 2-165 Example: Calculating cumulative percentages ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent.cumulative(summary.count(jobcat))))
Base Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.sum Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
summary.sum Function
Syntax
summary.sum(<algebra>)
-orsummary.sum(<density function>)
-orsummary.sum(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.sum.
Description
Calculates the sum for the variables identified by the algebra. The actual variable being summed depends on the coordinate system. In a 2-D coordinate system, it is the second crossed variable in the algebra. In a 3-D coordinate system, it is the third crossed variable.
Examples
Figure 2-166 Example: Calculating the sum ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.sum(jobcat*salary)))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum.cumulative Function
Applies To
summary.sum.cumulative Function
Syntax
summary.sum.cumulative(<algebra>)
-orsummary.sum.cumulative(<density function>)
-orsummary.sum.cumulative(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra, such as x*y. <density function>. A density function. <statistic function>. Another statistic function. The result of the embedded statistic is used to calculate summary.sum.cumulative.
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Description
Calculates the cumulative sum for the variables identified by the algebra. The actual variable being summed depends on the coordinate system. In a 2-D coordinate system, it is the second crossed variable in the algebra. In a 3-D coordinate system, it is the third crossed variable.
Examples
Figure 2-167 Example: Calculating the cumulative sum ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.sum(jobcat*salary)))
Density Functions

Statistic Functions
region.confi.smooth Function, region.spread.confi Function, region.spread.range Function, region.spread.sd Function, smooth.cubic Function, smooth.linear Function, smooth.loess Function, smooth.mean Function, smooth.spline Function, smooth.step Function, smooth.quadratic Function, summary.count Function, summary.count.cumulative Function, summary.max Function, summary.min Function, summary.mean Function, summary.percent Function, summary.percent.cumulative Function, summary.sum Function
Applies To
texture.pattern Function
Syntax
texture.pattern(<algebra>)
-ortexture.pattern(texture.pattern.<pattern constant>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra using one categorical variable or a blend of categorical variables. Each unique variable value results in a different pattern. For example, if you were creating a stacked bar chart, the argument of the texture.pattern function would be the variable that controls the stacking. Each stack segment would be a different pattern. <pattern constant>. A constant indicating a specific pattern, such as stripes. For more
information, see Pattern Constants in Appendix A on p. 136.
Description
Controls the fill pattern of the associated graphic element.

Examples
Figure 2-168 Example: Specifying a pattern ELEMENT: line(position(x*y), texture.pattern(texture.pattern.checkered)) Figure 2-169 Example: Using the values of a variable to control pattern ELEMENT: point(position(x*y), texture.pattern(z))
Statistic Functions
Applies To
area Element, interval Element, point Element, schema Element
ticks Function
Syntax
ticks()
-orticks(null())
Description
Specifies that major ticks should be drawn for the axis. Ticks are drawn by default, so this function is typically used only with null() to hide the tick marks.
Examples
Figure 2-170 Example: Hiding tick marks GUIDE: axis(dim(2), ticks(null()))
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Applies To
axis Guide Type
transparency Function
Syntax
transparency(<algebra>)
-ortransparency(transparency."transparency value")
-ortransparency(<statistic function>)
<algebra>. Graph algebra using one variable or a blend of variables. The variable value results
in a different transparency value. For example, if you were creating a stacked bar chart, the argument of the transparency function would be the variable that controls the stacking. Each stack segment would have a different degree of transparency.
transparency value. A value between 0 and 1 that indicates the level of transparency. A value of
1 indicates full transparency, while a value of 0 indicates no transparency.

Specifies the transparency of the associated graphic element. You can use another variable or variables to control the transparency or set a fixed value. To specify the pattern explicitly for the fill or border of the graphic element, you can append .interior or .exterior to the function. Using transparency without a qualifier implies transparency.interior.
Examples
Figure 2-171 Example: Using a variable to control transparency ELEMENT: point(position(x*y), transparency(z)) Figure 2-172 Example: Specifying a value for transparency ELEMENT: interval(position(x*y), transparency(transparency."0.6")) Figure 2-173 Example: Specifying a transparency for the fill ELEMENT: interval(position(x*y), transparency.interior(transparency."0.8"))
Statistic Functions
Applies To
transpose Function
Syntax
transpose()
Description
Transposes the coordinate system.

Examples
Figure 2-174 Example: Transposing a 2-D rectangular coordinate system COORD: rect(dim(1,2), transpose()) Figure 2-175 Example: Transposing a clustered coordinate system COORD: transpose(rect(dim(1,2), cluster(3), transpose())
Applies To
userSource Function
Syntax
userSource(id("source name"))
source name. The name of the data source as defined by the application that is calling GPL. For example, if you were using GPL with SPSS GGRAPH syntax, the source name is the name as defined in the DATASET subcommand. The name must begin with a letter, underscore (_), or
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colon (:). The subsequent characters in the name can be letters, numbers, or any of the following characters. Spaces are not allowed.
-'()+,./:=?;!*#@$_%
Description
Reads the contents of a data source that an SPSS application passes to GPL.
Examples
Figure 2-176 Example: Reading a CSV file SOURCE: mydata = userSource(id("graphdataset"))
Applies To
SOURCE Statement
values Function
Syntax
values("category name", "category name" ...)
category name. The string representing the category on the axis. Description
Specifies the categorical values on an axis. The values are included whether or not they occur in the data. You can use the include and exclude functions to override this function.
Examples
Figure 2-177 Example: Specifying the categories SCALE: cat(dim(1), values("Male", "Female"))
Applies To
cat Scale
Chapter
Examples
This section provides examples, organized by broad categories of graph types. You can run the examples by incorporating them into the syntax specific to your application. For more information, see Using the Examples in Your Application on p. 97.
Using the Examples in Your Application

If you want to run the examples in your application, you need to incorporate them into the syntax specific to your application.
Using the Examples in SPSS
E First, you need the right data source. The examples use four different userSources, which
correspond to SPSS SAV files. The following table identifies the specific location of these files, relative to the SPSS installation directory.
Table 3-1 userSource files used in the examples
userSource Cars Employeedata stocks2004 World95
Location <installdir>\Cars.sav <installdir>\Employee data.sav <installdir>\Tutorial\sample_files\stocks2004.sav <installdir>\World95.sav
E With the data source open, create a GGRAPH syntax command.
Modify the GRAPHDATASET subcommand by setting the NAME keyword to the id of the userSource in the GPL example. The VARIABLES keyword also needs to include all the variables identified in the GPL DATA statements. Modify the GRAPHSPEC subcommand so that the SOURCE keyword equals INLINE.
E Follow the GGRAPH command with BEGIN GPL, the GPL used in the example, END GPL, and a
period. So, if you want to run the simple bar chart example, your syntax would look like the following:
GGRAPH /GRAPHDATASET NAME="Employee data" VARIABLES=jobcat salary /GRAPHSPEC SOURCE=INLINE. BEGIN GPL SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) 97
98 Chapter 3 DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary))) END GPL.
Summary Bar Chart Examples

This section provides examples of different types of summary bar charts.
Simple Bar Chart

Figure 3-1 GPL for simple bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary))) Figure 3-2 Simple bar chart
Simple Bar Chart of Counts

Figure 3-3 GPL for simple bar chart of counts SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0))
99 Examples GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Count")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(jobcat)))
Figure 3-4 Simple bar chart
Simple Horizontal Bar Chart

Figure 3-5 GPL for simple horizontal bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), min(0.0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) COORD: transpose() ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)))
100 Chapter 3 Figure 3-6 Simple horizontal bar chart
Simple Bar Chart With Error Bars

Figure 3-7 GPL for simple bar chart with error bars SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary))) ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.sd(jobcat*salary)), shape(shape.ibeam), size(size.".4in"), color(color.black))
Figure 3-8 Simple bar chart with error bars
101 Examples
Simple Bar Chart with Bar for All Categories

Figure 3-9 GPL for simple bar chart with bar for all categories SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean((jobcat+"All")*salary)))
Figure 3-10 Simple bar chart with error bars
Stacked Bar Chart

Figure 3-11 GPL for stacked bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Count")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.count(jobcat)), color(gender))
102 Chapter 3 Figure 3-12 Stacked bar chart
Clustered Bar Chart

Figure 3-13 GPL for clustered bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1,2), cluster(3)) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(gender*salary*jobcat)), color(gender))
Figure 3-14 Clustered bar chart
103 Examples
Clustered and Stacked Bar Chart

Figure 3-15 GPL for clustered and stacked bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat = col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender = col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: minority = col(source(s), name("minority"), unit.category()) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1, 2), cluster(3, 0)) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Sum Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) GUIDE: legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.color.interior), label("Gender")) GUIDE: legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.texture.pattern.interior), label("Minority Classification")) ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.sum(gender*salary*jobcat)), color.exterior(color.black), color.interior(gender), texture.pattern.interior(minority)) Figure 3-16 Clustered and stacked bar chart
Bar Chart Using an Evaluation Function

Figure 3-17 GPL for bar chart using an evaluation function SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin = col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: jobcat = col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender = col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) TRANS: saldiff = eval(((salary-salbegin)/salary)*100) COORD: rect(dim(1, 2), cluster(3)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Employment Category")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Percentage Salary Increase"))
104 Chapter 3 GUIDE: legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.color.interior), label("Gender")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(gender*saldiff*jobcat)), color.interior(gender))
Figure 3-18 GPL for bar chart using an evaluation function
Paneled Bar Chart

Figure 3-19 GPL for paneled bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(3), label("Gender")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary*gender)))
105 Examples Figure 3-20 Paneled bar chart
Figure 3-21 GPL for multi-paneled bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: minority=col(source(s), name("minority"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(4), label("Minority")) GUIDE: axis(dim(3), label("Gender")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary*gender*minority)))
Figure 3-22 Multi-paneled bar chart
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3-D Bar Chart

Figure 3-23 GPL for 3-D bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1,2,3)) SCALE: linear(dim(3), include(0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(3), label("Mean Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Gender")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.mean(jobcat*gender*salary)))
Figure 3-24 3-D bar chart
Error Bar Chart

Figure 3-25 GPL for error bar chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean +- 1 SD Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.sd(jobcat*salary)), shape(shape.ibeam), size(size.".4in")) ELEMENT: point(position(summary.mean(jobcat*salary)), shape(shape.circle), color(color.red), size(size."6px"))
107 Examples Figure 3-26 Error bar chart
Histogram Examples
This section provides examples of different types of histograms.
Histogram
Figure 3-27 GPL for histogram SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Count")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary))))
Figure 3-28 Histogram
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Frequency Polygon
Figure 3-29 GPL for frequency polygon SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Count")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) ELEMENT: area(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary))))
Figure 3-30 Frequency polygon
Stacked Histogram
Figure 3-31 GPL for stacked histogram SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Count")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary))), color(gender))
109 Examples Figure 3-32 Stacked histogram
Cumulative Histogram
Figure 3-33 GPL for cumulative histogram SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Cumulative Percent")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.percent.cumulative(summary.count(bin.rect(salary)))))
Figure 3-34 Cumulative histogram
High-Low Chart Examples

This section provides examples of different types of high-low charts.
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Simple Range Bar for One Variable

Figure 3-35 GPL for simple range bar for one variable SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), min(0.0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Min Current Salary - Max Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.range(jobcat*salary)))
Figure 3-36 Simple range bar for one variable
Simple Range Bar for Two Variables

Figure 3-37 GPL for simple range bar for two variables SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), min(0.0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Max Beginning Salary - Max Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.range(jobcat*(salbegin+salary))))
111 Examples Figure 3-38 Simple range bar for two variables
High-Low-Close Chart
Figure 3-39 GPL for high-low-close chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("stocks2004")) DATA: Date = col(source(s), name("Date"), unit.time(), format("dd-M-yy")) DATA: Close = col(source(s), name("Close")) DATA: High = col(source(s), name("High")) DATA: Low = col(source(s), name("Low")) GUIDE: text.title(label("NASDAQ Composite")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Date")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Close")) SCALE: time(dim(1), dataMaximum()) ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.range(Date*(Low+High)))) ELEMENT: point(position(Date*Close), color.exterior(color.red), size(size."2px"))
Figure 3-40 High-low-close chart
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Scatter/Dot Examples
This section provides examples of different types of scatterplots and dot plots.
Simple 1-D Scatterplot

Figure 3-41 GPL for simple 1-D scatterplot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salary))
Figure 3-42 Simple 1-D scatterplot
Simple 2-D Scatterplot

Figure 3-43 GPL for simple 2-D scatterplot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary))
113 Examples Figure 3-44 Simple 2-D scatterplot
Simple 2-D Scatterplot with Fit Line

Figure 3-45 GPL for simple scatterplot with fit line SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.linear(salbegin*salary)))
Figure 3-46 Simple scatterplot with fit line
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Grouped Scatterplot
Figure 3-47 GPL for grouped scatterplot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: gender=col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary), color(gender))
Figure 3-48 Grouped scatterplot
Scatterplot Matrix (SPLOM)

Figure 3-49 GPL for scatterplot matrix SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Cars")) DATA: weight=col(source(s), name("weight")) DATA: mpg=col(source(s), name("mpg")) DATA: horse=col(source(s), name("horse")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), ticks(null())) ELEMENT: point(position((mpg/"MPG"+weight/"Weight"+horse/"HP")* (mpg/"MPG"+weight/"Weight"+horse/"HP")))
115 Examples Figure 3-50 Scatterplot Matrix
Bubble Plot
Figure 3-51 GPL for bubble plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: educ=col(source(s), name("educ")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) GUIDE: legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.size), label("Education Level")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary), size(educ))
Figure 3-52 Bubble plot
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Scatterplot with Border Histograms

Figure 3-53 GPL for scatterplot with border histograms SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: salbegin = col(source(s), name("salbegin")) GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 10.0%), scale(70.0%, 70.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 80.0%), scale(70.0%, 10.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salbegin)))) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(85.0%, 10.0%), scale(10.0%, 70.0%)) COORD: transpose() GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary)))) GRAPH: end()
Figure 3-54 Scatterplot with border histograms
117 Examples
Scatterplot with Border Boxplots

Figure 3-55 GPL for scatterplot with border boxplots SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: salbegin = col(source(s), name("salbegin")) GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 10.0%), scale(70.0%, 70.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 80.0%), scale(70.0%, 10.0%)) COORD: transpose() GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(1*salbegin))) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(85.0%, 10.0%), scale(10.0%, 70.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(1*salary))) GRAPH: end()
Figure 3-56 Scatterplot with border boxplots
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Dot Plot
Figure 3-57 GPL for dot plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) ELEMENT: point.dodge.asymmetric(position(bin.dot(salary)))
Figure 3-58 Dot plot
Figure 3-59 GPL for grouped dot plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: gender = col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Salary")) COORD: rect(dim(1)) ELEMENT: point.dodge.asymmetric(position(bin.dot(salary)), color(gender))
119 Examples Figure 3-60 Grouped dot plot
2-D Dot Plot

Figure 3-61 GPL for 2-D dot plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Cars")) DATA: origin = col(source(s), name("origin"), unit.category()) DATA: mpg = col(source(s), name("mpg")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Miles Per Gallon"), delta(5.0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Country of Origin")) ELEMENT: point.dodge.symmetric(position(bin.dot(mpg*origin))) Figure 3-62 2-D dot plot
Figure 3-63 GPL for transposed 2-D dot plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Cars")) DATA: origin = col(source(s), name("origin"), unit.category())
120 Chapter 3 DATA: mpg = col(source(s), name("mpg")) COORD: transpose() GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Miles Per Gallon"), delta(5.0)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Country of Origin")) ELEMENT: point.dodge.symmetric(position(bin.dot(mpg*origin)))
Figure 3-64 Transposed 2-D dot plot
Line Chart Examples

This section provides examples of different types of line charts.
Simple Line Chart

Figure 3-65 GPL for simple line chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: line(position(salbegin*salary))
121 Examples Figure 3-66 Simple line chart
Simple Line Chart with Points

Figure 3-67 GPL for simple line chart with points SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: line(position(salbegin*salary)) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary))
Figure 3-68 Simple line chart with points
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Line Chart of Date Data

Figure 3-69 GPL for line chart of date data SOURCE: s=userSource(id("stocks2004")) DATA: Date = col(source(s), name("Date"), unit.time(), format("dd-M-yy")) DATA: Close = col(source(s), name("Close")) GUIDE: text.title(label("NASDAQ Composite")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Date")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Close")) SCALE: time(dim(1), dataMaximum()) ELEMENT: line(position(Date*Close))
Figure 3-70 Line chart of date data
Line Chart With Step Interpolation

Figure 3-71 GPL for line chart with step interpolation SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.step.center(salbegin*salary)))
123 Examples Figure 3-72 Line chart with step interpolation
Fit Line
Figure 3-73 GPL for linear fit line overlaid on scatterplot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salbegin=col(source(s), name("salbegin")) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) ELEMENT: line(position(smooth.linear(salbegin*salary)))
Figure 3-74 Linear fit line overlaid on scatterplot
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Line Chart from Equation

Figure 3-75 GPL for line chart from equation TRANS: x = eval(iter(0,10,0.01)) TRANS: y = eval(sin(x)*cos(x)*(x-5)) ELEMENT: line(position(x*y))
Figure 3-76 Line chart from equation
Figure 3-77 GPL for line chart from equation in polar coordinates TRANS: x = eval(iter(0,6.28,0.01)) TRANS: y = eval(cos(6*x)) COORD: polar() SCALE: linear(dim(1), min(0.0), max(6.28)) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: line(position(x*y))
125 Examples Figure 3-78 Line chart from equation in polar coordinates
Line Chart with Separate Scales

Figure 3-79 GPL for line chart with separate scales SOURCE: s=userSource(id("stocks2004")) DATA: Date = col(source(s), name("Date"), unit.time(), format("dd-M-yy")) DATA: Close = col(source(s), name("Close")) DATA: Volume = col(source(s), name("Volume")) GUIDE: text.title(label("NASDAQ Composite")) SCALE: time(dim(1), dataMaximum()) ELEMENT: line(position(date*(close/"Close"+volume/"Volume")))
Figure 3-80 Line chart with separate scales
126 Chapter 3
Line Chart in Parallel Coordinates

Figure 3-81 GPL for line chart in parallel coordinates SOURCE: s=userSource(id("World95")) DATA: lifeexpm=col(source(s), name("lifeexpm")) DATA: lifeexpf=col(source(s), name("lifeexpf")) DATA: babymort=col(source(s), name("babymort")) DATA: literacy=col(source(s), name("literacy")) DATA: region=col(source(s), name("region"), unit.category()) COORD: parallel() GUIDE: legend(aesthetic(aesthetic.color.interior), label("Region")) ELEMENT: line(position(lifeexpm*lifeexpf*literacy*babymort), color.interior(region))
Figure 3-82 Line chart in parallel coordinates
Pie Chart Examples

This section provides examples of different types of pie charts.
Pie Chart
Figure 3-83 GPL for pie chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), null()) COORD: polar.theta() SCALE: linear(dim(1), dataMinimum(), dataMaximum()) ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.count(1)), color(jobcat))
127 Examples Figure 3-84 Pie chart
Paneled Pie Chart

Figure 3-85 GPL for paneled pie chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat = col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: gender = col(source(s), name("gender"), unit.category()) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), null()) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Gender")) COORD: polar.theta() SCALE: linear(dim(1), dataMinimum(), dataMaximum()) ELEMENT: interval.stack(position(summary.percent(salary*gender))), color(jobcat))
Figure 3-86 Paneled pie chart
128 Chapter 3
Boxplot Examples
This section provides examples of different types of box plots.
1-D Boxplot
Figure 3-87 GPL for 1-D box plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), null()) COORD: transpose() ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(1*salary)))
Figure 3-88 1-D boxplot
Boxplot
Figure 3-89 GPL for boxplot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(jobcat*salary)))
129 Examples Figure 3-90 Boxplot
Figure 3-91 GPL for boxplot with labeled outliers SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: jobcat=col(source(s), name("jobcat"), unit.category()) DATA: salary=col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: id = col(source(s), name("id"), unit.category()) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Job Category")) ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(jobcat*salary)), label(id))
Figure 3-92 Boxplot with labeled outliers
130 Chapter 3
Boxplot With Overlaid Dot Plot

Figure 3-93 GPL for boxplot with overlaid dot plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("World95")) DATA: region = col(source(s), name("region"), unit.category()) DATA: birth = col(source(s), name("birth_rt")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Birth Rate")) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Region")) SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0)) ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(region*birth))) ELEMENT: point.dodge.symmetric(position(region*birth), size(size."4px")) Figure 3-94 Boxplot with overlaid dot plot
Multi-Graph Examples
This section provides examples of multiple graphs in the same page display.
Scatterplot with Border Histograms

Figure 3-95 GPL for scatterplot with border histograms SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: salbegin = col(source(s), name("salbegin")) GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 10.0%), scale(70.0%, 70.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 80.0%), scale(70.0%, 10.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null())
131 Examples ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salbegin)))) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(85.0%, 10.0%), scale(10.0%, 70.0%)) COORD: transpose() GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary)))) GRAPH: end()
Figure 3-96 Scatterplot with border histograms
Scatterplot with Border Boxplots

Figure 3-97 GPL for scatterplot with border boxplots SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) DATA: salbegin = col(source(s), name("salbegin")) GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 10.0%), scale(70.0%, 70.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Beginning Salary")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Current Salary")) ELEMENT: point(position(salbegin*salary)) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 80.0%), scale(70.0%, 10.0%)) COORD: transpose()
132 Chapter 3 GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(1*salbegin))) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(85.0%, 10.0%), scale(10.0%, 70.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), null()) ELEMENT: schema(position(bin.quantile.letter(1*salary))) GRAPH: end()
Figure 3-98 Scatterplot with border boxplots
Stocks Line Chart with Volume Bar Chart

Figure 3-99 GPL for stocks and volume chart SOURCE: s=userSource(id("stocks2004")) DATA: date = col(source(s), name("Date"), unit.time(), format("dd-M-yy")) DATA: close = col(source(s), name("Close")) DATA: volume = col(source(s), name("Volume")) GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 40.0%), scale(80.0%, 55.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Close")) ELEMENT: line(position(date*close))) GRAPH: end()
133 Examples GRAPH: begin(origin(15.0%, 10.0%), scale(80.0%, 25.0%)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Date")) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Volume")) ELEMENT: interval(position(date*volume)) GRAPH: end()
Figure 3-100 Stocks and volume chart
Histogram with Dot Plot

Figure 3-101 GPL for histogram with dot plot SOURCE: s=userSource(id("Employeedata")) DATA: salary = col(source(s), name("salary")) GRAPH: begin(origin(5%, 5.0%), scale(90.0%, 90.0%)) COORD: rect(dim(1, 2)) ELEMENT: interval(position(summary.count(bin.rect(salary))), color.interior(color.transparent)) GRAPH: end() GRAPH: begin(origin(5%, 5.0%), scale(90.0%, 90.0%)) COORD: rect(dim(1)) GUIDE: axis(dim(1), ticks(null())) GUIDE: axis(dim(2), ticks(null())) ELEMENT: point.dodge.asymmetric(position(bin.dot(salary))) GRAPH: end()
134 Chapter 3
Figure 3-102 Histogram with dot plot
Appendix
GPL Constants
Color Constants
aliceblue black blueviolet chartreuse cornsilk darkcyan darkgrey darkorange darkseagreen darkturquoise dimgray floralwhite ghostwhite grey hotpink khaki lemonchiffon lightgoldenrodyellow lightpink lightslategray lime mediumaquamarine mediumseagreen mediumvioletred moccasin olive orchid palevioletred pink red aqua blanched brown chocolate crimson darkgoldenrod darkkhaki darkorchid darkslateblue darkviolet dimgrey forestgreen gold green indianred lavender lightblue lightgray lightsalmon lightslategrey limegreenlinen mediumblue mediumslateblue midnightblue navajowhite olivedrab palegoldenrod papayawhip plum rosybrownroyalblue azure almond burlywood coral cyan darkgray darkmagenta darkred darkslategray deeppink dodgerblue fuchsia goldenrod greenyellow indigo lavenderblush lightcoral lightgreen lightseagreen lightsteelblue magenta mediumorchid mediumspringgreen mintcream navy orange palegreen peachpuff powderblue saddlebrown bisque blue cadetblue cornflowerblue darkblue darkgreen darkolivegreen darksalmon darkslategrey deepskyblue firebrick gainsboro gray honeydew ivory lawngreen lightcyan lightgrey lightskyblue lightyellow maroon mediumpurple
mediumturquoise mistyrose oldlace orangered paleturquoise peru purple salmon
135
136 Appendix A
sandybrown silver slategrey tan turquoise whitesmoke
seagreen skyblue snow teal violet yellow
seashell slateblue springgreen thistle wheat yellowgreen
sienna slategray steelblue tomato white transparent
Shape Constants
Table A-1 Shape constants for interval and point elements
arrow female male star
bowtie flower plus
circle ibeam polygon
cross line square
Table A-2 Shape constants for line elements
dash dash_2x half_dash
dash_1_dot dash_3x solid
dash_2_dots dash_4_dots
dash_3_dots dash_dash2x
Size Constants
tiny huge small medium large
Pattern Constants
checkered grid4 mesh3 pluses2 grid grid5 mesh4 solid grid2 mesh mesh5 grid3 mesh2 pluses
Bibliography
Wilkinson, L. 2005. The Grammar of Graphics, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag.
137
Index
algebra (GPL), 3 area element (GPL), 29 axis guide (GPL), 24 bar element (GPL), 30 base function (GPL), 37 base.aesthetic function (GPL), 37 base.all function (GPL), 38 base.coordinate function (GPL), 38 begin function (GPL), 39 bin.dot function (GPL), 40 bin.quantile.letter function (GPL), 40 bin.rect function (GPL), 41 binCount function (GPL), 42 binStart function (GPL), 42 binWidth function (GPL), 43 boxplot (GPL), 33 cat (categorical) scale (GPL), 14 closed function (GPL), 43 cluster function (GPL), 44 col function (GPL), 45 collapse function (GPL), 46 collision modifiers (GPL) dodge.asymmetric, 34 dodge.symmetric, 34 stack, 35 color function (GPL), 47 color.brightness function (GPL), 48 color.hue function (GPL), 49 color.saturation function (GPL), 50 constants (GPL) color, 135 pattern, 136 shape, 136 size, 136 user, 4 COORD statement (GPL), 19 coordinate types (GPL) parallel, 20
polar, 21 polar.theta, 22 rect (rectangular), 22 coordinates (GPL), 5 csvSource function (GPL), 51 DATA statement (GPL), 13 dataMaximum function (GPL), 52 dataMinimum function (GPL), 51 delta function (GPL), 52 dodge.asymmetric collision modifier (GPL), 34 dodge.symmetric collision modifier (GPL), 34 ELEMENT statement (GPL), 28 element types (GPL) area, 29 bar, 30 interval, 30 line, 31 path, 32 point, 32 schema, 33 end function (GPL), 53 eval function (GPL), 53 exclude function (GPL), 54 exponent function (GPL), 55 footnote (GPL), 2526 functions (GPL) base, 37 base.aesthetic, 37 base.all, 38 base.coordinate, 38 begin, 39 bin.dot, 40 bin.quantile.letter, 40 bin.rect, 41 binCount, 42 binStart, 42 binWidth, 43
138
139 Index
closed, 43 cluster, 44 col, 45 collapse, 46 color, 47 color.brightness, 48 color.hue, 49 color.saturation, 50 csvSource, 51 dataMaximum, 52 dataMinimum, 51 delta, 52 end, 53 eval, 53 exclude, 54 exponent, 55 gridlines, 55 In, 56 include, 56 jump, 57 label, 5758 map, 59 max, 60 min, 60 missing.gap, 60 missing.interpolate, 61 missing.wings, 61 notIn, 62 origin, 6263 position, 64 preserveStraightLines, 64 reflect, 65 region.confi.smooth, 65 region.spread.confi, 66 region.spread.range, 67 region.spread.sd, 68 region.spread.se, 69 reverse, 70 scale, 70 shape, 71 size, 72 smooth.cubic, 73 smooth.linear, 74 smooth.loess, 75 smooth.mean, 76
smooth.quadratic, 78 smooth.spline, 77 smooth.step, 78 sort.data, 79 sort.natural, 80 sort.statistic, 80 sort.values, 81 split, 81 start, 82 startAngle, 82 summary.count, 83 summary.count.cumulative, 84 summary.max, 85 summary.mean, 87 summary.min, 86 summary.percent, 88 summary.percent.cumulative, 89 summary.sum, 90 summary.sum.cumulative, 91 texture.pattern, 92 tick, 93 transparency, 94 transpose, 95 userSource, 95 values, 96 GPL algebra, 3 algebra and coordinate interaction, 5 color constants, 135 constants, color, 135 constants, pattern, 136 constants, shape, 136 constants, size, 136 data sources for examples, 97 example data sources, 97 introduction, 1 operator precendence, 4 operators, 3 pattern constants, 136 shape constants, 136 size constants, 136 unity variable, 4 user constants, 4 GRAPH statement (GPL), 11
140 Index
gridlines function (GPL), 55 GUIDE statement (GPL), 23 guide types (GPL) axis, 24 legend, 24 text.footnote, 25 text.subfootnote, 26 text.subsubfootnote, 26 text.subtitle, 27 text.title, 27 In function (GPL), 56 include function (GPL), 56 interval element (GPL), 30 jump function (GPL), 57 label function (GPL), 5758 legend guide (GPL), 24 line element (GPL), 31 linear scale (GPL), 15 log scale (GPL), 16 map function (GPL), 59 max function (GPL), 60 min function (GPL), 60 missing.gap function (GPL), 60 missing.interpolate function (GPL), 61 missing.wings function (GPL), 61 notIn function (GPL), 62 operator precendence (GPL), 4 operators (GPL), 3 origin function (GPL), 6263 parallel coordinates (GPL), 20 path element (GPL), 32 point element (GPL), 32 polar coordinates (GPL), 21 polar.theta coordinates (GPL), 22 position function (GPL), 64 pow scale (GPL), 17 preserveStraightLines function (GPL), 64
rect (rectangular) coordinates (GPL), 22 reflect function (GPL), 65 region.confi.smooth function (GPL), 65 region.spread.confi function (GPL), 66 region.spread.range function (GPL), 67 region.spread.sd function (GPL), 68 region.spread.se function (GPL), 69 reverse function (GPL), 70 safelog scale (GPL), 17 safepower scale (GPL), 18 scale function (GPL), 70 SCALE statement (GPL), 14 scale types (GPL), 14 cat (categorical), 14 linear, 15 log, 16 pow, 17 safelog, 17 safepower, 18 time, 19 schema element (GPL), 33 shape function (GPL), 71 size function (GPL), 72 smooth.cubic function (GPL), 73 smooth.linear function (GPL), 74 smooth.loess function (GPL), 75 smooth.mean function (GPL), 76 smooth.quadratic function (GPL), 78 smooth.spline function (GPL), 77 smooth.step function (GPL), 78 sort.data function (GPL), 79 sort.natural function (GPL), 80 sort.statistic function (GPL), 80 sort.values function (GPL), 81 SOURCE statement (GPL), 12 split function (GPL), 81 stack collision modifier (GPL), 35 start function (GPL), 82 startAngle function (GPL), 82 statements (GPL), 11 COORD, 19 DATA, 13 ELEMENT, 28 GRAPH, 11
141 Index
GUIDE, 23 SCALE, 14 SOURCE, 12 TRANS, 13 subfootnote guide (GPL), 26 subsubfootnote guide (GPL), 26 subtitle guide (GPL), 27 summary.count function (GPL), 83 summary.count.cumulative function (GPL), 84 summary.max function (GPL), 85 summary.mean function (GPL), 87 summary.min function (GPL), 86 summary.percent function (GPL), 88 summary.percent.cumulative function (GPL), 89 summary.sum function (GPL), 9091 text.footnote guide (GPL), 25 text.subfootnote guide (GPL), 26 text.subsubfootnote guide (GPL), 26 text.subtitle guide (GPL), 27 text.title guide (GPL), 27 texture.pattern function (GPL), 92 ticks function (GPL), 93 time scale (GPL), 19 title 2 (GPL), 27 title guide (GPL), 27 TRANS statement (GPL), 13 transparency function (GPL), 94 transpose function (GPL), 95 unity variable (GPL), 4 user constants (GPL), 4 userSource function (GPL), 95 values function (GPL), 96

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Statement and Function Reference

Appendix A GPL Constants 135

Figure 1-2 Simple bar chart

Brief Overview of GPL Algebra

However, GPL algebra is not commutative.

How Coordinates and the Algebra Interact

Figure 1-4 Simple 2-D scatterplot

Another 2-D Graph

7 Introduction to GPL Figure 1-5 Simple 2-D bar chart of counts

A Paneled 2-D Graph

8 Chapter 1 Figure 1-6 Paneled 2-D bar chart

9 Introduction to GPL Figure 1-7 3-D bar chart

10 Chapter 1 Figure 1-8 Clustered 2-D bar chart

Statement and Function Reference

SOURCE Statement, DATA Statement, TRANS Statement

begin Function, end Function

13 Statement and Function Reference

csvSource Function, userSource Function

collapse Function, eval Function

<scale type>. A valid scale type. Description

Defines the scale for a particular dimension or aesthetic (such as color).

15 Statement and Function Reference cat(aesthetic(aesthetic.<aesthetic type>), <function>)

Note: The exclude function is not supported for aesthetic scales.

17 Statement and Function Reference

19 Statement and Function Reference

Creates a time scale.

<coordinate type>. A valid coordinate type.

parallel Coordinate Type

21 Statement and Function Reference

reflect Function, transpose Function

polar Coordinate Type

optional and is assumed to be the first two dimensions.

reflect Function, reverse Function, transpose Function

polar.theta Coordinate Type

system. This is optional.

reflect Function, reverse Function, startAngle Function, transpose Function

rect Coordinate Type

23 Statement and Function Reference

<guide type>. A valid guide type. Description

axis Guide Type

legend Guide Type

25 Statement and Function Reference

label Function (For Guides)

text.footnote Guide Type

<function>. One or more valid functions. Description

Specifies the footnote for the graph.

label Function (For Guides)

text.subfootnote Guide Type

<function>. One or more valid functions. Description

label Function (For Guides)

text.subsubfootnote Guide Type

<function>. One or more valid functions. Description

27 Statement and Function Reference

label Function (For Guides)

text.subtitle Guide Type

<function>. One or more valid functions. Description

Specifies the subtitle for the graph.

label Function (For Guides)