Periodic Table and Periodic Properties: 1 Key Points

1 Key Points
Periodic Table and Periodic Properties

1. Periodic Table : A tabular chart representing systematic arrangement
of elements in the groups and periods, in the order of their increasing
atomic numbers is called periodic table.
2. Modern Periodic Law : The physical and chemical properties of all
elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
3. Periodicity of Elements : The phenomenon due to which elements
repeat their properties at regular intervals in a periodic table is called
periodicity of elements.
4. Group : The arrangement of elements in the vertical columns of the
periodic table, such that all the elements in it have similar chemical
properties is called group.
5. Period : The arrangement of elements in the horizontal row in the
order of their atomic numbers, such that the properties of elements
gradually change from metallic to non-metallic is called a period.
6. Periodic Properties : Metallic and non-metallic character, atomic
size, ionisation potential, electron affinity and electronegativity are
called periodic properties.
7. Main points of Long form (Modern) Periodic Table :
(i) There are seven horizontal rows, called periods.
(ii) There are 18 vertical columns called groups.
(iii) The elements occuping left and right wings of vertical column
are called normal elements or representative elements.
(iv) The strongly metallic elements occupy groups I A and II A on
the extreme left of the periodic table.
(v) The strongly non-metallic elements are placed in groups VI A
and VII A on the right hand side of the periodic table.

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(vi) The transition elements are accommodated in the middle of the
periodic table in 3 rows. They belong to groups I B to VII B
and the group VIII.
(vii) Noble gases (Rare gases) are placed in the zero group at the end
of the periodic table.
(viii) The rare earths (Lanthanides) and radioactive elements are
kept outside the periodic table to mark their peculiar properties.
8. Ionisation Energy : The energy required to remove one electron
from an isolated gaseous atom, thereby converting it into positively
charged ion is called ionisation energy or ionisation potential.
9. Electronegativity : The property of an atom to attract electrons to
itself, when combined to form a compound is called electronegativity.
10. Electron Affinity : The amount of energy released by an isolated
gaseous atom of an element in its lowest state of energy, by accepting
an electron to form an ion is called electron affinity.
11. Characteristics of a group while moving down in a group from
top to bottom
(i) The number of electron shells increases by one at each step, such
that total number of electron shells in each element represents the
period to which the element belongs. For example, if there are
three electron shells around the nucleus of an element X, then X
belongs to the third period of the periodic table.
(ii) The number of valence electrons (electrons in the outermost shell)
of each element in a group remains the same.

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(iii) All the elements in a group have the same valency. The valency
is equal to the number of electrons in the valence shell, when
compared with oxygen. However, if the valency is compared
with hydrogen, then valency is equal to number of valence
electrons for groups I A to III A. For the elements of group IV A
to group VII A the valency with respect to hydrogen is (valence
electrons 8) and is negative. The valency of zero group
elements is zero.
(iv) The atomic radius increases as one moves down in a group.
(v) The nuclear charge (no. of protons) increases as one moves down
a group.
(vi) (a) The metallic character of the elements from group I A to
group III A increases as one moves down a group.
(b) The non-metallic character of non-metallic elements in
groups IV A to VII A, gradually decreases as one moves
down the group.
(vii) (a) The chemical reactivity of elements in groups I A to III A
increases as one moves down a group.
(b) The chemical reactivity of elements in groups IV A to VII A
decreases as one moves down a group.
(viii) (a) The melting points of elements in groups I A to III A
decrease as one moves down a group.
(b) The melting points of elements in groups IV A to VII A
increase as one moves down a group.
(ix) The ionisation potential decreases as one moves down a group.
(x) The electronegativity decreases as one moves down a group.
(xi) The electron affinity decreases as one moves down a group.

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12. Characteristics of Periods in the Modern Periodic Table
(i) There are seven periods in all.
(a) First period : It has only two elements (hydrogen and
helium). It is called very short period.
(b) Second and third periods : Each of these periods consists of
8 elements. They are called short periods.
(c) Fourth and fifth periods : Each of these periods consists of
18 elements. They are called long periods.
(d) Sixth period : It consists of 32 elements. It is called very
long period.
(e) Seventh period : It is an incomplete period which should
have 32 elements. However, so far it has 26 elements. It is
also called very long period.
(ii) While moving from left to right in a period :
(a) The number of electron shells around the nucleus remains
the same.
(b) The number of electron shells corresponds to the number of
period to which the elements belongs.
(c) The number of valence electrons increases from one to eight
(except in the 1st group where maximum no. of electrons
are 2).
(d) The valency of an element with respect to oxygen
corresponds to the number of electrons in the valence shell.
When the valence electrons are 8 (or 2 in case of helium), the
valency is considered as zero.
(e) The atomic size gradually decreases.
(f) The nuclear charge gradually increases.

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(g) The character of an element changes from metallic to non-
metallic, till at the end of period, the element is a noble gas.
(h) The ionisation potential gradually increases.
(i) The electron affinity gradually increases.
(j) The electronegativity gradually increases.

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Periodic Table and Periodic Properties

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