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    Fruit and Seed Morphology

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    fatinnurnaiemah
    The document discusses the structure and morphology of ovules, embryos, seeds, and fruits. It describes the parts of ovules including the funiculus, hilum, chalaza, nucellus, interguments, and embryo sac. It also discusses types of placentation and the fertilization process. The document then summarizes the parts and types of fruits including berries, drupes, pomes, and legumes. Finally, it outlines the structures of seeds such as the embryo, endosperm, testa, and hilum, as well as types of germination.

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    Fruit and Seed Morphology

    Uploaded by

    fatinnurnaiemah
    204 views78 pages
    The document discusses the structure and morphology of ovules, embryos, seeds, and fruits. It describes the parts of ovules including the funiculus, hilum, chalaza, nucellus, interguments, and embryo sac. It also discusses types of placentation and the fertilization process. The document then summarizes the parts and types of fruits including berries, drupes, pomes, and legumes. Finally, it outlines the structures of seeds such as the embryo, endosperm, testa, and hilum, as well as types of germination.

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    botany and physiolgy

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    The document discusses the structure and morphology of ovules, embryos, seeds, and fruits. It describes the parts of ovules including the funiculus, hilum, chalaza, nucellus, interguments, and embryo sac. It also discusses types of placentation and the fertilization process. The document then summarizes the parts and types of fruits including berries, drupes, pomes, and legumes. Finally, it outlines the structures of seeds such as the embryo, endosperm, testa, and hilum, as well as types of germination.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    204 views78 pages

    Fruit and Seed Morphology

    Uploaded by

    fatinnurnaiemah
    The document discusses the structure and morphology of ovules, embryos, seeds, and fruits. It describes the parts of ovules including the funiculus, hilum, chalaza, nucellus, interguments, and embryo sac. It also discusses types of placentation and the fertilization process. The document then summarizes the parts and types of fruits including berries, drupes, pomes, and legumes. Finally, it outlines the structures of seeds such as the embryo, endosperm, testa, and hilum, as well as types of germination.

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    FRUIT AND SEED MORPHOLOGY

    THE OVULE

    Structure of the ovule

    1. Ovule attached to placenta by funiculus 2. Point of attachment on ovule = hilum 3. Junctions of intergument and nucellus = chalaza 4. Nucellus = Main body of ovule 5. Interguments = 2 coats surround nucellus 6. Embryo sac = In the nucellus, carrying embryo

    Embryo sac

    TYPE OF PLACENTATION
    Placenta Ridge of tissue, parenchymous, ovary inner wall, where ovule attach Placentation the manner/way placenta are distributed in the cavity of the ovary The origin of ovule or group of ovule determines the position of placenta

    1. Marginal ovary is one-chambered. Placenta along the junction of the two margins of the carpel (suture) 2. Axile Ovary, two-chambered (or more). Placenta bearing ovules develop from central axis

    Marginal

    Axile

    3. Parietal ovary one-chambered and placenta bearing ovule on the inner wall of the ovary 4. Central Partition or septa walls in young ovary breakdowns, so ovary becomes one-chambered and placenta develop from the central axis

    Parietal

    Parietal

    5. Free-central Placenta arises from base of ovary, swollen central axis and ovules all over the axis surface. 6. Basal Ovary uni-locular and placenta develops directly on receptacle, single ovule on base of ovary.

    Pollination
    Transference of pollen grain from anther to stigma Pollinators : wind, insects, water, human

    FERTILIZATION
    Fusion of two dissimilar sexual reproductive units called gametes

    FERTILIZATION

    FERTILIZATION PROCESS
    After pollination, pollen tube germination Tube reach ovule Enter embryo-sac through micropyle and nucellus and reach egg apparatus Pollen tube burst and release sperm cells One sperm migrates to egg cells (synergids) Another migrates to central cell (polar nuclei)

    Double fertilization
    Double fertilization because both sperm nucleus fuses with egg and polar nuclei One sperm nucleus (n) + egg nucleus (n) = zygote (2n) One sperm nucleus (n) + polar nuclei (2n) = endopsperm (3n)

    Embryo development/stages : (a) globular (b) heart (c) torpedo (d) mature

    THE FRUIT
    Matured or ripened ovary Protection and distribution (dispersal) of seeds Ovary wall = tissue of fruits

    FRUIT PARTS
    1. Pericarp Fruit wall, developed from ovary wall a. Ectocarp or exocarp or epicarp Outermost layer of pericarp b. Mesocarp - Middle layer c. Endocarp - Innermost differentiated layer of pericarp

    Epicarp/Exocarp
    Thin layer, outermost Skin of fruits

    Mesocarp
    Middle part Pulpy or fleshy mango, peach, plum

    exocarp endocarp

    mesocarp

    Thin and membranous orange Hard and stony palms, mango


    epicarp mesocarp endocarp (juice sac) pericarp

    Endocarp

    embryo

    endosperm

    epicarp mesocarp endocarp

    exocarp

    endocarp

    mesocarp

    FRUIT TYPES
    1. Simple Derived from a single ovary in a single flower

    2. Aggregate Derived from many ovaries of a single flower

    Flower bud

    Aggregate fruit

    Berry Rubus sp.

    3. Multiple fruits
    Derived from ovaries of several flowers on a common axis
    BRACT

    FRUIT

    AXIS

    Pineapple - Ananas cosmosus

    Noni / mengkudu - Morinda citrifolia

    FRUIT CATEGORIES
    A. Pericarp dry and dehiscent Fruit dry Fruit split or open at maturity B. Pericarp dry and indehiscent Fruit dry but do not split at maturity C. Type : Pericarp fleshy Fruit juicy, fleshy or with juice sac

    A. Pericarp dry and dehiscent


    1. Legume or pod Family Fabaceae. From single carpel, dehisces along both suture.
    SUTURE

    2. Follicle - Develops from a single carpel and opens along one suture

    Magnolia grandiflora

    Milkweed Asclepias sp.

    3. Capsule
    Derives from compound carpels and with few to many seeds. Dehisces in various ways

    Cotton Gossypium sp.

    Poppy Papaver somniferum

    Capsule orchid

    4. Silique Family Brassicaraceae. Superior ovary, two locules, dehisces along two sutures, central persistent partition

    5. Silicula like silique but broader

    6. Loment a legume but separates transversely between seed sections

    Desmodium sp.

    B. Pericarp dry and indehiscent


    1. Achene One seeded, attached to fruit wall at one point, fruit derived from a oneloculed superior ovary

    seed

    ACHENE

    2. Caryopsis One seeded with seed coat adnate/stick to the fruit wall. Poaceae family

    Grass

    Rice

    3. Nut One seeded, hard pericarp derived from a one-loculed ovary.

    Hazel nut

    4. Samara With outgrowth of the ovary wall, which forms a wing-like structure
    CARPEL

    5. Schizocarp consisting of two carpels that splits, when mature along the midline into two one seeded indehiscent halves. Umbelliferae family : Carrot (Daucus sp)

    C. Pericarp fleshy
    1. Berry Compound ovary. Many seeds (ovules), fleshy, difficult to differentiated between endocarp and mesocarp
    locule

    axis pericarp

    placenta

    2. Hesperidum

    type of berry, thick leathery

    rind/peel (skin), numerous oil glands, thick juicy sac. Peel is exocarp and mesocarp outgrowth from endocarp wall exocarp mesocarp endocarp (juice sac) pericarp

    3. Pepo Berry from inferior ovary. Outer wall (rind) consist of receptacle tissue that fused with exocarp. The flesh is mesocarp and endocarp.

    4. Pome Berrylike fruit derived from inferior ovary. Flesh, enlarged hypanthium and the core derived from ovary. Rosaceae family
    (receptacle)

    Apple Malus sp.

    5. Drupe Derived from a single carpel and usually one-seeded. Hard endocarp. Exocarp thin and mesocarp forms the edible flesh.

    Coconut Cocos nucifera

    SEED MORPHOLOGY
    SEED PARTS
    1. Aril Outgrowth of funiculus, raphe or interguments or fleshy interguments or seed coat, a sarcotesta 2. Chalaza funiculur end of seed body 3. Embryo Young sporophyte, consist of epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and one or more cotyledone 4. Endosperm food reserve tissue is seed

    5. Hilum funiculur end on a seed coat 6. Microphyle hole through seed coat 7. Raphe ridge on seed coat form from adnate funiculus 8. Seed coat outer protective layer or cover of seed

    chalaza

    nucellus raphe embryo sac

    intergument

    funiculus

    EMBRYO PARTS
    1. Coleoptile protective sheath around epicotyl in grasses 2. Coleorhiza protective sheath around radcile in grasses 3. Cotyledone embryonic leaf or leaves in seed 4. Epicotyl apical end of embryo axis that gives rise to shoot system

    MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEED

    scutellum

    Coleoptile

    5. Hypocotyle embryonic stem in seed, below cotyledone 6. Plumule embryonic leaf or leaves in seed, derived from epicotyl 7. Radicle basal end of embryo axis that gives rise to root system

    DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED

    HILUM

    Sarcotesta of rambutan Nephelium lappaceum

    ARIL

    TYPE OF GERMINATION
    1. Epigeal germination Cotyledones are pushed upwards by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl epi (upon) ge (earth) Cotyledones becomes flat (look like leaf) Cotyledones dries up and fall

    2. Hypogeal germination Cotyledones remain in the soil Epicotyl pushes the plumule upwards Hypo (below) ge (earth)

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